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Fisheries Research Bulletin No. r (New Series)

The

By D. E. Gaskin

FISHERTES RESEÄRCH DIVISION, NEW ZEALAND MÁ.RTNB DEPÁ.RTMENT

_l THE NE'üØ ZEALAND CETACEA , ,,i! ''it{

Pholograph fui D. E. Gaskin.

Frontispiece : A (Balaenoþtera tnusculus) being flensed on the deck of the FF Southern Venlurt:r in the Weddell Sea in February t962. Fisheries Research Bulletin No. r (New Series)

The New Zealand Cetacea

By D. E" Gaskin*

Fisheries Research Division, Marine Department, Wellington, New Zealand

* Present address: Depattment of Zooloe¡ Massey lJnivetsity, Palmetston Noth

FISHERIES RESE..q.RCH DIVISION, NE\Ø ZEAIAND MÁ.RINE DEP,{.RTMENT Edited byJ W McArthur

Published by the New Zealand Marine Department, 1968

I{. [,. OWDN, GOVI':RNMENT PRINTDR. WELLINGTON. NEW ZEALAND-19ti3 FORE\TORD

OvBn the past decade there has been a continued interest in the Iarge and small whales of New Zealand. This activity in the Marine Department and elsewhere followed earlier intensive work on the in Victoria University of Wellington. As the humpback industry declined attention turned to the . Substantial field studies of this species in local waters were made by the Marine Department. At the same time there has been a steady increase in the data available on strandings of the smaller whales. The circumstances make it appropriate to provide a handbook of the whale species fo-und in New Zealand waters. This bulletin is presented as a review of the available taxonomic and ecological data and not as a systematic revision of the group. Such a review as this would not have been possible without the aid of many people both amateur observers and professional scientists. J. W. Bnoorn, Acting Director, Fisheries Research Division, 3l January 1967. CONTENTS PAGE ABSTRACT It INTRODUCTION 13 MYSTACOCETI, WHALEBONE WHALES t+ Familv BALAENIDAE, Rieht Whales t+ australis, the Soúthern t+ Eub'alaena t8 ::::::::: t9 Blue Whale 20 ack Whale 2I i Whale 2+ 27 Whale 29 umpback Whale 32 ODONTOCETI, TOOTHED WHALES 36 36 36 40 42 +3 +5 +6 +9 +9 50 5l 54 55 57 Pseudorca crassidens, the False 59 lotwhale 63 :. :: .. .. 66 67 r Cowfish Dolphin 68 eDolphin 70 :: :: :: :: 7l 72 /3 75 'u'oo:ln'" 77 .. :: :: :: BO SOURCES OF DATA 82 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 83 REFERENCES 8+ INDEX 90 FIGURES

PAGE L e. l5 2. seasonally abundant round New Zealand 16 J. pbell Island between 19il and 1963 . . T7 4. l8 5. a marginata on the New Zealand coast i8 6. blue whale 20 7. nlþtera musculus on the New Zealand coast 2l o. the southern finbaðk whale . . 22 9. nsed on the deck of the FF Southern Venturer 23 10. - randings oî Balaenoþtera þhlsalus on the New Zealand coast 24 Balaenoptera borealis schlegeli, il. the southern sei wtralê 25 12. A sei whale on the deck of the FF Southern Venturer 13.Thelocalitiesofknownstrandingsof..sei,'whalesontheNewZealandcoast 25 26 14. Balaenoþtera edeni, - Bryde's whale 27 15. A stranded Bryde's whale at Motuora Island oo

'iii;#nîrr^;;,';äil;;;;:::i::':':':'""on|:**o*":^""ïo'*': 29 30 30 19. The head of a stranded at plimmerton 20. 3l wn ¿ on the New Zealand coast . . 32 21. e la 32 22' on JJ between 1953 and 1963 JJ in the South-west Pacific and the Tasman Sea JJ the coast of New Zealand 34 36 ern Venturer 3t 28' The localities of known strandings of Phltseter catodon on the New Zealand coast 3B 29. Areas which were intensively wõrked by the American sperm between 1790 and r 900 39 30. {ggia breuiceþs, the pygmy sperm whale 40 ll. Tlr" head. of a pygmy sperm whale stranded at Lyall Bay 4l 32. The localities of known strandings of Kogia breaiceps on thé New Zealand coast 42 33. Berardius arnouxi, the large beake-d whalë +3 34. The localities of known strandings of Berardius arnouxi on the |trew Zealand coast 44 35. liphius cauirostris, Cuvier's 45 36. The localities of known strandings of /iphius cauirostris on the New Zealand coast 46 37. H2þeroodon þlanifrons, the southerñ bottËnosed whale 47 38. Mesoþlodon grayi, Gray's beaked whale 49 39. The localities of known strandings of Mesoþlodon gra2i. on the New Zealand, coast 50 40. The localities of known strandings of Mesiptodonheítori on the New Zealand coast 5l 41. MesoþLodon laltardi, the strap-toothed whale 5l 42. 4.-female-strap-toothed whale stranded at Castlepoint . 52 43. The head of a female strap-toothed whale strand'ed at Makara . 53 44. The localities of known stràndings of Mesoplodon Laltardi on the New Zealand coast 53 45. Mesoþlodon bowdoini, Andrews's btaked wliale 54 46. The head of a female Andrews's beaked whale stranded at Stewart Island 55 +7. bou.¡doini on the New ZeaÌand coast 55 to. 56 +9. tlsiand :: :: :: 56 50. sheþherdi on the New Zealand coast 57 51. Urcznus orca, the killer whale 57 52. The head of a killer whale stranded at Paraparaumu Beach 58 FIGURES-continued

