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The Excavation of a Court Tomb at Creggandevesky, County Tyrone

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The Excavation of a Court Tomb at Creggandevesky, County Tyrone Ulster Journal of Archaeology, Vol 73, 2015–16 THE EXCAVATION OF A COURT TOMB AT CREGGANDEVESKY, COUNTY TYRONE CLAIRE FOLEY [email protected] with contributions and appendices by JIM CRUICKSHANK, ADELAIDE GODDARD, EOIN GROGAN, IAN MEIGHAN, MICK MONK, JOHN O’KEEFFE, JOHN PRESTON, HELEN ROCHE, RICHARD WARNER and LEONARD WILKINSON The court tomb at Creggandevesky, Co Tyrone, has a trapezoidal cairn with an open court at the south- east end giving access through a lintelled portal to a gallery of three chambers. Excavations between 1979 and 1982 disclosed Early and Middle Neolithic pottery, a range of flint objects and a collection of stone beads at a primary level, implying inhumations which have not survived. Cremated bone was principally at a secondary level within the chambers and cremated bone accompanying beaker pottery was found in collapsed cairn material. Radiocarbon dates for construction and primary use of the tomb based on charcoal samples are in the range 3850 to 3000 cal BC. Evidence for peripheral activities ranging in date from the Early Neolithic to the Late Bronze Age was also disclosed. INTRODUCTION This court tomb (SMR Tyr 37:14) is located in central Co Tyrone 4km north- east of Carrickmore (IGR H6459 7503) at an altitude of 234m (767 feet) OD (Fig 1). It was built on a glacial esker overlooking Lough Mallon immediately to the south. The wider landscape has a number of smaller lakes to the north and north-east. The esker extends away to the south-west, forming a natural dam at the head of a peat-bound valley. A small, round cairn of indeterminate date at the south-west end of the esker was removed in land reclamation without investigation during the 1970s along with a nearby small circular lake. Cregganconroe hill closes the near vista to the east while a local hill, Scalp, is prominent to the west before the ground falls away towards the valley of the Camowen river. This is one of the most prominent tombs in the region (others detailed below in the Discussion), visible at a distance from the east, south and west. The presence of Lough Mallon immediately to the south and of Black Lough, to the east, source of the Owenkillew River, 500m to the east, may have influenced its siting. Fig 1 Site location. 68 D A Chart, Deputy Keeper of Records, visited the material along the east side was of similar profile, site in August 1933 with Rev Meissner and T F O extending 2 to 3m out from the monument (Fig 2). Rippingham, Ministry of Finance Works Division. The court was also filled with cairn material, He recorded that it sloping down from the entrance lintel to the mouth of the court at the south. Later-recognised corbels appears to consist of two or three and the line of the revetment, once found, were chambered cairns, much rifled and retrospectively indicated on the overall cairn plan confused. Mr Rippingham and I agreed that (Fig 3). The court tomb which emerged after careful this was probably an authentic antiquity, clearing of collapse is of classic trapezoidal shape, but so confused that its protection would 13.2m wide at the south-east court end and well not be worthwhile (note on historic defined by the remains of a drystone revetment administrative file B2961/35). along both sides and along the back by a single The site was again recorded by T G F Paterson in course of stone. It measures 20m long on the west The Preliminary Survey of the Ancient Monuments side, 21m long on the east side and 6.80m along the of Northern Ireland as ‘a long cairn about 55 ft. by back. The court after stone clearance measures 6m 40 ft’. He stated that there was across the mouth and is 5m deep. The burial gallery a standing stone in the front part and of three chambers is 9.5m in length. perhaps a chamber in the centre but there While true north is indicated on all figures are too many stones for the chamber to be within the text, the orientation of the descriptions distinct. It stands about 7ft. high (Chart is simplified to north, south, east and west. Layer, 1940, 238). feature and find numbers are reported as recorded to maintain conformity with the archive. Ploughing The site was also visited by Ruaidhrí de Valera in antiquity and in the 20th century in the area north and Seán Ó Nualláin in 1964 (ms field notebook of the tomb has confused layers here, truncating in the Northern Ireland Monuments and Buildings Record), who recorded it as a ‘definite long cairn 19m long and between 12 and 13m wide’. They concluded that it was