DOCSLIB.ORG

Geochemistry

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Geochemistry NATIJRE VOL.304 28 JULY 1983 BOOK REVIEWS explores the links between carbon in the oceans and the means for investigating Geochemistry: up and atmosphere, sea water and oceanic sedi­ them: the uranium and thorium decay ments, showing how this focal element in chains for determining mixing and down and all around large part controls the chemistry of sea accumulation rates; lead and neodymium the oceans water and the distribution of sediment isotopes as source and reactivity tracers; types, and how perturbations to carbon excess helium as a hydrothermal tracer; Henry Elderfield sources can be linked to past and future and so on. changes in oceanic chemistry. It provides, Overall, this leads to a very stimulating, Tracers In the Sea. too, a topical summary of how chemical reasonably integrated but necessarily By Wallace Smith Broecker tracers give key information on water focused view of what controls distributions and Tsung-Hung Peng. movements. Carbon isotopes play a central of chemicals in the sea. To guide the reader Lamont-Doherty Geological role in such studies: carbon-14, together through the various concepts are twelve Observatory, Columbia University: with the nutrients silicate and phosphate, anagrammatic apostles who, sharing the 1983. Pp.690. $35. and tritium, radon-222, radium-228, heli­ authors' well-known propensity for box um-3 etc., to trace the movements of water models, lurk at the conclusion of each through the deep sea and the oceanic chapter and ask for advice on the interpre­ THE past decade will be judged as crucial thermocline; carbon-13 to trace differences tation of results from their aquaria experi­ in the development of chemical ocean­ in phosphate between water masses, thus ments. Anyone who reads this successful ography. We now know that hydrothermal permitting reconstru-ctions of ocean book, parochialisms and all, will learn a lot circulation of sea water through ocean chemistry in glacial times; and carbon-13 about the chemical driving force in the ridges has a profound effect on the geo­ and carbon-14 to constrath and refine oceans and will appreciate much of the chemistry of elements in the oceans, rival­ models of the oceans' uptake of carbon interplay of ocean physics and biology with ling continental weathering processes in its dioxide produced by the burning of fossil chemical cycles that makes marine geo­ contribution to the dynamics of element fuels. chemistry so fascinating and challenging. D transport across ocean boundaries. Wrapped around this account of the Technical advances in studying trace metal marine carbon cycle are data and ideas Henry Elderfield is in the Department of Earth and isotope distributions in ocean waters, emphasizing the chemical dynamics of the Sciences at the University of Cambridge. in measuring chemical fluxes in particulate materials and in studying the chemistry of pore waters have led to a greater awareness Why study H-Y? the difficulties in writing scientific tomes is of the flow of elements within the marine to make the work interesting to non­ environment. Peter Goodfellow specialists and to translate the precise Further, work using natural and anthro­ scientific words (jargon) into a more pogenic radioactive tracers has added H-Y Antigen and the Biology of Sex generally understood English. Dr Wachtel much to our understanding of the move­ Determination. has solved the first problem by spicing his ment of ocean waters; in particular, the By Stephen S. Wachtel. book with quotations from antiquity and chemical tracers offer the most important Academic/Grune and Stratton: 1983. from the more prescient of contemporary tool we have for studying the oceanic Pp. 302. $44, £29.20. scientists. The second problem has only thermocline. Advances have also been been partly solved: the immunology is made in documenting the chemical history explained clearly but the medical descrip­ of sea water - especially glacial to THE mammalian Y chromosome is tions of the unfortunate individuals with interglacial changes over the past 10s years required for male sexual determination. As indeterminate sexual phenotypes requires and long-term changes related to plate it is almost totally lacking in defmed close study of Gray's Anatomy and a movements and crustal weathering - genetic loci, any gene found on the Y medical dictionary before understanding although serious problems still exist in chromosome has been regarded as poten­ dawns. deciphering the sedimentary record. Man is tially related to sexual determination. However, the final test of a scientific also taking a hand in changing the oceans' Male-specific antigens have been defined book must be the scientific content. The chemistry, and urgent efforts are being by tissue transplantation, in vitro T -cell review of the H-Y antigen literature