Annual Report 1998-99

national institute of oceanography goa, india compliments & best wishes for an enterprising Y2K ehrlich desa

CONTENTS

director's report 2 coastal environment 6 engineering, techniques & technology... 10 offshore processes & resources 13 contract services 23 bilateral programmes 28 data, information & scientific services... 31 exhibition, workshops & symposium 33 awards & honours 36 councils & staff on committees 37 deputations 40 colloquia 43 patents & publications 44

annual report 1998-99

national institute of oceanography goa, india director's report

It is traditional that the Director General of The follow-up of the 11 May, 1998 events the Council of Scientific and Industrial Re- took place during the presentation of the search (CSIR) calls a conference of its Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prizes, at which Directors to meet the Vice-President of function the PM explained the CSIR. The conference offer us the opportu- (Jai Jawan, Jai nity to discuss issues of a generic nature Kisan, Jai Vigyan) slogan to symbolize that touch CSIR laboratories. Such a meet- the "promise of science to transform ing was held at the National Aerospace India into a secure self-reliant and prosper- Laboratories (NAL), Bangalore from 10-13 ous nation". During his address to the May, 1998 to meet with our Vice-President, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Awardees he Cabinet Minister for Science & Technology, outlined 10 suggestions for the considera- Dr. Murli Manohar Joshi. It was an impor- tion of the scientific community, industry tant occasion as we were witness to the and policy makers in the Government. successful test flight of Hansa 3 - the first These suggestions were a balanced mix of indigenous trainer aircraft designed of lofty principles and pragmatic queries. composites and built by the NAL; and Those suggestions that directly affect us heard the breaking news from the Minister are a requirement that: of the test firing of the Trishul missile and - we increase our outreach activities so the triple nuclear tests at Pokhran. The that the scientific method is inculcated in mimeographed set of signatures shown here was a spontaneous outcome of that our national frame of mind; day and its events. - scientific research is made more appli- cation oriented, at the same time selecting areas of basic research where we can show excellence of leadership; - information technology is used innov- atively as a "product-multiplier"; - we turn the new patent regime to our advantage by filing and commercialising increasing number of patents. I have dwelt at some length on the above because as a government funded organi- sation our response to major policy directives is through the varying the level of emphasis of relevant projects. The Institute already emphasises the above sugges- tions - as reported below:

Outreach O Our outreach activities included a series of programmes to inform bright young students (from mid-schoolers to post graduates) to take up a career in ocean sciences. These ranged from open- house programmes to participating in Expo-98 where we were able to interest both young and old alike.

Our participation in Expo-98 was our first such venture outside the country and a notable success - a more detailed write-up on both these activities are included else- where in this report.

Applications

O Our cash flow from external sources (including industries, other government science departments, consultancies & foreign agencies) was Rs. 143 million - marginally higher than last year. We had an equal number of industries approaching us to carry out coastal in- vestigations as we had last year, and customer satisfaction was evident from the large percentage of return custom- ers. We are aware of the need to continuously produce better reports so that industries receive the benefit of our collective experience and commercially available new technology, and we have included modelling and remote sensing components more widely in our reports.

An important activity in this aspect is our work on the drug potential of marine biota. This is reported in more detail below under Patents.

Basics

O In a departure from the usual "blue water" reports that we present under Ocean Processes, this year we have interesting coastal results to highlight. Our biogeochemical group carried out several coastal cruises and identified low salinity caps of <10 m thickness that overlaid upwelled waters along south-western coastal India. A signifi- cant observation was the occurrence of water column denitrification at the most inshore stations including the onset of sulphate reduction in areas north of Mangalore. This, together with the high- est ever recorded concentrations of nitrous oxide in sea water, are features never previously reported from the Arabian Sea. These findings highlight the extreme complexity of coastal processes, their spatial and temporal director's report

variability and their sensitivities to eve small changes in environmental condi- tions.

O Coastal waters, in one of these cruises, provided further surprises. Large numbers of pink perch (Nemipterus japonicus) were seen dead around the blooms of the dinoflagellate Noctiluca in waters off the Kerala coast. Oxygen defi- ciency through the entire water column in the area could have been one of the causes. What we are learning, is that there remain many important processes to monitor and understand in our coastal waters, and unravelling their complexity calls for high quality of science.

Our focus will be sharpened for coastal research in the years to come and adequate resources will be committed for this.

O Still on the coastal environment, there was widespread damage to coral reefs both in India and abroad. Our prime coral areas of almost 2300 sq. km. were affected. Quarrying of sand stones, dredging of lagoon areas, blasting of reef flats, sewage discharge into sea and temperature and sea level rise, all have changed the natural conditions and degraded the coral areas and the bio-diversity of the region. We found that 80% of corals were bleached in Lakshadweep, 60% in Andaman. Nicobar and Mannar and 30% in the Gulf of Kutch. It is distressing to know that about half of the world's coral reefs were affected during the year due to a 2-3°C rise in the sea temperature. We have initiated several programmes with the support from the Lakshadweep Island Authority and Ministry of Environ- ment to protect these areas from further deterioration. Fortunately the local com- munity act as responsible environmental wardens, an aspect that we are factoring into our Coral Programmes. Information Technology The concept has been successful in that O The opportunity to debate the role of patent filing rose from 3 to 11 this year. IT came with our hosting of the Inter- The patents ranged from 7 in instrumenta- national Symposium on Information tion and mechanical devices to 4 individual Technology in Oceanography - ITO 98. patents in preparation of xylanase, adhe- This symposium was held in October, sive polysaccharide and hydrolysate from 1998 and had the participation of over mussels. Marine biota, as a source of 100 delegates from 20 countries. It was bioactive molecules for drugs and as start- co-sponsored by the Intergovernmental ing material for biotechnoicgy, is our main Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of focus and we have had interesting results UNESCO, and was steered by leading from: names in the field. The sharing and correlation of data bases around the _ Basidiomycetous fungus, Flavodon globe was emphasised, so that large fiavus (strain 312), from decaying scale processes in the seas around us seagrass which efficiently degrades could be understood and visualised lignin. It mineralised nearly 24% of more effectively. synthetic lignin to CO, in 24 days. This strain is similar to the white-rot, More important was the realisation that Phanerochaete chrysosporium the best connectivity and internet were changing known lignin degrading fungus. vigorously and rapidly. We need collec- tive wisdom and shared perception to _ The pigments and dyes characterised in set directions for the Institute so that we bacteria under a collaborative pro- gain maximally from this revolution. Vir- gramme with a Japanese organisation, tual institutes, visualisation, information showed anti- bacterial activity against on-line, are pathways that are opening the test strain E. coli. up. We have initiated action in these _ The green mussel Perna viridis was areas about a year ago, and expect to found to contain immuno-modulatory see results in another year or two. substances having similar drug value as O On a housekeeping level, we have been MUHY (mussel hydrolysate) prepared improving our campus LAN, increasing from the blue mussel, (Mytilus edulis). the number of nodes and computerising Collaborative work is being carried out the administration, finance, purchase with Russian scientists. and stores. If these are "internalised" adequately, then our scientists shall Concluding Remarks have an empowering environment to This report documents the achievements of function within. the National Institute of Oceanography O A High Resolution Picture Transmission over the year 1998-1999. There still remain (HRPT) ground station was also com- 9 months to the end of the century. Much missioned to receive daily on-line data has been done, even more remains to be on ocean colour and sea surface tem- studied. The Institute has increased the im- perature (SST) from the SeaWiFS and pact of its science publications, its external NOAA-14 satellites. The SST map gen- cash flow, the number of patents that it erated each day is made routinely files, and in the number of exchange schol- available to net surfers and other users. ars internationally. This forms part of seeding the culture of sharing data on a real-time basis. We look forward with interest and excite- ment to the decade ahead.

Patents A separate Intellectual Property Rights Jai Hind ! (IPR) cell had been set up to capture IP at the initial stages of formation in a project. The cell has been creating IPR awareness and is structured to be an integral part of our science discussion at the "Wednesday Forum", where new project proposals are discussed. The IPR cell also attends the Project Monitoring and Evaluation discus- sions and is a member of the Patents & Publications Committee. Through this structure we are able to monitor project processes - from formulation to closure. coastal environment

Environmental Impact Assessment respectively. BOD values were low and The cyclonic storms in this region general were found to be below 3 mg/l, confirming occur in association with heavy rains: During the year several environmental impact well oxygenated conditions or absence of rough seas and considerable rise in the assessment studies were carried out. Two cases, one relating to setting up of a liquefied any stress due to organic load. sea level. The sea level changes are natural gas (LNG) terminal near Kochi on the continuously modified by the local effects Necessary precautions have been west coast of India and the other establishment like currents, winds etc. The actual sea of a coal-fired thermal power plant near suggested to avoid clogging of the intake level in the region has tidal as well as non- Visakhapatnam on the east coast of India are pipe by jelly fishes as they occur in large summarised here. tidal components. The highest significant numbers and fouling due to Balanus wave height of 3.90 m and maximum wave amphitrite varieties and Crassostrea height of 5.74 m was recorded in Nov 1998 LNG terminal madrasensis. when a severe cyclonic storm crossed The Gas Authority of India Ltd. (GAIL) The proposed quantity of discharge 10,232 the coast nearer to the study site. The under the auspices of the Petronet LNG m3/hr, at a velocity greater than 1 m/s in the seasonal variation of temperature is found Limited proposes to establish an LNG main pipe and as a continuous discharge it well pronounced with maximum being in terminal at Puduvypin near Kochi. The hardly takes few seconds to reach the October and minimum during December. plans are to set up a 2.5 million TPA surface. Under such a condition, the entire The coastal waters appear to be well mixed capacity of LNG (expandable to 5 million water column close to the outfall will have during October and moderately stratified in TPA). The LNG unloaded in specially the same temperature of the release. monsoon. designed cryogenic storage tanks will be Considering the siltation in the area, the vapourised using the seawater as heat The maximum current speed observed was outfall should be 1 m above the seabed. A exchanger, which will be discharged back 0.5 m/s and the average 0.2 m/s at 6 m water depth of 3 to 5 m is therefore into the adjacent coastal waters. water depth. As the current is mainly suggested for location of the discharge parallel to the coastline the width of the The institute carried out seasonal analyses point, which is 2.1 km away from the plume expected in the region is 0.3 km on of the physical, chemical and biological coastline. either side of the diffuser perpendicular to characteristics of the area. Impact the coastline. The discharge location at 15 assessment of the proposed facilities Impacts arising from construction activities m water depth is recommended based on which include suitable seawater intake and associated with the project have been thermal dispersion. discharge locations was carried out during listed and precautionary measures April/May and Oct/Nov 1998. suggested to the firm. Coastal Ocean Monitoring and Measurements at 4 stations during April- Prediction (COMAP) May 1998, showed that the sea surface Power plant Monitoring of nearshore waters along the temperature (SST) varied from 31.5 to The National Thermal Power Corporation coast of India was continued at pre- 34°C, salinity from 29 to 34 PSU and (NTPC), a major power generating agency determined transects following the the density between 1016 and 1020.5 kg/. in India proposes setting up of a coal based 3 established protocol. By and large, the m . During October 1998, SST varied power plant of 2 x 500 MW capacity openshore areas continue to exhibit a from 25.9 to 30.4°C, salinity from 15 to 37 near Tikkavanipalem, 30 km south of healthy environment within the natural PSU and the density between 997 and Visakhapatnam on the east coast of India. 3 variability associated with dynamic coastal 1023.9 kg/m . The Company approached the institute areas particularly those swept by tidal to carry out a study for engineering The average nearshore current speed currents. parameters required in design of a jetty during April-May 1998, west of the to house the intake pumps for cooling Several inshore areas comprising of proposed terminal was 0.18 m/s and below water, dispersion characteristics of creeks, bays and estuaries designated mid depth it was 0.1 m/s. The current water column and impact of the thermal as 'hot spots' because of their degrad- direction varied approximately from SSE to pollution. ed ecology under the influence of SSW. The average current speed near the anthropogenic releases, have not shown proposed jetty location was 0.3 m/s. The The total cooling water requirement improvement in their environmental current direction was predominantly estimated is about 9000 m3/hr and the quality. Organic wastes such as sewage eastwards during flood tide and westwards temperature rise of the recirculating water being the major contaminant in many of during ebb tide. The currents measured 10 to 11°C. The institute carried out the these inshore areas, their waters are during October 1998 were stronger than studies on different oceanographic characterised by abnormally high and tide the current measured during April-May with parameters in Oct 1997 to Feb 1998, July 3- dependant levels of PO4 -P, NO3-N, NO2- an average speed being 0.24 m/s at the 1998 and Nov 1998. N and NH +-N, variable Dissolved Oxygen proposed discharge location. 4 The area of study falls under industrial (DO) falling to zero at low tide at some In general, the study area characterised by development zone and is about 30 km instances and markedly high populations of oxidised condition with dissolved oxygen south of Visakhapatnam. The region pathogens. In some creeks draining of values ranging from 3.35 to 4.67 ml/I during comprise of small hillocks and plains. The contaminated low salinity water from the May and 3.02 to 5.37 ml/l during October plains are used for agricultural purpose. inner segments into the outer bay during

6 coastal environment

comparison, sampling was done from polluted and relatively unpolluted coastal locations. Interestingly, the postmonsoon abundance of DVC was significantly higher at all polluted locations (off Chennai, Mangalore, Ratnagiri). In contrast, their counts were quite low during premonsoon at these locations when compared to relatively less polluted sites off Terekhol, Positra and Marmugao. Increases in the DVC were upto or over 10% during the postmonsoon suggesting a substantial higher microbial activity (thus, larger turnover of organic matter) during postmonsoon. The ease of reliably measuring DVC did help us to realise the decreased metabolic functioning of bacteria during the premonsoon, a season COMAP network. when the dispersal of land discharges (effluents) apparently are of a lower low tide, leads to distinct vertical stretch which indicate: (i) changes in magnitude than during and after the stratification with the surficial less saline primary production (based on background monsoon. Besides being a direct index of 3- water having low DO, low pH, high PO4 -P concentrations) are significant only in potential bacterial (microbial) metabolic + and high NH4 -N. In creeks, receiving shallow waters of Cannanore, Calicut and activity in situ, it can be suggested from our sewage in excess of their assimilative to a lesser extent at Kochi; (ii) further study that the DVC can serve as an - - capacity, NO3 -N and NO2 -N are low offshore variations are small due to important parameter in evaluating risks to + associated with low DO and high NH4 -N. reduced impact of anthropogenic marine environment through human perturbations; (iii) zooplankton biomass in (industrial) activities. Availability of abundant nutrients leads to general varies with primary production; (iv) high and variable chlorophyll a content in benthic biomass is highly variable without some waters but generic diversity of significant trends; (v) pathogens like Biodiversity and Biomedical phytoplankton is often lower than that in the Salmonella, Shigella and Vibrio cholerae associated coastal water. Similarly, the are either at low concentrations or absent Potential zooplankton biomass is often high but with though the presence of Pseudomonas Biodiversity and biomass reduced group diversity. In areas of high aeruginosa, Proteus, the rare occurrence Copepods organic loadings only 1 or 2 groups of of Shigella and high incidence of Vibrio macrobenthos proliferate at the expense of parahaemolyticus is suggestive of potential Copepod composition in the Thane. other groups. threat of organic pollution in the 'hot spot' Bassein. Mahim and Versova along the areas of Kochi and Calicut, and (vi) Maharashtra coast was studied during The coastal sediment is generally free from discharge of anthropogenic wastes has premonsoon and postmonsoon periods. accumulation of heavy metals such as increased the nutrient levels in the The density of copepods was found lead, cadmium and mercury though some backwaters though eutrophication has not decreased considerably over the years. 3 localised areas confined to inshore occurred. The density of copepods was 4160/100 m , domains have enhanced levels associated 7127/100 m3, 4455/100 m3 and 5279/100 3 with anthropogenic releases. Thus, for (b) In addition to monitoring human m for Bassein, Thane, Versova and Mahim instance inner segment at Ulhas estuary pathogenic bacteria (Vibrio cholerae. V. respectively. The number of species sustains mercury levels as high as 80 ppm parahaemolyticus, Salmonella, Shigella. recorded were 33, 35, 6 and 7 for the above as against the expected background of Pseudomonas aeruginosa like organisms), areas. Bestiolina similis, Acrocalanus sp., less than 0.3 ppm. Markedly high levels the distribution and seasonal variations of Paracalanus aculeatus, Acartia spinicauda (2 -10 ppm) of mercury also occur in Direct Viable Count (DVC) and Total were the major components of the the openshore sediments of Mumbai Counts (TDC) of bacteria were studied from population. Pseudodiaptomus binghami suggesting wide spread contamination of different coastal locations. The main malayalus and Acartiella keralensis were sediment by mercury of the area. interest of studying DVC was to evaluate observed in the interior creek stations while whether, as a parameter, the DVC could be Canthocalanus pauper, Eucalanus Other specific investigations conducted routinely employed for assessing the pileatus, Euchaeta concinna, E. indica and under the COMAP are given below : innate environmental stresses that may not Acartia erytraea in the offshore stations. Scolecithricella sp. and Candacia sp. were (a) Results for the period 1990-1998 were permit the complete activity potential of rare in the area. assessed for Mangalore-Alleppey coastal microbial communities in situ. For

7 Mysidacea New species the priority areas due to high biological diversity and Colaba, a special silt for Mysids from the shallow waters of A low saline species of Cladocera, maintaining high biodiversity in the Maharashtra and Gujarat coasts (between Diaphanosoma celebensis Stingelin was industrial city of Mumbai. Ratnagiri in the south and Kandla in the recorded for the first time from an Indian north) were studied. A total of 15 species estuary (Mandovi estuary, Goa) during the belonging to 7 genera have been identified monsoon season. Genetics of Nemipterus out of which four species of the genus Studies were undertaken on the genetic Several generations of the amictic females Rhopalophthalmus and one species of the variation within and between species of the are being maintained in the laboratory. The genus Acanthomysis were recorded for the fish. Nemipterus japonicus from the Goa parthenogenetic reproductive behaviour first time. region using the allozyme technique. Out was studied for three generations. Mean of the 17 loci detected from the body length of adult females ranged from Two species of mysids - Indomysis electrophoretic patterns of 11 enzymes, 842 to 932 urn and mean life span ranged annandalei and Mesopodopsis orientalis in two loci showed significant departures from from 9 to 12.5 days. Maximum number of salt pans of Mumbai are found to be Hardy-Weinberg expectations. Significant neonates produced per female varied tolerant to a wide range of salinity (10 - 129 departures usually indicate the presence of between 12 and 30 and the mean length and 1.2 - 63.6 respectively). mixed population. Further, this species ranged from 283 to 446 mu m. and four others (N. randalli. N. delagoae, The first occurrence of the N. peronii and N. nematophorus) were Zooplankton Prymnesiophycean, Phacocystis globosa collected from Visakhapatnam for allozyme Zooplankton characteristics of the Gulf of was noticed for the first time in the Arabian studies. Genetic divergence and Kutch including the major creek systems Sea. Extensive bloom of this species phylogenetic relationship among the 5 of Nakti, Kandla and Hansthal were occurred in the Central Arabian Sea over species have been determined. The five studied during monsoon, postmonsoon 240 nautical miles in August 1966. The species were clearly divisible into two and pre-monsoon periods at 7 locations. biomass was as high as 3 x 109 cells m2. major groups, one group included only N. The area was very rich in zooplankton This species appears to be recently peronii, while the other consisted of the standing stock showing a variation of 0.59 introduced to the Arabian Sea. Its remaining 4 species. Five isozyme loci 3 to 185.50 ml/100 m . The population aggregates rapidly sink out of the euphotic (G3PDH*MDH-3*,LDH-A*,SOD* and GPI*) 3 maxima was 942/100 m during monsoon, zone contributing to export of carbon and were found to be the most reliable species- 3 196/100 m in postmonsoon and 8027/100 formation of Transparent Exopolymen specific markers. 3 m during premonsoon. Species of Particles (TEP). Elsewhere, they are known penaeid prawns such as Metapenaeus to get deposited as thick foam (upto 2 m Biomedical potential affinis, M. dobsoni and Penaeus indicus, high) on beaches. This genus is also During the year the structural elucida- Parapenaeopsis stylifera and P. hardwickii known to be one of the few phytoplankton tion of novel cyclopropane-containing were present in the samples. Larvae of M. producing dimethyl sulphide (DMS), a cerebroside from algal extracts (NIO-42) affinis were dominant in the creek and sulphur compound counteracting green was completed. The same was presented Gulf during the southwest monsoon, while house effects, but may contribute to local Acetes indicus dominated the collections at the American Society of Mass acid rains and have an impact on global of premonsoon and postmonsoon. The Spectrometry meeting at Dallas. climatic changes. majority of fish larvae were in the early Out of four anxiolytic compounds isolated stages of development and the size varied from a mangrove plant (NIO-450), from 1 to 5 mm. Boleopthalmus glaucus, Marine protected areas structural elucidation of three was Engraulid and Clupeids were the most Data from 37 sites along the Maharashtra completed. IPR potentials have also been common fish larvae present in this area. characterised by different type of evaluated and a patent application is being The major species of larvae of prawns and ecological habitats such as islands, filed. fishes occurring in the Gulf were estuaries, mangroves, rocky and muddy compared with the adults caught from the A highly unstable new terpene has been shores and sandy beaches were collected area. A proportion of 79 : 1 : 239 of fish isolated and its structure determined from for floral and faunal species distribution, larvae were present in the inner creek an opithobranch mollusc Volvatella sp. abundant biomass and biodiversity studies. during monsoon, postmonsoon and which grazes upon the green alga On the basis of biodiversity status and premonsoon and 19:3:1 from the Gulf Caulerpa sp. ecologically important floral biota, six sites area during the above seasons. In have been selected and recommended for Three scalaran sesterpenes, two being general, the creek sustained 4.7 times protection. During the study, 17 mangrove new, have been isolated from the more of larval production than those of the species, 73 seaweed species, 8 corals nudibranch Glossodoris atromarginata and gulf which may be due to the natural (hard and soft), 12 bird species and 9 its prey, a sponge, tentatively identified protection of this region with less reptiles and mammals besides a number of as Desidea sp. These compounds predators and a clear and calm crustaceans and molluscs have been show cytotoxicity against human thyroid environment. recorded. Malvan was considered as one of carcinoma.

