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Teoria De Gaia; Transdisciplinaridade

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Teoria De Gaia; Transdisciplinaridade PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE SÃO PAULO PUC – SP HOMERO JORGE MAZZOLA INCERTEZAS, BIFURCAÇÕES E DILEMAS NA JORNADA HUMANA DOUTORADO EM CIÊNCIAS SOCIAIS SÃO PAULO 2017 HOMERO JORGE MAZZOLA INCERTEZAS, BIFURCAÇÕES E DILEMAS NA JORNADA HUMANA Tese apresentada à Banca Examinadora da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, PUC-SP, como exigência parcial para obtenção do título de DOUTOR em Ciências Sociais, sob a orientação do Prof. Dr. Edgard de Assis Carvalho. SÃO PAULO 2017 BANCA EXAMINADORA __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ AGRADECIMENTO ESPECIAL O meu profundo agradecimento à FUNDASP, pela concessão de bolsa e licença da docência na FEA/PUCSP, o que possibilitou a conclusão de meu programa de doutorado em Ciências Sociais. AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço ao meu orientador, Prof. Dr. Edgard de Assis Carvalho. Palavras são insuficientes para expressar seu empenho em me abrir portas de novos conhecimentos e me proporcionar liberdade para a elaboração desta tese. Reitero minha gratidão por sua seriedade, sua ética, seu compromisso acadêmico inabalável e por compartilhar sua erudição, que se tornaram para mim uma referência viva e presente, a qual espero ser capaz de passar adiante como modelo a ser difundido e seguido. Às professoras doutoras Graziela C. Vidal e Vivian Blaso, a minha gratidão pelas críticas construtivas no momento da qualificação. Aos membros da banca, professores Edmilson Felipe da Silva, Francisco Agustin Machado Echalar, Graziela Cristina Vital, Lucia Helena Vitalli Rangel, Mauro Luiz Peron e Vivian Blaso, que juntamente com meu orientador, prof. Edgard, contribuíram para a realização de meu projeto. Agradeço aos meus professores da pós-graduação em Ciências Sociais da PUC de São Paulo, pelos ensinamentos, compreensão e incentivo dados durante a condução deste trabalho Meu reconhecimento à Profa. Rosana Lucille Bassinello e ao Prof. Plinio João de Souza da FEA/PUC-SP pelo apoio incondicional, cuja contribuição foi imprescindível para a conclusão de meu programa de doutorado. Agradeço aos companheiros do Núcleo Complexus, pelo apoio e saudável camaradagem. Á minha esposa, Regina e a meus filhos, Fabiana, Bruno e Laura meu profundo reconhecimento pela infinita compreensão quanto aos inumeráveis momentos que este trabalho nos separou. Finalmente, homenageio os inúmeros pensadores, pesquisadores e cientistas que, ao longo de gerações, construíram o acervo cognitivo que fomentou a elaboração desta tese. ................................................. Imagine there's no heaven It's easy if you try No hell below us Above us only sky Imagine all the people Living for today Imagine there's no countries It isn't hard to do Nothing to kill or die for And no religion too Imagine all the people Living life in peace You may say, I'm a dreamer But I'm not the only one I hope someday you'll join us And the world will be as one Imagine no possessions I wonder if you can No need for greed or hunger A Brotherhood of man Imagine all the people Sharing all the world You may say, I'm a dreamer But I'm not the only one I hope someday you'll join us And the world will live as one ..................................................... John Lennon – Imagine RESUMO Construir um futuro sustentável é a grande missão da humanidade em um mundo assinalado por desigualdades sociais enraizadas e mudanças ambientais profundas. Saint-Exupéry disse: “O futuro não é um lugar para onde estamos indo, mas um lugar que estamos criando. O caminho para ele não é encontrado, mas construído e o ato de fazê-lo transforma tanto o realizador quando o destino”. O homem tem competência para iniciar sua construção, mas deverá se transformar para concretizá-lo. Com esta tese, elaborada na forma de um ensaio, exploram-se possibilidades para se construir esse futuro auspicioso, comprometido com as gerações futuras, sem desprezar as forças que defendem a continuidade do nosso modo de vida. Três questões fundamentais a embasam: de onde viemos, quem somos e para onde vamos, que na tese são abordadas na forma de jornadas humanas: passada, presente e futura. Da primeira extraem-se as lições e aprendizados da história evolutiva, imprescindíveis para se compreender o presente e planejar o futuro. A segunda jornada retrata tanto as profundas transformações que o homem produziu no planeta, adequando-o às suas necessidades e desejos, como as reações dos se posicionam contra a continuidade do sistema mundo capitalista e convidam a humanidade a metamorfosear-se em um metassistema rico em possibilidades ou sucumbir no abismo da insignificância generalizada. Na última jornada, a