is made to evaluate the impact of fossil-fuel killing and by serological assays. The exhaustive and gentle; differences in carbon dioxide on the oceans' chemical antigen or antigens recognized by these opinion or results are nearly always cycles. disparate assays are all referred to as ''H-Y reconciled by generous interpretation. In It is also a decade since the publication of antigens" or "H-Y". Transplantation, my view a more critical approach would W.S. Broecker's Chemical Oceanography T-cell killing and, initially, serological have been ultimately more constructive as (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1974), a assays showed a correlation between the it is difficult for outsiders to form con­ lively, stimulating, arm-waving book and presence of the H-Y antigen and the Y clusions from the baroque serological the predecessor of Tracers in the Sea. In the chromosome, and for this reason H-Y experiments needed to define the H-Y new book, co-written with T.-H. Peng, antigen has been extensively studied as a antigen status of an individual. For Broecker blends an account of these afore­ candidate for the elusive male determining example, it is not clear to me if normal mentioned advances with some material substance. Subsequent work with the females express a basal level of serolo­ from the old to produce a major text. Like serologically defined antigen, particularly gically defined H-Y antigen. its predecessor, the book stimulates by on H-Y antigen positive XO individuals, It was a monumental task to sort through generalization and speculation, and by has relegated the Y-linked gene from a all the papers on H-Y antigen and Dr addressing the explanation rather than the structural to a controlling locus. The Wachtel's book is worth buying as a com­ documentation of how the oceans operate importance of the H-Y antigen in sex pendium of that information. But the book chemically. determination now rests on a series of in will not be the basis of a consensus on the A principal theme is the Earth's carbon vitro functional blocking tests based on the nature of the H-Y antigen and its relation­ cycle and a major data set used is that morphological evaluation of aggregation ship to sex determination. The last word produced by the American GEOSECS of germ cells. remains to be written. D (Geochemical Ocean Sections) pro­ Stephen Wachtel is well qualified to gramme, the success of which was due in write the history of the H •Y antigen and sex Peter Goodfellow is in the Laboratory of large part to Arnold Bainbridge (to whose determination as he has been responsible Human Molecular Genetics at the Imperial memory the book is dedicated). The book for much of the work in this area. Two of Cancer Research Fund, London. © 1983 Nature Publishing Group.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Wallace Smith Broecker (1931-2019) Geochemist Who Transformed Understanding of the Climate System
    COMMENT OBITUARY Wallace Smith Broecker (1931-2019) Geochemist who transformed understanding of the climate system. t was Wallace Smith Broecker who coupled with changes in ocean circulation, at pointed out in the 1980s that massive the surface and deep down. The climate sys- changes in global climate can arise from tem, Broecker noted in 1998, is like “an angry Imodest changes in ocean circulation. After beast and we are poking it with sticks” as we all, the oceans contain roughly 50 times pour greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. more carbon than does the atmosphere, and On 8 August 1975, Broecker published a are responsible for nearly half of global heat paper in Science entitled ‘Climate change: transport towards the poles. Are we on the brink of a pronounced global With monumental intellect and unbridled warming?’ (W. S. Broecker Science 189, curiosity, Broecker defined much of today’s 460–463; 1975). It was the first scientific use understanding of the climate system. His of ‘global warming’, something he did not neat, elegant solutions to complex Earth- want to be remembered for. He later offered science problems — expressed in more than a reward to anyone who could find an earlier 500 publications and 17 books — reshaped usage. The paper was remarkably well timed, entire disciplines. however: global temperatures have risen His path-breaking career spanned nearly consistently above baseline values since 1976. seven decades, during which he defined the Despite a shower of awards and positions ocean’s role in global climate change and car- recognizing his leadership, Broecker led a JEAN-LOUIS ATLAN/PARIS MATCH/GETTY ATLAN/PARIS JEAN-LOUIS bon cycling, and used palaeoclimatic records simple life: jeans and jumpers, a dented car to understand how climate changed in the and a small, spartan apartment near Colum- past and its implications for our collective ocean circulation in which surface waters cool bia University.