8 coastal environment

Marine Archaeology Goa waters

During the year the underwater explorations in The exploration at Sunchi reef, near Amee Dwarka waters revealed various structures. In shoal, 2 km from Marmugoa port, revealed Goa, in a reef area remains of shipwreck were the remains of a shipwreck at 3 - 9 m water found at 3-9 m water depth. In another reef a number of household decorative materials have depths. Four cannons, a cast iron cannon been found at 15 m water depth. ball, pottery, pieces of glass bottles, broken rudder, and a number of dressed granite Dwarka waters blocks were found.

During underwater explorations this year in On the south and southeastern side of St. Dwarka waters, a number of fallen George's reef a shipwreck containing structures including dressed stone blocks terracotta artifacts such as bricks, pillar were noticed at several places upto 8 m bases and segments, roofing, and flooring water depth. Three grapnel type stone tiles inscribed "BASEL MISSION TILE anchors were also noticed in the vicinity. WORKS 1865" and a number of other Terracotta base found from the shipwreck of The evidence of archaeological artifacts household decorative materials were found St. George's reef off Goa. from 15 m water was recorded down to 15 m water depth at 15 m water depth. The Baselmission, a depth. close to a ridge (ancient cliff section) which tile manufacturing company in Mangalore is about 1.5 - 2 m high running parallel to region of Kamataka, was exporting the the shoreline for considerable distance. A products to East Africa, Aden, Basara, Mandovi at Old Goa revealed Chinese and large number of stone anchors were Australia and Southeast Asian countries. Celadon wares at 3 to 9 m water depths. noticed near the ridge. A river channel was Similar surveys in Baga waters revealed a also noticed with the help of an Diving metal detector and airlift surveys steel hulled wreck at 5 to 6 m water depth echosounder, where diving operation was near Captain of Port's jetty in the river opposite to the seminary. undertaken. About 12 prismatic and 5 triangular stone anchors were noticed in the vicinity. This indicates that the site was probably used as an anchoring point for big vessels and that Dwarka was a very active port in ancient times.

At Bet Dwarka (30 km north of Dwarka) an early historic pottery, a cannon, an iron anchor and 8 stone anchors were found. Further explorations at this site revealed part of protohistoric habitation destroyed near Siddi Pir Baba. A large collection of pottery including a Swastika graffiti pottery, an Amphora piece was made from the historical site Khuda Dhost in the vicinity of Bet Dwarka. Timber remains from the shipwreck of St. George's reef off Goa.

Ring stone found in Dwarka waters. Casion box for underwater excavation.

9 engineering, techniques & technology

Coastal Engineering suggested to be placed at 3.5 m. The diffuser block is 7.5 x 1 x 1 m in size. Design of effluent disposal system The Oswal Chemicals and Fertilizers Ltd Effect of offshore breakwater on sediment (OCFL) proposing a fertilizer plant at transport Paradip (Orissa) sought location of a Enron India Private Limited. New Delhi is suitable site in the sea to discharge around proposing an offshore breakwater and 13,330 m3 treated effluent through a navigational channel for a Power Plant submarine pipeline. at Dabhol. Its effect on the prevailing sediment transport on the adjacent The institute conducted circulation and coastline was evaluated through field and seabed studies and recommended the numerical model studies. location. 1.2 km from the landfall point, for the diffuser. The depth in this region is Observations of the water and seabed about 10 m. Since HDPE is corrosion sediment samples collected from fifty resistant and successfully used for major locations off Dabhol, the average storm water and sewage effluent outfalls, suspended sediment concentration close the pipeline with internal diameter of 355 to the seabed was about 60 mg/l and near mm was suggested with a coating of 150 surface 19 mg/l. The surface seabed mm thick PCC (1:5:10 mix). To safeguard sediments were predominantly of silt and from erosion, the pipeline upto 300 m clay towards the sea and silt and sand length from landfall point is suggested to be towards the shore. The mean diameter of buried 2.5 m deep and the remaining the particles varied between 0.028 and 0.625 mm. portion 1 m deep. Wave diffraction studies indicate that As a safety measure and to overcome the Wave refraction studies indicate that the sufficient tranquility conditions would hydrodynamic forces of currents and beach south to the study region would not prevail in the turning basin as well as in waves, 0.5 m thick concrete blocks with 1 m be affected due to the construction of the berthing area for waves approaching external diameter and 0.4 m internal the breakwater. No appreciable effect from the west and southwest. The diameter spaced 1.5 m centre to centre are on the Vashishti river is expected as diffraction effects on the Vashishti river to be provided. To attain the required the refraction pattern do not change seems to be negligible. dilution. 6 numbers of 120 mm ports are appreciably in the region. Sediment transport rates at the northern and southern ends of the proposed navigational channel were 13.09 and 27.14 kg/m/s respectively for a wave height of 2.5 m, wave period of 8 s and current speed of 0.25 m/s. Considering a reduction of 60% in the wave height alone, the sediment transport rates are estimated to be 2.86 and 6.14 kg/m/s respectively for the northern and southern ends.

The net longshore sediment transport rate at the adjoining beach, based on the observed littoral environmental parameters, is estimated to be 0.22 x 106 m3/year in a southerly direction. The gross sediment transport is estimated to be 0.47 x 106 m3/year.

Proposed breakwater completely protects the adjoining pocket beach leading to changes in the prevailing longshore sediment transport rates. This reduction of sediment transport rate and adjustments in the adjoining beaches is expected to prevail over a period of time, however, periodical monitoring to evaluate their Layout of the diffuser and the block exact nature is essential.

10 engineering, techniques & technology

Instrumentation A series of satellite validation cruises maximum xylanase activity during the have also been undertaken on Sagar stationary phase of growth and optimal Tide gauge for Chilka lake Kanya to collect for the first time, spectral activity being at 80°C. stable upto 100C. A sea level gauge for detecting small tidal data on the optical properties of the variations was designed. It incorporates Northern Arabian Sea. The data has been an indigenous temperature-compensated used to validate the MOS sensor payload Deleterious influences of biocide on pressure transducer modified to suit small on the Indian satellite IRS-P3. Effort is gastropods tidal range. The recorder powered by a 9 made to construct bio-optical algorithms Imposex. a genital disorder, is a volts alkaline battery pack stores data for the Indian seas. widespread phenomenon known to on non-volatile memory. The hydraulic occur in more than 120 species of gastropods world wide. Such changes are pressure port has been protected from Weather information system corrosion by a new oil-chamber, on which a evidenced to be the deleterious influence An internet-accessible information system patent application has been filed. Further of trybutyltin (TBT) compounds. TBT is a for real-time weather information from a modifications are in progress. toxic biocide used in marine antifouling number of spatially distributed weather paints. Imposex was reported in a Muricid stations was developed and a patent Year-long tide measurements from two Neogastropod species Cronia konkanensis application filed. The internet connectivity locations at Chilka lake, Orissa, under (Melvill, 1893) (Fa: Muricidae) collected offers multiple features such as platform- a sponsored project from Chilka from Goa waters. The frequency of its independence, remote configuration and Development Authority were continued. occurrence ranged 90-100% in Marmugao control of any weather station in Project reports on sea level and harbour waters and 0-7% in Dona the network, database queries, online meteorological measurements at Paula waters. Tikkavanipalem coast in Andhra Pradesh graphical displays, and multi-media for EIA studies for the proposed Simhadri presentation capability. The system power plant of National Thermal Power promises flexibility in the acquisition of Biotechnology Corporation were prepared. weather information for a multitude of operational usage, including storm-surge Dye decolourization by a lignin degrading prediction. (Patent No. : NF/267/99). fungus Ocean Colour & SST from SeaWiFS A basidiomycetous fungus Flavodon flavus A major activity for the current year has Biofouling and Corrosion (Strain #312) isolated from decaying been the installation and commissioning a seagrass from a coral lagoon of the low cost SeaWiFS receiving station. The Thermophilic xylanase enzyme from Lakshadweep island proved to be very new facility, only one of its kind on the west bacterial biofilm efficient lignin-degrader. It mineralized Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal, receives Several bacterial cultures were screened nearly 24% of 14C-labeled svnthetic lignin 14 daily passes of Ocean Colour and Sea from sediment biofilm for thermophilic to CO2 in 24 days. This was similar to that Surface Temperature. The University of alkaline xylanase activity. The culture of Phanerochaete chrysosporium. the best North Carolina has helped in evolving a showing high xylanase activity was lignin-degrading white-rot fungus known so configuration at minimum cost. The data tentatively identified as Pseudomonas far. The strain #312 produces three major will be useful in studying ocean processes stutzeri based on biochemical classes of lignin-modifying enzymes, and the coastal zone of India. characterisation. The bacteria showed manganese-dependent peroxidase, lignin peroxidase and laccase. (Raghukumar. C. et al.. 1999. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 65: 2103-2111).

The strain #312 with its excellent lignin- degrading system decolorizes a number of synthetic dyes. Azure B. Briiliant green. Congo red, Crystal violet. Poly-B. Poly-R and Remazol Brilliant blue R (RBBR). when grown in rich nutrient medium like malt extract broth (ME broth) or in low nitrogen (LN) medium prepared with distilled water or artificial sea water. This indicates the bioremediation potential of this isolate in terrestrial as well as saline conditions. (Raghukumar et al., Indian Patent NF/Delhi 160 pending).

11 engineering, techniques & technology

Biopolymers from marine bacteria thraustochytrid cells would increase the observed both in quantity and quality of the Marine bacteria are known to be a rich PUFA contents of larvae of the brine bacterial flora between the source and source of biopolymers. Among the several shrimp Artemia and the prawns Penaeus pond water. Among the 17 genera strains screened, one gave an yield of merguensis and Penaeus monodon. The identified, Pseudomonas, Cytophaga, 2.1 g/l of polymer when grown in a mineral larvae of Artemia sp. contained a low Aeromonas and Vibrio were dominant. medium containing 1% glucose at pH 7.0. amount of EPA, but no DHA. When fed for The comparison of water quality of the The composition of this polymer was found 24 h with thraustochytrids, a considerable shrimp pond environment with source to be a mixture of protein, carbohydrate, accumulation of DHA was observed in water is essential for assessing the impact and lipids in the ratio of 2:1:16. A few other freshly hatched nauplli of the brine of shrimp aquaculture to the coastal strains produced polymers rich in only shrimp, resulting in 'enriched Artemia'. environment. protein and carbohydrates. Some of these Docosahexaenoic acid levels of the postlarvae of prawns were enhanced polymers (150 mg/ml) could decolourize as Pathogens much as 80% congo red (0.03%) dissolved considerably when such enriched Artemia In a collaborative work on marine in tapwater within 7 days. were fed. in contrast to a feed containing unenriched ones. Still better results biotechnology with Rajeev Gandhi Centre were observed when a conventional of Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram Polyunsaturated fatty acids in aquaculture feed of phytoplankton, Artemia and studies on different pathogenic organisms feeds formulated feed was supplemented were initiated during August 1998. The protistan fungi, the thraustochytrids with thraustochytrid cells. Thraustochytrids Enteropathogens like Salmonella typhii, are known to be the source of high amounts could partially substitute for the Vibrio cholerae and Eschirichia coli do not of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids phytoplankton. These results indicate the exist in high salinity for long time. But the (PUFAs), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and potentials of using thraustochytrids in frequent occurrence of these pathogens in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). particularly aquaculture feeds. high salinity (32 ppt and above) from the the latter. These are of tremendous coastal inshore waters which is of (S. Raghukumar, D. Chandramohan and C.T. biotechnological importance in aquaculture importance as far as edible coastal and Achuthankutty. A grant-in-aid project from the feeds and human nutrition. Our studies on Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi). offshore resources are concerned. The PUFAs from thraustochytrids isolated from strains isolated from high salinities coastal and offshore waters have yielded Abundance and diversity of bacterial exhibited identical molecular structure as several strains that contain high amounts population of the source and pond water that of hospital strains that acquired stress of these fatty acids. The DHA content in and pond sediment was studied for one for antibiotics. The molecular studies on many of these was nearly 45% of the production cycle in a grow-out pond, plasmid and genomic DNA isolation, total fatty acids, while EPA ranged from stocked with banana shrimp (Penaeus large scale plasmid isolation, bacterial 5 to 12%. Experiments were carried merguiensis) seed produced in our prawn transformation, elution processes cloning out to examine if a feed comprising hatchery. No significant variations were and sequencing are in progress.

12 offshore processes & resources

Physical and Chemical Processes which is used as index for 'Southern 22°N. Most of the north Indian Ocean do in the Tropical Indian Ocean Oscillation'. The SST in the above region not receive any rainfall during the winter thus may prove to be an important (January). This climatological picture of the We continued augmenting data and developing parameter for long range forecasting rainfall over the tropical Indian Ocean has predictive models for SW monsoon. Our parti- cipation in BOBMEX and INDOEX programmes model. been constructed with the data from the will enable characterisation of the circulation Climate Prediction Centre Merged Analysis Distribution of cyclone heat potential (CHP; and current patterns. The JGOFS Programme is Precipitation (CMAP) of Xie and Arkin attempting to establish the role of TEP in heat content above 26°C) in Bay of Bengal (1997). denitrification in the northern Arabian Sea. and Andaman Sea, had been studied for monsoon and postmonsoon seasons, it is An inter-comparison of the mean annual SST from NOAA/AVHRR Data noticed that the CHP value is greater than rainfall estimates over the tropical Indian The errors associated with the SST 14 kcal/cm2 in the central and southern Bay Ocean by different techniques and retrievals from the north Indian Ocean, of Bengal and the Andaman Sea, during methods, namely, infrared data from using global Multichannel sea surface postmonsoon season, where generally the Indian National Satellite (INSAT), temperature (MCSST), Non-linear sea cyclones form. Two severe cyclones microwave data from the Microwave surface temperature (NLSST), and formed after a few days where the CHP Sounding Unit (MSU). model of the Pathfinder sea surface temperature values were found very high. National Centre for Environmental (PFSST) algorithms were analysed using (Y. Sadhuram and N.C. Wells, 1999. Global Prediction (NCEP) and CMAP was satellite-sea-truth matchups for NOAA-9 Atmos. & Ecosyst., 7: 47-72) made. Even though most of the rainfall and NOAA-11. The MCSST and NLSST estimates were able to depict the broad retrievals have undesirable large trends scale patterns such as the minimum off Rainfall distribution over the associated with surface temperature, Indian Ocean Arabian coast and maximum off the satellite scan geometry and scan time (day/ Indonesian Islands, they differ significantly, The monsoon regions of the Indian Ocean night); SST retrievals using PFSST showed with the microwave estimates being and the Indian subcontinent are the lowest trends. The simple statistics, the lowest and the infrared estimates characterised by large seasonal variation mean and RMSD, are poor for MCSST the highest. of rainfall, with the Indian subcontinent (0.6°C and 1.3°C); and unsatisfactory for receiving about 60-90% of the mean (M.R. Ramesh Kumar et al. Communicated to NLSST (0.4°C and 0.7°C) and PFSST Tropical Meteorology Seminar. Kochi) annual rainfall during the four months (0.4°C and 0.7°C) also. Considerable (June-September) period. Arabian Sea and improvement in statistics and trends are Bay of Bengal also receive maximum Upper ocean thermal structure achievable by regionally optimising the rainfall during the monsoon months when As a part of the ongoing programme, algorithm coefficients. The mean and the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) Expendable Bathythermograph (XBT) RMSD of residuals drop to more than 50% shifts from about 10°S in January to about operations were carried out using ships of of the values obtained by the use of global coefficients. Regionally optimised NLSST appear to be better algorithm for the North Indian Ocean in the absence of time- dependent regional coefficients suggested by PFSST. (S.C. Shenoi, 1999, Int. J. Remote Sensing, 20: 11-29)

SST in regional climate Sea surface temperature (SST) in the region south-east of Sri Lanka (0-5°N; 80- 85°E) during October and November months of the previous year appear to play a vital role in the all India summer monsoon rainfall of the following year, similarly the SST during February seems to have bearing on the inter annual variability of monsoon circulation over the central Asian region, in the following year.

Further, November SST of the previous year in the above region is significantly correlated with the change in sea-level pressure from January to April, at Darwin, Comparison of mean annual rainfall estimates over Indian Ocean (in m) by different methods.

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opportunity along the following shipping 1997-98) and a strong winter cyclonic gyre The analysis of Autonomous Weather lanes : Chennai - Andamans - Calcutta, occurs during non-E/ Nino year of 1996-97. Station (AWS) surface meteorological data -2 Chennai - Singapore and Mumbai - Port Further, the spring anticyclonic gyre is split shows a net loss of 55 W.m heat energy at Louis, to understand upper ocean thermal into two anticyclonic cells, separated by a the sea surface due to excessive heat loss variability and its linkage with the Indian cyclonic eddy, off the central east coast of over the incoming solar radiation. The monsoon. India. This study highlights that interannual surface mixed layer is thin (20-40 m) at the variability in the mesoscale circulation in centre of the cyclonic gyre indicating the Thermal sections based on XBT data for the Bay of Bengal is caused by warming dominant role of Ekman processes. the years 1991-96 in the central Bay of and cooling events associated with El Nino- The near-surface (5 m) water temperature Bengal (Chennai - Port Blair, indicated Southern Oscillation in the equatorial showed a diurnal range of 0.5°C with a significant inter-annual variability. The Pacific. 1992-93 El Nino in the Pacific seems to minimum temperature occurring at 0600 have reduced sea surface temperatures in hrs (IST) and the maximum at 1400 hrs the Central Bay. The upwelling close to Bay of Bengal and Monsoon Experiment (IST). This range increased to 0.8°C on the Chennai coast during summer monsoon (BOBMEX) day of intense solar radiation. The variation season and variability in strength of The BOBMEX-Pilot programme has been was noticed upto 20 m depth. At the centre western boundary current along the east launched by Department of Science and of cyclonic gyre, diurnal variations are coast of India was noticed. Technology (DST). NIO and IISc masked by the other processes. The (Bangalore) are nodal agencies for oceanic estimated depth-averaged vertical eddy diffusivity coefficient of heat (K ) in the Eddies from TOPEX and atmospheric components of the h 2 1 programme respectively. The BOBMEX - upper 50 m varied from 27 to 93 cm .s . The analyses of TOPEX altimeter derived Pilot cruise (SK-138C) was organised Dominant role of horizontal advective sea surface heights and the Expandable onboard ORV Sagar Kanya during processes leading to the northward Bathythermograph (XBT) temperature advection of heat is revealed on sections along the Madras - Andamans October-November 1998 in the southern intraseasonal time scales. showed several cyclonic and anticyclonic Bay of Bengal (7°-19°N; 85°-87°E). The eddies. Since the Bay of Bengal waters are analyses of the collected data show that more stratified, the sub-surface thermal the upper layer geostrophic circulation is Current structure in the equatorial Indian signals of eddies are not reflected in the characterised by a cyclonic gyre with Ocean during northeast monsoon surface temperatures. Due to the synoptic eastward flow (Indian Monsoon Current) in nature of remote sensing observations, the the south, and westward flow in the north. As a part of the INDOEX-lndia programme, exact position of the eddies can be located. The cyclonic gyre appears to be the currents in the equatorial Indian Ocean Inter-annual variations in position and remnant of the large scale cyclonic gyre of were studied using the Acoustic Doppler intensity of eddies was observed in August the Bay of Bengal during the southwest Current Profiler (ADCP) data collected and October during 1993-1996. monsoon, shifted southwestward in underway along the Port Louis - Goa association with the withdrawal of the transect. The ADCP profile showed South (A.K.S. Gopalan et al., communicated to J. Mar. southwest monsoon from the Bay of Equatorial Current (SEC) as a broad Res.) Bengal. The VM-ADCP measured currents westward flow of 0.40 m.s-1 in the region in the upper layer confirmed the above 20°S - 6°S in the upper 200 m layer while Surface circulation in the cyclonic flows as derived from the North Equatorial Current (NEC) was Bay of Bengal thermohaline fields. confined to a rather smaller band between The seasonal and interannual variability in the sea surface circulation of the Bay of Bengal through TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter derived sea surface heights for October 1992 - September 1999. revealed that the meso-scale circulation in the western Bay, particularly the region off the central east coast of India (12°-16°N) undergoes predominant changes at the seasonal and interannual time scales. The cyclonic (anticlockwise) gyre of the autumn-winter seasons is replaced by the anticyclonic (clockwise) gyre during spring. During the southwest monsoon, alternate cyclonic and anticyclonic cells characterize the western Bay circulation. On interannual times, a strong anticyclonic gyre occurs in spring during El Nino years (1994-95; ADCP zonal currents (cm/s) across Port-Louis - Goa transact, 17-28 March, 1998.

