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The Neolithic and Early Bronze Age

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The Neolithic and Early Bronze Age THE NEOLITHIC AND EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE FIRTH OF CLYDE ISOBEL MARY HUGHES VOLUMEI Thesis submitted for the degree of Ph. D. Department of Archaeology The University of Glasgow October 1987 0 Isobel M Hughes, 1987. In memory of my mother, and of my father - John Gervase Riddell M. A., D. D., one time Professor of Divinity, University of Glasgow. 7727 LJ r'- I 1GLASGOW UNIVERSITY LIBRARY i CONTENTS i " VOLUME I LIST OF TABLES xii LIST OF FIGURES xvi LIST OF PLATES xix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xx SUMMARY xxii PREFACE xxiv CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Field of Enquiry 1.2 Approaches to a Social Archaeology 1.2.1 Introduction 1.2.2 Understanding Change 1.2.3 The Nature of the Evidence 1.2.4 Megalithic Cairns and Neolithic Society 1.2.5 Monuments -a Lasting Impression 1.2.6 The Emergence of Individual Power 1.3 Aims, Objectives and Methodology 11 ý1 t ii CHAPTER2 AREA OF STUDY - PHYSICAL FEATURES 20 2.1 Location and Extent 2.2 Definition 2.3 Landforms 2.3.1 Introduction 2.3.2 Highland and Island 2.3.3 Midland Valley 2.3.4 Southern Upland 2.3.5 Climate 2.4 Aspects of the Environment in Prehistory 2.4.1 Introduction 2.4.2 Raised Beach Formation 2.4.3 Vegetation 2.4.4 Climate 2.4.5 Soils CHAPTER 3 FORMATION OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD 38 3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 Definition 3.1.2 Initiation 3.1.3 Social and Economic Change iii 3.2 Period before 1780 3.2.1 The Archaeological Record 3.2.2 Social and Economic Development 3.3 Period 1780 - 1845 3.3.1 The Archaeological Record 3.3.2 Social and Economic Development 3.4 Period 1845 - 1914 3.4.1 Social and Economic Development 3.4.2 The Archaeological Record 3.5 Period 1915 -1954 3.5.1 Social and Economic Development 3.5.2 The Archaeological Record 3.6 Period since 1955 3.6.1 Social and Economic Development 3.6.2 The Archaeological Record 3.7 Resume and Conclusion CHAPTER 4 DATA FILE AND COMPUTER PROGRAMMES 70 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Computer Data Files iv 4.2.1 Advantages 4.2.2 Design 4.2.3 Contents 4.3 Associated Computer Programmes 4.3.1 PROG FORTRAN 4.3.2 PLOT FORTRAN 4.3.3 MATR FORTRAN 4.3.4 DISALT FORTRAN CHAPTER 5 DATA FILE ANALYSIS 76 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Sites and Altitude, Sites and Distance from the Sea, Accessibility 5.2.1 Analysis - altitude 5.2.2 Results - all sites 5.2.3 Results - monument groups 5.2.4 Analysis - distance from the sea 5.2.5 Results - all sites 5.2.6 Results - monument groups 5.2.7 Discussion 5.2.8 Accessibility ratings 5.2.9 Summary and Conclusion 5.3 Sites and Solid and Drift Geology V 5.3.1 Analysis 5.3.2 Results - all sites 5.3.3 Results - monument groups 5.4.4 Summary and Conclusion 5.4 Sites and Soils 5.4.1 Analysis 5.4.2 Results - all sites 5.4.3 Results - monument groups 5.4.4 Summary and Conslusion 5.5 Sites and Land Use 5.5.1 Analysis 5.5.2 Results - all sites 5.5.3 Results - monument groups 5.5.4 Summary and Conclusion 5.6 Sites and Aspect, Sites and Prominence 5.6.1 Analysis - aspect 5.6.2 Results - all sites 5.6.3 Results - monument groups 5.6.4 Prominence ratings 5.6.5 Summary and Conclusion 5.7 Conclusion vi CHAPTER 6 THE NEOLITHIC AND EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE