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Diplomacy and Diplomatic Protocol View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Directory of Open Access Journals 14 &RPXQLFDWLRQ35DQG$GYHUWLVLQJ Diplomacy and Diplomatic Protocol ~ Lect. Ph.D Oana Iucu (University of Bucharest) Abstract: The present study aims to observe relationships and determining factors between diploma- cy and diplomatic protocol as outlined by historical and contextual analyses. The approach is very dynamic, provided that concepts are able to show their richness, antiquity and polyvalence at the level of connota- tions, semantics, grammatical and social syntax. The fact that this information is up to date determines an attitude of appreciation and a state of positive contamination. Keywords: D iplom acy, diplom atic protocol, diplom atic cerem onial, etiquette, courtesy, diplom atic law. 1. Diplomacy – Overview R om an m essengers were called nuntior or- atores. The representative of the Pope in the ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ǰȱȱ ¢£ȱȱ ȱȱapocrisiar. word diplomacy com es from the G reek word “diploo”, m eaning “to double”. G reeks used ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ to hand two docum ents to m essengers: a rec- official papers referring to international re- ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ lations, contracted on the basis of m andates symbolia and written instructions, folded into granted by m onarchs. O nly later, in the X IX th two, called diploma. The current m eaning of century, a new idea was beginning to catch the word diplom acy was introduced later; ac- contour, according to which diplom acy was cordingly, in the H om eric era G reeks called the activity that m ediated the representation their m essengers keryx anghelos and later, in ȱȂȱȱǯȱȱ ȱȱ the classical era, they called them presbeis. No. 8 ~ 2008 &RPXQLFDWLRQ35DQG$GYHUWLVLQJ 15 identify several definitions given to diplomacy, h“ a science and an art... as an art its corresponding to different historical stages: main goal is to carry out international h“ the science of foreign relations based negotiations, including the ability to on diplomas or written papers granted coordinate and run political negotia- by sovereigns” Ȯȱȱǰȱ Histoire tions, supported by full understand- generale et raisonee de la diplomatie fran- ing” – ǯȱǰȱ Traite de droit caise vu de la politique de la France, Paris international public,ȱǰȱŗşŘŜǯ ȱǰȱŗŞŗŗDz Diplomacy is the ensemble of juridi- h“ dealing with affairs between states cal papers which diplomatic law relates to through peaceful means” – Sir Ernst adopting, dissolving or modifying juridical Satow, A guide to diplomatic practice, rapports. M ost of juridical papers are mu- ǰȱŗŞśşDz tually developed, while the possibility for a h “the science of rapports and mutual unilateral act to cause bilateral effects is not interests of states or the art to recon- ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȂȱȄ – C harles de relations. M artens, Le guide diplomatiqueǰȱ£ǰȱ However the rapports between states ŗŞŜŜDz cannot develop in good circumstances, fur- h“ applied nations law” thermore they cannot be profitable unless h“ dealing with the foreign affairs of they occur in a certain mutually accepted an international law subject through £ȱȱȱȱȱȱ peaceful means, mainly through ne- partners, full rights equality, acknowledge- gotiation” ȮȱȱȱȮȱǰȱ ment of the fact that each state entity belongs Cours de droit diplomatique, Paris, to the international community and that its attitude, action or lack of action affects the ŗŞşşDz entire community. h “the official activity of state represen- tatives in foreign affairs and mainly of 2. Diplomatic protocol diplomats run through treaties, mail- ing and other peaceful means to reach ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ- goals and accomplish tasks of foreign tocol, courtesy, good manners and etiquette policy to defend the rights and inter- represent crucial tools. They create the atmo- ests of the respective state abroad. sphere needed in the activities of diplomatic This is the most important means missions, in the collaboration between sover- of conducting the foreign policy of eign partners. The protocol and the ceremo- states” – M ic dictionar diplomatic ro- nial contribute not only to the proper foreign man, Bucuresti, 1967; manifestation of a state but especially to the h“ activity specific to state institu- quality of its relations to different foreign ȱ£ȱȱȱȄ – states. Regarding this issue academic M ircea Ludvik Dembinski, The modern law of M alita states that protocol and ceremoni- diplomacyǰȱǰȱŗşŞŞȱDz al “can be considered true barometers that No. 8 ~ 2008 16 &RPXQLFDWLRQ35DQG$GYHUWLVLQJ indicate the state of relations between coun- developing into a more accurate one, therefore Ȅǯȱȱȱǯǯȱȱȱ it began to grant a certain diplomatic hierar- the following point of view on the subject: chy. The diplomatic protocol and ceremonial “In the absence of protocol communication followed the principle of equality between between states would be much more diffi- ǯȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱŗŞŗśȱ cult, international relations would encounter the European powers adopted a “Ruling” many obstacles, there would be less har- that established a priority order for chiefs mony and more friction, even more wars”. of diplomatic missions according to the date Diplomatic protocol and ceremonial offer