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INDEX

Abingdon, 82 Arminghall, 130 Achnacreebeag, 50 Arran, 43 aerial photography monuments on, 6 impact of, 154 Arras Culture, 264 Irish archaeology and, 154 burials of, 266, 270 of monuments, 166 artefacts. See also gold artefacts; grave artefacts; of pit alignments, 244 Neolithic artefacts; portable artefacts The Age of Stonehenge (Burgess), 25 at Arbor Low, 135–136 agriculture Brittany vs. southern England, 155 evidence of, 32 bronze, 146 introduction of, 30 burial of, 44 in Ireland, 38 distribution of, 37, 96–97 during Iron Age, 237, 240–241, 246 exchange of, 24 societies and, 84 ﬂint, 124 on Yorkshire Wolds, 242 at Glastonbury, 252 All Cannings Cross, 232 grave goods, 148 amber, distribution of, 155 –156 ground stone, 27 Amesbury, 142, 150 at Knowth, 106 Anglesey of Later Neolithic period, 78 decorated passage tombs of, 118 at Maumbury Rings, 127 Neolithic Ireland impact on, 120 at Meare, 252 animal burials. See also burials metal, 91 at Cadbury Castle, 250 movement of, 134–135 Arbor Low, 130, 136 at Newgrange, 106 artefacts at, 135–136 recycling of, 229 archaeology. See also landscape archaeology; social single burials and, 158 archaeology social archaeology and, 25 of Britain and Ireland, 6 timber structures vs. stone monuments, ethnography and, 126 126 Ireland vs. Scotland, 116 at Woodhenge, 124 language of, 24 Ascott-under-Wychwood, 50 of Mediterranean, 7 Atkinson, Richard, 23, 139 of megaliths, 6 Atlantic Bronze Age, 1, 229 Neolithic, 30, 39 Aubrey, John, 7 of Polynesia, 7 Auchenlaich, long mound, 62 of Stonehenge, 5 Aunjetitz Culture architecture. See also monumental architecture burials of, 155 of Britain and Ireland, growth of, 156 –157 landscapes and, 106 Avebury, 6, 16, 125 Mycenaean, 156 construction of, 128 social practices and, 105 Stonehenge vs., 160 307

308 Index

Aveline’s Hole, 32 Bonsall, Clive, 36 axes. See also stone axes Boyne Valley, 6, 94 copper vs. stone, 152 circular enclosures in, 113 deposits of, 148 passage tombs of, 101 on Mesolithic sites, 30 raw materials in, 103 movement across Europe of, 37 Bradley Fen, 214 production of, 37 Breckland, 171 Breiddin, 251 Balfarg, 64, 130 Brenig, 169 Balksbury, midden at, 234 bridges, 184 Ballinderry, timber platforms at, 205 Britain Balloy, 86 cultural integrity of, 22 Ballyglass, 50, 53 Highland and Lowland Zones of, 12–14 Ballynahatty hillforts of, 256 cairns over postholes at, 124 Late Bronze Age hilltop enclosures in, 222 Giant’s Ring at, 113 megalithic art in, 118 Orkney structures and, 118 monuments of, 16 wooden structures at, 114 natural environment of, 16 Bancroft, 208 Roman occupation of, 1, 2, 226, 271 bank barrow, at Stanwell, 64 settlement of, 13, 58 Barbury Castle, 241, 262 Britain and Ireland Barclodiad Y Gawres, 118, 121–122 archaeology of, 6 Barelycroft, 194 architecture of, Barnack, burial analysis of, 162 Continental Europe and, 7, 22, 153 , 157 , 166, 224, Barnhouse, 95, 108 261, 271 Later Neolithic Village at, 110 cursuses in, 68–69 Barrett, J., 178, 179 geography of, 1, 15 barrows. See also Druids’ Barrows; Kings’ barrows; isolation of, 8–10 long barrows; ring barrows; round barrows; land use in, 14–15 square barrows Late Bronze Age elites in, 217 of Bronze Age, 154 mapping of, 2 forms of, 176 Mesolithic burials in, 84 individual burial mounds vs., 161 monuments of, 4 in Wessex, 166 natural resources of, 6 Beaghmore, stone settings at, 175 Neolithic period in, 27, 44 Beaker pottery, 80, 147, 169 as self-contained entities, 24–25 adoption of, 152 settlement of, 2, 35 burnt mounds and, 214 waterways of, 16–20 Continental Europe, 144–145 weapon zones of, 224 Corded Ware and, 143 British and Irish Mesolithic, Northern European vs., distribution of, 142 32 Grooved Ware and, 147, 152 –153 British and Irish Neolithic land divisions and, 150 monumental architecture of, 86 metalwork and, 143, 146–147 sources of, 35 radiocarbon dates for, 143 British isles wedge tombs and, 147 landscape archaeology of, 7 Bedd Branwen, cairn at, 161 original names of, 2 Beeston Castle, 222 Ptolemy’s map of, 3 Bell Beakers. See Beaker pottery; Irish Beakers British Later Bronze Age (Barrett and Bradley), 178 Belle Tout, 151 British Museum, radiocarbon dating by, 144 Bergh, Stefan, 103, 106 Brittany Bestwall Quarry, 190 ceramic tradition of, 29 Bharpa Carinish, 50 promontory forts of, 252 Biggar Common, 89 souterrains of, 254 Billown, 43, 200 brochs Blackshouse Burn, 128 emergence of, 258 Blanuaran of Clava, 174 Gurness, 272–275 bluestones, of Stonehenge, 140 Bromﬁeld, 198