FIRTH OF CLYDE HISTORICAL AND REGIONAL PERSPECTIVES 109 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The Mesolithic 6.2.1 Introduction 6.2.2 The Evidence 6.2.3 Discussion 6.3 Farming in the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age - Evidence from Pollen Analysis 6.3.1 Introduction 6.3.2 The Evidence 6.3.3 Discussion 6.4 Distribution of Polished Stone Axeheads 6.4.1 Introduction 6.4.2 Distribution 6.4.3 Conclusion 6.5 The Evidence of Settlement 6.5.1 Introduction 6.5.2 The Evidence 6.5.3 Discussion 6.6 Resume and Discussion vii 6.6.1 Introduction 6.6.2 Historical Perspective 6.6.3 Regional Perspective 6.6.4 Conclusion CHAPTER 7 THE NEOLITHIC AND EARLY BRONZE AGE IN THE FIRTH OF CLYDE THE EVIDENCE OF ARTEFACTS 140 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Artefacts of the Neolithic - chambered cairns 7.2.1 Pottery of the Earlier Neolithic 7.2.2 Artefact of the Later Neolithic 7.3 Polished Stone Axeheads 7.3.1 Introduction 7.3.2 The Axe 'Trade' 7.3.3 Deposition 7.4 Pitchstone 7.5 Beaker Pottery 7.5.1 Introduction 7.5.2 Area of Study 7.6 Food Vessels 7.6.1 Introduction viii 7.6.2 Area of Study 7.7 Cinerary Urns 7.7.1 Introduction 7.7.2 Area of Study 7.8 Metalwork 7.8.1 Introduction 7.8.2 Area of Study 7.9 Conclusion CHAPTER8 THE NEOLITHIC AND EARLY BRONZEAGE IN THE FIRTH OF CLYDE THE RECORDOF THE MONUMENTS 168 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Neolithic Chambered Cairns 8.2.1 Introduction 8.2.2 Location Factors 8.2.3 The Archaeological Record 8.2.4 Discussion A. Introduction B. Frequency and Distribution C. Appearance and Location D. The Changing Landscape E. Social Change ix F. Cairn Morphology and Elaboration G. Comment H. The Blocking of the Cairns 8.3 Stone Circles, Standing Stones and Cup-Marked Rocks 8.3.1 Introduction I. Stone Circles II. Standing Stones III. Cup-Marked Rocks 8.3.2 Location Factors 8.3.3 The Archaeological Record 8.3.4 Discussion I. Stone Circles A. Frequency and Distribution B. Appearance, Form and Function C. Location II. Standing Stones A. Frequency and Distribution B. Location C. Function III. Cup-Marked Rocks A. Frequency and Distribution B. Location C. Comment 8.4 Burial Sites of the Early Bronze Age 8.4.1 Introduction I 8.4.2 Location Factors 8.4.3 The Archaeological Record 8.4.4 Discussion A. Frequency and Distribution B. Distribution and Location C. Burial Monuments, Settlement and Land Use D. Marks of Individual Power E. Architectural Form and Burial Contexts F. Resume 8.5 Synthesis 8.5.1 Introduction 8.5.2 The Monument Record through Time CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSIONS 280 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Data and Methods 9.2.1 Data 9.2.2 Data Handling 9.2.3 Quantitative Analysis 9.3 Approaches to Interpretation 9.3.1 The Formation of the Archaeological Record 9.3.2 The Historical Perspective 9.3.3 Investigation of Region and Sub-Region xi 9.3.4 Monument Form and Function 9.4 Overview REFERENCES 293 VOLUME II Abbreviations used in Appendices 1 and 2 1 Notes to Appendix 1 3 Notes to Appendix 2 23 APPENDIX 1: CATALOGUE OF SITES APPENDIX 2: LISTING OF POLISHED STONE AXEHEADS TABLES FIGURES PLATES xii TABLES Table 2.1 Post-Glacial Environment in South-West Scotland Table 3.1 Formation of the Archaeological Record: Ayrshire Table 3.2 Formation of the Archaeological Record: Arran Table 3.3 Formation of the Archaeological Record: Kintyre Table 3.4 Formation of the Archaeological Record: Bute Table 4.1 Numbers of Sites within the Area of Study Table 5.1 Numbers of Monuments of Different Kinds within the Area of Study Table 5.2 Accessibility Ratings: All Sites Table 5.3 Correlation Matrix of Accessibility Ratings: Monument Groups Table 5.4 Geology: Land Distribution Percentages Table 5.5 X2 Test of Geology Frequencies: All Sites Table 5.6 X2 Test of Geology Frequencies: Monument Groups: Area of Study Table 5.7 X2 Test of Geology Frequencies: Monument Groups: Ayrshire and Renfrewshire Table 5.8 X2 Test of Geology Frequencies: Monument Groups: Kintyre Table 5.9 X2 Test of Geology Frequencies: Monument Groups: Cowal 2 Table 5.10 'X.. Test of Geology Frequencies: Monument Groups: xiii Arran Table 5.11 ?X2 Test of Geol ogy Frequencies: Monument Groups: Bute Table 5.12 X2 Test of Geol ogy Frequencies: Monument Groups: Small Islands Table 5.13 Soils: Land Di stribution Percentages Table 5.14 '7C2Test of Soil Frequencies: All Sites Table 5.15 X2 Test of Soil Frequencies: Monument Groups: Area of Study Table 5.16 X2 Test of Soil Frequencies: Monument Groups: Ayrshire and Renfrewshire Table 5.17 '7C2 Test of Soil Frequencies: Monument Groups: Kintyre Table 5.18 X2 Test of Soil Frequencies: Monument Groups: Cowal Table 5.19 X2 Test of Soil Frequencies: Monument Groups: Arran 2 Table 5.20 X Test of Soil Frequencies: Monument Groups: Bute 2 Table 5.21 Test of Soil Frequencies: Monument Groups: Small Islands Table 5.22 Correlation Matrix of Geology and Soils for Monument Locations in Ayrshire and Renfrewshire Table 5.23 Correlation Matrix for Geology and Soils for Monument Locations in Kintyre, Cowal, Arran, Bute and the Small Islands Table 5.24 Land Use: Land Distribution Percentages xiv Table 5.25 X2 Test of Land Use Frequencies: All Sites Table 5.26 X2 Test of Land Use Frequencies: Monument Groups: Area of Study Table 5.27 X2 Test of Land Use Frequencies: Monument Groups: Ayrshire and Renfrewshire Table 5.28 X2 Test of Land Use Frequencies: Monument Groups: Kintyre Table 5.29 X2 Test of Land Use Frequencies: Monument Groups: Cowal Table 5.30 'X2 Test of Land Use Frequencies: Monument Groups: Arran Table 5.31 Test of Land Use Frequencies: Monument Groups: But e Table 5.32 7X2 Test of Land Use Frequencies: Monument Groups: Small Islands Table 5.33 Correlation Matrix of Geology and Land Use for Monument Locations in Ayrshire and Renfrewshire Table 5.34 Correlation Matrix of Geology and Land Use for Monument Locations in Kintyre, Cowal, Arran, Bute and the Small Islands Table 5.35 Aspect: Land Distribution Percentages 2 Table 5.36 '?, Test of Aspect Frequencies: All Sites Table 5.37 'X2 Test of Aspect Frequencies: Monument Groups: Area of Study Table 5.38 X2 Test of Aspect Frequencies: Monument Groups: Ayrshire and Renfrewshire Table 5.39 X2 Test of Aspect Frequencies: Monument Groups: xv Kintyre 2 Table 5.40 X, Test of Aspect Frequencies: Monument-Groups: Cowal Table 5.41 X2 Test of Aspect Frequencies: Monument Groups: Arran Table 5.42 X2 Test of Aspect Frequencies: Monument Groups: But e Table 5.43 X2 Test of Aspect Frequencies: Monument Groups: Small Islands Table 5.44 Prominence Ratings: All Sites Table 5.45 Correlation Matrix of Prominence Ratings: Monument Groups Table 6.1 Chronology from the Mesolithic to the Bronze Age in the Area of Study Table 6.2 Numbers of Polished Stone Axeheads in the Area of study xvi FIGURES 1.1 Area of study in relation to the British Isles.
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