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with that of primary production, micro- zooplankton and related water chemistry parameters was worked on. Bacterial numbers increased from 6.66 x 107 to 155.52 x 107 l-1 from day 1 to day 13 and on day 14 their numbers were at 134.18 x 107 l-1. Their carbon biomass increased consistently from 12.97 mg to 103.39 mgCm-2 in the upper 120 m column. Interestingly, the bacterial numbers began building up when the decline in chlorophyll and primary production was imminent. The thymidine incorporation by bacterial assemblages increased towards the end, generally suggesting the beginning of active growth phase of heterotrophic bacteria following the decline in chlorophyll (phytoplankton) production. From the analyses of microzooplankton counts that ranged from 7210 to 32000 m-2 in the upper 150 m (with their numbers increasing towards the last phase of sampling), it is possible to suggest a nutritional dependency of microzooplankton on heterotrophic bacteria in the Arabian Sea. The significantly deeper mixed layer during 1997 winter appears to have brought about phenomenal increases in chlorophyll production. Consequent to the Mean and eddy kinetic energy (cm2/sec2). senescence and bloom crashes which appear to happen in about 2-3 weeks time, bacteria seem to assimilate the organic carbon available from these events. 3°N and 6°S with a westward flow of pattern inferred from the dynamic -1 The build up in bacterial numbers is 0.60 m.s . Sandwiched between these two topography does not always represent the thus helpful for sustaining higher biomass currents, the Equatorial Counter Current surface currents in the Indian Ocean. Both of animal plankton via microzooplankton (ECC) flows eastward in the region 6°S - compare well for the South Equatorial food web. 3°N with a maximum velocity core of 1.0 Current, the Equatorial Counter Current, m.s-1 at 100 m depth. and the Southwestward Current along the Indonesian Islands, they differ in Bay of Bengal during the southwest monsoon Near-surface circulation and Relationship of bacteria with transparent season, but compare well during the kinetic energy exopolymer particles (TEP) northeast monsoon. Maps of mean and In order to understand the relationship Trajectories of 412 satellite-tracked drifting eddy kinetic energy show maximum energy of TEP with the bacterial production buoys deployed in the tropical Indian associated with the western boundary and abundance, the data on bacterial Ocean have been analysed to document currents and equatorial currents and the abundance and production (numbers, the surface circulation and kinetic energy lower energies away from the equator in sizes and concentrations of TEP) and total field. Only the dragged drifters (at 15 m the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal in the depth) having drag area ratio greater than organic carbon (TOC) measured during the north and southern regions (south of 20°S) 35 are used for the estimation of current summer monsoon of 1996 were analysed. of the Indian Ocean. velocities. The analysis showed that the It was found that the TEP were generally buoys follow the expected large scale high in surface waters at 18-20°N along circulation features like the widening of Joint Global Ocean Flux Studies 64°E with their concentrations well over 25 mg equivalents of alginic acid I-1. They were the Equatorial Jet in the eastern equatorial As a part of the time series analyses in low concentrations between 200 and 500 Indian Ocean and westward flow at the under the JGOFS Programme, the m suggesting bacterial assimilation of equator during July-August. The bacterial abundance and production rates TEP, the easily labile organic substrates. comparison of drifter data with the were measured at 21°N, 64°E during Bacterial numbers were up to 1.99 x 108 I-1 seasonal mean dynamic topography (0/ 10-23 February 1997. The relationship in the surface waters and decreased 1000 db) shows that the surface circulation of bacterial abundance and production

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by an order or more at depths below the intensity of paleoupwelling and river occurring at 4.8 ky BP. The results of the 500 m. A direct relationship existed discharge and thereby associated summer study further suggest that the intensity between bacterial abundance and the monsoon intensity and productivity SW monsoon was variable between LG concentrations of TEP indicating that the changes in the northern Indian Ocean. and Younger Dryas, and increased on bacterial metabolism is fueled by the (Naidu P.D. et al., Continental Shelf Research. after 9 ky with a reduction at ~6 ky. availability of labile fractions of organic 1999. 19: 559-572.) (Chauhan, O.S., 1999, Indian J. Mar. Sci.. 28: carbon in the Arabian Sea. Assuming a 99-101) 33% of carbon assimilation, the bacterial Monsoon variability during Late carbon demand (BCD) was in the range of Pleistocene-Holocene in the southern Verdine and glaucony facies sediments in 0.04 to 3.6 mgC I-1 h-1 in the surface waters. Arabian Sea the Arabian Sea TEP concentrations were found to be Using the temporal variations in the clay Green grains recovered from the western sufficient to meet the BCD in the mineral species characteristic of cold and continental margin of India, between subsurface layers of the northern Arabian humid climate, dominant arid phase and a Ratnagiri and Cape Comorin (water depths Sea which is noted as an important region weak SW monsoon have been identified in 37 - 330 m) were identified to belong to singly accounting for 10-30% of global the south-eastern Arabian Sea at Last verdine and glaucony facies. Verdine denitrification and, often experiencing Glacial Maximum and Younger Dryas facies in the western margin of India occur nitrate deficit of > 10 μM. chronozones of global climate model. A in about 100,000 km2 area, representing new arid phase has also been identified, the world's largest sedimentary basin Quaternary Palaeoclimate associated with low fluvial input. The grains varying from dark green to pale green or The sediment composition studies have brownish green here are a mixture of altogether a different palecceanographic and subsidence history of the western Indian predominant authigenic green clay and margin during the Late Quaternary. The detrital clay minerals and are altered. Both foraminiferal species Globigerina bulloides and phyllite C and phyllite V (verdine minerals) Neogloboquadrina dutertrei were very handy in tracing the intensity of the paleoupwelling and associated green grains occur on the monsoon intensity in the northern Indian Ocean. continental shelf (between 37 and 100 m), the former being associated with the transition zone between inner and outer Variation in monsoonal upwelling shelf and the latter with relict sands and Seasonal variation in the heating of the reefs on the outer shelf. On the continental southern Asian Continent produces a semi- slope, phyllite V occurs at depths between Downcore distribution of chlorite/illite (aridity annual reversal in the wind direction over indicator) and kaolinite/chlorite ratios. 100 and 235 m, followed by phyllite C at the Indian Ocean popularly known as the southwest and northeast monsoon. Study of monthly mean local temperature anomaly (LTA defined as the difference between coastal and mid-ocean surface temperatures), and Ekman transport along the west and east coast of India based on a 60 years published data reveals that both

LTA and Ekman transport (ME) are found to be high during the SW monsoon. Off the SW coast of India the positive LTAs are due to upwelling that is driven by the SW monsoon winds. In the northern Bay of Bengal, the negative LTAs are attributed to the freshwater discharge from rivers which is dependant on the strength of the SW monsoon. The significant relationship occurring between LTAs and ME during summer monsoon in both the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal suggest that variation in abundance of foraminiferal species Distribution of verdine and glaucony facies from the western continental margin (off Globigerina bulloides (an indicator of south of Kochi) (A), and eastern continental margin (off Kalingapatnam) (B), of India. Zone (1) - Depth range (0-60 m) for the formation of present day verdine; zone upwelling) and Neogloboquadrina dutertrei (2) - depth range (60-120 m) for verdine formed during the Holocene transgression; (a salinity indicator) in sediment cores of zone (3) - depth range (120-180 m) for verdine formed during the last glacial Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal can trace maximum (LGM).

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280 m depth and glauconitic smectite of the glaucony facies at 330 m. As these grains are composed of a mixture of predominant authigenic clay, detrital clay and some altered products, their major element composition differs from those of the green grains that contain pure authigenic clay. The low REE contents and flat shale-normalized REE patterns suggest that the REEs were inherited from the substrate.

These studies suggest that the size of the verdine deposit is related to the influx of iron rather than the amount of fluvial discharge as believed in past. Green grains on this margin are interpreted to have formed at different times during late Quaternary sea level variations. The Spatial distribution of total organic carbon distribution of verdine and glaucony facies on the southwestern margin of India is different from those of the distribution along east coast of India, Senegal, and French hydrodynamic processes also played an Central Indian Ridge (CIR) Guiana margins, suggesting different important role on the enrichment of organic paleogeography and subsidence history of Preliminary study of an area (7°-12°S. 65°- carbon. 70° E) on CIR indicate a rugged ridge the western Indian margin during the late (B.R. Rao & M. Veerayya, Deep-Sea Research. topography with relief ranging from a few Quaternary. Pt. II. in press). hundred to 2700 m. The average width of (Thamban, M. and V. Purnanhandra Rao. In: CR the axial valley is 15 km. The depth of Glenn et al. (Editors). Marine Authigenesis: Vema Fracture zone range from 2000 to From Global to Microbial. SEPM Sp. Pub. No. Neotectonic activity over Eastern 6000 m. with deepest part in the centre of 65. in press). Continental Margin of India (ECMI) the transform fault. The transform fault is Magnetic, gravity, bathymetry and high about 35 km wide. Magnetic studies over Geology and Geophysics resolution shallow seismic studies of northern part of the ridge axis indicate that southern part of Eastern Continental We continued our studies on various ridge the area is an active spreading centre with systems. The magnetics over the northern CIR Margin of India (ECMI) indicated five major anomalies upto A3. The anomalies at the have indicated the area to be an active tectonic trends. Three of them trending NE- central part of Vema transform fault are of spreading centre. An acoustic study to relate SW and E-VV show the continuation of sound wave form with sediment type was the order of 200 nT. offset to the southeast. initiated. major on-land tectonic trends of Tamilnadu. The maximum gravity anomaly of 200 Geomorphic features such as fault valleys, mgals was recorded at the steepest Vema Marginal highs and organic carbon v-cut channels and sediment slumps transform fault. indicating recent tectonic activity in this part Detailed sedimentological and organic (Mukhopadhyay, R. et al., 1998. Current of ECMI were inferred from high resolution carbon analyses of seafloor sediments Science. 75: 1157-1161) sparker data along two E-W trending from the central western continental margin lineaments off Chennai and Nagapatnam. of India covering diverse physiographic Seabottom backscatter studies in the domains, viz.. continental slope, shelf Geophysical studies off Vizianagaram western continental shelf of India margin basin, marginal high and deep (north of Andhra Pradesh) indicated the A study was initiated to relate the sound Arabian Basin, helped in assessing relative presence of two lineaments showing signal wave form obtained by the importance of productivity, oxygen minima, continuation of river faults in the land echosounder with the sediment type in the grain size and bathymetry on organic region revealing that the area is relatively continental shelf of India. An echo signal carbon accumulation/preservation. The disturbed and associated with severe acquisition system has been designed and study has revealed elevated organic folding and faulting. Recent earth tremors interfaced with the 12 kHz echosounder carbon concentrations on marginal highs off Vizianagaram. eastern continental installed onboard ORV Sagar Kanya. The and the upper continental slope. The shelf, the epicentre of which lies at 30 m reflection coefficients including attenuation enrichment is attributed to productivity water depth also falls along lineaments at the seawater bottom interface are related biogenic sediments and their faster inferred from our studies. computed in the three different sediment burial. The diverse topographic features (K.S.R. Murthy, 1999. Visakha Sci. Jour., 3(1): areas based on the sediment mean grain in the slope and the associated 21-25) size. The experimental coherent reflection

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channels cut the northern and easten flanks of the seamount, whereas the western side shows evidence of large sediment slides and is more gently sloping. The morphology of the mount, as observed in the bathymetry and satellite gravity data suggests that Kainan Maru Seamount may be a detached piece of the Gunnerus Ridge that rotated clockwise away from the ridge during the rifting of Gondwanaland in this area. (V.N. Kodagali, et. al., 1998, Marine Geodesy, 21:159-167).

Offshore Resources The mapping and impact assessment studies of CIB were continued. The multibeam surveys have identified two seamounts and abyssal hills, occupying respectively 275 and 170 sq km area by each. The pre- and post-disturbance simulation studies have shown a reduction of 40% of meiofauna in the disturbance track.

Seafloor crenulation and tectonic reorganisation Multibeam bathymetric data from an area Sediment distribution map. Probability density function of the of 24,568 km2 reveal presence of 3 types of echo peaks in : (a) sand, (b) silty sand and (c) clayey silt. seafloor lineaments. The area shows Histograms represent the echo peals while curves depict Rice seafloor deformation across these PDFs for g values (a) 11, (b) 6 and (c) 7 respectively. lineaments, oriented in N-S, NW-SE & E-W directions. A sharp change in nature and orientation of these lineaments occurs along 73°E longitude which probably coefficients are calculated using the existence of microtopographic features represent a contact between older crust in attenuation corrected reflection coefficients are responsible for the seawater/bottom the east (~56 Ma) to the younger crust (on and the normalized cross-correlation interface roughness. However, in the fine the west (~38 Ma). This sharp contact between successive backscatter echo grained sediment area, the bottom does along the 73°E longitude probably suggests signal waveforms in those areas. Further, not contain any such feature. a structural discontinuity reflecting analyses conducted by determining the (B. Chakraborty & D. Pathak, 1999, J. Sound & variation in crustal accretion at the ridge echo peak, Probability Density Function Vibration, 219: 51-62) crest in the past. (PDF) and matching them with the (Kessarkar, P., 1998, Current Sci., 74(5); 472- experimental echo peak histograms 476). provide root mean square (rms) roughness Kainan Maru Seamount, amplitude in the three different survey East Antarctica areas. The rms roughness values are used Detailed hydrosweep multibeam surveys of to compute the coherent reflection the Kainan Maru Seamount which lies off Seamount chains in the Central Indian coefficients. An attempt to establish the northern end of the Gunnerus ridge Basin concurrence between the coherent along the margin of East Antarctica have Two distinct chains of seamounts and reflection coefficients based upon the rms shown that the seamount rises over abyssal hills were identified from roughness amplitude and the experimental 3,500 m above the surrounding seafloor. It multibeam mapping of the CIOB. Chain A coherent reflection coefficients using the has an oval shape about 60 km wide and along 75°26'E has seven features trending backscatter echo signals, reveals the 120 km long, and a gently sloping summit. along N3°E with two seamounts 1200 m importance of seawater/bottom interface The northern and eastern sides of the high occupying 275 and 170 km2 area roughness in the coarse grained sediment seamount are steeper than the southern respectively. One of these seamounts has bottoms like sand and silty sand. The and western sides. Many erosional a cratered top. The crater is 1 km wide and

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unloading of the ocean basins during glaciation favours upward movement of basaltic magma, leading to increased volcanism. (N.P. Sukumaran et al., 1998. Geo-Marine Letters, 18: 203-208).

CIOB floor crenulated in three directions - N-S (top left). NW-SE (bottom left) and E-W (right) owing to tectonic compression in the geological past.

Age-depth plots for cores F200B and F88B. 230 180 m deep. Other features are high Thxs derived ages are shown as squares summit width and flat top. and biostratigraphy ages as circles. 1, 2 & 3 refer to the FAD levels of C. invaginata. C. Chain B along 75°43'E has six features, tuberesa and C. orthoconus respectively trending N10°E. The maximum height of a (Gupta, 1988). seamount in the chain is 1150 m. The flatness values (ratio of summit width to basal width) increases from north to south. Ferrobasalts in the CIOB The north has pointed cone shapes while Oceanic basalts are of considerable the south show flat top. The southern most interest due to their variable composition feature has a cratered top 0.8 km wide and ranging from normal, transitional and 110 m deep. The trend of the seamounts is enriched composition (N/TE-MORB, in parallel to the absolute motion of the Indian order of enrichment in large ion lithophile plate and their origin may be related to the elements, e.g., Rb, Sr, K, etc.) to iron- near axis fast spreading systems. titanium rich ferrobasalts. The occurrence (V.N. Kodagali, 1998. Marine Geodesy. 21: of ferrobasalts is particularly significant 147-158). because of the variation in iron and titanium content in these basalts that could be related to the intensity of seafloor Volcanic ash layers of intraplate origin and climatic connections magnetic values, topographic highs, and structural lineations. For the first time, Several volcanic ash layers consisting of ferrobasalts were recovered from the glass shards and pumice were recovered in Central Indian Ocean Basin from a seafloor two deep-sea sediment cores collected created from the Southeast Indian Ridge from the Central Indian Basin. The ages (SEIR) at an annual rate of 110-190 mm in of ash layer sections were estimated two episodes, during 56 Ma. and between based on radiometric dates (230Th activity) xs 54 and 52 Ma (Late Paleocene and Early and radiolarian biostratigraphy and Eocene time). correspond to middle to Late Pleistocene period. Topographic features and shard Assuming ridge eruptions to be infrequent morphological features indicate in situ along the then intermediate spreading volcanic origin. Interestingly, all the periods SEIR, these ferrobasalts are found to be of volcanic eruptions correspond to glacial Depth contours map (interval 100 m) of the products of fractionated N-MORB melt, stage 2,3,6 & 8 and other glacial periods. It seamount chain A constructed from which during its ascension to the seafloor Hydrosweep data. is therefore envisaged that hydrostatic from underlain magma chamber got

19 offshore processes & resources

zones in the basin, this study raises doubts about the validity of using elemental-Ba as a proxy for paleo-productivity. The significant association of Ba with oxide- forming elements in the studied sediment demonstrates that the Ba-burial is not so simple as was thought previously and elemental-Ba, not only is associated with productivity related processes, but also is controlled by the oxyhydroxide colloids. As an alternative to Ba, this study suggests

Alexces as a proxy for paleoproductivity. The non-coherent behaviour of REE in the sediment was shown to be due to varying affinity of individual REEs to different mineral phases during their burial. (V.K. Banakar, et al, 1998. Chemical Geology. 147: 217-232)

Distribution of fallout from the Youngest Toba Tuff eruption from Ninkovich (1979) and Shane et al. (1995). Labelled cores in the CIOB are new occurrences of the tephra examined in this study.

REE association diagram depicting the varying relative affinity of REEs toward two major carrier phases, viz., detrital entrapped in a zone of neutral buoyancy. depths in the Indian Ocean were studied (represented by Ti) and oxide (represented by Continuous shallow-level fractional for their chemical composition. The Mn) leading to the collapse of inherent crystallization of this long resided magma composition is nearly similar to that of coherency in 3+REE group. The r values >0.7 resulted in enriched iron (13-19%) and 74 ky B.P. Youngest Toba Volcanic ash are considered to be significant associations, titanium (2.72-2.76%) contents. This found elsewhere in the subcontinent and while <0.5 are insignificant associations. ferrobasaltic magma later erupted onto the suggests that the Toba fallout even seafloor through cracks and weak zones reached Southern Hemisphere. This that were facilitated by intense intraplate necessitates re-estimation of quantum of Mineralogy and geochemistry of surface tectonic activities during the period of India- erupted ash and impact on the then climatic sediments Eurasia collision between 58 Ma and 51 cooling. Mineralogy and geochemistry of three Ma. Thus, the co-occurrence of high (Pattan. et al., 1998, Marine Geology, 155: 243- types of surface sediments including their amplitude magnetic intensity zone (HAM), 248) intermixtures, from 31 stations, in the the east-west trending structural and ferromanganese nodule belt of the central topographical lineations and the newly Indian basin have been studied. Abundant recovered ferrobasalts are unlikely to be Biogenic and detrital influences on illite, kaolinite and chlorite in terrigenous fortuitous. elemental burial on the seafloor and siliceous sediments of the northern (S.D. Iyer, et al., Geo-Marine Letters. 18: 297- The cross surface sediments in a transect part of the basin indicate the influence of 304). across the equator from the Indian Ocean continental influx. This influence, however, were studied to assess the relative decreases in the southern part of the basin influence of biogenic and detrital-material where smectite is predominant, indicating Youngest Toba Tuff in abyssal sediment on their major, minor and rare earth volcanic input. The basinal sediments are Volcanic glass shards occurring in the element chemistry. In addition to precise enriched in trace metal (e.g. Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, sediments south of the Equator at various demarcation of the different sedimentary Co) inhomogeneously. Ni, Cu and Co are

20 offshore processes & resources

well correlated with Mn in terrigenous, siliceous and pelagic clay sediments. However, metal enrichment processes differ. The enrichment process is diagenetic in siliceous and, hydrogenetic in pelagic clay and terrigenous sediment- dominated domains. In terrigenous- siliceous mixed sediments, metal enrichment is a combination of hydrogenetic and early diagenetic processes. Similarity in Cu/Mn and Ni/Mn SEM mosaic of an Australasian minitektite. ratios between ferromanganese nodules and siliceous sediments and pelagic clay sediments, respectively, indicate that while bulk of Ni resides in the hydrogenous characteristics, chemical compositions, Microimpact phenomena on Australasian fraction of pelagic clay, Cu is enriched by radiometric dating etc. between the microtektites: implications for ejecta plume the cumulative effect of hydrogenetic and microtektites in the oceans and the tektites characteristics and lunar surface processes early diagenetic processes in siliceous on land. However the single clinching The Australasian impact event has its sediments. evidence linking both has been lacking, ejecta distributed over most of the Indian (R. Banerjee, 1999. Curr. Sci., 75: 1364-1371) leading to active debate which suggested Ocean. Microtektites belonging to this that the microtektites and the tektites event were investigated by SEM for impact belong to different events. The present generated microcraters on them. Several discovery comprising of minitektites which microtektites belonging to this event Australasian minitektites discovered in the Indian Ocean are larger than the smallest tektites found recovered from the Indian Ocean were on land, a tektite fragment and found to have impact generated Australasian minitektites. a tektite fragment microtektites in a stratum belonging to the microcraters on their surfaces. These and microtektites of near identical chemical 0.77 Ma age of the Australasian impact features range from very low-velocity compositions have been found together in event now provide the "smoking gun" that captured droplets, welded projectiles, a core in the Indian Ocean. The minitektites unifies the entire strewn field stretching angular fragments and welded dust, craters have sizes up to 3.75 mm. Studies on the over 50 million km2. generated by projectiles defining an Australasian tektite strewn field for over oblique trajectory, high-velocity "pitless" three decades have focused on the fact (M. Shyam Prasad & M. Sudhakar, 1999. craters, and the conventional hypervelocity that there is similarity in isotopic Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 34: 179-184) craters with well-defined central pits and radial and concentric cracks - found commonly on lunar surface materials. While, impact microcraters are generated commonly on atmosphereless planetary bodies such as the Moon, they are unknown on earth and the present discovery suggests that these microimpacts took place while the hosts and targets were in flight due to interparticle collisions.