Index 309

bronze Carrowkeel, 95, 116 artefacts, 146 cemetery at, 101 in Britain, 152 , 176 pottery at, 102 copper use vs., 146 Carrowmore, 50, 52 Ireland’s sources of, 223 passage tombs at, 99 long distance movement of, 232 radiocarbon dates from, 100 supply of, 186, 229, 270 Carshalton, 208 use of, 156 Carsie Mains, 62 Bronze Age. See also Atlantic Bronze Age; Early Scottish hall at, 65 Bronze Age; Irish Bronze Age; Late Bronze Age; Carsten, Janet, 59 Middle Bronze Age carved designs, 102 barrows of, 154 Case, Humphrey, 60, 143, 146 burials, 168 Castle Rock, 222 crannogs of, 206 Catholme, radial post lines at, 124 earthworks of, 242 Catterick metalwork of, 186, 227 henge at, 134 middens of, 251 Peterborough Ware at, 136 mortuary monuments during, 223 causewayed enclosures, 69–77 social collapse during, 222 of Continental Europe, 86 in southern England, 23 long barrows and, 75–77 The Bronze Age in Europe (Coles and Harding), 178 Long Meg and her Daughters, 136 bronze weapons open settlements vs., 72 in crannogs, 206 caves, remains in, 161 deposition of, 200 Ceide´ Fields, radiocarbon dating of, 43 Broomend of Crichie, 168 Celtic art, metalwork, 269 Brown, Tony, 36 cemeteries. See also cremation cemeteries Brun, Patrice, 4 alignment of, 164 Burgess, Colin, 25, 179, 229 ﬂat, 212 burials. See also animal burials; cremation burials; formal, 262 graves; river burial Iron Age, 262 adult vs. child, 159 of Late Bronze Age, 212 of Arras Culture, 266, 270 linear, 176 deposition of, 91 living areas and, 168 during Iron Age, 262 mounds distribution of, 161 male vs. female, 162 Rudston, 264 metal sources and, 156 settlements and, 197 settlement sites near, 185 ceramics. See also pottery with swords, 264 Brittany tradition of, 29 burnt mounds, 216 domestic vs. grave, 150 Beaker pottery and, 214 lowlands sequence in, 196 metalwork at, 214 of Middle Neolithic period, 38 of Neolithic period, 214 cereal cultivation, evidence for, 192 Butser Ancient Farm, 241 ceremonial sites Grooved Ware and, 134 Cadbury Castle, 248, 251, 262 Later Neolithic, 122 animal burials at, 250 Neolithic, 36 Cairnpapple, 130 in open grassland, 97 cairns. See also court cairns; ﬁeld cairns; long mounds; chambered tombs, Neolithic, 38 ring cairns; stalled cairns Champion, Timothy, 24 at Ballynahatty, 124 Chappell, Sylvia, 4 Calanais, 118 Childe, Gordon, 23, 27, 230 Callestick, 190 circular dwellings, enclosures Campbell, Ewan, 24 in Boyne Valley, 113 Carinated Bowls, 29 earliest, 96 Carlisle, monument group near, 134 in Iberian peninsula, 253 Carn Brea, 70, 73, 74 Cladh Hallan carpentry techniques, during English Neolithic, cremation pyres at, 198 44 domestic dwellings at, 192

31 0 Index

Claish, 42, 62 crannogs, 204, 235 Clark, Grahame, 24, 143 of Bronze Age, 206 Clarke, David, 144 Creighton, John, 227, 262 Claudian Conquest, 271 cremation burials, 60–61, 161, 198, 202 Clava Cairns, 169, 174, 175 cremation cemeteries Cleal, Rosamund, 160 location of, 197 Cleaval Point, 275 metalwork in, 185, 197 Cleaven Dyke, 64 at Itford Hill, 197 climate change, settlement and, 172, 179 ring cairns and, 185 Coles, J., 178 standing stones at, 198 collective burial, Neolithic practice of, 162 in uplands, 185 Collis, John, 208 cremation pyres, 198 colonisation Crickley Hill, 73, 247 of Britain and Ireland, 9–10, 35 Crossiecrown, settlement at, 110 of Isle of Man, 8 Crouch Hill, 133 by sea, 36 Cummings, Vicki, 38 connections Cunliffe, Barry, 210, 226, 247, 258, 261–262 between British isles and European mainland, 157 cup marks, monument decoration with, between monuments, 117, 120, 133 175 between new construction and older earthwork, currency bars, production of, 232 133 cursuses, 62 Conquer Barrow, at Mount Pleasant, 131 along Thames, 68 Continental Europe. See also Northern Europe Britain vs. Ireland, 68–69 axes across, 37 distribution of, 68 Beaker material in, 144–145 Later Neolithic monuments and, 136 Britain and Ireland and, 7, 22, 153 , 157 , 166, 224, origins of, 68 261, 271 Thornborough, 83 causewayed enclosures of, 86 Cuween Hill, 110 deposition of metalwork in, 185 earthwork enclosures in, 34 daggers, in Early Bronze Age burials, 201 funeral rites in, 264 dairy economy, of Early Neolithic, 46 Ireland and, 269 Dallington, 83 iron weapons in, 230 Dalriada, 24 long mounds in, 69 Dan Y Coed, 254 longhouses of, 40 Danebury, 248, 251, 261 metalwork from, 223 adult vs. children’s remains at, 250 passage tombs in, 99 Dark, Petra, 43 Cooney, Gabriel, 84 Dartmoor, 169, 184, 210 copper in Early Bronze Age, 188 bronze use vs., 146 ﬁeld systems of, 187 in Ireland, 157 landscape of, 194 copper mining, 176 livestock of, 192 in Alps, 224 Davies, Margaret, 19 in Ireland, 146 Davies, Norman, 11 at Ross Island, 146–147 decorative stones, 108 in south-west Ireland, 156 Dee, River, 14 in Wales, 172 Devil’s Quoits, 150 , 252 in western Ireland, 172 Dieskau, 160 Corbally, Neolithic houses at, 40 Dinorben, 214 Corded Ware, Bell Beakers and, 143 building platforms at, 251 Cornish tin, 156 , 157 domestic dwellings Cornwall, secure storage in, 254 of Later Neolithic Orkney, 108 Corrstown of Later Neolithic period, 94 excavation at, 196 in lowland Britain, 190 Middle Bronze Age site at, 210 in Mesolithic period, 32 Cotswolds, rotunda graves of, 49 in Neolithic Ireland, 29 court cairns, of Ireland, 52–54 in Orkney, 192 Court Hill, 73 ring cairns and, 170