the they presented their accreditation letters and framework favorable for establishing and de- ¢ȱǰȱȱŗŞŗŞǰȱȱȱ ȱȱ veloping correct relationships between states ȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȬȬȱ through rules unanimously accepted by the ȱȱȱȱȱ£ȱȱȱ international community. alphabetical order of contracting countries The emergence of the above mentioned (Harold N icholson, Arta diplomatica, Editura type of protocol and ceremonial is rooted in politica, Bucuresti, 1966). the transition from the practice of sending N owadays the activity of diplomatic messengers/temporary diplomatic missions and consular missions is sustained according ȱȱȱǻȱ¡ȱȱ ȱ to “The V ienna Convention on Diplomatic of two ruling families from two different ȄȱǻȱŗŞ th, 1961) and to “The states to develop closer relations or even ne- V ienna Convention on Consular Relations” gotiating an agreement) towards establishing ǻȱŘŚ thǰȱŗşŜřǼȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ permanent diplomatic representations with norms of courtesy which are widely applied ambassadors having their residence in the in spite of the fact that they have no juridical capital of the country in which they are ac- ǰȱ£ȱȱȱȱȱ credited (Manciur, Emilian, Protocol institu- and maintaining an atmosphere favorable tional,ȱȱǰȱǰȱŘŖŖřǼǯȱ to developing relationships between states The first residential embassy, the way (Manciur, Emilian, Protocol institutional, we understand it nowadays, was accredited ȱǰȱǰȱŘŖŖřǼǯȱ ȱŗŚśŖȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ Republic. During the years that followed this 2.1. Protocol – General description ¡ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ states. The chiefs of these representations The term “protocol” consists of two were initially called “resident orators”, while words coming from ancient Greek: protos the term ambassador – coming from Celtic meaning “first” and kollao meaning “to at- and meaning servant – came into use later, in tach”, i.e. “something attached first”. The the middle XV Ith century (Harold N icholson, term initially referred to the first sheet of pa- Arta diplomatica, Editura politica, Bucuresti, per stuck on a papyrus roll containing writ- th 1966). ten information on its origins. In the V I century the word referred to the first page Starting with the XV IIth century the in- of an official document which authenticated stitution of diplomatic representation was ȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ No. 8 ~ 2008 &RPXQLFDWLRQ35DQG$GYHUWLVLQJ 17 of a public notary paper, the register con- These only apply to the basic meaning of the ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱ word. Thus, we can make the following state- ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¡ǯȱ ments: “Romania and Bulgaria signed an Eventually, in early XVIIth century protocol agreement protocol regarding the circulation referred to “a formulary used in mailing ac- on the Danube” or “The Ministry of Education cording to rank” (Louis Dussault, Protocolul, and Research signed a protocol with the rep- instrument de comunicareǰȱȱ ¡ǰȱ resentatives of the didactic personnel regard- Bucuresti, 1996). ȱǯǯǯȱȂȱ Ȅǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȂȱ - used nowadays regarding norms of use in of- ing in which case it is a printed paper made ficial activities, especially in ceremonies, rig- of questions or incomplete phrases and blank orously established relations between public spaces filled in by the person who writes personalities, protocolar order, the use of the document. The two meanings hint at the symbols for countries and nations. grammatical dimension: “protocol” used as a noun. The term protocol has various mean- ings, among which the following: W hen used as an adjective, “protocolar” x a n ensemble of ceremonial rules and refers to formal customs as recommended by practices applied to official festivities the protocol. W e will use the term as follows: in diplomatic relations; a protocolar visit. In equal measure we may x a n office in an institution with the say that a person is “protocolar” when very ȱȱȱ¢ȱ£ȱȱ keen on the formality of social relationships; protocol and ceremonial activities, the meaning in this case is somewhat deroga- celebrations and other similar actions tory. A n important protocolar provision re- (for instance the Protocol Service of fers to outfits mandatory to certain events, ȱȱȱ¢ǼDz to the duration or positioning of those who x a diplomatic document which includes attend a certain event. A s a consequence, a agreements and decisions made dur- garden party requires comfortable but at the ing an international reunions; same time elegant garments while the Opera x in the business world this concept re- Ball requires a smoking or a night gown fers to a convention or an agreement respectively. reached as a result of negotiations be- The term protocol also refers to the orga- tween business partners. £ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ- lems regarding the preparation and progress 2.2. Protocol – Historical evolution of of official activities: “the Protocol Service in the term and semantic connections ȱȱȱ¢Ȅǯȱ ȱȱ protocol describes the stages of a surgical in- W hen used as a synonym of the word tervention. In publishing, the word refers to “document”, the term “protocol” has two conventional signs used in proof reading. In meanings.
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