PAGE 53. The localities of known strandings of Orcinus orca oÍr the New Zealand coast 5B localities of confirmed sightiígs of Orcinus orca in the New Zealand atea 60 S+. ffr. 6l 55. Pseudorca crassidens, the false killer whale 56. The localities of káown strandings of Pseudo'ca crassidens on the New Zeaìand coast 62 OJ 57 . Globicephata , the s-outhern- 58. The hêad o stranded at Ngunguru 63 59. The localiti andings and silhtings of Globi.cephala melaena in the New Zezlanà alea 6+ 60. The localities of strandings of "blackfish" which could have been either Globicephala 66 m¿laena or Pseudorca crassidens 68 61. 62. dolPhin or cowfish dolPhin 69 63. t Motueka River 69 6+. s of Tursioþs truncatus on the New Zealand coast 70 7T 65. Lissodetþhis þeroni, the dolphin 66. Movementi of southern right whale dolphins 72 67. Steno bredanensis, the rough-toothed dolphin t3 68. IJ 69. 74 70. 7+ 7I. us delphis on the New Zealand coast 75 72. Sightings of the round New Zealand 76 73. Såsona"l variation in the conðentration of common dolphins in the Hauraki Gulf 74. Areas in the Hauraki Gulf where the common dotphiñ was consistently found by the MV Ocean Star 77 75. Lagenorhltnchus cruciger, the southern white-sided dolphin Itt 76. bscurus, the to 77. n stranded at Island Bay to to. f known strandings o1 Lagenorhlnchus obscurus on the New Zealanà coust 79 79. C eþhalorh2nchus hectori, Flector's dolphin 80 80. The localities of known strandings of Ceþhalorþtnchus hectori on the New Zealand coast 80

TABLES

PAGE l. Numbers of right whales caught offthe New Zealand coast since 1915 15 , Campbell Islañd right whale sightings between l9ll and 1964 l5 J. Sighfings of right w:hales at CampbeIl Island month by month I6 +. New Zealand strandings of Caþerea margxnata l9 5. New Zealanld strandings of Balaenoþtera musculus 2l 6. Blue whales taken at Tory Channel, 193047 2t 7. New Zealand strandings of Bahenoptera þhltsalus 23 8. New Zealand strandings of "sei" whales 26 9. Length-sex ðata ofcatches of Balaenoþtera edeniby the Great burri., Iriårrd station in 1956, 1957, 1959, and 1961 28 10. New Zealand strandings of Balaenoþtera acutorostrata 3l I 1. Sightings of humpback whales on the coast of New Zealandin l95a and 1963 .. :: 35 12. New Zealand strandings of Phlseter catodon 39 13. Numbers of sperm whales taken by Tory Channel whaling company between April 1963 and December 1964 39 14. New Zealand strandings of Kosia breuiceþs 4t 15. New Zealand strandings of Berardius arnouxi 4+ 16. New Zealand strandings of /iphius cauirostris +7 17. New Zealand strandings of Mesoplodon gralti 52 18. New Zealand strandings of Mesoplodon hectori 52 Ib

TABLES-continued

19. New Zealand strandings of 20. New Zealand strandings of 21. New Zealand strandings of 56 22. New Zealand strandings of 59 23. Ñ; Z¿;1;;d;"-il;i;nfirmed sightings of orcinus orca 6l 24. New Zealand strandings of Pseudorca õrassidens 62 25. New Zealand strandings and sightings off GlobiceþhalaGIo melaena 65 26. New Zealand strandings of "blackfish'¡,' ", whichw could be either Gíoiicephala'*¿*no L, Pseudorca øassidetts 67 New Zealand strandings of 70 New Zealand strandings of t5 New Zealand strandings of rus 79 New Zealand strandings of ri BI ,\BSTR,{.CT

Available material on occurrence (much of it previously unpublished) .is ,rr**.rir"¿ in this paper for 30 species àf cetacean knõwn or reported to occur in New Zealand waters. Those whose occurrence has been confirmed are; Eubalaena australis, Caþerea

Lagen suspected to occur and^also,a species of Sfuno or Stenella as y.i"îa of Steno bredanensis and Stenella euþhroslne are discussed, but are not The biology and distribution of each s Sighting and stranding data slggest that eait and west coasts of New Zealand in

s discussed, and the catches Where sufficient data ate Ziplnäð.ae in New Zealarrd' waters are discussed.

