UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Cancer Research in Situ: Organizational Cultures of Vaccine Innovation in the National Cancer Institute’s Directed Virus-Cancer Programs, 1961-2008 Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2598s5n6 Author Aviles, Natalie Publication Date 2016 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Cancer Research in Situ : Organizational Cultures of Vaccine Innovation in the National Cancer Institute’s Directed Virus-Cancer Programs, 1961-2008 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology (Science Studies) by Natalie Brooke Aviles Committee in Charge: Professor Martha Lampland, Chair Professor Richard Biernacki Professor Catherina Gere Professor Tal Golan Professor Jeffrey Haydu Professor Charles Thorpe 2016 The Dissertation of Natalie Brooke Aviles is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: Chair University of California, San Diego 2016 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page ………………………………………………………………………… iii Table of Contents……………………………………………………………………… iv List of Abbreviations ……………………………………………………………………. v List of Figures and Tables …………………………………………………………...... viii Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………… ix Vita…………………………………………………………………………………….. xiii Abstract of the Dissertation……………………………………………………………. xiv Introduction………………………………………………………………………………. 1 Chapter 1 - Moving targets in the War on Cancer: A pragmatist process theory of organization in the National Cancer Institute ……………………………………….... 16 Chapter 2 - Governing by Contract: Collaborative Virus-Cancer Research in the National Cancer Institute, 1961-1976 …………………………………………………………….. 44 Chapter 3 - Building a “Closed Shop”: Scientific Priority-Setting in the NCI’s Virus- Cancer Research Programs …………………………………………………………….. 93 Chapter 4 - A Culture of Planning: The Emergence of Translational Research in the National Cancer Institute, 1991-2008 ………………………………………………… 133 Chapter 5 - HPV Vaccine Development as Translational Exemplar at the National Cancer Institute ………………………………………………………………………………. 199 Conclusion - Shooting the Moon: Directed Virus-Cancer Research in the NCI ………………………………………………………………………………………... 238 iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ANT – Actor-network theory BPV – Bovine papillomavirus BSA – Board of Scientific Advisors BSC – Board of Scientific Counselors CCNSC – Cancer Chemotherapy National Service Center CCR – Center for Cancer Research CREG – Cancer Research Emphasis Grant DBS – Division of Basic Sciences DCS – Division of Clinical Sciences DHEW – Department of Health, Education, and Welfare DOD – Department of Defense EAC – Extramural Advisory Committee EBV – Epstein-Barr virus ERP – Extramural Research Program FDA – Food and Drug Administration GSK – GlaxoSmithKline HPV – Human papillomavirus HSV-2 – Herpes simplex virus type 2 IRP – Intramural Research Program NACC – National Advisory Cancer Council NARA II – National Archives and Records Administration, College Park v NASA – National Aeronautics and Space Administration NCAB – National Cancer Advisory Board NCI – National Cancer Institute NCP – National Cancer Plan NIAID – National Institute for Allergies and Infectious Disease NIH – National Institutes of Health OMB – Office of Management and Budget PHS – Public Health Service PI – Principal investigator PRG – Progress Review Group PV – Papillomavirus R&D – Research and development RAID – Rapid Access to Intervention Development RAPID – Rapid Access to Preventive Intervention Development RFA – Request for Applications RPG – Research Project Grant SPORE – Specialized Programs of Research Excellence STS – Science, technology, and society STVP – Solid Tumor Virus Program SVCP – Special Virus Cancer Program SVLP – Special Virus Leukemia Program VOP – Viral Oncology Program VCP – Virus Cancer Progam vi VLP – Virus-like particle VRRB - Virus Research Resources Branch vii LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Figure 2.1: National Cancer Program Strategy Hierarchy. Figure I-4 in “National Cancer Plan Operational Plan FY 1976-1980” (August 1974). [52] …………………………... 76 Figure 2.2: NCI appropriations, 1961-1975. [74] ……………………………………… 85 Figure 3.1: Excerpted portion of convergence technique linear array for Special Virus- Leukemia Program. [17] ……………………………………………………………… 105 Table 3.1: List of suspected oncogenic and non-oncogenic viruses, 1964-5. [20] …… 108 Figure 4.1: NCI organizational structure prior to October 1, 1995. [90] ……………... 168 Figure 4.2: NCI organizational structure following Klausner’s changes on October 1, 1995. [93] ……………………………………………………………………………... 