Index 311

rituals centered on, 41 occupation sites of, 96 wells and, 190 pottery of, 38 domesticated animals regional differences in, 41 introduction of, 44 earthwork(s) during Iron Age, 242 as aggregation sites, 87 in Neolithic Ireland, 29 of Bronze Age, 242 of Neolithic period, 34 graves and, 164 settlement patterns and, 30 henges and, 139 use of, 32 territory definition by, 210 Dorchester on Thames, human remains at, 127–128 in Wessex, 166 Dorset Cursus, 65, 81 in Yorkshire Wolds, 166, 244 Dorset Ridgeway, burial concentrations, 154 earthwork enclosures. See also enclosures Dover, Middle Bronze Age boat at, 224 on European Continent, 34 Down Farm, 193 of Isle of Man, 254 Downpatrick, 217 of Middle Neolithic period, 38 gold ornament hoard at, 217 mounds and, 131 Dowth, 102 sequence of, 130 Drombeg, 216 earthwork monuments, timber enclosures vs., 128 Dronfield, Jeremy, 104 East Anglia Druids’ Barrows, 159 Early Iron Age occupation sites of, 260 Duddingston Loch, 203 settlements in, 258 Duggleby Howe, 83 East Anglian Fens, 252 Neolithic round barrow at, 128 East Chisenbury, 233 Dun Aonghasa, 218 midden at, 234 Dun Ruadh, 114 Ehrenberg, Margaret, 217, 224 Dunch Hill, 210–212 Eildon Hill North, 222 Dunragit, 130 Eilean Domhnuill, 41, 50 Grooved Ware at, 130 Elm Decline, chronological marker of, 33 mound on entrance axis at, 131 enclosures Durrington Walls, 128, 133 beginnings of, 237 Grooved Ware and, 120 in Scotland, 258 Northern Circle at, 123, 140 England pottery distribution at, 124 Bronze Age in, 23 Stonehenge and, 138, 141 Neolithic buildings in, 43 dwellings. See also domestic dwellings; houses pit deposits in, 43 of Early Iron Age, 238–239 Roman towns in, 233 inside hillforts, 251 English barrows, organisation of, 161 of Middle Bronze Age, 190 English Channel flint mines near, 37 Earle, Timothy, 4 formation of, 8, 10 Early Bronze Age sea routes across, 19–20 Dartmoor in, 188 tin movement across, 156 funeral practices of, 201 English ringworks in Wessex, 166 Irish enclosures vs., 217 Early Bronze Age burials of Late Bronze Age, 224 contents of, 155 Eogan, George, 102, 178 daggers in, 201 Eriksen, Palle, 102 pottery associated with, 197 ethnography, archaeology and, 126 Early Iron Age Eton Rowing Lake, structures at, 203 in East Anglia, 260 Etton, 73, 76 field systems of, 241 monument enclosures at, 71–72 ground plans of settlements, 239–240 Europe Before History (Kristiansen), 227 houses of, 238–239 Europe, prehistoric. See also Continental Europe ringworks of, 239 society in, 4 weapon deposit distribution of, 236 Evans, Chris, 204 Early Neolithic Eynesbury, 82 dairy economy of, 46 land use during, 43 faience beads, Mycenaeans trade of, 156