Furthermore, almost the entire spectrum of microcraters found here are analogous to the microcraters found on lunar samples studied extensively over the last three decades. Cosmic dust fluxes were estimated in the past based on the crater counts on the lunar samples assuming that all the hypervelocity craters are due to cosmic dust hits on the lunar surface. However, our study shows that collisions in the ejecta plume of a major meteorite Hypervelocity impact microcrater on an Australasian microtektite - Analogous to impact could be violent enough to produce lunar microtektite. hypervelocity craters which could easily be

21 offshore processes & resources

mistaken for primary cosmic dust hits on in porewaters, eventually leading to the lunar samples. formation of high-grade phosphorites. (M. Shyam Prasad & M. Sudhakar, 1998. Ce anomaly values in nodules do not Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 33: 1271- correlate with paleoredox conditions in the 1279). water column, thus the REEs for these nodules are interpreted to mainly reflect Impact Assessment of the Deep-Sea Mining porewater conditions. The probable impact of nodule mining on (B.N. Nath, et al, In: C.R. Glenn et al., (editors) benthic biota was studied by benthic Marine Authigenesis: From Global to Microbial disturbance simulation. Pre-disturbance SEPM Sp. Pub. 65, in Press). and post-disturbance box sediment samples were observed for benthic biota. Gas Hydrates The post-disturbance sampling was done For the first time, a GIS based approach immediately after the disturbance on a was adopted for preparing a Gas Hydrate 3000 m x 200 m disturbance track and also Stability Zone (GHSZ) thickness map for outside the track. Characteristic changes in the deep offshore regions around the the spatial and vertical distribution of Indian subcontinent. This work was macrobenthos were discernible in the carried out as part of the National Gas Shale-normalized REE patterns of phosphatic samples particularly from the disturbance Hydrate Programme (NGHP) with funding nodules. track. A 68% decrease in the abundance support from Gas Authority of India Ltd., was noticed. The organic carbon and New Delhi. The GHSZ thickness was nitrogen content of the sediment confirm estimated from the spatial analysis of the the numerical abundance both in the slightly higher in eastern continental physical parameters that control the track and outside the track upto 10 cm margin nodules. REE abundances relative formation and stability of gas hydrates. depth. A significant reduction in the to shale (REE in sample/REE in shale) are Firstly, the available data/maps were vertical distribution was recorded. less than 0.22 and are comparable to compiled and edited for preparation of Similarly the abundance of meiofauna, phosphatic nodules from the Namibian parameter-wise and combined GIS particularly nematodes and copepods continental margin and are slightly lower coverages of those individual parameters. were found reduced upto 40% in the than the nodules from the Peruvian Subsequently, following the analytical disturbance track. continental margin. Light REEs are approach of Miles (1995) the individual (B.S. Ingole, et al, 1999. Proc. Third Ocean depleted, indicating a minimal contribution parametric values of combined coverge Mining Symposium, Goa) from terrestrial sources. Nodules show very were considered for computing the GHSZ little Ce fractionation. Uranium thickness at each 10 nm grid node by Rare earth elements and uranium in concentrations are very high in nodules solving simultaneous equations of phosphatic nodules from both margins. pressure and temperature. Phosphatic nodules from various Low REE contents and LREE depletion The spatial analysis of the GHSZ thickness subsurface depths of a sediment core from collectively indicate either a seawater or map suggests availability of 200-400 m a bathymetric high off Goa, western porewater source for these elements. thick stability zone over major parts of the continental margin and two nodules from Since Ce is mostly stable in its trivalent study area. In two areas, one southwest off the eastern continental margin of India state and U precipitates under reducing Mumbai and the other south of Bengal were studied for uranium and rare-earth conditions, the absence of Ce fractionation Delta, the GHSZ appears to be more than elements (REEs). Nodules from western in association with U enrichment indicates 800 m thick. Although, the GHSZ thickness margin have carbonate flourapatite (CFA) that the nodules may have formed by by itself does not suggest the presence of as a single authigenic mineral phase, are authigenic precipitation in reducing gas hydrate, it can be used as an important free of detrital inclusions and have very porewaters. High productivity in indicator for assessing the gas hydrate high P O . 2 5 association with upwelling might have potential over an area. Total REE contents are very low in western driven the accumulation of organic matter, (A. Rastogi, et al., 1999, PETROTECH-99, continental margin nodules and only which in turn would help enrich phosphate New Delhi).

22 contract services

During the year the external cash flow (ecf) from the contract research projects and consultancy was Rs. 143 million. Our major efforts as in previous years largely went into providing services to coastal industries particularly from the power and oil sectors. Over half of the services rendered were for environmental impact assessment (EIA) studies.

Budget vis-a-vis external cash flow (ecf) (Rs. in million)

sponsored grant-in-aid & consultancy

External cash flow (ecf) Contract projects - areawise (Rs. in million)

23 contract services

Projects undertaken

Title Sponsoring Agency

A. Sponsored & Consultancy 1. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) • Rapid marine EIA for ONGC Oil & Natural Gas Corporation • EIA of accidental spillage of petroleum products from Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd., Noida Bina-Jhansi-Kanpur pipeline in water at river crossings • EIA for effluent release off Danej Bharuch Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation • EIA and EMP for development of mooring and reclamation Marmugao Port Trust, Goa areas for Marmugao Port Trust • Rapid EIA for carrying capacity of the southern Gulf of Kachchh Bharat Oman Refineries Ltd., Mumbai with respect to accidental operational discharge at SPMs • Marine EIA of proposed LNG terminal at Dahej Petronet LNG Ltd., New Delhi • Thermal plume and dilution models for discharge of Cuddalore Power Company Ltd., Chennai heated cooling water and effluents into the sea off Cuddalore for the proposed thermal power plant of CPCL • EIA for the possible effects of the effluent discharge at Paradeep Oswal Chemicals & Fertilizers Ltd., Orissa • Marine EIA for seawater intake and release in Kori Creek Gujarat Mineral Development Corporation Ltd. for GMDCL's Power station • Marine EIA for proposed jetty of Indo-Rama at Dharamatar creek Indo-Rama Cement Ltd., Navi Mumbai • Periodic monitoring of Amba estuary (May & Nov.) during 1998 Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Ltd., Raigad • Comprehensive marine EIA Adani Port Ltd., Ahinedabad • Toxicity testing of ROCHEM's oil spill dispersant Rochem (India) Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai • Rapid marine EIA for POL import facilities of BPCL Bharat Petroleum Corporation Lid., Mumbai • EIA at Agrao and Surajkot Govt. of Maharashtra • Marine environmental monitoring at Dahej Birla Copper Works. Dahej • EIA for the possible effects of the discharge of treated Cheminor Drugs Ltd., Hyderabad effluents into the sea • Bioassay studies on the effect of treated effluents on the Cheminor Drugs Ltd., Visakhapatnam selected specimens (fish/prawn) • PCB's analysis in the environmental samples Central Pollution Control Board, New Delhi • Rapid EIA studies for the SPM/COT and sub-sea pipeline Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd., Mumbai off Gopalpur • Monitoring of water quality, eco-biological characteristics Indian Oil Corporation, New Delhi and sediment quality to assess the changes in the ecological conditions before, during and after dredging opeartions at Jatadharmohan creek • Oceanographic studies for the disposal of treated sewage Govt. of Goa effluent to Mandovi estuary • Oceanographic and marine EIA studies for setting up an Gas Authority of India Ltd., New Delhi LNG Terminal at Cochin • Comprehensive marine EIA for proposed development of Dholera Port Ltd., Ahmedabad port at Dholera and TCEIA, EMP, RA, DMP studies

24 contract services

Title Sponsoring Agency

• Marine release of treated effluents from TCL in Mithapur Bay Tata Chemicals Ltd., Mithapur

• Monitoring of effect of waste water disposed by fertilizer Oswal Chemicals & Fertilizers Ltd. plant on marine environment

• Probable impact of temporary effluent discharge from RPL Reliance Petroleum Ltd., Mumbai refinery at Moti Khavdi

• EIA off Ennpre for a proposed new jetty for the transport Tamilnadu Industrial Development Corporation, of LNG for a thermal power plant Chennai

• EIA off Positra for a proposed new harbour at Okha, Gujarat Gujarat Maritime Board, Jamnagar

• EIA for the proposed marine facilities for thermal power Mangalore Power Company, Bangalore plant at Padubidri, Mangalore

• Comprehensive EIA for Birla Cellulose Plant at Bharuch Birla Cellulose, Bharuch

• Comprehensive marine EIA of the LNG project including Tamilnadu Industrial Development Corporation, LNG import terminal regasification and 2000 MW power Chennai plant at Ennore, Tamilnadu • Comprehensive EIA for the project Seabird, Ministry of Defence, New Delhi Naval Base at Karwar

2. Geological and Geophysical surveys

• Processing and encryption of marine geophysical data for Naval Physical Oceanographic Laboratory. Kochi the Indian Ocean Region on CD-ROM

• Fixing geographical position of markers locations at PPN Power Generating Company Ltd., Thirukkadaiyur Chennai • Sediment transport studies at Dabhol ENRON India Pvt. Ltd. • Riverbed surveys for the foundation of the proposed Govt. of Goa Amona-Khandola road bridge over river Mandovi • Geological studies, bathymetry, demarcation of HTL & LTL Indian Oil Corporation, New Delhi and generation of data on flow field at Jatadharmohan Creek

• Bathymetric and seabed surveys at Kochi for suggesting the Indian Oil Corporation, New Delhi submarine pipeline route • Post-dredging bathymetry of the Jatadharmohan creek to Gas Authority of India Ltd., New Delhi assess creek bed morphology

3. Engineering

• Geotechnical studies and preparation of a detailed scheme Indian Oil Corporation. New Delhi of dredging including location of pumping points and dredger pipeline route • Processing, selection and projection of ship borne wave data Indian Register of Shipping, Marmugao. Goa sets for monthly significant wave height and zero crossing period for east and west coast of India • Marine modelling studies for offshore facilities off KIER International Ltd., UK Pillaiperumalnallur (different aspects) • Location of seawater intake and warm water discharge for Gas Authority of India Ltd., New Delhi LNG terminal at Kochi

25 contract services

Title Sponsoring Agency

• Engineering services for marine offshore facilities of PPN Power Generating Company, Chennai PPN Power Generating Company • Measurements of tides at Chilka lake Chilka Development Authority, Orissa • Wave measurements off Navinal, near Mundra Adani Port Ltd., Ahmedabad • Studies on shoreline stability of the Kalpakkam coast for Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, 500 MW PFBR project at Kalpakkam Kalpakkam • Engineering design of discharge pipeline and diffuse" for Oswal Chemicals & Fertilizers Ltd., New Delhi the effluent discharge for the DAP plant at Paradeep • directional wave and current measurements off Dholera Frederic R Harris, Inc., New Delhi • Marine ecological studies at beach sand mixing projects in Metallurgical & Engg. Consultants (I) Ltd. Kerala and Tamilnadu • Intertidal corridor selection for connecting pipeline between Bharat Oman Refineries Ltd., Mumbai SPM and COT at Vadinar • Directional wave measurements off Navinal, near Mundra Adani Port Ltd., Ahmedabad • Calibration of wave recorder on board FORV Sagar Sampada Norinco Pvt. Ltd., Kochi

4. Others

• Chemical analyses of sediment and fish samples and Oil & Natural Gas Corporation textural classification of sediment from the areas around offshore oil installations

• Evaluation of the oil spill dispersant "Spillcare - oS18" for its Spillcare-O-Metaclean Pvt. Ltd., Chennai suitability to Indian marine environment • Diving and videography at four coral reefs of the Gulf of Kachchh Gujarat Ecological Society, Vadodara • Underwater videofilming and photography of Srisailam dam Govt. of Andhra Pradesh • Oceanographic studies for NPCL NPCL, Mangalore • Studies on directional waves off Kalpeni Islands Lakshadweep Harbour Works • Major and trace metal analysis of some synthetic Co-Mn Gamma Manganese Chemicals, based compounds Marmugao, Goa • Oceanographic studies for NTPC power plant at Visakhapatnam NTPC, Vizag

B. Grant-in-Aid

• Mathematical models of Indian estuarine and shelf Dept. of Ocean Development, New Delhi environment (subproject of INDOMOD - Indian Ocean Modelling & Dynamics)

• Time series water-column measurements and benthic fluxes Dept. of Ocean Development, New Delhi across the continental margin of the central west coast of India under Land Ocean Interaction in Coastal Zone (LOICZ)

• Study of sinking particulate matter and its dispersal on the Dept. of Ocean Development, New Delhi central western continental margin of India by time-series traps • Paleoceanographic studies in the Bay of Bengal Fan Dept. of Ocean Development, New Delhi • Pilot project for the Bay of Bengal and Monsoon Experiment Dept. of Ocean Development, New Delhi (BOBMEX) under the ICRP Programme

26 contract services

Title Sponsoring Agency

• Marine archaeological research of Dwarka, Bet Dwarka Dept. of Science & Technology, New Delhi and Somnath (Ph.II)

• Study of the Indian Ocean Lithosphere under the Integrated Dept. of Science & Technology, New Delhi Long Term Programme (ILTP)

• Transfer of technology of mussel farming in open sea for Dept. of Biotechnology, New Delhi rural development

• GIS based information system for selected marine critical ICMAM - Department of Ocean Development, habitats (Malvan, Maharashtra, Kadamat, Lakshadweep Island) Chennai

• Determination of use classification studies for coastal waters ICMAM - Department of Ocean Development, of east and west coasts in Gujarat, Daman, Maharashtra Chennai

• Lakshadweep Coral Reef Monitoring Network (LCRMN) Union Territory of Lakshadweep, Kavaratti

• Mangroves of Kori Creek, Gujarat, Goa and coral reefs of Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad Lakshadweep Islands

• Following validation and development programmes under Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad IRS-P4 were taken up: - Development of bio-optical algorithm - Sediment dynamics - Circulation and dispersion pattern in Bay of Bengal - Sea state with satellite inputs: Wave Modelling - MSMR derived parameters/products

27 bilateral programmes

Indo - US Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas and Neisseria development to gastrulation was found and Moraxella was observed on MS, Cu greatly influenced by temperature and the Application of biochemical and molecular and SS panels at day 28 following the metamorphic success beyond gastrulation techniques on ocean trophic dynamics immersion. Relatively low C/N ratio (~3 to by the salinity. The minimum salinity Primary productivity 7) indicates that bacteria and microalgae needed for veliger formation was 20‰. The were the most important contributor to the ability to withstand low salinity diminishes Investigations on primary production at biofilm material developed on MS. as larvae grow. three selected stations, viz., off Cabo (stn.1), at Mandovi (stn.2) and Zuari (stn.3) The Amphora sp. was batch cultured Diatom flux were carried out. The average primary using f/2 medium under continuous productivity observed at these stations was illumination at 27°C. The cell biomass Sediment traps were deployed at a station 3 11.93, 46.36 and 37.42 mgC/m /hr (measured as chl a and cell count) reached in the Dona Paula Bay to collect respectively. The difference in surface a maximum after 6 days. The extracellular sedimenting particles at weekly intervals productivity between stations was polysaccharides (EPS) and capsular from November to May during 1995-1997. significant during premonsoon at 1% level polysaccharides (CPS) from the adherent Sedimented particles were analysed for (p<0.01 F 8.49 d.f 2.19). A positive cells of Amphora sp. was higher during the total diatom flux, Chl a and particulate correlation was observed between cell stationary growth phase. organic carbon (POC). The highest diatom density and chlorophyll a at all the stations. flux was recorded in April-May for both the Fortynine species belonging to different years. Fluxes of diatoms varied from 0.6 x 4 -2 -1 genera were recorded. Species of Microfilm formation 10 cells m d (November 1995) to 121.47 4 -2 -1 Coscinodiscus. Thallsionema were high at An investigation was carried out to evaluate x 10 cells m d (December 1996). In all 19 stations 2 and 3 compared to station 1. The the fouling diatom community structure in a diatom genera were identified in the mean particulate organic carbon content at tropical estuarine environment at the sedimented material. Navicula, Nitzschia, the above stations was 804.61 mg/m3, mouth of the Zuari estuary along the west Pleurosigma, Licmophora, Coscinodiscus, 1196.07 mg/m3 and 1423.87 mg/m3 coast of India. The panels of glass, Rhizosolenia and Surirella were the most respectively. polystyrene, cupro-nickel and aluminium abundant throughout the sampling period. (listed in the decreasing order of Mean flux of POC and diatom carbon was -2 -1 hydrophobicity) which formed the 251 and 0.39 mgCm d respectively. The Exopolysaccharides in particle substratum, were exposed at subtidal level diatom carbon accounted for 0.15% of the sedimentation for four consecutive days every month over POC flux. The mass flux of diatoms showed Biofilm microorganisms on a period of one year. A pennate diatom, significant negative correlation with the metal surfaces Navicula was found to be the most concentration of nitrate and phosphate The biofilm material developed on mild dominant, both in the water column and the implying the importance of nutrient steel (MS), stainless steel (SS) and copper fouling film. The abundance of diatoms was concentration in influencing the diatoms -2 panels immersed in the surface waters of more on glass (2840 cells dm ) followed by sedimentation. -2 the Dona Paula Bay over a period of 28 polystyrene (450 cells dm ), aluminium -2 days, was analysed for organic carbon (300 cells dm ) and then cupro-nickel The Indian Ocean Ridge System -2 (OC), organic nitrogen (ON), chlorophyll a substrata (110 cells dm ). The generic (Tectonics and petrological implications of (Chl a), viable cell count and generic diversity of diatoms varied significantly with fracture zones on crustal generation) composition of bacteria. The biofilm months in the case of aluminium, The mechanism by which the continental biomass as OC and ON generally polystyrene and glass only. landmasses and the oceans have reached increased over the period of immersion. Microfilm formation on aluminium and the present configuration can best be The bacteria were generally more cupro-nickel plates (90:10) was also explained by the theory of plate tectonics, abundant during the 15 days period of studied. The total assemblage on the two which synthesises the concepts of immersion. This was followed by the surfaces was not significantly different at continental drift and seafloor spreading. abundance of Chl a suggesting any given time. The bacteria and diatoms Two physical mechanisms, rifting and successional changes in the biofilm colonised and thrived successfully on rotation, occur along the globe-encircling community structure. A total of two cupro-nickel surface though it is toxic. 70,000 km long, underwater mountain hundred and eighty-three colonies isolated range, known as the mid-oceanic ridge from the biofilm on MS, SS and Cu panels system, accounting for 25% of earth's total were studied for Gram strain. Many were Physiology of temperate and tropical heat flux, and about 20% of the earth's total Gram negative rods, motile, oxidative and marine wood borers heat loss. The Indian Ocean Ridge System fermentative in nature. The Pseudomonas The influence of temperature (5 - 35°C) and (IORS) being a part of such huge was the most abundant genera found on salinity (0 - 50‰) on the early embryonic submarine range, is the dynamic MS and SS during the initial 24 hour period and larval development to veliger formation expression of the convective processes of of immersion. With the increase in of Martesia striata (Pholadidae), a the earth's mantle, that control the origin immersion period, the bacterial community dominant wood borer bivalve, in estuarine and evolution of the ocean basins in the structure also changed. The abundance of waters of Goa was evaluated. The embryo neighbourhood.