futura, são abordados conhecimentos sobre a complexidade do mundo e sobre a natureza psíquica humana, que alimentam discussões sobre as transformações individuais e coletivas que devem ocorrer para que se possa engendrar um futuro desejado. O homem tem diante de si incertezas, bifurcações e dilemas, que podem conduzi-lo à catástrofe ou ao bem-estar. A deterioração social e climática, perversa por si, pode ser também um bem e tirar a humanidade da passividade, conduzindo a uma mudança abrangente. Um caminho plausível é um novo contexto civilizatório embasado em uma reforma educacional holística e ecológica, e estruturado através de uma sociedade realmente global: uma Sociedade-Mundo. Há um grande desafio à frente. O que acontecerá, entretanto, só o futuro dirá. Palavras-chave: Bifurcações; Complexidade; Ecologia Profunda; Física do Não- Equilíbrio; Pensamento Complexo; Psicologia Analítica; Sustentabilidade, Teoria de Gaia; Transdisciplinaridade. ABSTRACT To build a sustainable future is humanity's great mission in a world characterized by deep social inequalities and environmental changes. Saint-Exupéry said: "The future is not a place where we are going, but a place we are creating. The path to it is not found but built and the act of doing so transforms both the creator and his destiny". Man has the competence to begin its construction, however, must transform himself to make it happen. The purpose of this thesis, elaborated in the form of an essay, is to explore possibilities to build this auspicious future, committed to future generations without under valuating the forces that defend the continuity of our way of life. Three fundamental questions ground this work: where do we come from, what are we and where are we going to, that are structured in three human journeys: past, present and future. In the first we find the lessons and learnings of the evolution process, essential for understanding the present and planning the future. The second journey depicts both the human capacity to transform the planet, adapting it to its needs and desires, as the resistance of those who stand against the continuity of the capitalist world system and defy humanity to metamorphose into a meta system rich in possibilities or to sink in a generalized insignificance. On the last journey, the future, it is approached a vision of the complexity of the world and the human psychic nature, which feed discussions about the individual and collective transformations that must occur to generate a desired future. Man has before him uncertainties, bifurcations and dilemmas, which can result in catastrophe or well-being. The social and climatic deterioration, perverse by itself, can also be good, taking the humanity off passivity, leading it to an overall transformation. A plausible path is a new civilizing context grounded in holistic and ecological educational reform, and structured through a truly global society: the World-Society. There is a great challenge ahead. What will happen, however, only the future will show. Keywords: Analytical Psychology; Bifurcations; Complex Thinking; Complexity; Deep Ecology; Gaia Theory; Non-Equilibrium Physics; Sustainability, Transdisciplinarity. SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO p. 11 ATO UM - JORNADA PASSADA: TERRA, GAIA e o HOMO-SAPIENS p. 20 CENA 1 - TERRA E VIDA p. 22 CENA 2 - TEORIA DE GAIA p. 30 CENA 3 - CRÍTICAS À TEORIA p. 40 CENA 4 - GAIA E O HOMO SAPIENS p. 53 CENA 5 - PERCEPÇÕES p. 66 ATO DOIS - JORNADA PRESENTE: DOIS MUNDOS p. 76 CENA 1 - A NATUREZA HUMANA – UMA HERANÇA COMPLEXA p. 80 CENA 2 - O SISTEMA MUNDO CAPITALISTA p. 94 CENA 3 - SUSTENTABILIDADE – RESGATE OU MISTIFICAÇÃO ? p. 108 CENA 4 - A BUSCA DO BEM COMUM: RELIGIÃO, ÉTICA E ALTRUÍSMO p. 123 CENA 5 - UM MUNDO SEMI-INVISÍVEL p. 141 ATO TRÊS - JORNADA FUTURA: INCERTEZAS, BIFURCAÇÕES E DILEMAS p. 154 CENA 1 - UM FUTURO INCERTO p. 157 CENA 2 - HOMO PSIQUICO p. 175 CENA 3 – UM NOVO CONTEXTO CIVILIZATÓRIO p. 187 GLOSSÁRIO p. 202 REFERÊNCIAS p. 205 11 INTRODUÇÃO Terra, nossa casa, nosso lar, que nos abriga e sustenta. Esfera azul em suspensão no éter imensurável, que contrasta com seus irmãos pálidos e sem vida. Aqui começa esta tese, que aborda a relação entre Gaia, a Mãe-Terra, e seus filhos. Uma tese permeada de dúvidas e incertezas, que ambiciona discorrer sobre o passado e presente dessa relação maternal e, particularmente, sobre a jornada futura da humanidade no planeta. Este trabalho se inicia com a origem do universo, prossegue através do surgimento do sistema solar e da vida no planeta, continua com a abordagem da contemporaneidade e se propõe a contextualizar um possível futuro, consubstanciado nas evidências e saberes científicos disponíveis, embora o futuro seja um tema complexo. Sua construção é feita, paulatinamente, através de conhecimentos
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