170 viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The dead labor of this dissertation occludes the many efforts that contributed to its completion. Foremost I thank my Chair, Martha Lampland, for her patience and attentive feedback as I assembled this document over the past 15 months. Martha was my champion, even as every other possible thing interfered with my efforts to complete this venture in a timely manner and with my sanity intact. I can’t be too effusive in my praise for Rick Biernacki, who won it all on intellectual merit but would no doubt politely decline every word of it. Jeff Haydu exhibited the rare talent of nearly instantaneous response to my slightest concerns, and in every bit of advice his compass pointed true. Charlie Thorpe challenged my theoretical ambitions and won many arguments in my head before this manuscript saw its final form. Cathy Gere’s candor, humor, and sharp wit ferried me through some of the murkier terrains of the project (and of the program). Tal Golan’s singular energy and encouragement helped me situate my contribution in a much grander thread of history. My committee in the size and scope of its roster betrays the embarrassment of riches in Sociology and Science Studies at UCSD. I single out Amy Binder, Dan Navon, JP Pardo- Guerra, and Harvey Goldman for their constant feedback, though every member of the faculty contributed to my development during my time in the program. I thank my colleagues in Sociology and Science Studies who provided the intellectual and collegial atmosphere that emboldened my ambition and stoked my productivity. I am also incredibly grateful to the staff of the Sociology Department, especially Manny de la Paz, Katrina ix Richards, Susan Taniguchi, and Beverly Bernhardt, whose superlative skill and care were a salve for my administrative woes. Special thanks go to Neil Gross, Andy Perrin, Gary Fine, Alberto Cambrosio, Joan Fujimura, Janet Vertesi, Richard Swedberg, Stefan Timmermans, and my audiences at the 2015 Junior Theorists Symposium, 2015 Meeting of the Society for Social Studies of Science, and the UC San Francisco Biomedical Knowledge Working Group. Their input improved this project tremendously. Isaac Reed, Dan Hirschman, Chris Winship, Chris Mueller, Carly Knight, Laura Ford, and Ian Mullins of the Working Epistemics group provided intellectual companionship and guided this project in unexpected directions. The reader can thank Stan Chodorow and my colleagues in the UC Center for the Humanities Dissertation Fellows Workshop for scrubbing my work of jargon (and should forgive them where I go astray of their advice). I owe a unique debt of gratitude to Nick Wilson and Vicki Bonnell, whose mentorship these last 10 years has shaped me in ways I could never adequately express. I am eternally appreciative of the attentive staff at the many archives I visited. I like to think that I improved their physical condition in exchange for their vigil and labor. Heartfelt thanks go to Barbara Harkins at the Office of NIH History; Judy Grosberg at NCI; Stephen Greenberg at the History of Medicine Division of the National Library of Medicine; Sara Striner and Vanessa Mitchell at the Library of Congress; and Tab Lewis at the National Archives and Records Administration at College Park. I would also like to thank John Schiller for his time and cooperation, as his oral history was indispensable to my analysis. x Travel funding and research support for this project were provided by the Department of Sociology, Science Studies Program, and Dean of Social Sciences at UCSD. My dissertation writing period was sponsored by the UC President’s Dissertation-Year Fellowship and the UCSD Center for the Humanities Dissertation Writing Fellowship. I also thank the Sociology Department and the Science Studies Program for sundry support too small, varied, and constant to name. My husband, Ian Mullins, was a stalwart companion and an absolute saint throughout this process. He offered emotional counsel, intellectual challenge, and great mercy through his willingness to do most of the housework. My daughter, Lucrecia Guadalupe, was a constant reminder of where my priorities lie and an amazing catalyst for efficiency and productivity. My father, Ernesto, provided an invaluable resource in his readiness to tend to his granddaughter while I frantically compiled this manuscript. I am similarly grateful to the many friends and colleagues who gave Lucrecia love and attention and me respite. Special thanks to Pat Nighswander for her company and hospitality, and to Cathy Collins, Brenda Nishimura, and Eric van Rite for their friendship in Washington, DC. Additionally, I don’t know how I could have borne the first few drafts of Chapter One without the Little Red Fox’s fine Ethiopian pour-over coffee. I also can’t forget