312 Index

farming of Ireland, 14 appearance of, 30, 35 names and, 10 Neolithic development of, 27 Gerloff, Sabine, 155 spread of, 30 Giant’s Ring, at Ballynahatty, 113 Fen Edge, 133 Gibson, Alex, 122, 130, 150 Fenland, weapons and ornaments in, 236 Glastonbury Ferriter’s Cove, 32 adult vs. children’s remains at, 250 Ferrybridge, 122 artefacts at, 252 henge at, 252 Glastonbury Ware, 269 field archaeology, 38 gold field cairns, mortuary monuments and, 170 in Ireland, 156 Field, David, 189 Irish export of, 176, 223 field systems gold artefacts, 148 Celtic vs. English, 187 distribution of, 218 co-axial, 196, 210, 212, 223, 235 from Haughey’s Fort, 197 on Dartmoor, 187 in Ireland, 196 dwelling groups and, 192 Irish renewed production of, 218 of Early Iron Age, 241 at Ringlemere, 154 of Iron Age, 241, 246 gold ornaments in lowland river valleys, 192 at Downpatrick, 217 monuments and, 188 in individual burials, 158 on Salisbury Plain, 242 in Ireland, 196 settlements and, 188 at Lockington, 154 workforces for, 188 at Rathgall, 217 Finistere,` 252 Grand Pressigny flint, 143 Fiskerton, 269 Grange, 217 Flag Fen, 269 grave artefacts, Brittany vs. southern England, 155 causeway at, 203, 204 Gravelly Guy, Iron Age landscape around, 246 Flagstones, 82 graves. See also Scottish graves flat-rimmed ware, 217 of Arras Culture, 264 flint, 133 British vs. Irish, 160 Grand Pressigny, 143 earthworks and, 164 mines, 37 exotic items in, 160 food production, 98. See also agriculture flat, 161 forests, 16 large, 161 Fornham All Saints, 73, 77 richer vs. poorer, 159 fortifications. See also hillforts siting of, 162 of Late Bronze Age, 206 social distinctions and, 160, 186 ringworks, 234 of women and children, 160, 162 Fourknocks, 102 Great Baddow, 210 Fox, Cyril, 15 , 23 Great Orme, 172, 176, 186 Fredengren, Christina, 205 Great Ouse valley, 68 funeral rites, 270 Greece, tholos tombs of, 156 Continental Europe vs. British Iron Age, 264 Green Island, pier at, 275 of Early Bronze Age, 201 Greyhound Yard, 128 during Late Bronze Age, 186 Greylake, 203 significance of, 116 Grimes Graves, mining at, 133 structure of, 201 Grimspound, 193 Fyfield, 241 Grooved Ware, 96, 108 Fylingdales Moor, rock art on, 117 Beaker pottery and, 147, 152 –153 distribution of, 134 Galicia, 252 at Dunragit, 130 Garton, Slack, 264 Durrington Walls and, 120 Garwood, Paul, 160, 164 insular tradition of, 142 Gayhurst, 154 , 162 in Ireland, 114–116 Gent, Henry, 43 origin of, 116 geography styles of, 134 of Britain and Ireland, 1, 15 Unstan bowls and, 116

Index 313

ground plans specialized structures in, 248 of Early Iron Age settlements, 239–240 hilltop settlements of Middle Iron Age settlements, 240 first appearance of, 224 Gulf Stream, impact of, 15 of Late Bronze Age, 222 Gurness, broch of, 272–275 Hindwell, 130 Gwernvale, 50 hoards, of metalwork, 185, 214 Gwithian Hodder, Ian, 4 cremation pyres at, 198 houses. See also large round houses land divisions at, 189 English vs. Ireland, 61 spade cultivation at, 192 in Ireland, 60 Neolithic, 27 Haddenham, 48 Howe, 110 Hambledon Hill, 72, 73, 75 Hugh-Jones, Stephen, 59 Harding, A., 178 human diet, during Neolithic period, 46 Harding, Jan, 136 human remains Harlyn Bay, 263 at Dorchester on Thames, 127–128 Hartshill Quarry, 230 monuments and, 84, 175 Haughey’s Fort, 218 pit circles and, 127 gold finds from, 197 settlements and, 84, 214 Hawley, Colonel, 139 at Stonehenge, 141 Hazelton North, 50 Humber Estuary, open-water vessel remains from, Hebrides, Iron Age towers of, 7 157 Hekla, volcanic eruption of, 179 Husbands Bosworth, 76 Helman Tor, 70 Helms, Mary, 59, 157 Iberian peninsula Hembury, 73 castros of, 253 henges. See also Seahenge; Stonehenge circular dwellings, enclosures in, 253 at Catterick, 134 monuments in, 99 earthworks and, 139 passage tombs in, 99 at Ferrybridge, 252 individual burials, adoption of, 89 of Ireland, 114 invasion hypothesis, 24, 143 Irish vs. British, 114 Ireland. See also Iron Age Ireland; Mesolithic Ireland Iron Age, 208 agriculture in, 38 locations of, 134 archaeology of, 116 at Mayburgh, 134 Bronze age burials in, 168 north-east England vs. upper Thames valley, 133 bronze sources of, 223 on older structures, 136 colonisation of, 9–10, 35 ring barrows and, 200 Continental Europe and, 269 hengiform enclosures, 80–81 copper in, 156 , 157 , 172 round barrows vs., 78–79 court cairns of, 52–54 Hengistbury Head, 275 earliest settlements of, 8 Henshall, Audrey, 110 early ring forts in, 254 Highland and Lowland Zones, of Britain, 12–14 geography of, 14 Hill, J. D., 260 gold artefacts in, 196, 218 hillforts, 16, 17 Grooved Ware in, 114–116 categories of, 247–248 henges of, 114 changing role of, 262 hillforts in, 218 community activities at, 260 houses in, 60 defined, 251–252 Iron Age in, 244, 252 development of, 247 megalithic monuments in, 6, 30 of highland Britain, 256 metalwork in, 152 houses inside, 251 Neolithic period in, 6, 29, 86, 120 in Ireland, 218 origin myth of, 24 of Iron Age, 243 ring forts in, 254 peripheral phenomenon of, 260 treatment of the dead in, 59–61 rituals at, 250 wedge tombs in, 161 settlements and, 251 Irish archaeology of southern England, 261 aerial photography and, 154