    [Show full text]
  • Teoria De Gaia; Transdisciplinaridade
    PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE SÃO PAULO PUC – SP HOMERO JORGE MAZZOLA INCERTEZAS, BIFURCAÇÕES E DILEMAS NA JORNADA HUMANA DOUTORADO EM CIÊNCIAS SOCIAIS SÃO PAULO 2017 HOMERO JORGE MAZZOLA INCERTEZAS, BIFURCAÇÕES E DILEMAS NA JORNADA HUMANA Tese apresentada à Banca Examinadora da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, PUC-SP, como exigência parcial para obtenção do título de DOUTOR em Ciências Sociais, sob a orientação do Prof. Dr. Edgard de Assis Carvalho. SÃO PAULO 2017 BANCA EXAMINADORA __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ AGRADECIMENTO ESPECIAL O meu profundo agradecimento à FUNDASP, pela concessão de bolsa e licença da docência na FEA/PUCSP, o que possibilitou a conclusão de meu programa de doutorado em Ciências Sociais. AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço ao meu orientador, Prof. Dr. Edgard de Assis Carvalho. Palavras são insuficientes para expressar seu empenho em me abrir portas de novos conhecimentos e me proporcionar liberdade para a elaboração desta tese. Reitero minha gratidão por sua seriedade, sua ética, seu compromisso acadêmico inabalável e por compartilhar sua erudição, que se tornaram para mim uma referência viva e presente, a qual espero ser capaz de passar adiante como modelo a ser difundido e seguido. Às professoras doutoras Graziela C. Vidal e Vivian Blaso, a minha gratidão pelas críticas construtivas no momento da qualificação. Aos membros da banca, professores Edmilson Felipe da Silva, Francisco Agustin Machado Echalar, Graziela Cristina Vital, Lucia Helena Vitalli Rangel, Mauro Luiz Peron e Vivian Blaso, que juntamente com meu orientador, prof. Edgard, contribuíram para a realização de meu projeto. Agradeço aos meus professores da pós-graduação em Ciências Sociais da PUC de São Paulo, pelos ensinamentos, compreensão e incentivo dados durante a condução deste trabalho Meu reconhecimento à Profa.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Boring Billion' Redefining Earth's
    SCIENTISTVOLUME 29 No. 11 ◆ DECEMBER 2019 ◆ WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST GEOThe Fellowship Magazine of the Geological Society of London @geoscientistmag REDEFINING EARTH’S ‘BORING BILLION’ Simon Poulton on a billion year interval in Earth’s history that might not be so boring after all Foram Week takes over Twitter! PETROLEUM PIONEERS BEYOND ACADEMIA A GEOLOGIST’S CHRISTMAS Sarah Day interviews GSA Tools and tips for thinking The trials and tribulations of President Robbie Gries outside the academic box geological mapping in 1841 WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | DECEMBER 2019 | 1 The Geological Society Publishing House For Special Publications, Maps, Memoirs and seasonal gift ideas visit the Geogift page AD SPACEwww.geolsoc.org.uk/geogifts It’s that time of year again! We’ve put together a range of our favourite items on our GeoGifts page that make for great seasonal gifts for you or someone else, with prices starting from £7. View the full range at: www.geolsoc.org.uk/geogifts GEOSCIENTIST CONTENTS Geoscientist is the Fellowship ADVERTISING SALES © Geological Society Library The Geological Society magazine Dominic Arnold of the Geological Society T 01727 739 184 of London E [email protected] The Geological Society, Burlington ART EDITOR Publishing House House, Piccadilly, Peter Davies London W1J 0BG T +44 (0)20 7434 9944 PRINTED BY F +44 (0)20 7439 8975 Century One Publishing Ltd. E [email protected] (Not for Editorial - Please contact Copyright the Editor) The Geological Society of London is a Registered Charity, number Publishing House 210161. The Geological Society Publishing ISSN (print) 0961-5628 House, Unit 7, ISSN (online) 2045-1784 Brassmill Enterprise Centre, Brassmill Lane, Bath The Geological Society of London accepts no responsibility for the views BA1 3JN expressed in any article in this publication.