either a ‘court cairn or a portal dolmen’. The site was not recorded in the OS memoirs and was not indicated on any OS six- inch map until 1945, when it was labelled ‘Carn (reported)’. Since excavation it has been included in many guides and popular texts (Hamlin 1983, 137; Hamlin & Lynn 1988, 3–5; Killanin & Duignan 1989, 94; Harbison 1992, 318; Donnelly 1997, 15–16; Halpin & Newman 2006, 126–27; Maxwell 2009, 296–98). The excavation was occasioned by a farm reclamation scheme intended to re-model the hill on which the site stands to fill a nearby sand quarry and therefore a total excavation to remove the cairn was planned at the outset. The work was conducted over eleven months between 1979 and 1982. With the eventual revelation of the well-preserved court tomb the owners, the McCartan family, readily agreed to spare it and it came into state care in 1984. Before excavation the site was observed standing to a maximum of 2m above the adjacent land and was much encroached on by heather and shallow peat, with only the tops of three large stones visible at the south-east end. It was prominently sited on the top of the esker with the long axis orientated north-west/south-east. Along the west side the collapsed cairn material Fig 2 Survey record before excavation showing the extended outwards for up to 6m at an angle of about lintel at the south-east and a peat-filled hollow at 45 degrees from the highest point of the cairn. Cairn the north-west. 69 some features and redistributing some small finds. quadrants, 1 and 3 to the north and 2 and 4 to the The excavation archive is curated by the Historic south with intervening baulks 0.75m wide. Environment Division of the Department for The topsoil, heather and peat were removed from Communities Northern Ireland. the entire site to examine the cairn and establish what structural elements could be observed at the THE EXCAVATION outset (Fig 3). Collapsed cairn material consisting Methodology for the most part of blocks of granite, gabbro and A rectangular area 26m by 19m was laid out to dolerite was exposed over most of the excavation enclose all of the perceptible cairn material along area, tailing off towards the north-west and south- the long axis of the cairn. This was divided into east. After detailed planning of the cairn two Fig 3 The cairn after vegetation stripping with later recognised key structural elements indicated in black. 70 Fig 4 Plan with orthstats numbered and elevations of revetment. strategies were devised: (i) to remove loose cairn varying in coarseness from fine to medium. Certain stones from the presumed court and burial gallery hollows in the esker material which had silted up and (ii) to remove cairn material from the sides of with finer charcoal-flecked silt were thought to be the cairn in expectation of defining the line of the caused when ice-borne boulders were removed in possible lateral revetments. preparation for, or use in, building the tomb. The presence of the tomb structure made it impossible to Pre-tomb activity stratigraphically relate features in the subsoil within As the site was built on a glacial esker, the natural the chambers with those in the court and around the subsoil consisted of a mixture of sand and gravel, exterior of the tomb, but there was some certain pre- Pl 1 View of revetment along west side of cairn. 71 Pl 2 The court and west façade before clearance of collapsed cairn. cairn activity in minor features (F84 and F68, Fig 6 surviving revetment on the west side ranges from which were superimposed by the cairn in the court 0.05m to 1.25m high (Pl 1). The eastern revetment area and by the south-west façade. survives to 1m at its highest point. Large boulders were used more frequently in its construction than The revetment (Fig 4) in the west. Smaller stones were packed around Removal of collapse along the west side of the cairn the boulders, probably a reflection of the variety of was conducted by trial trenching at right angles available stone but also perhaps reflecting different to the long axis. The lowest layer of collapse was skills, with several teams possibly involved in the embedded into Layer (hereafter L) 4 (Fig 9b). construction. The cairn was found to be revetted for its full extent by drystone walling which varies in style from The façades section to section, using similar-sized stone to that The straight façades, the terminals of the cairn on used for the cairn with occasional larger boulders, either side of the court at the south end, are also and is often firmly embedded at a downward angle strongly revetted. The western façade is 4m long into the cairn behind to increase its stability.
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