il

INTRODUCTION

Forty-six years have elapsed since the last of right whales declined, the humpback whale Whaling general reviews of the Cetacea occurring in New became the mainstay of the industry' Zealand waters were published (Olivet, 1922b in New Zealandhas been reviewed by Ommanney bY arLd 1922c). The only general work previously described available was a guide book to the group producecl by Waite (1912), which was limited in scope. ïÏ.:::,"'"1 Little research on cetacean distribution was on (in TorY carried out in New Zealand before 1950. Ceta- Channel, ) was able to operate from cean studies in the last century were mainly lB90 to 1963 with hardly a break. restricted to taxonomy (Hector, l973a, 1873b, The humpback whale sustained the industry 1874, 1875, 1877, 1878, and 1BB1; Hutton, 1875, in New Zealand until 1962, when the numbers 1876, and lB77; von Haast, 1870, IB7+, 1876, passing through Cook Strait became insufficient lB77a, lB77b, lB77c,1880, and lBBl). There are io keep even a single shore whaling station pro- numerous studies by Gray, perhaps the most ductive. By 1963 sperm whales, which had been useful being his catalogue of whales and seals relatively unmolested for about 100 years, were (lB7+a) and two papers on the whalebone whales again hunted. However, a steady decline in the (1871a and 1874b). world sperm price eventually forced In recent years the migration patterns of the the last whaling station in the country into humpback whale (Megaþtera nouaeangliae lalandi liquidation at the start of its second (Fischer)) in the New Zealancl area have been season in late 1964 (Gaskin, 1965). worked out (Dawbin, 1956a, 1956b, 1959a, Other species of whale such as blue, finback, 1960, 1964, and I966). From 1962 to 1964 1959b, and sei have been taken from time to time, of field observations was carried a programme though never in large numbers. Most of the out by the Marine Department to determine the records of these animals round the New Zealand patterns of sperm whale movement in the New coast are ofstrandings, not ofcatches by whalers. area and the size of the population. The Zealand Before 1963 strandings were virtually the only whale species of New Zealand are similar to those source of information on the small non-com- of southern Australia, which have been reviewed mercial whales. During 1963 some information on by Wood (1925). Results of studies in all Jones the smaller whales was gathered at sea. Recently of cetacean research have been summar- branches a survey of the whaling potential of the New ised in a recent work by Slijper (1962). A general Zealand subregion has been completed (Gaskin, world bibliography of cetacean research was com- I967a). piled by Pedersen and Ruud (1946). In the present paper the author has attempted to Recent taxonomic work in New Zealand has review the significant literature on each species Iargely consisted of studies up to December 1964, when the first manu- species of beaked whales (Zi script draft was completed. Certain more recent (1961, 1962a, 1962b, 1962c local references (up to June 1967) have been is still much confusion in added and also a systematic paper on pygmy sperm whales (Handley, 1966). Whaling in New Zealand began in I792, when the first ship searching for sperm whales arrived (Dawbin, 1956a). By lB27 the hunt had turned to the southern right whale. This species was pursued until about 1850, when, as the numbers identifications.

t3 MYSTACOCETI, WHerBsoNB Wner.Bs

About 12 species or subspecies are recognised in this group, all of which are or were commercially important. Eight have been recorded in- New Zealand waters, the exceptions being the Greenland whale, the Californian or Pacific grey whale, thé 19t_t!.T right whaÍe, and the northern minke or piked whale. the úystacocetí are divided into three families: the Balaenidae (right whales), the BaÍaenopteridae (rorquals), and the Bschrichtiiclae (grey whales).-Grey whales do not occur in New Zealand waters.

Feurr.v BALAENIDAE, Right Whales and more recently by Omura (I95Ba). The Two species in this family have been recorded biology of the southern right whale was discussed Matthews from New Zealand waters: Eubalaena australis by (l938b). The degree of disrinction (Desmoulins) and Caþerea marginata (Gray). Both between glacialis and australis is arguable, but the are rare. two animals are now so raïe that the chance of first-hand morphological comparison is remote.

Genus Eubalaena Gray, 1864 The Southern Eubalaena Right Whale in New Zealalrd australis (Desmoulins, lB22), the Waters Southern Right Whale (Fig. t) Some information about the migration, natural history, and history of exploitation of the right whale in New Zealand has been published 1822. Bala¿na australis Desmoulins, in Dictionnaire Classique (Gaskin, 1964c). d'Histoire Naturelle, vol. 2, p. 16l. Algoa Bay, Soúth A detailed survey of right Africa. whaling in both Australia and New Zealand js being prepared (Dr W. H. Dawbin, pers. comm.). The species was hunted from about Cornrnents lB20 until 1936 in New Zealand, though it was exploited The seven neck vertebrae of all the right whales most from 1825 to 1850. Since 1936 the right are fused, which distinguishes them from the whale has been completely protected. rorquals, in which the vertebrae ate separate. The species feeds on krill among the pack ice Superficially the right whale can be recognised in the Antarctic during summer, and in winter by the peculiar eruption on the anterior end of and spring it moves north. The best catches of the snout which whalers call the "bonnet", by the right whales in New Zealand were made between absence of a dorsal fin, by the strongly arched June and September, and the slaughter of them mouth, and by the double spout. by bay whalers and off-shore pelagic whalers on Formerly the animal was called the black whale the New Zealand coast was so great that the or the common whale. The name right whale species was almost exterminated. The killing is fairly recent; to the whalers of the Northern continued well into the twentieth century on a Hemisphere it was simply the right whale to much reduced scale. Thirty-six years elapsed catch, since it was easy to pursue, floated when between the last recorded sighting of a right whale dead, and yielded excellent whalebone and by the Cook Strait whalers and the sighting of a plenty of oil. right whale in Tory Channel in 1963 (Gaskin, In the Southern Hemisphere the right whale 1964c). The areas where the right whale was may reach a maximum length of 60 ft at physical seasonally abundant are shown in fig. 2, in maturity, though most specimens seen are smaller. which the localities of the five 1963 sightings are The northern species, Eubalaena glacialis, was the also marked. The numbers of right whales caught first to be described, and its anatomy and general near the New Zealand mainland since l9l5 are biology have been examined by Andrews (l90Ba) listed in table 1.

t4 I 50 ft

Alter Slijþ¿r ( 1962). The 3' Long australis,the southern right whale. ofidentification: 1. Lack ofa dorsal fin. 2' "bonnet"' Fie. l; Eubalaena Eoints illustrations of cetacea the length shown - whatebone urra ..ro'ii!ä1ìi;ä;;ìäi. Ñãi.' llìÈi. ill, i'"tio" and succeeding is that for an average^ adult male at sexual maturrty'