    [Show full text]
  • The Crafoord Prize 2006
    I n f o r m a t I o n f o r t h e p u b l I c The Crafoord Prize 2006 The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Crafoord Prize in Geosciences for 2006 to Wallace S. Broecker, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA, ”for his innovative and pioneering research on the operation of the global carbon cycle within the ocean - atmosphere - biosphere system, and its interaction with climate”. Climate change and “the big unplanned carbon dioxide experiment” By combining his biogeochemical research on ocean composition with knowledge of the ocean currents, and the complexities of carbon exchange between the hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere, Wallace S. Broecker is making a fundamental contribution to our understanding of how climate can change and of the mechanisms triggering climate change. Changing climate Change has characterised climate on Earth for billions of years. During the last million years alone, Earth has experienced at least ten climate cycles, moving the environment from icehouse to greenhouse and back to icehouse again with global temperature changes of >0ºC. Some of the changes have been gradual, others rapid – the glacial periods in particular have experienced rapid shifts, occurring over decades to a few hundreds of years, with local temperature changes of 0-20ºC. These icehouse - greenhouse alternations are readily correlated with the variable insolation into the glacially sensitive high northern latitudes, the effect of Earth’s variable orbit around the Sun and changes in its axis of rotation and timing of seasons. Superimposed on these major cycles are more frequent rapid changes that are related to other, still partly enigmatic, processes; they all greatly influence the environment.
    [Show full text]
  • THE RADIOCARBON WORLD ACCORDING to WALLY Irka Hajdas
    Radiocarbon, Vol 00, Nr 00, 2021, p 1–4 DOI:10.1017/RDC.2021.61 © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press for the Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona THE RADIOCARBON WORLD ACCORDING TO WALLY Irka Hajdas Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETHZ, HPK H25, Otto-Stern-Weg 5, Zurich 8093, Switzerland INTRODUCTION Wallace Smith Broecker (1933–2019) grew up in Oak Park, Illinois, a village in Cook County adjacent to Chicago. From 1949 to 1952 he attended Wheaton College, but moved to graduate in 1953 from Columbia University, where he remained for a 66-year-long scientific career. In this time, he wrote many publications about the radioactive isotope of carbon. As the whole community knows him, Wally was a geochemist who found the passion of his life in research of the Earth system, how it functions, and how the various components are connected. However, one can certainly state that the first basis of his extraordinary scientific life was radiocarbon dating. Lamont Radiocarbon Laboratory Wally’s summer job at the Lamont Radiocarbon laboratory in 1952, where he worked with the conventional counters, triggered his interest in Earth science and extended into a life-long position. His 1957 thesis at Columbia University, “Application of Radiocarbon to Oceanography and Climatic Chronology,” outlined Wally’s main interests. Most of them he followed throughout his life, and the 14C dating was his most appreciated tool, which is evident from his publications (see Supplementary Material). He marveled at this isotope’s utility and drew helpful 14C cartoons in his Eldigio Press books (a publisher from Columbia University created to ensure the affordable price for the books).