28 bilateral programmes

the Indian and Australian plates, intersects it. In such case, the region is probably evolving as a triple junction.

Volcanic rocks dredged from the ridge axis valley and walls are largely typical normal basalt (N-MORB), rarely transitional or enriched in large ion lithophile elements (17 E-MORBs). Geochemical and isotopic analyses of rocks show discreet magmatic provinces. The depth, pressure and extent of melting of magma of this area characteristically differ from those found in ridge systems of other oceans. The magma is inferred to have surfaced probably from several, small, shallow-seated chambers, where melt accumulates through diapirs. Manganese nodules, recovered from the Vityaz fracture zone area (Mn/Fe<1), appear to have formed by hydrogenetic method with significant enrichment by hydrothermal fluid. (Mukhopadhyay et al, 1998. Curr. Sci., 75:1157- 1161: Drolia et al. 1999. Mar. Geol. (In Press): Mukhopadhyay et al., 1999 - Communicated).

Indo-Japan

Marine bacterial pigment Under an Indo-Japan collaborative project on the 'Production and characterisation of marine microbial pigments and dyes', InRidge operational areas bacterial pigments were studied. Bacteria are easily replenishable sources of pigments. They are important not only for There are several questions involved intersection points between the long and the colour they produce but also for the with physical, chemical and biological prominent NE-SW trending fracture zones associated biologically active compounds. processes that affect the ridge system and the NNW-SSW oriented CIR between They act as pH and Eh indicators. Among a kinematics. Since the formation of the 5°S and 18°S. number of bacteria isolated from different India's own ridge programme. InRidge, the The morphological segmentation along this marine niches, blue green, red and yellow major activities focus in three areas - slow part of CIR occurs at a spacing of 30-80 pigmented forms were cultured under spreading Carlsberg Ridge, intermediate km. Magnetic anomalies up to Chron 5 optimum conditions and their chromogenic spreading Central Indian Ridge (CIR) and have been identified. Evolutionary history compounds characterised. The blue green Andaman back-arc basin, to study of CIR since 10 Ma is traced, to document pigment from Pseudomonas strain was whether tectonic segmentation influences that the spreading across the ridge has composed of pycocyanin. phenazine magmatic segmentation or vice-versa, been asymmetric, coupled with the carboxylic acid, oxychloraphine and causes and effects of the fracture zone on presence of several second order hydroxyphenazine. The red pigment from the ridge system, mixing of ridge and discontinuities. The difference in spreading an Alteromonas strain produced pigments hotspot melts, formation of axial rates along CIR suggests that the northern identified as belonging to prodigiosin seamounts, and to locate possible sites of part in continuation with the Carlsberg ridge family. Preliminary NMR analyses hydrothermal activities. forms the slow accretionary boundary of (proton spectrum) showed that it could be a straight chain derivative or heavier The CIR activity, funded by the ONR/ the Indian plate, while the southern CIR is relative like 25CPrG. Yellow pigment USIF of the USA (Grant no: ONR N00014- evolving as the intermediate spreading from Brevibacterium sp. was tentatively 97-1-0925), and collaborated among western boundary of the Australian plate. identified as belonging to menaquinone scientists from NIO (Goa+Waltair), NGRI They converge between 6°S to 9°S region series. All these pigments showed (Hyderabad) and University of Hawaii of CIR, where the wide boundary zone antibacterial activity against test strains of (Honolulu), is studying the four major (WBZ) of intraplate deformation separating

29 bilateral programmes

E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus toxicological tests of the green mussel onboard the Defence Meteorological subtilis. Staphylococus aureus and Erwinia hydrolysate to assess the antiviral property. Satellite Programme (DMSP) exhibited a salmonicida. negative bias for the wind speeds, greater A joint patent application on the process for than 4 m/s whereas in the case of specific the extraction of MUHY from Indian species humidity, SSMI values exhibited a positive Indo-Russia has been filed in India. bias and the precipitable water derived The bilateral programme includes physical, from the satellite data exhibited a negative geological and biological investigations. Indo-ltaly bias. The NCEP reanalysis is able to depict The investigation on "Air-sea interaction the mean annual cycle of both the cross Bioactive metabolites from benthic processes and development of a coupled organisms based on their defensive equatorial flow and moisture flow into the sea-air model for the tropical Indian mechanism and their chemical ecology Indian subcontinent during the monsoon Ocean", aims at developing a 3-D season, but it fails to depict these The search for biologically active molecule circulation model based on numerical differences during excess (1983, 1988, yielded free sterols in the red alga Chondria experiments with a multilevel prognostic 1994) and deficit monsoon (1982, 1986, armata. Two nudibranchs collected from model to understand the role of local, 1987) composites. Further, it is seen that the Mandapam are new to the literature and unsteady and remote forcing on the inter hemispheric flow far exceeds the have been named as Chromodoris general circulation. excess moisture available over the Arabian mandapamensis and Chromodoris naiki. Sea indicating that it is the cross equatorial The efforts are on to bring out a monograph New scalarans from the nudibranch flow which decides the fate of the Indian on the Indian Ocean circulation. Glossodoris atromarginata and its prey summer monsoon. have been isolated. The investigation on "Deep crustal study of (M.R. Ramesh Kumar et al., Meteorol. Atmos. the Arabian Sea" continued with the Phys., 70: 201-213.) processing and interpretation of TIOG data Indo-German collected earlier. Four research papers Air-sea interaction studies have been published on paleocene Indo-EC The role of the cross equatorial flow from spreading centre in the northeastern the southern Indian Ocean on the Indian Integrated Coastal Management Indian Ocean, hotspot volcanism along Summer monsoon is examined using the The European Commission funded project the ninety east ridge and on seafloor spreading episode of the Central Indian National Centre for Environmental that started in December 1998 on Ridge. Prediction (NCEP)/National Centre for "Integrated Coastal Management" aims to Atmospheric Research (NCAR) data for the provide advisories and products to The third investigation on "Identification of period January 1982 to December 1994. A stakeholders. The first phase of the project the presence of antiviral drug (MUHY) in comparison of NCEP/NCAR data with the involved compilation of data and the Indian green mussel Perna viridis", satellite data retrieved from the Special information on various stresses on the involves pharmacological, clinical and Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) sensor coastal systems in India.

30 data, information & scientific services

Data and Information B. Databases User Oriented data services In-house production of CDs Oceanographic station data Physical parameters The information and data pertaining to the Following data sets have been acquired by CTD 5,14,789 JGOFS-lndia programme was transferred the RNODC (Responsible National Hydrocast 34,203 on CDs and is available in national and Oceanographic Data Centre) BT (MBT, XBT, DBT) 3,22,158 international versions. The processed data • 66 CTD stations data of ORV Sagar on physical, chemical and biological Kanya cruises Wave (height & period) 1,957 parameters alongwith other published • Surface meteorology for 1042 stations Surface meteorological information for the period 1992-97 have (under sea truth programme) parameters 14,412 been incorporated in the CD. A user friendly software has been developed. • Surface oceanographic data - 20 M.S. Drifting buoys and sea Several CDs have been distributed. DOS files collected during January to surface parameters 19,947 February 1998 (TOGA and WOCE Biological parameters 3,357 MES utilisation buoys programme) Micro Earth Station (MES) has been • 763 hydrographic vertical profiles (under Data processing/quality control utilised for exchanging the information and CMFRI - Norway joint fishery project A PC based system has been developed mails. It has been interfaced with the e-mail (FAO) during 1972-78) for quality control and visualisation of XBT server. The system is being used 24 hours data archived at RNODC. The archive throughout the year. More than 250 e-mail users have an account and about 50,000 COMAPS data includes XBT data from TOGA and other cruises of RV Gaveshani and ORV Sagar messages are exchanged yearly. Twenty seven COMAPS data reports were Kanya. The system, coded in Visual C ++, received from the eight COMAPS centres. is user interactive and run on windows-95 Data dissemination The data sets cover physical, chemical, platform. Quality control module of the Twentyone data requests were handled biological and geochemical parameters. system incorporates various quality norms/ during the year. The information on checks at inventory and data levels. physical, chemical, biological, geological Sponsored/Consultancy data Inventory level checks are applied for land- and geophysical parameters were supplied During the year, 40 oceanographic data sea position, speed of the vessel, invalid to the user agencies. The requests were sets were received in report form pertaining date/time, duplicates, and station mainly from SAC, Ahmedabad; DNOM, to the sponsored research work. sounding. Station sounding check is New Delhi; CSMCRI, Bhavnagar; MOD, performed based on the ETOPO New Delhi; NHO, Dehradun; CMFRI, bathymetry file, having 5' X 5' spatial Kochi, Universities and IITs. Data on CD-ROM resolution. • JGOFS data from International Project Data quality module involves tests for (JGOFS) Office, Norway. The CD covers Library surface transient, temperature inversions, 2478 stations in the Arabian Sea which fall rate and depth reversal. This also NICMAS Centre includes CTD, XBT and sea sonar data involves visual inspection of the profile for for the period 1990-97. The National Information Centre for Marine features caused by wire stretch, wire break, Sciences (NICMAS) continued its various bowing and nub in the mixed layer. There is • Five CDs containing updated global services of literature search, photocopying provision to compare individual XBT oceanographic data sets from World and allied services. Data Centre-A (WDC-A), Washington, profiles with neighbouring stations and also USA. with 1 x 1 degree monthly climatologies of Holdings Levitus. Quality flags are assigned for each inventory and depth fields. Since data During the year the library added 297 Database developed exchange (national and international), books, raising the total collection to 24310. Summary of the processed oceanographic under the IODE system, stipulates 164 technical reports were added to databases available at RNODC data bank standard quality flags, the IGOOS augmenting the number to 7497. in RDBMS tables is as follows : (Integrated Global Ocean Observation Subscription of 138 journals continued. System) recommended flags are applied in The library also receives 65 journals on A. Station inventory the system. Stations having data with gratis/exchange. No. of Records erroneous or doubtful flags are sent to error (i) Oceanographic bin, accessible by privileged users for Database station and cruises 15,594 possible corrections and subsequent The INDOCEAN database holds over (ii) Coastal stations modification. The data visualisation module 19000 references well analysed, (COMAPS) 2,667 has options for data queries, selection, and abstracted and classified using (iii) Time series stations 3,759 graphical presentations. international standards.

31 data, information & scientific services

The library catalogue - OCEANLINE and Panaji, conducted by IIMM, Vasco from 2-3 The course was organised from 21-27 NIOPUB - contributions by NIO scientists October. May, 1998. The course covered updated. Windows 95; Lotus WordPro; Lotus Ms. Namita Jadhav - Remote sensing 1-2-3: Multimedia with MS Encarta, technology and its applications at NRSA, Announcements on Internet/Intranet/ World Atlas and Internet. Hyderabad from 2 November to 15 e-mail January. The courses were conducted by M/s. The library started announcing following Online Productivity Solutions Pvt. Ltd., services on the net : Mrs. Sujata Kaisary - National Seminar Porvorim, Goa. on London Convention 1972 at Panaji, New Arrivals : books (monthly), Technical Goa, from 5-6 November. Reports (monthly) and Serials (weekly). For general awareness and Shri C.K. Gopinathan and Dr. K.K.C. Nair - implementation of ISO-9001 quality Scientific Contributions of Institute Staff Management of R&D Course at system, training was held for the staff by (weekly): Latest Scientific Contributions (in Administrative Staff College. Hyderabad MECON Ltd., Bangalore and NIO resource Press). Previous Years' Publications, and from 21-26 December. personnel. Complete Database of NIO's Contributions. Dr. A.C. Anil - Concurrent Engineering : • One day ISO-9001 awareness Reducing concept to market cycle time at programme and workshop on Quality Human Resource Management Administrative Staff College of India. Policy from 16-18 November, 1998 Hyderabad from 9-10 February. Training to outside agencies • ISO-9001 Quality Management System S/shri M.R. Nayak, Albert Gouveia, R.G. - awareness training programme for (a) A batch of ten second year students Prabnu Desai, Vasant Samaga and Ms. administrative, supporting and scientific from Birla Institute of Technology & Kavita Singh - Modelling, rendering, visual personnel from 5 - 21 February, 1999 Science, Practice School Division. computing, interaction & 3D environment at Pilani, underwent a practice school-l Cidade-de-Goa, Panaji, Goa from 23-26 • ISO 9001 - Internal auditing training summer training programme, from 25 February. programme from 24 - 25 February, 1999 May to 18 July 1998. Computer exposure courses for the Staff • A training programme on Customer (b) Long "H" Course for four officers of and other children covering the following : Satisfaction - dealing with complaints on Naval Hydrographic School. Vasco 26 March, 1999. was conducted from 30 November to (i) Computer course for Staff 24 December, 1998. The computer familiarisation course from 14 April - 5 May, 1998. The Publication & Public Relation Training to Institutional staff course covered : Introduction to Drs. A.G. Untawale and Sumitra- Computers: DOS; LAN: Windows 95: Publication of Annual Report, technical and Vijayaraghavan - Management of R&D LOTUS 1, 2, 3: LOTUS Approach; e- cruise reports, brochures, etc. was Course, from 6-11 July at the mail and Internet. continued. Administrative Staff College, Hyderabad. 1998 being the International Year of the (ii) Computer course for children S/shri Ch.J. Kumar and P.R. Vijayan - GPS Ocean (IYO-98). the Institute launched data analysis, from 17-26 August at C- "Introduction to Computers" (age several activities to create an awareness MMACS, Bangalore. group 6-13 years) among the masses about the importance of the ocean. Hand outs, stickers, book Dr. J.N. Pattan - Workshop on Application The course covered Windows 95; marks were profusely used. The Institute of ICP-MS in ultra trace element analysis at Windows Games: Jeannie Paint & MS participated in the Expo-98 held in Lisbon. IICT Hyderabad on August. Paint; Word Power; Fun with Maths Portugal and interacted with different and Multimedia with MS Encarta. S/shri T.K. Ramankutty and K.S. Naik - participating countries and the marine Commercial diplomacy through costing "Using Computers" (age group 14-18 institutes located in Lisbon and other and negotiation power at Hotel Nova Goa, years) places in Portugal.

32 exhibition, workshops & symposium . . .

• The Institute participated in the Expo-98 held in Lisbon, Portugal from May to September, 1998. Various ocean research activities carried out by NIO and other CSIR laboratories were displayed. Stickers, brochures, cards carrying the messages and Ocean Charter were distributed to create an awareness about the importance of the ocean. Preparation of the exhibits particularly the display panels, had an excellent support from Dr. Karl Banse, Professor of Biology, University of Washington, who was on deputation as visiting scientist.

The India pavilion was visited by Shri K.R. Narayanan, President of India and other dignataries.

During this period, a book published by NIO and written by Dr. Lotika Varadarajan on "Sewn Boats of Lakshadweep" was released by Dr. R.A. Mashelkar. Director General. CSIR.

1 4

2 6

1 - 5. Visitors at the India Pavilion. 6. Dr. R.A. Mashelkar. FRS. releasing the book. 3 5 • A National Workshop on Ocean Information Manage- ment was held during 17-19 Sept., 1998. The workshop was to create an awareness about state-of-the-art technology in ocean information science for better co-ordination and data & information management. Delegates from 25 organisations all over the country participated.

• A four day workshop on "Processing and Utilisation of XBT data" was organised, during 23-26 June, 1998. The workshop was sponsored by the Department of Science and Technology. Dr. D.R. Sikka, Chairman, ICRP and Dr. J.S. Sastry, former Dy. Director, NIO were present. Dr. P. Sanjeeva Rao, DST inaugurated the workshop. Dr. E. Desa, Director, delivered the key note address. The workshop was attended by participants of Dr. Peter Pissierssens highlighting IOC's activities. XBT cruises.

• An International Symposium on Information Technol- ogy in Oceanography (ITO-98) was held at the Institute from 12 to 16 October, 1998. The symposium was attended by over 125 delegates from 20 countries. About 90 scientific and technical papers in areas of networking, underwater marine communication, appli- cations of remote sensing, GIS, multimedia in oceanography, human resource development and infrastructure build-up for ITO, data and information management, ocean engineering, instrumentation and virtual reality were presented. Dr. A.E. Muthunayagam, Secretary, Dept. of Ocean Development, Govt. of India inaugurated the symposium.

Shri L.V.G. Rao, Deputy Director briefing about the workshop. • The third International Geological Correlation Pro- gramme (IGCP-396) was held at the Institute from • A two day preparatory workshop on Oceansat & 26-31 October, 1998. About 50 delegates from PORSEC-2000 was organised during 5-6 Oct. 1998. 20 countries participated and focused their discussion About 25 personnel from SAC, PRL, NRSA and Goa on different geological aspects of the continental University participated. The pre-launch algorithms and margins. The conference was sponsored by UNESCO, data utilisation programmes planned by various insti- IUGS, GAIL India, CSIR & NRSA-Hyderabad. tutes for Oceansat-I were discussed. The national presentations for PORSEC-2000 were also discussed. It was decided to have a larger participation from Indian Universities and devote one session on Oceansat-1. • A meeting on cruise planning for BOBMEX was organ- ised on 2 Sept., 1998. The meeting was attended by NIO, lISc, Bangalore, SPL, Trivandrum, NPOL, IMD. HTM, SAC, Ahmedabad and DOD. Discussions were held regarding the cruise tracks, participants, pro- grammes, etc. Special equipment to be installed onboard ORV Sagar Kanya and details of the measure- ments/observations to be made along the cruise, were highlighted. Universities and Indian Navy actively participated. An interactive meeting with SAC scientists to discuss on "IRS-P4 and validation" was organised on 5 Feb. This was to finalise the cruise track and schedule of observations to be taken on board ORV Sagar Kanya to synchronise with satellite path of Oceansat. A cruise was proposed to observe variability of various param- eters during the monsoon season, starting from west Dr. Ehrlich Desa, Director, outlining the proposed programmes. coast of India to central equatorial Indian Ocean and

34 then to the Bay of Bengal. Selection of site for installa- tion of Automatic Weather Station at Kavaratti, Laccadives during the cruise period was also planned during this meet.

• Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) training course on Oceanographic Data and Informa- tion Management was held from 17 to 27 October, 1998 (IOC Training Course Report No. 50). Eleven partici- pants from the countries from the Indian Ocean Region, viz. Bangladesh, Malaysia, Mauritius, Qatar. Sri Lanka and Vietnam including India were provided the training. The training course included international, national and regional data management; data manage- ment systems, data centres operations, new technology and meta data informations etc.

35 awards & honours

Drs. M.V. Ramana and P.D. Naidu received the National Mineral Award, of the Ministry of Mines, Govt. of India for the year 1997 for their contributions in marine geology. Dr. Ramana contributed significantly to the improvement of the understanding of the crustal structure and evolutionary history of the Bay of Bengal.

The marine protozoan planktonic foraminifera used by Dr. Naidu for his studies alongwith the data on Quaternary calcium carbonate fluctuations, provided useful clues in deciphering the palaeoceanographic environment.

Dr. Ranadhir Mukhopadhyay was awarded the "M.S. Krishnan Gold Medal" by Indian Geophysical Union for the year 1998 for his contributions in deciphering the near-axis origin of Indian Ocean seamounts. His study provides invaluable inputs to the understanding of the style of eruption and non-uniform growth of seamounts through geological ages.

Dr. M. Dileep Kumar has been elected Fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore in recognition to his significant contributions in understanding the mechanisms of biogeochemical cycling of carbon dioxide in the north Indian Ocean.

Dr. Y.V.B. Sarma received the National Remote Sensing Agency Award of Indian Society of Remote Sensing, for his contribution towards remote sensing applications. Dr. Sarma systematically studied ocean surface wave dynamics using remote sensing techniques specialising in processing synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imageries.

PhD Shri A.K. Chaubey was awarded Ph.D by the Goa University for his work on "Marine Geophysical investigations over a part of the Eastern Arabian Sea, Northwestern Indian Ocean".

Shri A.S. Gaur was awarded Ph.D by the Tamil University, Tanjavur for his thesis entitled "Maritime Archaeology of Gujarat Coast with reference to Protohistoric period".