314 Index

Irish Beakers tomb exterior at, 106 Knowth and, 147 Knockroe Newgrange and, 147 decorated tomb at, 106 Irish Bronze Age passages at, 104 metalwork of, 268 Knowth, 69, 102, 112, 120 two-fold division of, 178 artefacts at, 106 Irish Neolithic carved designs at, 102 mortuary monuments of, 50 Irish Beakers and, 147 settlements of, 42, 50 layout of, 104 iron pottery at, 94 availability of, 232 structural sequence at, 94–95 social change and, 232 Kristiansen, Kristian, 227 Iron Age. See also Early Iron Age; Iron Age Ireland; Middle Iron Age La Tene,` 266–267 agriculture production during, 237, 240–241, 246 decorated pottery, 269 cemeteries of, 262 metalwork, 268 domesticated animals during, 242 Lake District mountains, 37 field systems of, 241, 246 Lambay Island, 7 funeral rites in, 264 stone from, 133 henges, 208 Lambrick, George, 246 hillforts of, 243 land use in Ireland, 244, 252 Britain vs. Ireland, 14–15 large round houses of, 258 during Early Neolithic, 43 metalwork of, 269 monuments and, 176 period approaches to, 226 seasonal, 184 pottery use during, 236 in uplands, 172 regular burial in, 262 landscape(s) settlements of, 236, 244–246, 254 Dartmoor, 194 soil erosion during, 242 enclosed, 195–196 Yorkshire burials, 263 lowland, 183 Iron Age Communities in Britain (Cunliffe), 226 monumental architecture and, 106 Iron Age Ireland, metalwork of, 268 of North York Moors, 194 iron weapons, in Continental Europe, 230 landscape archaeology, of British isles, 7 Isbister, walled enclosure construction at, 110 Langton Bay, shipwreck at, 225 Isle of Ely, 204 large round houses. See also round houses Isle of Man, 7 of Iron Age, 258 Billown, 43 of Late Bronze Age ringworks, 237 colonisation of, 8 Last, Jonathan, 162 earthwork enclosures of, 254 Late Bronze Age, 202–222 Italy, metalwork supply impact of, 227 access to foreign metal in, 230 Itford Hill cemeteries of, 212 cremations at, 197 characteristics of, 181–187 village at, 190 elites of, 217 English ringworks of, 224 Jacobi, Roger, 10 field monuments of, 223 Johnston, Robert, 170 fortifications of, 206 Johnstown South, Late Bronze henge at, 217 fortified ringworks of, 234 Jones, Carleton, 17 funeral rites during, 186 Jope, Martyn, 269 hilltop enclosures in, 222 Julius Caesar, invasion of England by, 1 iron production in, 230 large round houses of, 237 Keenoge, 162 lowland landscapes of, 183 kerbstones, decorated, 103 metalwork of, 186, 230 Killymoon, platform at, 205 ores of, 224 Kiltierney, 118 prosperity of, 225 Kimpton, 198 regional developments of, 218 Kings’ Barrows, 159 ringwork of, 237 Kintore, round houses at, 196 in Scotland, 200 Knap of Howar, 41, 52 settlements of, 181, 223, 236 Knocknarea, 95 small island occupation during, 204

Index 315

social collapse during, 186 Maumbury Rings, 126 soils in, 183 artefact distribution at, 127 study of, 222 Maxey, 76, 83 terminology of, 181 Mayburgh Yorkshire Wolds settlements of, 212 henge monument at, 134 Later Mesolithic period stone axe at, 134 Britain vs. Northern European, 35 Meare, artefacts at, 252 social complexity in, 35 Mediterranean Later Neolithic archaeology of, 7 artefacts of, 78 society formation in, 227 domestic dwellings of, 94 Medway, River, 14 monuments and cursuses of, 136 Megale Britannia, 3 Lawford, 133 megalithic art Lebor Gabala´ Erren´ , 24 in Britain, 118 Levi-Strauss,´ 59 motifs in, 134 Lincolnshire, 57 states of consciousness and, 104, 108 earthwork construction in, 244 in Western Europe, 6 linear cemeteries, around Stonehenge, 176 megaliths linear monuments, 78 archaeology of, 6 Linearbandkeramik, 40 in Ireland, 30 Linkardstown cists, 80 Meldon Bridge, 130 Littleour, 62, 64 Mercer, Roger, 123 livestock Mesolithic Ireland, material culture of, 10 on Dartmoor, 192 Mesolithic period. See also Later Mesolithic period importance of, 192 British and Irish vs. Northern European, 32 trade of, 234 burials in, 84 Llandegai, 118 domestic buildings in, 32 Llyn Fawr, industrial phase, 230 marine resources use in, 33 Loch Gara, 205 occupation sites of, 10, 29 Lockington, gold ornaments at, 154 Scandanavian model of, 32 long barrows Scottish, 15 causewayed enclosures and, 75–77 settlement pattern in, 32 classiﬁcation of, 54–55 social practices in, 32, 35 ﬁrst development of, 86 Mesolithic sites, pottery and imported axes on, Long Meg and her Daughters 30 causewayed enclosure and, 136 metal, artefacts, 91 monolith decoration at, 120 metal, movement of, 157 long mounds metal sources, 227 of Neolithic period, 34 burials and, 156 round barrows vs., 52 metalwork, 91, 154 , 202 longhouses, of Continental Europe, 40 adoption of, 156 Longstone Rath, henge at, 114 Beaker pottery and, 143, 146–147 Lough Gur, 147, 216 in Britain, 269 Loughcrew, 101 of Bronze Age, 186, 227 lowlands at burnt mounds, 214 ceramic sequence in, 196 Celtic art and, 269 domestic dwellings in, 190 chronology of, 179 Late Bronze Age and, 183 Continental Europe and, 185, 223 Lugg, 217 with the dead, 185 lunula, 148 distribution of, 176, 268 earliest Irish, 146 Macalister, Robert, 24 hoards of, 185, 214 Maeshowe, 6, 110 imported, 186, 230 Barclodiad Y Gawres vs., 121–122 introduction of, 142 Boyne Valley impact on, 117 in Ireland, 152 pillars at, 110–112 of Irish Bronze Age, 268 tomb at, 99, 109, 116 of Iron Age, 269 Maiden Castle, 6, 77, 261 of Iron Age Ireland, 268 marine resources, during Mesolithic period, Italian supply impact on, 227 33 La Tene,` 268