TABLE l: Numbers of Right Whales Caught off the New The Otago Museum holds the skeleton of a Zealanld' Coast Since 1915* 29 ft young ilght whale, and a skeleton from Canterbury is held at the Dominion Museum; a Years Tory Channel Whangamumu skeleton in the Paris Museum is listed as coming 19l5-17 6 0 I from Akaroa (Oliver, 1922c). t92r-22 I 2 I r924-27 2 0 0 Occurrences near Carnpbell Island Totals 9 2 2 Sightings of southern right whales at Campbell *Data from flles of the New Zealand Marine Department' Island were recorded by whalers in 1911 and 1912 and by meteorological staff there between 1942 and 1964 (tables 2 and 3)'

TABLE2:CampbelllslandRightWhaleSightingsbetweenl9lland1964*

Year South Coast NW Bay Perseverance Unspecified Totals Iiarbour

t9l1 0 0 0 65 65 9r2 0 0 0 31 3l 9+2 I 92 13 0 106 4 30 9 043 943 q 94s 0 I 010 947 0 20 I 021 957 0 65 0 065 958 0 3l 0 031 959 7 l9 0 026 960 0 11 2+ 035 962 0 0 20 020 (JuIy only) 1963 .. 0 0t 29 0 116 1964 .. 0 30 0 030 Totals t2 394 97 96 599

on *The data for lgl I and l9l2 came from two manuscripts each entitled "Diary of a Whaling Se-asort''fro rrlrr",r*. Màr".."e.rt duta'uief-;B.il.y;"á Sorensên (1962), rom m""111tli,î:ry:rt'Þ#:* lvressrs TÂ' ;: Civil Aviation files, and from letters and reports by meteorologic I statron statt collectecl Dy Ingram,

15 Regular watches were kept on days of good TABLE 3: Sightings of Right Whales at Campbell Island Month weather during the l9ll and l9l2 whaling by Month in the Two Phases of O6servation seasons. Watches were also kept during the later Month l91r-12 L9+2-63 years, at least on North West Bay and Persever- ance Harbour. These observations cannot be March 00 standardised, but the whaling diaries and the April JJ Muy .. 25 22 weather station's reports suggest that consistent June 21 15 watches were Jrly .. 27 142 August .. l0 160 The relative September .. B t28 at Campbell October 03 November The great 00 reaches Campbell Island in late winter, but in Observers from the the l91l-12 period the greatest number reached the island (Messrs J. H the island in late autumn and early winter, pers. comm.) were cer about two months earlier. duals and small family groups stayed in the vicinity

Fig. 2. Areas (dotted) where rhe southern right whale was once seasonally abundant round New Zealand. The arrows indicate the approximate migration tracks, and the localities where the species was sighted in 1963 are shown by the large black dots. The ringed figures show the numbers of animals sighted.

16 -õ .9 o o- c o 6 U

.= Fig. 3: Sightings] of f-southern right whales at Campbell between and 6 Island 19l1 ïotal of 1963, showing the seasonal change in percentage occur- t- 357 an imals rence. o o (ú C o ùo

Total of 19t1-2 96 animals

for several weeks (compare the humpback whales, the Australian and New Zealand coasts (Chittle- which accumulate in Foveaux Strait on their borough, 1956; Dr W. H. Dawbin, pers. comm.; southward migration (Dawbin, 1956a)). The Gaskin, 1964c). right whales at Campbell Island have been Since the same individuals may be observed on observed rolling round in pairs at the surface and consecutive days, and perhaps weeks, any popula- giving every appearance of mating (Messrs tion estimate based on the gross sightings will J. H. Sorensen and A. Wright, pers. comm.; almost certainly be too high. Additional evidence Mr A. Poppleton, in litt.). Occasionally there are that the same whales stay round the island for females with calves (Mr A. Wright, pers. comm.), some time is available. The observers have re- and calves were recorded among the kills of the ported regular movements in the vicinity of the 1911-12 season. Females with calves have also island as if the pairs and family groups moved in been noted on rare occasions in recent years on and out ofthe bays.

t7 15 fr

Aftet Hale ( 19321 ) . Fig. 4: Caþerea marginata, the pygmy right whale. Points of identifrcation : 1 A dorsal fin. 2. Long yellowish whalebone edged with black in a strongly arched mouth.

Population Estirnates

Observations since 1957 of the total number of right whales seen at one time give an estl'mate of about 45 to 60 near Campbell Island. The total number of animals in the western South Pacific is probably not more than a few hundrecl (Gaskin, I 964c). Only 14. southern right whales were sighted by the Russian vessel Kooþeraßþa in 1957-58 at various localities in the Ross Sea ancl the Southern Ocean between the longitudes of New Zealand ancl Easter Island (Zenkovich, 1962).

Genus Caperea Gray, 1864

Caperea rnarginata (Gray, 1846), the Pygmy Right Whale (Fig. a)

1846. Balaena marginata Gray, in Richardson and Gray, The Zoology ofthe Voyage ... Erebusand T¿rror..., vol, I, p.48, pl. I fig. 1. only. Western Australia.

Cornrnents

This animal differs from the other right whales in having a dorsal fin. Like other right whales, it has seven fused neck vertebrae and no ventral Fig. 5 : The localities of known strandings of Caþerea marginata on the New Zealand coast. The numbers indicating the throat grooves. Gray (1871a) gave a note on the strandings are the record numbers set out in table 4.