    [Show full text]
  • Columbia Blue Great Urban University
    Added 3/4 pt Stroke From a one-room classroom with one professor and eight students, today’s Columbia has grown to become the quintessential Office of Undergraduate Admissions Dive in. Columbia University Columbia Blue great urban university. 212 Hamilton Hall, MC 2807 1130 Amsterdam Avenue New York, NY 10027 For more information about Columbia University, please call our office or visit our website: 212-854-2522 undergrad.admissions.columbia.edu Columbia Blue D3 E3 A B C D E F G H Riverside Drive Columbia University New York City 116th Street 116th 114th Street 114th in the City of New York Street 115th 1 1 Columbia Alumni Casa Center Hispánica Bank Street Kraft School of Knox Center Education Union Theological New Jersey Seminary Barnard College Manhattan School of Music The Cloisters Columbia University Museum & Gardens Subway 2 Subway 2 Broadway Lincoln Center Grant’s Tomb for the Performing Arts Bookstore Northwest Furnald Lewisohn Mathematics Chandler Empire State Washington Heights Miller Corner Building Hudson River Chelsea Building Alfred Lerner Theatre Pulitzer Earl Havemeyer Clinton Carman Hall Cathedral of Morningside Heights Intercultural Dodge Statue of Liberty West Village Flatiron Theater St. John the Divine Resource Hall Dodge Fitness One World Trade Building Upper West Side Center Pupin District Center Center Greenwich Village Jewish Theological Central Park Harlem Tribeca 110th Street 110th 113th Street113th 112th Street112th 111th Street Seminary NYC Subway — No. 1 Train The Metropolitan Midtown Apollo Theater SoHo Museum of Art Sundial 3 Butler University Teachers 3 Low Library Uris Schapiro Washington Flatiron Library Hall College Financial Chinatown Square Arch District Upper East Side District East Harlem Noho Gramercy Park Chrysler College Staten Island New York Building Walk Stock Exchange Murray Lenox Hill Yorkville Hill East Village The Bronx Buell Avery Fairchild Lower East Side Mudd East River St.
    [Show full text]
  • How to Build a Habitable Planet: the Story of Earth from the Big Bang to Humankind Pdf
    FREE HOW TO BUILD A HABITABLE PLANET: THE STORY OF EARTH FROM THE BIG BANG TO HUMANKIND PDF Charles H. Langmuir,Wally Broecker | 736 pages | 14 Aug 2012 | Princeton University Press | 9780691140063 | English | New Jersey, United States How to Build a Habitable Planet | Princeton University Press Since its first publication more than twenty-five years ago, How to Build a Habitable Planet has established a legendary reputation as an accessible yet scientifically impeccable introduction to the origin and evolution of Earth, from the Big Bang through the rise of human civilization. This classic account of how our habitable planet was assembled from the stuff of stars introduced readers to planetary, Earth, and climate science by way of a fascinating narrative. Now this great book has been made even better. Harvard geochemist Charles Langmuir has worked closely with the original author, Wally Broecker, one of the world's leading Earth scientists, to revise and expand the book for a new generation of readers for whom active planetary stewardship is becoming imperative. Interweaving physics, astronomy, chemistry, geology, and biology, this sweeping account tells Earth's complete story, How to Build a Habitable Planet: The Story of Earth from the Big Bang to Humankind the synthesis of chemical elements in stars, to the formation of the Solar System, to the evolution of a habitable climate on Earth, to the origin of life and humankind. The book also addresses the search for other habitable worlds in the Milky Way and contemplates whether Earth will remain habitable as our influence on global climate grows. It concludes by considering the ways in which humankind can sustain Earth's habitability and perhaps even participate in further planetary evolution.