316 Index

metalwork (cont.) earthwork perimeters of, 122 during Late Bronze Age, 186, 230 ﬁeld systems and, 188 for prehistoric people, 179 groupings of, 132 process protocols of, 187 houses and, 50 river deposits of, 202 of Iberian peninsula, 99 from River Shannon, 204 land use and, 176 at Runnymede Bridge, 204, 233 large vs. small, 132 supply of, 225 of Late Bronze Age, 218 from Thames, 203 location selection of, 17, 134 transformation of, 187 materials and, 140 metalwork deposits mortuary rituals and, 174 in north-east Scotland, 157 of Neolithic period, 7, 27 in rivers, 202 origin myths and, 87 microliths, in Northern England, 34 private aspects of, 106 middens, 233–234 rebuilding of, 73 at Balksbury, 234 remains of dead and, 84, 175 of Bronze Age, 251 settlements and, 175 at East Chisenbury, 234 siting of, 67, 136–137 shell, 37 size of, 132 in southern Britain, 232 of southern Britain, 122 in Thames Valley, 43 spatial relationships between, 166 at Wallingford, 204 structural stages of, 164 Middle Bronze Age, 187–202 of uplands, 172 dwellings of, 190 use of turf in, 168 mortuary rituals of, 197 Mooghaun, 218 Middle Iron Age, ground plans of settlements, 240 Moore, Dermot, 61 Middle Neolithic period Moray Firth, 174 ceramics of, 38 mortuary monuments earthwork enclosures of, 38 Bronze Age disappearance of, 223 mortuary monuments of, 38 distribution of, 160 Midhowe, 106 ﬁeld cairns and, 170 walled enclosure at, 110 habitation evidence towards, 175 Mikra Britannia, 3 of Irish Neolithic, 50 Mildenhall, 170 of Middle Neolithic period, 38 Millett, Martin, 227 in Neolithic Ireland, 29 Mine Howe, 274 in northern England, 29 mines. See also copper mining mortuary rituals in mainland Europe, 185 of Middle Bronze Age, 197 Mizoguchi, Koji, 162, 166 monuments and, 174 Monknewtown, 113 mounds. See also burnt mounds; long mounds; Monkton, 164 oval mounds monoliths, visual relationships and, 112 burnt, 214 monumental architecture, 132–137 Dunragit, 131 of British and Irish Neolithic, 86 earthwork enclosures and, 131 curvilinear decoration of, 106 Mount Pleasant, 128 landscape and, 106 adoption of Beaker pottery at, 152 of Neolithic period, 34 Conquer Barrow at, 131 social impact of, 128 post setting at, 124 monuments, 4, 39, 57–58. See also mortuary pottery at, 152 monuments Mucking, 237 aerial photography of, 166 ringwork at, 217 alignment of, 157 –158 Mycenaeans of Britain, 16 faience bead trading of, 156 closing of, 152 Stonehenge and, 156 community competition and, 142 connections between, 117, 120, 133 natural environment construction scale of, 122 during post-glacial period, 15 –16 cup marks on, 175 during Scottish Mesolithic, 15 distribution of, 47 Navan Fort, 6, 217, 272

Index 317

Needham, Stuart, 91, 148, 152 , 157 , 178 occupation sites, Mesolithic vs. Neolithic, 29 Neolithic artefacts open grassland, ceremonial centers in, 97 origins for, 34 origin myths, monuments and, 87 radiocarbon dates for, 33 Orkney, 7, 39, 50, 95, 99, 106, 168 Neolithic houses Ballynahatty and, 118 Ireland vs. England, 38 Boyne passage tombs impact on, 116 in Orkney, 95 ceramic tradition in, 134 Neolithic Ireland, 6, 29, 86 chambered tombs in, 106 domestic buildings in, 29 domestic dwellings in, 108, 192 domesticated animals in, 29 monuments on, 6 megaliths of, 6 settlement of, 8 mortuary monuments in, 29 Outer Hebrides, settlement of, 8 Neolithic monuments, burning down of, oval mounds, round, long barrows and, 82 58 Overton Down, 241 Neolithic period archaeology of, 30, 39 palisade enclosures. See earthwork enclosures in Britain and Ireland, 27, 44 passage tombs burnt mounds of, 214 of Boyne Valley, 101 ceremonial monuments of, 36 at Carrowmore, 99 chambered tombs in, 38 chronology of, 99 collective burial during, 162 contents of, 102 Continental Europe vs. Britain and Ireland, in Continental Europe, 99 86 distinctive features of, 98 continuity vs. disruption in, 84 of Iberian peninsula, 99 definitions of, 27–29 Irish, 99–101 domesticated animals of, 29, 34 layout of, 104 environmental record of, 33 Maeshowe type, 99 houses in, 27, 59 at Newgrange, 112–113 human diet during, 46 restrictions of access to, 104 land clearance, timber working during, 37 use of, 104 long mounds of, 34 Pearson, Parker, M., 126, 141, 175 models of, 30 Pennines, 171 monumental architecture of, 34 period frameworks, 91 monuments of, 7, 27 Iron Age, 226 in Northern Europe, 30 metal technology and, 146 settlement during, 38, 42, 171 settlement patterns and, 179 Neolithic Revolution, 27 terminology of, 226 Neolithic settlements, in Ireland, 42 The Personality of Britain (Fox), 15 , 23 New Forest, 171 Peterborough Ware, 78, 81, 89, 94, 136 Newbridge, 264 Petersen, F., 162 Newgrange, 6 Pierowall, 110 artefacts at, 106 Piggot, Stuart, 23, 155 carved designs at, 102 Pike O’ Stickle, stone from, 133 entrance passage at, 104 pit deposits Irish Beakers and, 147 alignment of, 244 modifications of, 102 in Britain, 59 tomb at, 102 in England, 43 view into, 132 formality of, 133 North Mains, Scottish henge at, 130 human remains in, 127 North York Moors, 171 plant species, Britain vs. Ireland, 8 landscape of, 194 political autonomy, of Wales and Scotland, 11 Northern Britain political boundaries, 10 elongated timber, earthwork monuments in, 64 Polynesia, archaeology of, 7 wooden halls in, 62 portable artefacts, movement of, 157 Northern Circle, at Durrington Walls, 123, 140 portal dolmens, 49 Northern Circle, Grooved Ware and, 138 Portugal, fortified enclosures of, 252 Northern Europe post settings, location of, 122 Neolithic period in, 30 Potterne, 232–233 ‘wandering settlements’ of, 260 ceramics from, 233