18 skull. Hector (1875) described a specimen from Fertr,v BALAENOPTERIDAE, Rorquals Stewart Island, stating that it was black with a light stripe on the ventral surface. The dorsal fin was small and not recurved. The baleen plates were yellowish white with blackish margins. The species appears to attain a maximum length of shorter than those of the right whales. There. are about 20 ft. up to a hundred grooves in the skin of the throat rorquals are The pygmy right whale has been recorded from and ventral thoracic region. All Tasmania (Davies and Guiler, 1957; Guiler, slim with smooth lines, but the larger species of 1961); South Australia (Hale, 1932b and 1939); right whale are stout. Western Australia (Gray, 1Ba6); New South There are eight distinct species. One distinct Wales (Iredale and Troughton, 193a); South form, the so-called "pyg-y" blue whale, does not Africa (Norman and Fraser, 1937); and South seem to have been given valid specific status yet, America (Norman and Fraser, 1937). though it can apparently be separated from the true blue whale musculus (Ichihara, 1963). The largest concentration of these whales occurs in Ocean to the south and west of The Pygrny Right Whale in New Zea.land the Southern Australia. The spread of the population appears \Maters to be reasonably wide, as a specimen has recently been identified at the Durban whaling station in There are 12 records of this species for lttrew South Africa (Gambell, 1964). Zealand, some of them not well authenticated ago there was considerable confusion (table 4 and fig. 5). Eleven of these records were A century the rorqual species, and recently summarised by Davies and Guiler (1957) about the identities of in conjunction with Australian records. even until the late nineteenth century it was considered that there were more than one species There have been no authenticated sightings of blue whale and fin whale (Hector, 1875). of this animal at sea, and very little is known of Though there is still doubt over the specific its biology. status of the pygmy blue whale and the minke

TABLE 4: New Zeala¡d Strandings olCaþerea marginata*

Record No. of Date Locality Details Reference No. Animals

t Not known Not known . . Part of skel. in Paris Mus. Oliver, 1922c 2 Not known Not known Some material in Aust. Mus. . . Davies and Guiler, 1957 1957 J Not known . . Not known Part of skel. in Amer. Mus. Nat. Davies and Guiler, Hist. 4 Before 1864 Not known Spec. in Brit. Mus. Hector, 1873a 5 Before 1870 Kawau Island Skull in Dom. Mus. . . Hector, 1873a 6 Before rB74 Not known Skull of young animal in Auck. Hector, 1875 Mus. 7 .lan IB74 Stewart Island .. Sket. of 15 ft 6 in. adult in Brit. Hector, 1875 Mus. o Not known. IB74? Stewart Island? Skel. in Dom. Mus. Oliver, 1922c 9 About 1880 Ohariu Bay Skel. in Dom. Mus. .. Oliver, 1922c 10 About lB91 Canterbury Skel. of 15 ft adult in Aust. Mus. Oliver, 1922c 1957 11 Oct 1944 . . Stewart Island Skull in Dom. NIus. . . Davies and Guiler, r2 Apr 1951 Stewart Island 16 ft adult .. L. Gurr, pers. comm.

*Abbreviations used in this table and succeeding tables are: Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., American Museum of Natural History, N

m,

19 whales of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Southern Cornrnents Oceans, most of the species are now well known. The skin of the blue whale is greyish blue and Bryde's whale was the last of the established usually uniform except for dappling or patches species to be described (Olsen, I9l3). was It of paler colour on the ventral surface. Even on first recognised in South African waters, but has land or on the deck of a factory ship (frontispiece), since been described from many other areas. when it loses much of its shape, the blue whale is Analysis of the catch compositions of pelagic a graceful and streamlined animal despite its whaling expeditions produces valuable inform- vast bulk. Specimens over 100 ft long have been ation on the exploited populations (l{ishiwaki recorded. The dorsal fin is small for the size of ancl Hayashi, 1950; Nishiwaki and Oye, lgsi). the animal. The baleen plates are black. Some studies have suggested that within some After blue whales have been in the polar seas and perhaps all whale species there are different for some months a film of diatoms begins to races and subpopulations. Evidence for this is accumulate thickly on the skin, mainly on the sometimes statistical (Jonsgård, 1952) and some- ventral surface. When it becomes thick this film times biological (Fujino, 1953). is yellow or orange, and this has led to the well The author accepts six species of rorqual as known term "sulphur bottom" whale, which was occurring in New Zealand waters, five in the formerly considered by some authorities to be genus Balaenoþtera-blue, finback, sei, Bryde's, perhaps a separate species. The diatom film has and minke whales and one genus in the been discussed by Omura (1950). Megaþtera, the humpback- whale. The Southern Blue Whale in New Zealalrid, Iilaters Genus Balaenoptera Lacépède, lB04 Records of this whale in New Zealand coastal waters are scattered over many years. Age studies Balaenoptera ¡nusculus interrnedia Bur- on this species (Ruud, Jonsgård, and Ottestad, meister, 1866, the Southern Blue Whale (Fig. 6) 1950) and other population studies helped to show long ago that the species was being seriously overexploited, and it is now a protected animal. 1758. Balaena musculus Linneaus, Systema Naturae, 10th ed., The recorded strandings of Balaenoþtera musculus vol. l, p. 76, I January. Scotland. intermedia on the New Zealand coast are listed 1866, Balaenoþtera musculus intermedia Burmeister, Ann. Mag. nat. in Hi,st., ser. 3, 17: 102. table 5, and their localities are shown in fig. 7.

85 ft

Fig. 6: Balaenoþtera musculus intermedia, the southern blue whale. Points of identification: 1. A slate blue skin on the ventral surface as well as on the dorsal surface. 2. Black baleen. 3. A dorsal fin.