    [Show full text]
  • Familytree.Post1800met.20200113.Pdf
    Joseph Louis Lagrange #ierre@&i(on Laplace A:raha( /otthel4 ,astner /eorg 2hristoph Lichten:erg )ranz August <ol4 /eorg )riedrich 'ilde:randt Tho(as Jones Johann )riedrich /(elin 7icolas Louis VauBuelin &i(eon 0enis #oisson 'einrich <ilhel( 6randes Johann &alo(o &ch=eigger John 'udson )riedrich &tro(eyer Antoine )rancois de )ourcroy 2laude Louis 6erthollet A:raha( /ottlo: <erner cole #olytechniBue U. /ottingen U. 7ure(:urg U. 2a(:ridge U. /ottingen 1800 1;00 1;00 1;00 1;00 1;00 Joseph Louis /ay-Lussa! 2arl )riedrich 2hristian +ohs Johann A4zelius 1801 U. #aris U. )rei:urg 1;01 1;01 7athaniel 6o=ditch Jons Jaco: 6erzelius Johann )riedrich 6lu(en:ach Johan #eter )ran$ /eorg Joseph 6eer 1802 Uppsala U. 1;02 1;02 ,arl 2asar von Leonhard #hilipp )ranz von <alther Johann )riedrich August /ottling 1803 U. /ottingen Lud=ig@+axi(ilian U., +unich 1;03 1;03 ,arl <ilhel( /ottlo: ,astner Jean@6aptiste )ourier U. Jena 1805 1;01 2laude@Louis 7avier 1806 cole #olytechniBue 1;08 1807 "ene Just 'auy 1808 2hristian &a(uel <eiss 2arl )riedrich /auss 1809 U. Leipzig 1;03 )riedrich <ilhel( 6essel ,arl von Langsdor4 John 0a=son U. /ottingen 1810 1;10 +artin >h( Ada( &edg=i!$ Joseph )ranz von Ja!Buin 1811 U. rlangen@7ure(:erg U. 2a(:ridge 1;11 1;11 2hristian /erling Leopold /(elin 1812 U. /ottingen U. /ottingen 1;12 1;12 /iuseppe 0overi Ja!Bues tienne 6erard 1813 U. #isa U. #aris 1;13 1;13 +ichel 2hasles ilhard +itscherlich "o:ert ,no- 1814 cole #olytechniBue U.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Warming Climate Change Contents
    Global Warming Climate Change Contents 1 Adaptation to global warming 1 1.1 Effects of global warming ....................................... 1 1.2 Necessity for adaptation ........................................ 1 1.2.1 National Academy of Sciences ................................ 2 1.2.2 United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction ................. 2 1.2.3 IPCC Working Group II ................................... 2 1.2.4 Institution of Mechanical Engineers ............................. 3 1.3 Conceptualising adaptation ...................................... 3 1.4 Criteria for assessing responses .................................... 4 1.5 Costs .................................................. 4 1.6 Adaptation mechanisms ........................................ 5 1.7 Methods of adaptation ......................................... 5 1.7.1 Adaptation through local planning .............................. 5 1.7.2 Enhancing adaptive capacity ................................. 6 1.7.3 Agricultural production .................................... 6 1.7.4 Weather control ........................................ 7 1.7.5 Damming glacial lakes .................................... 7 1.7.6 Geoengineering ........................................ 7 1.7.7 Assisting disadvantaged nations ................................ 8 1.7.8 Migration ........................................... 8 1.7.9 Insurance ........................................... 8 1.8 Adaptation finance ........................................... 9 1.9 Adaptation measures by
    [Show full text]
  • Acknowledgment of Reviewers, 2019
    Acknowledgment of Reviewers, 2019 PNAS would like to thank all the individuals who dedicated their considerable time and expertise to the journal by serving as reviewers in 2019. Their generous contribution is deeply appreciated. A Dean C. Adams Bahareh Ajami Karen Alim Jorge Alvarez-Solas Mu A Michael W. W. Adams Michael Akam Dan Alistarh James C. Alwine Rolf Aalto Michael Adams Masaki Akaogi Kari Alitalo Teresa Amabile Duur K. Aanen Philip Adams Schahram Akbarian Jennifer M. Alix-Garcia Rudolf Amann Maria Abascal Russell Adams Erol Akçay Saed Alizamir Katrin Amann-Winkel Adam R. Abate Mokhtar Adda-Bedia Seun Akeju Richard Alkire Susan G. Amara Cory Abate-Shen Louigi Addario-Berry Mark Akeson Eric Allan Luis A. Nunes Amaral Abul K. Abbas Donna Rose Addis Huda Akil David Alland Gaya K. Amarasinghe Jon Abbatt Zach N. Adelman Modupe Akinola Hunt Allcott Kapil Amarnath Patrick Abbot Hillel Adesnik Masashi Akiyama Benjamin L. Allen Richard Ambinder Karen C. Abbott William Neil Adger Takahiko Akiyama David