36 councils & staff on committees

Research Council (Jan. 1998 to Dec. 2000)

Chairperson Members Dr. Harsh K. Gupta Dr. A.E. Muthunayagam Shri B.S.J. Swamy Director Secretary Sr. Vice President National Geophysical Research Institute Department of Ocean Development Reliance Industries Ltd. Uppal Road C.G.O. Complex Maker Chamber IV Hyderabad -500 007 Lodi Road Nirmal Point Dr. S.A.H. Abidi New Delhi - 110 003 Mumbai - 400 021 Director Dr. George Joseph Central Institute of Fisheries Education Director Jaiprakash Road Space Applications Centre Versova, Andheri (West) Jodhpur Tokra Mumbai - 400 061 SAC P.O. Prof. K.S. Valdiya Ahmedabad - 380 053 Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Dr. Kuldeep Chandra Advanced Scientific Research Director Indian Institute of Science Campus KDM Institute for Petroleum Exploration Bangalore - 560 012 9, ONGC Dr. E. Desa Dehradun - 248 195 Director, NIO Director General Dona Paula India Meteorological Department Goa - 403 004 Mausam Bhavan Dr. Satish Shetye (Secretary) Lodi Road Scientist, NIO New Delhi - 110 003 Dona Paula Goa - 403 004 Secretary/Nominee Department of Environment Paryavaran Bhavan CGO Complex Lodi Road New Delhi- 110 003

Management Council (Jan. 1998 to Dec. 2000)

Chairperson Members Dr. (Mrs.) Analia Mesquita Dr. E. Desa Dr. Venkata Krishnan Scientist, NIO, Goa Director, NIO Scientist Shri R. Madhan National Chemical Laboratory Scientist, NIO, Goa Pune -411 008 DG CSIR or his nominee Dr. R.P. Bajpayee Scientist Shri M. Krishna Central Scientific Instruments Organisation Sr. F&AO, NIO, Goa Sector 30 Shri K.G.K. Nair (Secretary) Chandigarh 160 020 COA, NIO, Goa Dr. S.Y.S. Singbal Scientist, NIO, Goa

Dr. S.G. Dalal Scientist, NIO, Goa

37 Staff on Commitees • Dr. D. Gopala Rao - Governing Body, National Institute of - International Committee to study the Ocean Technology (a) International Committees ocean-continent boundary lithosphere - Governing Body, Indian National Centre Oceanographic Information • Dr. E. Desa (ILP) - International Network of Scientists on Services - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Ocean Drilling Programme - Chair, Survey of Polymetallic Nodules Change - Ocean Chapter - Inter Ridge Programme, ICSU Programme, DOD - Joint JGOSS-WHO, Group of Experts - Chair, Data Buoy Committee, DOD on "Operations and Technical • Dr. S.R. Shetye - Chair, Sea Level Monitoring and Applications" - Indian Ocean Panel on Coastal Modelling Committee, DOD - Expert Committee on Oman-India Ocean Advanced Science & - Chair, Wide Area Network & Internet, Pipeline Project Technology Studies (COASTS), IOC CSIR - Commonwealth Science Council - IOC Group of Experts on Global - Chair, Policy Development, CSIR, Programme on Cooperation in Ocean Sealevel Observing System Intellectural Property Rights Oceanography - Co-ordinator, lOC-UNEP-WMO-Pilot - Task Force for CZM Plans, Ministry of Indian delegation member to Project on Sealevel Changes and Environment & Forests, Executive Council & General Associated Coastal Impacts in the New Delhi Assembly of IOC Indian Ocean - Scientific Committee on - Indo-Russian Group on Science & • Shri J.S. Sarupria Oceanographic Research, SCOR - Technology Cooperation in - Regional and National Co-ordinator India Oceanology for International Oceanographic Data/ - Indian Climate Research Programme, - Science & Technology Group for Information Exchange Committee Dept. of Science & Technology Independent World Commission on (IOC/UNESCO) - Naval Research Board, Defence the Oceans - International Joint Global Ocean Flux Research & Development - Science Group for IOC/SCOR/ Studies Data Management Task Organisation SCOPE on "Science for Future Team (DMTT) - National Science Museums and Goa Needs" • Dr. N.B. Bhosle Chapter of Science Museums - Scientific Committee of Global Ocean - Editorial Board, International Journal - IX Plan for Department of Ocean Observing System, IOC of Biofouling (Harwood Academic Development - Shri L.V.G. Rao Publishers), UK - Advisory Committee on Environment, - Vice-Chairman, International Buoy • Dr. M. Madhupratap ONGC, Dehradun Programme for Indian Ocean (IBPIO) - Advisory Board, Journal -of Plankton - Editorial Board, Indian Journal of • Dr. A.G. Untawale Biology and Ecology, Tokyo Marine Sciences - Executive Council, International - Central Advisory Board of • Shri M.P. Tapaswi Society for Mangrove Ecosystem Archaeology (CABA) - Group of Experts on Marine (ISME), Japan - Academic & Executive Councils of Information Management of IOC - Editorial Committee, Aquatic University of Goa - Visitor's Nominee Conservation: Marine and Freshwater • Dr. S.W.A. Naqvi - Member, Planning Board of Goa, Ecosystem (John Wiley). England - International Evaluation of JGOFS Govt. of Goa - JGOFS/IGAC Task Team for • Shri M.R. Nayak - Chair, TOLIC (Town Official Language Biogeochemical Ocean Atmosphere - Editorial Board, The Global Implementation Committee) Transfer Atmosphere & Ocean System, USA - Chair, CSIR Sports Promotion Board, - Editorial Board, Journal of Coastal • Dr. R. Nigam New Delhi Research, USA - Co-ordinating Scientist, IPAGES-II of • Shri L.V.G. Rao - Institution of Electronics & Electrical Indian Programme of IGBP - INDOEX National Steering Engineers (IEEE) Technical Dr. R. Mukhopadhyay Committee Committee on Standards, USA - SCOR Working Group 99 on Ridge - ICRP (DST) Action Group/Working - IEEE Test Technology Cosultative Research, ICSU Group on Ocean-Atmosphere Committee, USA • Dr. S. Prasanna Kumar Programme - IEEE Computer Soc. Multiple-Valued - Implementation Panel, Tropical - Standing Committee on Ocean Logic Committee, USA Ocean Global Atmosphere - GOOS/ Resources (SC-O) - Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROV) GSCO/CLIVER - Sagar Kanya (DOD) Scientific Committee of the Marine Technology Advisory Committee Society, USA • Dr. Rahul Sharma - Steering Committee (DOD) for Ocean - World Ocean Circulation Experiment - Member, Ocean Mining Working Observing System - Surface Velocity Programme Group Int. Soc. for Offshore and - Indian National Committee for GAME (WOCE-SVP) Committee on Drifting Polar Engineering. - INDOEX-NSC Subcommittees on Buoys, UK • Dr. Maria R. Menezes "Shipboard platforms" and "Data • Dr. Sumitra Vijayaraghavan - Population genetics working group by Security & Clearance" - Nominated Member from India on the "International Genetics working - Academic Council, Cochin University Intergovernmental Oceanographic group of SPACC (Small Pelagic Fish of Science and Technology Commission (IOC) - Training, and Climate Change)" - Editorial Board, Journal of Indian Education & Mutual Assistance Geophysical Union (TEMA) Committee (b) National Committees - ISRO-GBP Working Group on Land- • Dr. D. Chandramohan Air-Ocean Interaction - Editorial Board, Journal of Marine • Dr. E. Desa - ISRO/DOD Committee on Manpower Biotechnology (Springer Verlag), - Governing Body, National Centre for & Training Requirements for Ocean Netherlands Antarctic & Ocean Research Satellite Data Utilisation

38 • Dr. A. G. Untawale • Dr. N. Bahulayan - Executive Committee Member, Indian - Editorial Board, Conservation of - Member, Working Group on Ocean Society of Crustacean Biology Biodiversity in India, Min. of Modelling constituted by the - Member, National Core Committee on Environment & Forests Department of Ocean Development Prawn Nutrition - Editorial Board, Indian Journal of - Member, Board of Studies in Dr. R. Nigam Marine Science Oceanography, Cochin University of - Executive Council, Paleontological • Shri M.R. Nayak Science and Technology, Kochi Society of India - Fellow, Institution of Electronics & - Member, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and • Dr. Z.A. Ansari Telecommunication Engineers - Committee on Working Group on - Fellow, International Institute of Technology, Kochi - Member, National Committee for Satellite Derived Potential Fishery Management Sciences, Calcutta Zone Forecast - Indian Physics Association WCRP (World Climate Research - Society of Electronics Engineers Programme) constituted by the Indian Dr. S. Raghukumar - Syllabus Committee, Govt. National Science Academy, New - President, Association of Polytechnic, Goa Delhi Microbiologists of India, Goa Chapter - Council, Mycological Society of India • Dr. D. Gopala Rao • Dr. S.R. Shetye Dr. R. Mukhopadhyay - Board of Post-Graduate Studies in - Editorial Board of Current Science - Central Geological Programming Marine Geology and Geophysics, - Editorial Board of Proceedings of Board, Geological Survey of India Cochin & Mangalore Universities Indian Academy of Sciences (Earth & - Expert Committee on Bay of Bengal Planetary Sciences) • Dr. V.K. Dhargalkar Fan Studies, DOD, New Delhi - Research Advisory Committee, Dept. - CSIR Steering Committee on of Ocean Development, New Delhi Antarctic Research Dr. D. Chandramohan - Member Secretary, National - Technical Core Group on Waste - National representative of Marine Committee for IUGG, Indian National Management Plan in Antarctica Biotechnology Science Academy, New Delhi • Dr. K.K.C. Nair Dr. Ranu Gupta - Member, Board of Examiners of the - Chairman, Task Force, FORV Sagar • Dr. M. Madhupratap M.Sc. and Ph.D examinations of Sampada, MLR - DOD National - Associate Co-ordinator, National Cochin Univeristy of Science & Programme Committee (JGOFS-INDIA) Technology - Scientific Advisory Committee, FORV - Member, Ocean Service and Sagar Sampada Technology Cell & Marine Biology, Dr. K. Saraladevi - Technical Evaluation Committee, DOD, New Delhi - Member, Board of Examiners of the FORV Sagar Sampada • Dr. Usha Goswami M.Sc. & Ph.D of Cochin University of - Board of Studies/Board of - Member, Doctoral Committee, Science and Technology Examination, Marine Sciences, Department of Marine Sciences and • Dr. Baban Ingole Cochin University of Science and Biotechnology, Goa University - Member, Editorial Board, Technology - Member, Board of Examiners, Environment Bulletin - Academic Council, Cochin University Masters of Fisheries Science and • Dr. M. V. Ramana of Science and Technology Vice-Chairman, Central Institute of - Member, Executive Committee of the • Dr. K.S.R. Murthy Fisheries Education (Deemed Indian Geophysical Union University), Mumbai - Life Fellow, Geol. Soc. of India, Dr. P. Vethamony Bangalore • Dr. C.G. Naik - Member, Board of Adjudicators for - Life Member, Indian Geophysical - Board of Studies in Chemistry, Goa Ph.D. Thesis, Kerala University Union, Hyderabad. University • Dr. B. Chakraborty • Dr. S.W.A. Naqvi • Shri V. Ramesh Babu - President, Madras India Regional - Member, National Committee for - Member, Working Group of National Chapter, Acoustical Society of International Geosphere-Biosphere Natural Resources Management America Programme (IGBP) System (NNRMS) - Member, Expert Committee on - National Co-ordinator, Land-Ocean - Standing Committee on Ocean Hydroacoustics, DOD Interaction in the Coastal Zone Resources (SC-O) on Retrieval of (LOICZ) • Shri M.C. Pathak Ocean Parameters from Microwave Member, National Steering - Member, High Power Committee on Satellite Data Committee for INDOEX (Indian Coastal Mapping, Department of Ocean Experiment) • Dr. N.B. Bhosle Science and Technology - Standing Committee on Polar - Board of Studies in Microbiology and - Member, Committee on Development Oceanography Marine Biotechnology, Goa University of Inland Waterways, ASOCHEM, • Shri J.S. Sarupria New Delhi • Dr. N.H. Hashimi - Member, Committee on Fixation of - Board of Studies for Post-Graduates - Steering Committee and Working High Water Line, Govt. of Goa in Marine Geology and Geophysics, Group on National Oceanographic Mangalore University, Information System (NOIS) of Mangalagangotri Department of Ocean Development - Board of Studies in Geology, Shivaji (DOD) University, Kolhapur • Dr. C.T. Achuthankutty - Governing Council of Indian - Member, Goa State Expert Association of Sedimentologists Committee for Prawn Farms

39 deputations

Country visited Duration Purpose

Meetings/Discussion

Dr. Ehrlich Desa France Apr. 18-25 To attend the IOC Meeting.

-do- Portugal Jul. 16-22 Meeting (alongwith DGSIR) at the Ministry of Science & Technology and Centre for International Collaboration.

Shri M.P. Tapaswi Italy Jun. 8-12 To attend the Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Advisory Board Meeting.

Shri L.V.G. Rao Malaysia Jul. 7-9 To attend the Third Programme Committee Meeting of the International Buoy Programme for the Indian Ocean.

Dr. T. Pankajakshan China Jul. 26-Aug. 2 To attend Scientific Organizing Committee Meeting of PORSEC. Presented a paper entitled "Upwelling indices along the East and West Coast of India" in the Pacific Ocean Remote Sensing Conference (PORSEC).

Dr. S. Prasanna Kumar Africa Nov. 9-13 To attend Seventh TAO Implementation Panel Meeting (IIP-7) and Pirata-5.

Dr. S.R. Shetye Malta Nov. 11-15 To attend the First Meeting of the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) Working Group II.

Dr. M. Dileep Kumar UK Dec. 17-18 To participate in the Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS).

Dr. M.V.M. Wafar Sri Lanka Jan. 26-28 To attend the SIDA/SAREC Meeting on Coral Reef Degradation in the Indian Ocean.

Expo-98 Shri T. Suresh Portugal May 16-Jun. 1 To participate in the Lisbon Expo-98

Dr. Elgar Desa -do- May 16-Jun. 8 -do-

Dr. A. Chatterjee -do- May 16-Jun. 10 -do-

-do- -do- Sep.14-Oct. 2 do-

Shri S.R. Bhat -do- May 16-Jun. 30 -do-

-do- -do- Sep.14-Oct. 2 -do-

Dr. M.V.M. Wafar -do- Jun. 8-Jun. 30 -do-

Dr. V.K. Banakar -do- Jun. 28-Jul. 10 -do-

Dr. B. Ingole -do- Jun. 28-Aug. 1 -do-

Dr. A. Joseph -do- Jun. 28-Jul. 30 -do-

Dr. Y.V.B. Sarma -do- Jul. 29-Aug. 17 -do-

Dr. Z.A. Ansari -do- Jul. 30-Aug. 31 -do-

Dr. A.S. Gaur -do- Aug. 15-31 -do-

Dr. C.S. Murty -do- Aug. 21-29 -do-

Dr. P.M. Muraleedharan -do- Aug. 22-26 -do-

Dr. B. Nagender Nath -do- Aug. 29-Sep. 3 -do-

Dr. S.G. Dalai -do- Aug. 29-Sep. 15 -do-

Shri S.P. Sharma -do- Aug. 29-Sep. 15 -do-

40 Country visited Duration Purpose

Workshops/Conferences Shri V.V. Gopalakrishna Canada May 24-29 To attend WOCE Conference at Halifax.

Dr. Ehrlich Desa Japan May 30-Jun. 7 To attend workshop on "International Seabed Authority" in developing guidelines for the protection of the marine environmental impacts arising from exploration for deep seabed polymetallic nodules.

-do- Portugal Aug. 29-Sep. 2 To attend Plenary Session of the Independent World Commission on the Oceans.

Shri L.V.G. Rao China Jul. 28-31 To participate in the 4th Pacific Ocean Remote Sensing Conference (PORSEC).

Drs. P.M. Muraleedharan & Portugal Aug. 17-21 To participate in the International Conference on Satellites, P.K. Dinesh Kumar Oceanography and Society (ICSOS) and presented a paper on "Remote sensing application for island ecosystem management: problems and prospects for Lakshadweep, India".

Dr. B. Nagender Nath Portugal Aug. 23-28 To attend the 6th International Congress on Paleoceanography.

Dr. A.G.Untawale Japan Sep. 6-10 To participate on ISME/ITTO Project Global Mangrove Data Base and Information System (GLOMIS).

-do- Japan Sep. 11-12 To visit Ishigarki Island and Iromote island and University's Research Station and Environment Agency for Marine Wildlife Research Station.

Shri M.R. Nayak USA Sep. 22-25 To participate in the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE)- Workshop on the Indian Ocean.

Shri J.S. Sarupria Norway Sep. 23-25 To participate in JGOFS DMTT and Data Management and Synthesis Workshop.

Dr. S.R. Shetye Bangladesh Dec. 12-16 To attend the Workshop on Numerical Weather Predicting (WNWP-98).

Dr. C.S. Murty Japan Feb. 8-10 To attend International Symposium on Acoustic Thermometry on Ocean Climate (ATOC).

Dr. P.V. Shirodkar Japan Mar. 15-19 To attend the International Workshop on Sediment transport and deposition in coastal sea system.

Training/Visiting Scientist

Shri K. Ashok Kumar Sweden Apr. 15-May 20 Training programme at SSPA Maritime Consulting Agency.

Shri V.V. Gopalakrishnan USA May 19-21 To visit M/s Sippicon Inc. Establishment at Marion to get acquainted with latest XBT related products.

Dr. G. Narayana Swamy Mauritius Jun. 10-Jul. 3 To participate in the Oceanographic Research Activities of Mauritius at University of Mauritius.

Shri T. Suresh USA Jun. 14-20 To attend training on SeaWiFS Satellite receiving station for Operation and Management.

Dr. S.Y.S. Singbal The Netherlands Jul. 5-10 Regarding purchase of ship.

Germany Jul. 11-15

Dr. Y.V.B. Sarma UK Jul. 21-28 To visit Southampton Oceanography Centre (SOC) as a part of business trip.

41 Country visited Duration Purpose

Dr. P.A. Loka Bharathi Japan Sep. 20-Oct. 2 Discussion on Indo-Japan Collaborative Project on "Characterisation and production of pigments & dyes by marine microorganisms".

Drs A. Chatterjee & Russia Oct. 15 Under INDO-Russian Sub-Working Group on S&T Co-operation Z.A. Ansari (one month) in the area of oceanology.

Drs. D. Gopala Rao & Russia Under KTP. K. Sreekrishna Nov. 9-Jan. 17

Germany To discuss and finalise the Indo-German joint collaboration Nov. 26-Dec. 10 project Phase-ll proposal in the area of physical Dr. V.S.N. Murty oceanography.

Japan To avail of JSPS Post Doctoral (on EOL) Fellowship for Jan. 1-Dec. 31 Advance Research in the field of Paleoceanography at Institute Dr. P. Divakar Naidu of Geosciences.

Japan To study the Thermodynamics ofthe Indian Ocean Warm Pool Jan. 25-Mar. 7 using OGCM results and to discuss the draft MOU between Dr. S. Prasanna Kumar NIO and JAMSTEC to identify research areas of collaboration.

S/shri Vijay D. Khedekar & Japan To attend the equipment training on operation and maintenance Mar. 14-26 Areef A. Sardar of the scanning electron microscope as per the purchase agreement.

Cruise participation

Shri M.S.S. Sarma Madras-Singapore Oct. 17- Nov. 5 XBT Observations.

-do- -do- Mar. 28-Apr. 12 XBT Observations.

Dr. V.V. Gopalakrishna Madras-Singapore Dec. 9-19 XBT-TOGA.

Dr. Y.V.B. Sarma Bombay -Mauritius Mar. 3-22 XBT Observations.

Drs. N. Bahulayan, Marmugao- Mauritius Jan. 20-Mar. 6 Under INDOEX to carry out Indian Ocean Experiment M.D. George & Shri M.T. Babu Intensive Field Phase Observations.

42 colloquia

• 29 March - 7 April • 23 November

Prof. Peter Wathern, Director, Post Graduate Studies in Prof. Gurdial M. Sharma, Dept. of Chemistry, William Environment Impact Assessment, Institute of Biological Aterson University, talk on "Clinical potentials of marine Sciences, University of Wales, UK delivered the following proteins". lectures: (i) Business environmental management & (ii) Environmental impact assessment. • 2 December

• 4-9 April Dr. N. Hari, NMR Spectroscopy Applications Manager, Varian India Pvt. Ltd., gave a talk on "The modern Prof. John D. Woods, Professor of Oceanography, Varian NMR Spectrometers - uses and applications". Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, UK, delivered lectures on: (i) GOOS and (ii) Virtual • 14 December plankton ecology. Dr. F. Alves, Director, Institute of Nautical Archaeology, • 25 June Lisbon. Gave a talk on "Marine archaeology in Portugal - recent investigations". Dr. Raghavendra G. Rao, Vrije University, Brussels, Belgium, gave a talk on "Carbon fluxes in the mangrove 28-29 December ecosystems of Godavari Delta". Dr. Ilangovan Kuppuswamy, Prof. of Environmental 10 August Engineering & Biotechnology, Institute of Engineering, UNAM, Mexico and Visiting Prof., School of Dr. A.P. Mitra, (Former DGSIR), National Physical Environment Sciences, Cincinnati, gave lectures on: Laboratory, New Delhi, delivered a lecture on "INDOEX (i) Anaerobic waste water treatment, sustainability and Experiment and the Indian Ocean". reuse of water and (ii) Biodegradion of Azo groups and design of waste water treatment plant using EGSB • 16 September Expanded granular sludge blanket reactor technology.

Dr. C. Narayana Reddy, Member Raj Sabha, gave a talk • 30 January - 5 February on "Contemporary literature". Dr. John M. Morrison, Associate Professor, Marine, • 17-20 September Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA, delivered lectures on: Prof. A.O. Gliko, Member, Russian Academy of (i) Hydrography of the Arabian Sea - seasonal variability Sciences, gave a lecture on "Models of coupled magma and (ii) Remotely sensed features of the upwelling and hydrothermal system". circulation in the Arabian Sea.