20 TABLE 5: New Zealand Strandings of Bahenoþtera musculus

Record No. of Date Localitv Details Reference No. Animals

I TB73 Coal Point No data Hutton, 1875 2 Feb 1908 Okarito Skel. of 87 ft female in Cant. Mus. Waite, l912 J l9 t2 Lyall Bay 70 ft adult .. Dom. Mus. str. file 4 Apr 1920 Napier 66 fr adulr . . Dom. Mus. str. file 5 1920 New Brighton. . 62 ft adult .. Dom. Mus. str. file 6 1925 Orewa 90 ft female. Archey, 1926 7 Dec 1932 Hokitika Bl ft adult . . Marine Dept. str. file o 1951 Whangaehu .. 77 ft rnale . . Marine Dept. str. file

Five blue whales were taken by the Tory TABLE 6: Blue Whales Taken at Tory Channel, 1930-47 Channel whalers between 1930 and 1947. Only Date Sex Length Other Details the lengths of the 1938 and 1947 specimens are known, though it is not known if the standard 1930 Not known Not known None length was measured on the former. All the known 3l July l93B Female 98 ft IJterus contained I oz foetus, sex un- data on these animals are given in table 6, determined abstracted from records of the Marine Depart- 1939 Not known Not known None ment. 1940 Not knowrr Not known None 17 l.une 1947 Female 85 ft No foetus. 361 ba- leen plates per side

Balaenoptera physalus quoyi Fischer, 1829, the Southern Finback Whale (Fig. B)

1758. Balaena þþtsalus Linneaus, Systema Naturae 10th ed., vol. l, p. 75, 1 fantary. European seas.

L829. Balaenoptera þhysalus quolti Fisct,er, Synopsis Mammalium, p.524.

Cornrnents The average length of the male finback, fin, or finner whale or common rorqual is about 67 ft and that of the female about 73 ft. Because of the heavy catches of this species in the Southern Ocean finbacks rarely reach B0 ft now. The longest of 26,36+ whales of the species taken in the Southern Ocean in the l96l Antarctic whaling season was a female finback 85 ft long, which was measured by the author. The finback is sleeker in build than the blue whale, the head being more streamlined and the snout less blunt. The dorsal surface is light dappled grey. The ventral surface is white (fiS. 9), includ- ing the under surfaces of the flippers and the Fig. 7: The localities of known strandings of Balaenoþtera fl.ukes. The right side of the lower jaw is white musculus on the New Zealand coast. The numbers are the record numbers in table 5. and the left side grey, colouring which seems to

2t l ì

67 fr

Fig. Bz Balaenoþtera þhltsalus quo2i, tl'e southern frnback whale. Points of identification: 1. Yellowish greyrrrhalebone, white at the - anterior end ofthe right side. 2. Dorsal surface light dappled grey, ventral surface white; the white extends to the under sicles of the flukes and flippers. be associated with the fin whale's habit of swim- growth ridges in the baleen plates. Later it was ming tilted to the right when feeding. There is a found that laminations in the earplug were little variation in the relative amounts of grey associatedwithage (Purves and Mountford, 1959). and white in the finback. Further studies on the earplug laminations have The northern finback appears to be slightly been carried out in Japan (Nishiwaki, Ichihara, smaller at maturity than its Southern Hemisphere and Ohsumi, l95B). In association with the age counterpart (Slijper, 1962). Studies have been studies some definitive studies on the size of the made on growth in this species (Fujino, 1954b; total Antarctic stock have been made; among Pike, 1953a; Ohsumi, 1960; Ohsumi, Nishiwaki, the earlier ones were those by Mackintosh and and Hibiya, l95B) and in the foetus (Laws, Wheeler (1929), Mackintosh (19+2), Mackintosh 1959b). An examination of a large sample by and Brown (1956), and Ottestad (1956). The Nemoto (1962) appeared to show a difference in last author also studied the sustainable yield of the shape of the tip of the snout in males and the Antarctic stock. females. The baleen of this species is bluish grey Like the blue whale, the finback is a migratory except on the anterior section of the right side of species and generally seems to stay well away from the head, where it is white. The sexes of the fin shore when on passage. The dispersal of blue and whale were studied by Brinkmann (1948), and fin whales has been studiecl by Brown (1954). Laws (1959a) described the breeding cycle. Much has been learnt about the movements of However, since the finback whale is the main- the species by the recovery of whale marks (Brown, stay of the Southern Ocean industry, most recent 1957). Off the west coast of South America it biological studies have centred round the sexual appears that finback whales are usually found cycle and methods of determining the age of moving north and south about 100 miles from animals of the species. General studies on the shore (Robert Clarke, 1962). Off the coast of habits (Gunther, 1949) and the breeding season Western Australia finbacks may be found moving (Laws, 1959a) have thrown much light on the between 3 and 20 miles offshore (Chittleborough, possible productivity of the species. Kimura 1e53). (I957) made a survey of the incidence of twinning in the finback, once regarded as very unusual. The Southern Finback Whale in New Zea,larnd. Attempts have been made to examine the age Waters structuïe of finback populations (Wheeler, 1930). New Zealand Marine Department whale sur- Nishiwaki (1950) studied the change in colour of vey vessels and the Tory Channel whale chaser the crystalline lens, and Ruud (1945) studied the worked off the eastern end of Cook Strait up to 60

22 {I rS-

Photogaþh fu D. E. Caskin.

Fig. 9: A frnback whale being fi.ensed on the deck ofthe FF South¿rn Venturer near the South Sandwich Islands in December 19C1.