T. Allen Sandro Ambuehl Larry Abbott Achyuta Adhvaryu Michael Aklin Eric E. Allen Ken-ichi Amemori Nicholas L. Abbott Claire L. Adida Georgiy Akopov Jenny Allen Jan Amend Zakia Abdelhamed Jess F. Adkins Klaus Aktories Karen N. Allen Seth A. Ament Mohamed H. Frederick R. Adler Alessandro Alabastri Micah Allen Stefano Amente Abdel-Rahman Nancy E. Adler Petri Ala-Laurila Nicola J. Allen Manuel R. Amieva Omar Abdel-Wahab Ralph Adolphs Richard Alba Paul M. Allen Sebastian Amigorena Ikuro Abe Tobias Adrian Joseph Albanesi Stefano Allesina Ariel Amir Guy J. Abel Markus Aebi Umberto Albarella Heidi Alleway Ido Amit Laurent Abel Shuchin Aeron Jawdat Al-Bassam David B.
    [Show full text]
  • Explicit and Implicit Ethical Issues in the Reports
    ASp la revue du GERAS 76 | 2019 Varia Explicit and implicit ethical issues in the reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: the example of the “tipping points” metaphor Questions éthiques explicites et implicites dans les rapports du GIEC : l’exemple de la métaphore des « points de bascule » Marie-Hélène Fries Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/asp/5945 DOI: 10.4000/asp.5945 ISSN: 2108-6354 Publisher Groupe d'étude et de recherche en anglais de spécialité Printed version Date of publication: 1 November 2019 Number of pages: 9-27 ISSN: 1246-8185 Electronic reference Marie-Hélène Fries, « Explicit and implicit ethical issues in the reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: the example of the “tipping points” metaphor », ASp [Online], 76 | 2019, Online since 01 November 2020, connection on 01 November 2020. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/ asp/5945 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/asp.5945 This text was automatically generated on 1 November 2020. Tous droits réservés Explicit and implicit ethical issues in the reports of the Intergovernmental ... 1 Explicit and implicit ethical issues in the reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: the example of the “tipping points” metaphor Questions éthiques explicites et implicites dans les rapports du GIEC : l’exemple de la métaphore des « points de bascule » Marie-Hélène Fries Introduction 1 The issue of anthropogenic climate change first came into the limelight in 1975, with the publication of a research article by Wallace Smith Broecker, a geochemist at Columbia University, entitled “Climatic change: Are we on the brink of a pronounced global warming?.” It has since developed into a large interdisciplinary research area ranging from climate sciences to economics, which has also involved the development of myriads of conferences (including the UN Conferences of the Parties) and publications, among which a new journal introduced by Nature, called Nature Climate Change.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Warming
    Global warming "Climate change" redirects here. Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system. It is a major aspect of climate change and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming.[5][6] Global warming and climate change are often used interchangeably.[7] But more accurately, global warming is the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation,[8] while climate change includes both global warming and its effects, such as changes in precipitation.[9] While there have been prehistoric periods of global warming,[10] many Average global temperatures from 2014 to 2018 observed changes since the mid-20th century compared to a baseline average from 1951 to 1980, according to NASA's Goddard Institute for Space have been unprecedented over decades to Studies millennia.[5][11] The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report concluded, "It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century".[12] The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a The average annual temperature at the earth's surface moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C has risen since the late 1800s, with year-to-year (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, variations (shown in black) being smoothed out (shown depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas in red) to show the general warming trend.
    [Show full text]