• 27 September • 5 February Dr. R. Mahadevan, Emeritus Scientist, NIOT, Chennai, Dr. Louis A. Odispoti, Research Professor, Old gave four lectures on statistical methods and data Dominion University, Norfolk, USA, gave a talk on 'The processing techniques. oceanic nitrogen cycle and global change: an idea whose time has come". • 12 October

Dr. Sampath Narayanan of Silicon Graphics, gave a talk • 22 February on "What is hot in scientific visualization". Prof. Michael Spiteller, CSIR-DAAD Scientist, delivered a lecture on "Fate of organic pollutants in soil and • 4-18 November water - microbial degradation, photolytical degradation; Dr. Desiraju B. Rao, Chief, Ocean Modelling Branch, metabolism, analytical methods, structural elucidation". National Centre for Environmental Prediction (NOAA), USA Tokten Expert, delivered lectures on: (i) NOAA's • 26 March third generation wave model, (ii) Reprocessing of SSMI Shri N.R. Subbaram, Former Advisor, Intellectual and scatterrometer wind retrievals for real time use and Property Management, CSIR, New Delhi, delivered a (iii) Coastal forecast models. lecture on "Patent myths".

• 5- 6 November

Mr. Satya Nandan, Secretary General, International Seabed Authority, Jamaica, delivered lecture on "International implications of environmental impact of deepsea mining".

43 patents & publications

Patents filed Anilkumar, N., V.N. Sankaranarayanan and V. Gaur, A.S. and Sundaresh, 1998. Underwater Josanto, 1999. Studies on mixing of waters of explorations off Poompuhar and possible Bhosle, N.B. and F. D'Souza. A process for the different salinity gradients using Richardsons causes of it's submergence. Puratattva, preparation of adhesive polysaccharide. number and the suspended sediment 28:84-90. Bhosle, N.B. and A. Giriyan. A process for the distribution in the Beypore estuary, south Gaur, A.S., K.H. Vora, Sundaresh, Sila Tripati. preparation of alkaliphilic and thermophylic west coast of India. Indian J. mar. Sci., and P. Gudigar, 1998. Exploration of Steam xylanase. 28:29-34. Engine wrecks off Minicoy Island, Desa, E., A. Joseph and E.S. Desa. An Ansari Z.A. and A.H. Parulekar, 1998. Lakshadweep, India. International Journal of augmented error correcting air acoustic sea Community structure of meiobenthos from a Nautical Archaeology, 27(3):225-236. level recorder. tropical estuary. Indian J. mar. Sci., Gopalakrishnan, T.C. and K.K.C. Nair, 1998. Desa, Ehrlich and Elgar Desa. A novel device 27:362-366 Subtidal benthic macrofauna of the that implements stackable in-water pressure Banakar V.K., G. Parthiban, J.N. Pattan and P. Mangalore coast; west coast of India. Indian resistant oceanographic housings (NF 134/ Jauhari, 1998. Chemistry of surface J. mar. Sci., 27:351-355. sediments along a north-south transect 99). Govenkar, M.B. and S. Wahidulla, 1999. across the equator in the Central Indian Desa, E.S., A. Josheph, D. Rodrigues, V.N. Studies on the fatty acids of the red alga Basin: An assessment of biogenic and detrital Chodankar and S.B. Tengali. An improved Chondria armata (Kutz.) Okamura. Bot. Mar. influence on elemental burial on the seafloor. hydraulic coupling device for use with in-water 42:3-5. Chem. Geol., 147:217-232. pressure based systems. Banerjee, R., 1998. Mineralogical and Hagen, R.A., K. Ghol, R. Gersonde, G. Kuhn, Desa, E.S., R. Madhan, S.B. Tengali and geochemical characters of surface sediments D. Volker and V.N. Kodagali, 1998. A E.Desa. A device useful as a remotely from the central Indian Basin. Curr. Sci., geophysical survey of the De Gerlache operable sea skimmer (NF 244/96). 75:1364-1371. Seamounts: Preliminary results. Geo-Mar. Lett. 18:66-69. Joseph, Antony, Elgar Desa, Ehrlich Desa, K. Bhosle, N.B., P.V. Bhaskar and S. Vijaykumar and Vani B. Peshwe. An improved Ramachandran, 1998. Abundance of Ingole, B.S. and A.H. Parulekar, 1998. The role stilling well device useful for enabling error dissolved polysaccharides in the oxygen of seasonal fluctuations in salinity in free sea level measurements (Application minimum layer of the Northern Indian Ocean. structuring the intertidal meiofauna of a filed in August 1998, Ref. NF 328/97). Mar. Chem., 63:171-182. tropical estuarine beach: Field evidence. Indian J. mar. Sci., 27:356-361. Joseph, A., E.S. Desa, K. Vijaykumar, V.B. Bhosle, N.B., P.A. Suci, A.M. Baty, R.M. Peshwe and E. Desa. A self correcting Weiner and G.G. Geesey, 1998. Influence of Ingole, B.S., R.A. Sreepada, Z.A. Ansari and pressure based sea level gauge useful in divalent cations and pH on adsorption of a A.H. Parulekar, 1998. Population water pressure wave system. bacterial polysaccharide adhesion. J. Colloid characteristics of the mole crab, Hippa Moghe, P.P., V.V. Panchanadikar (NCL, Pune), Interface Sci., 205:89-96. adactyla Fabricus, along the intertidal beach A.G. Untawale, V.K. Dhargalkar (NIO, Goa), Brandes, J.A., A.H. Devol, D.A. Jayakumar, T. of Kavaratti Island, Lakshadweep. Bull. Mar. 1999. An improved process for the treatment Yoshinari and S.W.A. Naqvi, 1998. Isotopical Sci., 63:11-20. of black liquor waste from Paper Mills using composition of nitrate in the central Arabian Ingole, B.S., Z.A. Ansari and A. H. Parulekar, marine alga (NF 318/98). Sea and eastern tropical North Pacific : a 1998. Spatial variations in meiofaunal Moghe, P.P., V.V. Panchanadikar (NCL, Pune), tracer for mixing and nitrogen cycles. Limnol. abundance of some coralline beaches of A.G. Untawale, V.K. Dhargalkar, B.S. Ingole Oceanogr., 43:1680-1689. Mauritius. Trop. Ecol., 39:103-108. (NIO, Goa), 1999. An improved process for Chandramohan, P., S. Jayakumar, V. Jagtap, T.G., 1998. Structure of major seagrass the treatment of spent wash from Distillery Sanilkumar and D. Ilangoan, 1998. Fine beds from three coral reef atolls of the wastes using marine alga. particle deposition at Vainguinim tourist Lakshadweep, Andaman Sea, India. Aquatic Prabhu Desai, R.G. An internet accessible real beach, Goa, India. J. Coastal Res. Bot., 60:397-408. time weather information system. 14(3):1074-1081. Joseph, Thressiamma, K.K. Balachandran, Raghukumar, C, T.M. D'Souza, R.G. Thorn Chauhan, O.S., 1999. Monsoon variability Maheshwari Nair, P. Venugopal and V.N. and C.A. Reddy. A process for removal of during Late Pleistocene-Holocene in the Sankaranarayanan, 1998. Changes in water dyes in dye-containing waste-waters and soil southeastern Arabian Sea. Indian J. mar. quality at Cochin harbour dredging site, south (NF 160/99). Sci., 28:99-101. west coast of India. Indian J. mar. Sci., Chavan, V., 1998. Internet vis-a-vis marine 27:250-252. Sawant, S.S., G.P. Naik, K. Venkat and A.P. biology. Indian J. mar. Sci., 27:463-468. Selvam. A mechanical device for safe Joseph, Thressiamma, K.K. Balachandran, deployment and retrieval of microfouling and Chavan, V., D.P. Kavlekar and D. Maheswari Nair and V.N. Sankaranarayanan, corrosion samples in deep waters. Chandramohan, 1998. Computer aided 1998. Hydrochemical studies along the taxonomy (CAT): Approach for understanding coastal waters of Mangalore. Ecol. Env. & systematics of marine biota. Indian J. mar. Cons., 4:9-12. Sci., 27:469-472. Kodagali, V.N. and P. Jauhari, 1999. Papers in SCI journals Deshmukhe, G., V.K. Dhargalkar and A.G. The meandering Indus channels: Study in a Anil, A.C. and R.D.S. Khandeparkar, 1998. Untawale, 1998. Life history and culture small area by the multibeams swath Influence of bacterial exopolymers; studies of Monostroma oxyspermum (Kutz) bathymetry system - Hydrosweep. Curr. Sci., conspecific adult extract and salinity on the Doty (Monostromataceae, Chlorophyceae) 76:240-243. cyprid metamorphosis of Balanus amphitrite growing in estuarine conditions along the Mandal, S. and P. Chandramohan, 1998. (Cirripedia: Thoracica). PSZNI Mar. Ecol., central west coast of India. Curr. Sci., Application of Kalman filter to short-term tide 19:279-292. 75:1302-1303. level prediction - Discussion. J. Waterway Anilkumar, N. C. Revichandran, V.N. Gaur, A.S. and K.H. Vora, 1999. Ancient Port Coast. Ocean Eng., 124:213-214. Sankaranarayanan and V. Josanto, 1998. shoreline of Gujarat, India during Indus Mascarenhas, A. and O.S. Chauhan, 1998. A Residual fluxes of water; salt and suspended civilization (Late Mid Holocene): a study note on the ancient mangroves of Goa, sediment in the Beypore Estuary. Indian J. based on archaeological evidences. Curr. central west coast of India. Indian J. mar. mar. Sci., 27:157-162. Sci., 77:180-185. Sci., 27:473-476.

44 Menezes, Maria and A.H. Parulekar, 1998. Padmavati, G., S.C. Goswami and P.S. Vidya, Ramesh Kumar, M.R., P.M. Muraleedharan and Genetic variations in marine natural 1998. Diurnal variation in zooplankton in the P.V. Sathe, 1999. On the role of sea surface populations - Measurement and utility in Zuari estuary, west coast of India. J. mar. temperature variability over the tropical Indian resource management and conservation: A Biol. Assoc. India, 39:166-171. Ocean in relation to summer monsoon using review. Indian J. mar. Sci., 27:267-273. Panampunnayil, S.U., 1998. Descriptions of satellite data. Remote Sensing of Mishra, P.D., S. Wahudullah and S.Y. Kamat, Indoerythrops typicus gen. nov. sp. nov. and Environment, 70:238-244. 1998. A heteroaromatic acid from marine Pleurerythrops inscita new record from Indian Ramesh Kumar, M.R. and P. Schluessel, 1998. sponge Suberites vestigium. Indian J. Chem. waters (Crustacea: Mysidacea). J. Plankton Air-sea interaction over the Indian Ocean (B Org. Med.), 37:199-200. Res., 20: 619-629. during the two contrasting monsoon years 1987 and 1988 studied with satellite data. Mukherjee, A.D. and S.D. Iyer, 1999. Synthesis Panampunnayil, S.U., 1998. The new species Theoret. Appl. Climatol., 60:219-231. of morphotectonics and volcanics of the of Mysidacea (Crustacea) Anchialina lobatus Central Indian Ocean Basin. Curr. Sci., and Gastrosaccus sarae from S.W. Australia. Ram, M.J., P. Mehta and K. Govindan, 1998. 76:296-304. J. Plank. Res., 21:685-698. Phytoplankton pigments and macrobenthos in nearshore waters off an oil terminal at Uran Mukhopadhyay, R., 1998. Post-Cretaceous Pankajakshan, T., A.K. Ghosh and P.M. (Maharashtra), west coast of India. Indian J. intraplate volcanism in the Central Indian Muraleedharan, 1998. An evaluation of XBT Mar. Sci., 27:317-322. Ocean Basin. Mar. Geol., 151:135-142. depth equations for the Indian Ocean. Deep- Rao, V.P., K.M. Rao, K.H. Vora, F. Almeida, Sea Res., 45:819-827. Mukhopadhyay, R., K.S.R. Murthy, S.D. Iyer, M.M. Subramaniam, C. Godfrey and A. M.M.M. Rao, R. Banerjee, A.S. Parameswaran, P.S., C.G. Naik, S.Y. Kamat, Souza,1998. Response to Phosphorite Subrahmanyam, P.V. Shirodkar and I. Ghose, M.S. Puar, P. Das and Vinod R. Hegde, 1998. occurrence off Chennai by G. Gaitan Vaz. 1998. InRidge program: Preliminary results Studies on the secondary metabolites from Curr. Sci., 75:7'-8. from the first cruise. Curr. Sci., 75:1157-1161. the Indian Gorgonian Subergorgia suberosa: Rao, V.P., K.M. Rao, K.H. Vora, F. Almeida, Murty, V.S.N., B. Subrahmanyam, L.V.G. Rao Isolation and characterization of four M.M. Subramaniam and A.A. Souza, 1998. and G.V. Reddy, 1998. Seasonal variation of analogues of the Cardisotoxin subergorgic Potential phosphorite deposite on the sea surface temperature in the Bay of Bengal acid. J. Natural Products, 61:832-834. continental margin off Chennai. Curr. Sci., during 1992 as derived from NOAA-AVHRR Parameswaran, P.S., C.G. Naik, S.Y. Kamat 74:574-577. SST data. Int. Journal of Remote Sensing, and B.N. Pramanik, 1998. Renieramycins H&l Rattan, P. and A.H. Parulekar, 1998. Diseases 19:2361-2372. two novel alkaloids from the sponge Halidona and parasites of laboratory reared and wild Naidu, P.D., 1998. Driving forces of Indian cribricutis DENDY. Ind. J. Chem., 37B:1258- population of banded pearl spot Etroplus summer monsoon on Milankovitch and sub- 1263. suratensis (Cichlidae) in Goa. Indian J. mar. Milankovich time scales: A review. J. Geol. Sci., 27:407- 410. Soc. India, 52:257-272. Pattan, J.N., P. Shane and V.K. Banakar, 1999. New occurrence of Youngest Toba Tuff in Ravindran, J., C. Raghukumar and S. Naidu, P.D., M.R. Ramesh Kumar and V. abyssal sediments of the Central Indian Raghukumar, 1999. Disease and stress- Ramesh Babu, 1999. Time and space Basin. Mar. Geol., 155:243-248. induced mortality of corals in Indian reefs and variations of monsoonal upwelling along the observations on bleaching of corals in the west and east coasts of India. Cont. Shelf Paulinose, V.T., C.B. Lalithambika Devi, V.R. Andamans. Curr. Sci., 76:233-237. Nair, Neelam Ramaiah and S.N. Gajbhiye, Res., 19:559-572. Revichandran, C. and A. Pylee, 1998. Mixing 1998. Zooplankton standing stock and and flushing time scales in the Azhikode Nair, V.R., S. Mustafa, P. Mehta, K. Govindan, diversity in the Gulf of Kachchh with special Estuary, south west coast of India. Indian J. M.J. Ram and S.N. Gajbhiye, 1998. Biological reference to larvae of decapoda and pisces. Mar. Sci., 27:163-166. characteristics of the Vashishti estuary; Indian J. mar. Sci., 27:340-345. Maharashtra (west coast of India). Indian J. Rivonker, C.U. and A.H. Parulekar, 1998. mar. Sci., 27:310-316. Prasannakumar, S., H Snaith, O. Challenor and Seasonal variation of major elements (Ca, H.T. Guymer, 1998. Seasonal and inter- Naqvi, S.A.S. and B.N. Nath, 1998. Monsoon Mg) and trace metals (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn) in annual sea surface height variations of the induced cobalt enrichment in Porites (coral) cultured mussel Perna viridis L. and seawater northern Indian Ocean from the TOPEX/ from the Arabian Sea. Indian J. mar. Sci., in Dona Paula Bay, Goa. Indian J. mar. Sci., POSEIDON altimeter. Indian. J. mar. Sci. 27:247-249. 27:411-415. (Spl. Issue), 27(1):10-16. Naqvi, S.W.A., T. Yoshinara, D.A. Jayakumar, Saniikumar, V., M.C. Deo, N.M. Anand and P. M.A Altabet, P.V. Narvekar, A.H. Devol, J.A. Raghukumar, C. and S. Raghukumar, 1998. Chandramohan, 1999. Estimation of wave Brandes and L.A. Codispoti. 1998. Budgetary Barotolerance of fungi isolated from deep-sea directional spreading in shallow water. Ocean sediments of the Indian Ocean. Aquat. and biogeochemical implications of N2O Engineering, 26:83-98. isotope signatures in the Arabian Sea. Microb. Ecol., 15:153-163. Sarala Devi, K., T. Balasubramanian, K.V. Nature, 394(6692):462-464. Raghukumar, C, T.M. D'Souza, P.G. Thorn and Jayalakshmi, K.K. Balachandran and V.N. Naqvi, S.W.A., M.D. George, P.V. Narvekar, C.A. Reddy, 1999. Ciynin modifying enzymes Sankaranarayanan, 1998. Chlorophyll a and D.A. Jayakumar, M.S. Shailaja, S. Sardesai, of T. lavodon flams, a baridiomycete isolated particulate organic carbon in relation to some V.V.S.S. Sarma, D.M Shenoy, H. Naik, P.A. from a coastal environment. Appl. Environ. physico-chemical parameters along Maheswaran, K. Krishna Kumar, G. Rajesh, Microb., 65:2103-2111. southwest coast of India. J. Mar. biol. Assoc. A.K. Sudhir and M.S. Binu, 1998. Severe Ramaiah, Neelam and N. Ramaiah, 1998. India, 39:1-12. fish mortality associated with 'red tide' Phytoplankton characteristics in a polluted Sardessai, S. and S. Wahidullah, 1998. observed in the sea off Cochin. Curr. Sci., Bombay harbour-Thana-Bassein creek Structural characteristics of marine 75:543-544. estuarine complex. Indian J. mar. Sci., sedimentary humic acids by CP/MAS 13C NMR spectroscopy. Oceanol. Acta, 21:543- Oudot, C, P. Morin, F. Baurand, M. Wafar and 27:281-285. 550. P. Le Corre, 1998., Northern and southern Ramaiah, Neelam, N. Ramaiah and V.R. Nair, water masses in the equatorial Atlantic: 1998. Biological productivity characteristics in Sarupria, J.S. and R.M.S. Bhargava, 1998. Distribution of nutrients on the WOCE A6 and the polluted Bombay harbour - Thana Creek - Seasonal distribution of chlorophyll a in the A7 lines. Deep-Sea Res., Pt. 1 (Oceanogr. Bassein creek ecosystem. Indian J. mar. Sci., exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of India. Res. Pap.), 45:873-902. 27:281-285. Indian J. mar. Sci., 27:292-297.