ù

miles from shore for ayear (1963-64), when only In February and March 1964 the officers of two finbacks were seen. One of these, a 60 ft male, the whale chaser Orca began reporting single fin- was caught by the Tory Channel whalers about backs moving up the coast aboul 15 miles from B miles off the Kaikoura Feninsula and appears shore in the Kaikoura region at first and later off to be the only one of the species taken by a Cape Palliser. shorebased whaling establishment on the New The Marine Department has records of three Zealand mainland. No finback was recorded by finbacks in Cook Strait before 1963, all in 1948. the Tory Channel company as being caught from These were a mother and calf, which were 1910 to 1963, and though the odd finback whale reported by the Tory Channel company and was sighted by the whalers in Cook Strait, which came into Cook Strait, and a single large apparently none was taken. specimen sighted by the same observers close to

TABLE 7: New Zealand Strandings of Balaenoþtera þhltsalus

Record No. of Date Locality Details Reference No. Animals

t 10Jun 1873 Port Underwood Skel. of 70 ft female in Dom. Hector, 1875 Mus. 2 20 Apr 1881 New Brighton. . 66 ft unsexed spec. von Haast, 1883 5 1 883 Nelson Skel. of adult in Otago Mus. Parker, 1885, as musculus 4 Jul 1912 Campbell Island Harpooned by shore whalers Unpublished diary in Dom. Mus. 5 1940 Akatore 70 fr adult . . L. Gurr, pers. comm. 6 Jan 1950 Warrington 67 ft female. . L. Gurr, pers. comm.

23 Sinclair Head. No dates were recorded, though pair of this species came into Perseverance the reports were filed at the end of March 1948. Harbour on 7 June l91l and were recorded by Occurrences near Carnpbell fshnd the whalers there. A single finback was harpooned and rendered down by the whalers at Cook's The Department also has records of four fin- whaling station on the same island in July i912. backs in shallow water at Campbell Island. A A solitary finback was observed in North West Bay on B November l94B and identified by Dr R. A. Falla, then of the Dominion Museum. Toward the end of winter in 1963 a few whales were reported by the weather station staff at Raoul Island, in the Kermadec Islands, and the descriptions tallied with the characters of fin- back whales. A list of strandings has been compiled (table 7) and the locations of these are shown in fi.g. 10.

Balaenopteraborealis schlegeli (Flower, I 865), the Southern Sei Whale (Fig. 1l)

1828. Balaenoþtera borealis Lesson, Histoire Naturelle . . . des Mammifères et des Oiseaux Découverts depuis 17BB . . . , Cétacés, p.342.

1865. Sibbaldius schlegeli Flowet, Proc. zool, Soc. Lond. 1864: 400.

Cornrnents The sei whale is the smallest rorqual usually exploited in the Southern Ocean, and because of its small oil yield it has been taken in large numbers by factory ships only in fairly recent years. In general outline it is much like a small F replica of the finback. The sei whale becomes sexually mature when about 40 to 50 ft long, and a few animals reach 60 ft at physical maturity, whereas the length of the finback at sexual maturity is 67 to 73 ft. The species was hunted extensively in the Northern Hemisphere long before it became important in the Southern Ocean catch. Thus Lydekker (1922) noted that in 1885, 771 sei whales were caught by Norwegian whalers off the coast of northern Norway. The baleen plates are black with a white fringe. The general colour on the dorsal surface is bluish grey, which merges gradually into white on the ventral surface (fig. l2). This white area does not, however, extend on to the under surface ofthe flukes and flippers as in the finback, and it is often partly obscured by a pinkish tinge. In Fig. l0: The localities of known strandings of Bahenoþtcra a few animals the dorsal surface is so dark that þh2salus on the New Zealand coast. The numbers are the record numbers in table 7, it appears black at a distance, and such specimens

2+ 50 ft I

a fringe. Fig. I I . Balaenoþtera borealis schlegeli, the soutlrern sei. whale. Points of identification: I. Black whalebone with white hair 2. Dorsal surface bluish ãr.Vi white and pink; the white does not extend on to the under surfaces ofthe flukes and flippers. "Ë"truiuiface appear quite piebald, like many humpback whales. The external characters of sei whales on the coast ofJapan have been discussed by Omura and Fujino (1954). Two major monographs have been producecl on this species, one by Andrews (1916) and the other by Matthews (1938c). When it is swimming the species is usually recognised by experienced whalers by its narrow back, the thin spout, and the promi- nent hooked dorsal fin. The sei and its close relative, Bryde's whale, can swim very fast over short distances, and it has been checked at 35 knots for a few seconds (Slijper, 1962).

Fig. 12: A sei whale, taken among the South Shetland - Islands in March 1962, on the deck of the FF Southern Venturer. The white fringe to the whalebone can be seen.

At present the distributions of sei and Bryde's r.r'hales are imperfectly known. Bryde's whale apparently cloes not migrate to and from the Antarctic like the sei whale (Symons, 1955). It seems almost certain that the populations may mix during part of the year, probably in winter, when sei whales are in tropical and temperate latitudes. The possibility of some populations of intermediate characteristics cannot be discounted. The two species can be distinguished in the water only by a close view of the snout. Bryde's whale has a central rostral ridge and a pair of dorso- lateral ridges, but the sei whale has only a single central rostral ridge. The known occurrences of Photograþh b9 D. E. Gaskin. Bryde's whale in certain areas are discussed in the next section.

25 With the population of blue and fin whales rós'E tz¿'E declining the sei whale has become more promi- T T nent in Southern Ocean catches. The biology has been studied by Matthews (t93Bc). Sei whales are also important in the catch of whales I on the coast of Japan, where their movements have been studied by Omura and Nemoto (I955), and at the Bonin Islands, where Nishimoto, Tozawa, and Kawakami (1952) have studied the food of the species and where Nishiwaki, Hibiya, and Kirnura (1954) have studied its sexual maturity. The anatonr.y was described by 3e'l- Carte and MacAlister (1868).