318 Index

pottery. See also Beaker pottery; ceramics; Grooved of Early Iron Age, 239 Ware interpretation of, 208 carbonised grain in, 41 of Late Bronze Age, 206 at Carrowkeel, 102 public focus of, 208 at Durrington Walls, 124 rituals. See also funeral rites in Early Bronze age burials, 197 in domestic buildings, 41 of Early Neolithic, 38 at hillforts vs. settlements, 250 in graves, 142 of Middle Bronze Age, 197 during Iron Age, 236 monuments and, 174 at Knowth, 94 mortuary, 174, 197 La Tene` style of, 269 at Star Carr, 32 Lough Gur Class II, 216 river burial, evidence for, 202 on Mesolithic sites, 30 River Shannon, metalwork from, 204 metalwork and, 146–147 Robin Hood’s Ball, 76 at Mount Pleasant, 152 Roche, Helen, 114, 217 regional styles of, 29 rock carvings, distribution of, 97 use of, 266 Roman Conquest, 1, 2, 226, 271 Powell, Andrew, 54 Ross Island, copper mining at, 146–147 prehistoric Britain, Continental Europe vs., 10 rotary querns, distribution of, 268 Prehistoric Communities of the British Isles (Childe), 23 Roughan Hill, 169 prehistoric period, political geography of, 223 round barrows Ptolemy, British Isles map of, 3 antiquarians on, 158 hengiform enclosures vs., 78–79 Quanterness individual burials in, 89 excavation at, 108 long mounds vs., 52 tomb at, 110 replacement by urnfields of, 184 Quoyness, 110 reuse of, 186 of Yorkshire Wolds, 80 radiocarbon dating Rowlands, Michael, 4 of Beaker pottery, 143 Rowley-Conwy, Peter, 32 by British Museum, 144 Rudston, 65 of Neolithic artefacts, 33 cemetery at, 264 Radley, 164 Runnymede Bridge, 204 Ramilsonina, 126, 141, 175 metalwork from, 204, 233 Rams Hill, 208 timber buildings at, 233 Ramsgate, 76 Rybury, 73 Rathgall, 217 gold ring at, 217 Salcombe, shipwreck at, 225 Rathtinaun, 206 Salisbury Plain, 159 Rathlin Island, 7 burial concentrations on, 154 Raunds, 81, 154 , 168 coaxial field systems on, 242 raw materials, southern Britain export of, 157 Scandanavia, Mesolithic period of, 32 regional divisions, 91 Scotland Renfrew, Colin, 4, 108, 136 archaeology of, 116 Richards, Colin, 51, 109, 112 Earlier Neolithic halls in, 64 Richards, Michael, 75 earliest settlements in, 8 ring barrows, henges and, 200 enclosures and round houses in, 258 ring cairns Late Bronze Age in, 200 cremation cemeteries and, 185 metalwork deposits of, 157 domestic dwellings and, 170 political autonomy of, 11 ring forts Scottish graves, flowers in, 159 in Ireland, 254 Scottish Mesolithic, natural environment during, 15 of Late Bronze Age, 206 sea routes, prehistoric, 19–20 Ring of Bookan, 112 Seahenge, timber setting of, 123 Ring of Brodgar, 112, 126 settlement(s). See also hilltop settlements mace heads near, 136 Bronze vs. Iron Age, 246 Ringlemere, gold vessel from, 154 burials near, 185 ringworks. See also English ringworks; fortifications cemeteries and, 197 distribution of, 208 climate change and, 172, 179