45 Sathe, P.V. and P.M. Muraleedharan, 1998. Papers in other Journals Prabha Devi, V. Jayasree C.G. Naik, P.S. Retrieval and processing of atmospheric Parameshwaran T.V. Raveendran and S.Y. Anderson, O.R. and S.M. Gupta, 1998. Shell parameters from satellite data. Comput. Kamat, 1998. Antifouling activity of Indian Geosci., 797-803. ontogeny in radiolarians. Radiolaria, 16:3-8. marine invertebrates against the green Anderson, O.R. and S.M. Gupta, 1998. mussel Perna viridis L. J. Mar. Biotechnol., Shaji, C, N. Bahulayan, A.D. Rao and S.K. Evidence of binary division in mature central 6:229-232. Dube, 1998. Various approaches to the capsules of a collosphaeridae colonial modelling of large scale 3-dimensional Raghukumar, C, R. Raghukumar, T.M. De radiolarian: Implications for shell ontogenetic circulation in the ocean. Indian. J. Mar. Sci., Souza, R.G.Thorn and C.A. Reddy, 1999. patterns in modern and fossil species. Cyber 27:104-114. Lignin modifying enzymes of Flavodon flavus, Journal - Paleontologica Electronica, 1. a Basidiomycete isolated from a coastal Shrivastava, Y.. Brenda Fernandes, S.C. Chatterji, A., Q. Aguiar and C. Saldanha, 1996. marine environment. Appl. Environ. Goswami. U. Goswami and C.T. Energy source in the developing eggs of the Microbioi, 65:2103-2111. Achuthankutty, 1999. Observations on Indian horseshoe crab, Tachypleus gigas Rao, D.P., P.S. Desai, D.K. Das, P.S. Roy, S.T. feeding behaviour and survival rates in the (Muller). J. Aqucul. Trop., 11:271-276. estuarine calanoid copepoda Acartia Chari, A. Bhattacharya, P.R. Reddy, L. spinicauda and Heliodiaptomus cincatus Iyer, S.D. and R. Banerjee, 1998. Importance of Venkataratnam, R.S. Dwivedi, B.R.N. Rap, (Crustacea: Copepoda: Calanoida). Indian J. plagioclase morphology and composition in M.V.K. Rao, C.B. Dutt, G. Behera and H.N. Mar. Sci., 28:222-224. manganesis of the Carlsberg Ridge basalts. Rao, 1997. Remote sensing applications: J. Indian Geophy. Union., 1:63-72. Future thrust areas. Photonirvachak, 25:195- Sivakholundu, K.M. and N. Prabhaharan, 1998. 224. A program to compute the area of an irregular Jayasree, V. and A.H. Parulekar, 1997. The polygon on a spheroidal surface. Comput. ecology and distribution of alcycnaceans at Sankaranarayanan, V.N., K.V. Jayalakshmy Geosci., 24:823-826. Mandapam (Palk Bay; Gulf of Mannar); South and T. Joseph 1998. Particulate trace metals India. J. Bom. Nat. Hist. Soc., 94: 521-524. in Cochin backwaters: Distribution seasonal Sukumaran, N.P., R. Banerjee, D.V. Borole and Kodagali, V.N., 1998. A pair of seamount indices. Indian J. Fish., 45:321-329. S.M. Gupta, 1999. Some aspects of volcanic chains in the Central Indian Basin; identified ash layers in the Central Indian Basin. Geo- Shyam Prasad, M. and M. Sudhakar, 1998. from multibeam mapping. Mar. Geodesy, Mar. Lett., 18:203-208. Microimpact phenomena on Australasian 21: 147-158 microtektites: Implications for ejecta plume Sundaresh and A.S. Gaur, 1998. Archaeology Kodagali, V.N., R. Hagen and H.W. Schenke, characteristics and lunar surface processes. of Bet Dwarka. Man and Environment, XXIII 1998. A note on morphology and tectonics of Meteorit. Planet. Sci., 33:1271-1279. (2):77-86. Kainan Maru seamount, East Antarctica. Mar. Shyam Prasad, M. and M. Sudhakar, 1999. Suresh, T., E. Desa, J. Kurian and A. Geodesy, 21:159-167. Australasian minitektites discovered in the Mascarenhas, 1998. Measurement of Mukhopadhyay, R., K.S.R. Murthy, S.D. Iyer, Indian Ocean. Meteorit. Planet. Sci., 34:179- inherent optical properties in the Arabian Sea. M.M. Malleswara Rao, R. Banerjee, A.S. 184. Indian J. mar. Sci., 27:274-280. Subrahmanyam, P.V. Shirodkar, Indraneel Singh, I.S.B., P. Lakshamanaperumalasamy Tapaswi, M.P. and B.S. Maheswarappa, 1999. Ghose, P. Ganeshan, A. Koteswara Rao, A. and D. Chandramohan, 1998. Bacterial flora Ranking serials in Oceanography: An analysis Suribabu, C. Ganesh and G.P. Naik, 1998. of pond reared Penaeus indicus (Mline based on the Indian contributions and their Preliminary results from the first InRidge Edwards). J. Aquacult. Trop., 13: 133-142. cruise to the Central Indian Ridge. InRidge citations. Scientometrics, 44:93-127. Thamban, M., 1998. Changing depositional News, 7:41. Tiwari, L.R. and V.R. Nair, 1998. Ecology of environments during the late quarternary phytoplankton from Dharamtar creek; Murthy, K.S.R., 1999. Continental Margin of along the western continental margin of India. West Coast of India. Indian J. mar. Sci., Andhra Pradesh: Some new problems and J. Indian Asso. Sedimentologist, 17: 147- 27:302- perspectives. Visakha Science Journal, 3:21- 156. 28. Tripati, Sila, 1999. Traditional boat-building and Tripati, S. and A.S. Gaur, 1997. Onshore and navigational techniques of southern Orissa. J. Nair, R.R. and B. Chakraborty, 1997. Study of nearshore explorations along the Maharashtra Royal Asiatic Soc. Sri Lanka (New Series), multibeam techniques for bathymetry and Coast with a view to locating ancient ports XLII:15-27. seabottom backscatter applications. J. Mar. and submerged sites. Man & Environment. Atmos. Res., 1:17-24. 22:73-83. Tripati, S., A.S., Gaur, Sundaresh, P. Gudigar and S.N. Bandodker, 1998. Historical stone Naqvi, S.W.A. and M. Madhupratap, 1997. Varkey, M.J., 1999. Pollution of coastal seas. anchors from Vijaydurg, Maharashtra, West Results are coming in from JGOFS-lndia Resonance, 4:36-44. Coast of India. Bull. Western Australian cruises and collaborative projects in the Arabian Sea. US JGOFS Newsletter, 8:11-12. Museum, 22:1-8. Contributions in Proceedings and Narvekar, P.V., R. Bhushanand and B.L.K. Tripati, S., M.K. Saxena, Sundaresh, P. Books Gudigar and S.N. Bandodkar, 1998. Marine Somayajulu, 1997. Ascertaining depths for archaeological exploration and excavation of samples from hydrographic casts without Achuthankutty, C.T, 1998. Shrimp farming in Vijaydurg - A naval base of the Maratha CTD. J. Mar. Atmos. Res., 33-36. estuarine environment : Points to ponder. In: Period, Maharashtra, on the West Coast of Neprochnov, Yu. P., D.G. Rao, C. Proceedings of the Workshop on India. Intl. J. Naut. Archaeol. 27:51-63. Subrahmanyam and K.S.R. Murthy (Eds.), Environmental Impact of Aquaculture Enterprises, G. Ganapathy and S. Kandan Wahidullah, S., L. D'Souza and M. Govenker, 1998. Intraplate deformation in the Central (Eds), Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Aquaculture, 1998. Lipid constituents of the red alga Indian Ocean Basin. Geol. Soc. India, Mayiladuthurai, 32-38. Acanthophora spicifera. Phytochemistry, Bangalore, 250, (Geological Society of India 48:1203-1206. Memoir No. 39). Babu, M.T., P. Vethamony, A. Suryanarayana and A.D. Gouveia, 1998. Modelling of coastal Yamazaki, T. and R. Sharma,1998. Distribution Pankajakshan, T., Y. Sugimori and M. Akiyama, currents and thermal plume dispersion off characteristics of Co-rich manganese 1997. Upper ocean heat budget of Western- Nagapattinam. Proc. of the National deposits on a seamount in the Central Pacific North Pacific using satellite and ship Conference on Current Trends in Ocean Ocean. Mar. Georesour. Geotechnol., 16:283- observations. J. Adv. Mar. Sci. Technol. Soc, Prediction, NPOL, Kochi, 7-10. 305. 3:185-208.

46 Gopalakrishnan, T.C. and K. Saraladevi, 1998. National Conference on Current Trends in Verlencar, et al., 1998. Comprehensive EIA for Distribution of Scolecithricidae (Copepoda: Ocean Prediction, NPOL, Kochi, 76-79. proposed facilities for Mangalore Power Plant Calanoida) in the Indian Ocean. IOC at Padubidri, Mangalore. Submitted to Workshop Report No. 142:127-136. Technical Reports Mangalore Power Corp. Bangalore. Goswami, S.C., 1998. Environment and fishery Sharma, Rahul. Environmental impact Carrying capacity based development planning potentials of the Indian Ocean. In: Proc. Xth assessment of deep sea mining (NIO/TR-2/ for Greater Kochi region, sponsored by Annual Conf. National Environmental Science 98). Ministry of Environment & Forest, Govt. of Academy, 33-36. Sundaresh and A.S. Gaur. Marine India - Phase I, 1998. Goswami, U., 1998. Molecular techniques in archaeological explorations off Dwarka and Comprehensive and marine environmental fisheries. In : Genetics and Biotechnological Bet Dwarka (NIO/TR-3/98). impact assessment of proposed marine Tools in Aquaculture and Fisheries. CAS Tripati, Sila. Exploration and excavation of facilities for the LNG terminal at Kochi, 1998. Training programme, 1998. Central Institute shipwrecks in Goa waters (NIO/TR-4/98). Marine Protected Areas along the Maharashtra of Fisheries Education (Deemed University), Coast. In: Coastal Environment Series, Bombay, 61-63. Chatterji, A., R. Vijaykumar and Z.A. Ansari. Development of appropriate Published by NIO, 1999, 1-18 pp. Goswami, Usha, 1999. DNA Probes - rapid technology for the conservation, controlled Rapid marine environmental impact molecular cytogenetic markers for use in breeding and conservation of the Indian horse assessment of proposed marine facilities for genetic improvement programs. In: Emerging shoe crab along the coast of Orissa (NIO/TR- the LNG terminal at Kochi, 1998. DNA technologies for the next Millennium, 23 5/98). February, 1999. Poster Presentation. Chatterji, A. and Z.A. Ansari. The identification Ingole, B.S., 1999. Macrobenthic Assemblage of the presence of an antiviral drug (MUHY) Sponsored Project Reports of the Lazarev Sea, Queen Maud Land, East in the Indian green mussel (NIO/TR-6/98). Antarctica (in Hindi). Proceeding of the V.V. Sarma et. al., Study to evaluate the effects Symposium on Antarctica - Achievements, Saji, P.K., S.C. Shenoi and A.M. Almeida. A of treated water from Haldia Refinery on (D.O.D., New Delhi, July 1997, published in search tool for the selection of drifting buoy aquatic life and mangroves at River Hooghly 1999),135-146 data (NIO/TR-7/98). (NIO/SP-14/98). Wafar, M.V.M. et al. Environmental Impact Lalithambika Devi, C.B. and Rosamma Singbal, S.Y.S. et al., Coastal Ocean Assessments (EIA) at the site proposed for Stephen, 1998. First record of larvae of Monitoring and Prediction System (COMAPS) port development at Poshitra Point, Arnoglosus imperialis (Rafinesque, 1818) (Ratnagiri to Mangalore) (NIO/TR-8/98). Okhamandal Gujarat. (NIO/SP-15/98). (Bothidae, Pisces) Atlantic species from Ansari, Z.A. et al., 1998 Oceanographic studies Indian Ocean. Pelagic Biogeography Ico PB for NTPC power plant at Visakhapatnam, Ramesh Babu, V. Baseline environmental II, IOC Workshop Report No. 742:115-120. Submitted to NTPC, Vizag. conditions on the physical, biological and Chavan, V.S., T.G. Jagtap and A.G. Untawale, chemical oceanographic parameters in the Rastogi, A., B. Deka, G.C. Bhattacharya, T. Central Indian Ocean Basin (CIOB) prior to Ramaprasad, K.A. Kamesh Raju, K. Srinivas, 1999. Asia Pacific Mangrove Information Network (Apmin) - A conceptual model. the deep-ocean mining of manganese G.P.S. Murty, A.K. Chaubey, M.V. Ramana, V. nodules (NIO/SP-16/98). Subrahmanyam, K.V.L.N.S. Sarma, M. Desa, Occasional paper in ISME Mangrove A.L. Paropkari, A.A.A. Menezes, V.S.N. Ecosystem, Tech. Report, M. Vannucci (Ed.), Verlencar, X.N. et al., Comprehensive Murthy, M.K., Anthony, L.V. Subbaraju, E. 5:1-15. environmental assessment for proposed Desa and M.V. Veerayya, 1999. Gas hydrate Goswami, U. and G. Bernardi, 1999. marine facilities for Mangalore Power Plant at stability zone thickness map of Indian Deep Tarletonbeania crenularis 16 S ribosomal Padubidri, Karnataka (NIO/SP.-17/98). Offshore areas - a GIS based approach. In: RNA gene, mitochondrial gene for llangovan, D. Geotechnical investigations of Proc. Third International Petroleum mitochondrial RNA, partial sequence. the seafloor off Tikkavanipalem near Conference and Exhibition (PETROTECH- Accession Number, AF 134250. In the Gene Visakhapatnam for laying effluent pipeline 99), 9-12 January 1999, New Delhi, 489-494. Bank Report of National Center of (NIO/SP-18/98). Biotechnology Information, USA. Stephen R., 1998. Geographical variations in Rao, D. Panakala. Ocean atmosphere the distribution of different calanoid species in Goswami, U. and Bernardi, G. 1999. interaction studies in relation to upper ocean the Indian Ocean. Pelagic Biogeography Tarletonbeania crenularis 12 S ribosomal dynamics and marine atmospheric boundary ICOBP-II. Proc. 2nd Int. Conf., IOC Workshop RNA gene, mitochondrial gene for layer (MABL) over head of the Bay of Bengal Report No. 142, Unesco, 338-345. mitochondrial RNA, partial sequence. during the southwest monsoon (NIO/SP-19/ Accession Number, AF 134249. In the Gene 98). Tapaswi, M.P. and G.H. Sainekar, 1999. Bank Report of National Center of Sarupria, J.S. Wave data analysis for coastal Information management in the library of the Biotechnology Information, USA. National Institute of Oceanography. In: region of India (NIO/SP-20/98). Jagtap, T.G. and A. G. Untawale, 1999. Atoll Search of Excellence-Librarianship, D.N. Kotnala, K.L. et al. Satellite positioning for mangroves and associated flora from Phadke, (Ed.), MultiTech Pub. Co., Mumbai, locating the north and south pillars at Republic of Maldives, Indian Ocean. 93-102. Thirukkadaiyur, Tamil Nadu (NIO/SP-21/98). Occasional paper in ISME Mangrove Veerayya, M., S.M. Karisiddaiah, K.H. Vora, Ecosystem, Tech. Report, M. Vannucci (Ed.), Matondkar S.G.P. et al. Comprehensive EIA B.G. Wagle and F. Almeida, 1999. surficial 5:17-25. (marine) and Environmental Management geology of the western continental margin of Untawale, et al., 1998. Report on the Plan (marine) for project Sea Bird Naval Base India with special reference to late consultancy for identification of potential at Karwar, (NIO/SP- 22/98). Pleistocene-Holocene sea level changes and areas for creation of marine protected areas Hashimi, N.H. Rapid marine environmental gas-charged sediments and gas hydrates along the Maharashtra coast. Submitted to impact assessment for the LNG Terminal at potential. In: Int. Conf. on Land-sea link in Forest Dept., Nagpur, Govt. of Maharashtra. Kochi (NIO/SP-23/98). Asia. Geological Society, Japan, 307-312. Untawale, et al., 1998. Status of marine Ansari, Z.A. and K.S.R. Murthy. Bathymetry Vethamony, P., B. Prasad Kumar and Y.V.B. biodiversity of the St. Georges Island off Goa. and seabed studies for the proposed Sarma, 1998. Attenuation of surface waves Submitted to Conservator of Forests, Forest submarine pipeline route off Paradip (NIO/SP- due to monsoon rains: a model study. Proc. Dept., Govt. of Goa. 24/98).

47 Ansari, Z.A. Rapid environmental impact Revichandran, C. et. al. Comprehensive marine Sarma, V.V., K.S.R. Murthy, Y. Sadhuram and assessment for Oswal Chemicals & Fertilizers environmental impact assessment of coolant B.S. Ingole. Study to evaluate effects of at Paradeep, Orissa (NIO/SP-25/ 98). water intake and effluent from Nagarjuna treated water on aquatic life and mangroves Bathymetric and seabed surveys off Nagore Power Plant near Mangalore (NIO/SP-38/98). at river Hooghly for Haldia Refinery. (Nagapattinam) (NIO/SP-26/98). Jayakumar, S. Effect on sediment transport and Zoo Outreach/CBSG. Conservation, Matondkar, S.G.P. Environmental impact adjacent shoreline due to proposed offshore Assessment & Management Plan (C.A.M.P.) assessment for MRL, Nagapattinam (NIO/SP- breakwater off Dhabol (NIO/SP-39/98). Workshops: Indian Mangrove Ecosystem, 27/98). Sarma, V.V. Studies to evaluate the effects of Biodiversity Conservation Prioritisation Achuthankutty, C.T. Production of giant treated water from Haldia Refinery on aquatic Project (BCPP) India, Endangered Species. freshwater prawn Macrobrachium life and mangroves at River Hooghly (NIO/ Organized by NIO, Goa, July, 1998. rosenberguii post-larvae in penaeid prawn SP-1/99). hatchery: an experience (NIO/SP-28/98). Hashimi, N.H. Comprehensive marine Consultancy Reports Matondkar, Prabhu. Comprehensive environmental impact assessment of Untawale, A.G. et al. Marine protected areas environmental impact assessment (marine) proposed marine facilities for the LNG along the Maharashtra Coast (NIO/ for the proposed effluent disposal site for Terminal at Kochi (NIO/SP-2/99). CON-1/98). Birla cellulosic (NIO/SP-29/98). Rao, D.P. Oceanographic studies for the Hashimi, N.H. and M.C. Pathak. Bathymetry proposed Simhadri Thermal Power Plant near Ingole, B.S. et al. Environmental impact and seabed survey of Thumba Vyapin Visakhapatnam (Part-A: Physical and assessments for the proposed dredging for for Petronet LNG, New Delhi engineering aspects) & (Part-B: Chemical, mooring buoy berths area, approach channel (NIO/SP-30/98). biological, biofouling & corrosion, thermal to berths No. 10&11 and Turning Circle at impact on biota, remote sensing aspects) Mormugoa Port (NIO/CON-2/98). Josanto, V. Additional oceanographic studies (NIO/SP-3/99). for MRPL Expansion (NIO/SP-31/98). Jayakumar, S. Marine modelling studies for Rao, D.P. Post-monsoon bathymetric survey for Anand, N.M. Engineering design of pipeline offshore facilities for PPN Power Plant off evaluation of bathymetric and morphological Pillaiperumalnallur, Tamil Nadu (NIO/ and diffuser for the effluent discharge from changes (NIO/SP-4/99). DAP Plant at Paradip (NIO/SP-32/98). CON-3/98). Pathak, M.C. Studies on directional waves off Anand, N.M. Studies on directional waves off Nagore (NIO/SP-5/99). Jayakumar, S. Supplementary model studies Gopalpur (NIO/SP-33/98). for revised jetty location (beach profile Banakar, V.K. Chemical analyses of sediment Ashok Kumar, K. Studies on wave off Mundra changes and wave run-up) off and fish samples and textural classification of (NIO/SP-34/98). Pillaiperumalnallur, Tamil Nadu (NIO/ sediment from the areas around offshore oil CON-1/99). D'Silva Classy and S.Y.S. Singbal. Evaluation installations (NIO/SP-6/99). of Rochem oil spill dispersant (NIO/SP- Subba Raju, L.V. Riverbed studies for the Jayakumar, S. Marine modelling studies for 35/98). proposed railway bridge from Khandola offshore facilities for PPN Power Plant off Rao, D.P. and K. Ashok Kumar. Studies on to Amona over river Mandovi (NIO/SP-7/99). Pillaiperumalnallur, Tamil Nadu, directional waves off Tikkavanipalem, Supplementary studies related to design Sarupria, J.S., G.V. Reddy, P.D. Kunte and T. Visakhapatnam (NIO/SP-36/98). wave height, environmental conditions used Pankajakshan, 1998. Processing and quality in manoeuvring studies and optimum Revichandran, C. et. ai. Rapid marine check of hydrographic ship drift and surface discharge and intake positions (NIO/ environmental impact assessment of meteorological data for the Indian Ocean CON-2/99). Coolant Water intake and effluent from region and encryption of data on CD-ROM Nagarjuna Power Plant near Mangalore (NIO/ sponsored by Naval Physical Oceanographic SP-37/98). Laboratory, Cochin, July 1998.

48 The Institute

Head office National Institute of Oceanography Dona Paula, Goa - 403 004 The National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), one of the forty EPABX : 221322, 226253 laboratories of the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research Fax : 91(0)832-223340, 229102 (CSIR), was founded on 1 January, 1966. The Institute carries out e-mail : [email protected] research in different aspects of coastal and open ocean [email protected] environments. Over the last thirty years it has grown into the URL : http://www.nio.org largest ocean research organisation in the Indian Ocean Region. The experience and expertise of the institute is extensively Regional centres : utilised by both public and private sector organisations. The Institute provides consultancy and contract services in National Institute of Oceanography environmental impact assessments, harbour & port development, Sea Shell Building geological and engineering surveys for feasible sites & Seven Bungalows submarine pipeline routes for seawater intake/discharge, effluent Versova disposal, seabed surveys, pollution monitoring, resources Mumbai - 400 061 evaluation, design and development of instruments, marine Phones : 6363773, 6326419 archaeological exploration and several other aspects connected Fax : 022-6326426 with the sea. e-mail : [email protected] [email protected]. in The institute with head office in Goa has three regional centres, one each at Mumbai, Kochi and Visakhapatnam. The present National Institute of Oceanography staff strength is 610 and the annual budget Rs. 135 millions. Vidyaniketan Annex Building House No. 41/591-B Providence Road P.B. No. 1913, Ernakulam mission Kochi -682 018 "to continuously improve our understanding of the seas Phones : 390306, 390814 Fax : 0484-390618 around us and to translate this knowledge to benefit all" e-mail : [email protected]

National Institute of Oceanography 176, Lawsons Bay Colony Visakhapatnam - 530 017 Phones : 504570, 539180 Fax : 0891-543595 e-mail : [email protected] [email protected]

Published by : Director, NIO, Goa

Compilation, layout : Publication & Reprography Section & production

Printed at : Vakil & Sons Ltd.. Mumbai

Acknowledgements : We, Ehrlich Desa & S.R. Bhat, are thankful to B. Nagender Nath, M.D. Zingde, S.W.A. Naqvi, Y.V.B. Sarma and Elgar Desa for all their help in preparation of this Report. Our thanks to S.P. Sharma, A.Y. Mahale and B.C. Ribeiro for editorial and DTP assistance.