Index 319

field systems and, 188 under monuments, 130 high status, 193 Solway, River, 14 hillforts and, 251 Somerset Levels, 29, 36 human remains and, 84, 214 souterrains, 254 of Irish Neolithic, 50 South Cadbury, shield deposit at, 214 of Iron Age, 236, 244–246, 254 South Hornchurch, earthwork monument at, 208 of Late Bronze Age, 181, 236 South Lodge Camp, 190 in Mesolithic period, 32 post holes at, 193 monuments and, 175 South Uist, 170 during Neolithic period, 38, 42, 171 southern Britain of Orkney, 8 Bronze Age in, 23 Outer Hebrides, 8 middens of, 232 over urnfields, 212 monuments of, 122 regional forms of, 236 Spratt, Don, 169 sustainability of, 177 Springfield Lyons, 65, 208, 209–210, 237, 247 tombs and, 110, 112 square barrows, round houses and, 266 in uplands, 172 stalled cairn, at Midhowe, 106 on Yorkshire Wolds, 258 Stanton Drew, 123 settlement patterns materials for, 126 in Britain, 13, 58 Stanwell, bank barrow at, 64 dislocation in, 236 Star Carr, ritual activity at, 32 domesticated animals and, 30 Station Stones, location of, 139 interpretations of, 97 stone axes of Late Bronze Age, 223 distribution of, 133 in Neolithic period, 42 at Mayburgh, 134 northern vs. southern Britain, 224 movement of, 134–135 period divisions and, 179 exchange of, 74–75 Severn, River, 14, 252 Stonehall, 40, 41 Shanks, Michael, 4 excavated houses at, 110 Shannon, bronze weapons deposits in, 200 Stonehenge, 6, 168 Sharples, Niall, 110 archaeology of, 5 Sheridan, Alison, 101, 105, 116 Avebury vs., 160 Sherratt, Andrew, 17 bluestones of, 140 Shetland, 7, 43 burials near, 160 oval stone-built houses in, concentric pits at, 138 settlement of, 8 cursus, 138 Shinewater, 203 design of, 1, 23 Silbury Hill, 131 Durrington Walls and, 138, 141 Silchester, 276–278 enclosures at, 82, 138 single burials human remains at, 141 definition of, 158 –159 interior isolation of, 139 early fieldwork and, 158 labor demand of, 141 Skara Brae, 95, 108 landscape of, 138 smiths layout of, 141, 176 political control of, 232 linear cemeteries around, 176 social position of, 187 materials of, 140 Snail Down, 164 Mycenaean architecture and, 156 field boundaries at, 151 raw materials of, social practices, 37 second phase dates for, 138 architectural form and, 105 Station Stones at, 139 development of, 31 timber to stone at, 139 evidence of, 32 timbers at, 86, 138 graves and, 160, 186 uniqueness of, 137 iron and, 232 Stones of Stenness, 112, 126 in Mesolithic period, 32, 35 Stukeley, William, 7, 159 travel and, 157 Sun, tomb alignment with, 118 soils surface remains, documentation of, 7 during Iron Age, 242 Sutton Hoo, 151 in Late Bronze Age, 183 swords, burials with, 264

320 Index

Taplow, 208 uplands Tara, passage tomb at, 168 cremation cemeteries in, 185 Taverso Tuick, 110 enclosure occupation in, 256 Temple Wood, 118 land use in, 172 Testwood, 203 monuments of, 172 textile production, 192 settlement evidence from, 172 Thames specialized monuments of, 172 bronze weapon deposits in, 200 Urnfield Culture, Tumulus Culture vs., 178 cursuses along, 68 urnfields metalwork from, 203 replacement of round barrows by, 184 paths, platforms, causeways and, 184 settlements over, 212 weapons in, 6 Thames Estuary, burials in, 198 Vauxhall, structures at, 203 Thames Valley, open air middens in, 43 the dead Wales metalwork and, 185 copper mining in, 172 remains at monuments of, 84 political autonomy of, 11 treatment in England of, 59–61 Walesland Rath, 254 treatment in Ireland of, 59–61 Wallingford, 204 Thomas, Julian, 35, 38, 44 Wandlebury, 251 Thomas, Roger, 237 Warner, Richard, 272 Thornborough waterways, of Britain and Ireland, 16–20 cursus at, 83 Watson, Aaron, 136 lithic materials at, 136 Weald, 171 Three Age Model, 26, 226 weapons Thwing, 208, 212, 237, 242 in Britain and Ireland, 224 Tievebulliagh, stone from, 133 in Continental Europe, 230 Tilley, Christopher, 4 deposition of, 186 timber circles Early Iron Age distribution of, 236 at Balfarg, 123 of Late Bronze Age, 202 internal organisation of, 123 in Thames, 6, 200 stone settings and, 124 wedge tombs timber enclosures, earthwork monuments vs., Beaker pottery and, 147 128 in western Ireland, 161 timber monuments, 86, 170 Weekley, 269 stone replacement of, 125 wells, ponds Timberlake, Simon, 172 deposits in, 212 tin domestic dwellings and, 190 Cornish, 156 Wessex cross-Channel movement of, 156 archaeological influence of, 153 sources of, 157 Early Bronze Age, 166 tombs. See also passage tombs; wedge tombs earthwork barrows in, 166 domestic buildings and, 59 monuments in, 161 genealogy of, 54 West Cotton, 83 of Neolithic period, 38 West Harling, 237 settlement links to, 110–112 West Heslerton, 244 Sun’s alignment with, 118 West Kennet, 130 tools, deposition of, 186 West Row Fen, 170 Traprain Law, 222 West Whittlesey, 170 travel, social power and, 157 Western Europe, megalithic art in, 6 treatment of the dead, England vs. Ireland, 59– Wetwang Slack, 244, 264 61 Whitegrounds, 89 tumuli. See round barrows Whitehorse Stone, 44 Tumulus Culture, Urnfield Culture vs., 178 Whitley, James, 84 Twyford Down, 189 Whittle, Alasdair, 38, 49 Wideford Hill, passage grave at, 110 Ulaid, 10 Windmill Hill, 69, 72 Unstan bowls, 106 Winklebury, 247 Grooved Ware and, 116 storage pits inside, 251

Index 321

Wittenhem Clumps, 234, 251 Yarnton, 44 wooden halls, in northern Britain, 62 Yates, David, 210, 241 wooden paths, 184 Yorkshire Wolds, 52, 266 wooden structures, stone replacement of, agriculture on, 242 132 burial concentrations on, 154 Woodhenge, 130 chalk sculptures of, 264 artefact distribution at, 124 earthworks on, 166, 244 timber setting at, 123 Iron Age burials of, 263 woodland, use of, 36 land divisions of, 243 Woodside, 254 Late Bronze Age settlements of, 212 Wrekin, building platforms at, 251 open settlements of, 258 Wyke Down, artefact distribution at, 126 round barrows of, 80