The Southern Sei Whale in New Zealand. Waters On 1 February 1922 a "sei" whale was stranded in Porirua Harbour and the length was recorded as 53 ft (Oliver, 1922a). The length and appear- ance ofthe belly grooves in a photograph suggest that this specimen could have been borealis, not edeni. Five other strandings of "sei" whales have been recorded (table B and fig. l3). The 1963 Marine Ðepartment whale survey vessels twice saw what were probably sei whales near Cape Palliser in February and again in June. A specimen of borealis was captured by the Tory Channel company in 1956. A description of the baleen in a Marine Department record indicates that this identification was correct. Four sei whales were taken by the company in Fig. 13: The localities of known strandings of ,,sei,, whales on the New Zealand coast. The numbèrs are the record December 1964, and detailed descriptions ob- numbers in table B. tained then show clearly that these whales were borealis, not edeni. Several other probable sei whales were seen by the company's whale chaser Tasman Sea in May and June 1963 could have in December 1964, though they were not taken, been either species. These schools were moving and others were sighted in March of the same north. year. Several animals of this species were also Balaenoþtera borealis is thus among the Cetacea reported frorn the Akaroa lighthouse and an recorded in New Zealand waters. However, the RNZAF aircraft in March 1964. Sei whales seen six records of stranded baleen whales assigned to and reported by merchant vessels off the west this species include only one undoubted occur- coast of the North Island and in the central ¡snçs-¡þs Lyall Bay specimen.

TABLE B: New Zealand Strandings of "Sei" Whales

Record No. of Locality Details Reference No. Animals

I 5 Dec 19I1 Whangamumu 46 ft male . . Oliver, 1922c 2 19t2 Bay of Islands 46 ft adult . . Lillie, 1915 3 I Feb 1922 Forirua llarbour 53 ft female. . Oliver, 1922a 4 t923 Mangawhai Adult Marine Dept. str. file 5 Aug I94B I-yall Bay 46 ft adult . . C. McCann, pers. comm. 6 6 Oct 1963 Motuora Island 39 ft female. . Marine Dept. record from A.R.S. Chamberlin

26 40 fr

Fig. 14: Balaenoþtera edeni,Bryde's whale. Points ofidentiflcation: 1. Coarse blackish whalebone without a pale fringe, though some anterior plates are streaked rvith white, 2. The ventral grooves extend to the navel.

Balaenoptera edeni Anderson, 1878, Bryde's the baleen is usually grey and white instead of Whale (Fig. la) black as ir borealis; posteriorly it is black. 5. Bryde's whale matures sexually at a smaller size in both sexes than borealis. The species becomes sexually mature at about 39 ft, compared lB7B. Balaenoþtera edeni Anderson, Anatomical and Zoological Researches . . . Expeditions to \{estern Yunnan, . ., with the 40 to 50 ît of borealis. p.551. The geographical areas occupied by borealis and edeni may be impossible to define. Bryde's whale has been positively identified from the Cornrnernts Malacca Straits (Junge, 1950), Braztl (Omura, Though the species was first described by 1962a), Japan (Omura, 1959 and 1962b), the Anderson, so that his narne, edeni, mtxt take western side of South Africa (Best, 1960) and the precedence, the full specific and positive des- eastern side (Olsen, 1913), the former French cription of the new species was given by Olsen Equatorial Africa (R-uud, 1952), the Caribbean (1913). Anderson's section on edeni gives the (Slijper, 1962), the Bay of Bengal (Slijper, 1962), impression that he did not really believe that he and Western Australia (Chittleborough, 1959b). was describing anything but a variety of the sei whale, borealis. Olsen described the species from the coast of South Africa. Though intermediate types are not unknown, Bryde's Whale in New Zezland Waters Bryde's whale can usually be distinguished by Samples from "sei" whales taken in northern the following characters : New Zealand waters in recent years by the 1. The general build of the body is much slimmer whaling station formerly at Great Barrier Island than that of borealis. have been examined. These indicated that the 2. The rostrum bears three ridges, one median animals frequently noted near Great Barrier and the others dorso-lateral. Island were Balaenoþtera edeni (Dr W. H. Dawbin, pers. comm.). Data collected from a specimen The grooves lower jaw much 3. under the extend stranded in the Hauraki GuIf in 1963 (fig. 15) further posteriorly than those of borealis. and examined by the author confirm this view, 4. The baleen plates are more robust and coarser though the baleen plates were not exactly the than those of borealis, in keeping with the normal same as those described from other parts of the diet of edeni, which is fish, not krill. Anteriorly world (Slìjper, 1962). A preliminary note has

27 already been published on this population TABLE 9. Length-sex Data of Catches of Balaenoþtera edeni. by (Dawbin, 1956b). has since been the Great Barrier Island Whaling Station in 1956, lg5¿ It found by the 1959, and 1961 author that this population is a little more extensive than was then believed. Females Since a sighting network was set up to find sperm whales round the coast of New Zealand Number Number many reports of "sei" whales have been received | """*.n I | "."rrn from the area fr ft between North Cape and East I 36 139 Cape. Formerly it was thought that these animals I 43 r42 I might be confinecl to an area between 44 343 lat. 35. and 2 45 t4+ 37" S and long.l74" and 176" E (Dawbin, I 48 145 Ig56b). 246 The animals also seemed to be plentiful near 247 White Island, and it seems almost certain from t48 the constancy of sightings throughout the year 149 that these animals are non-rri.igratory in the broad geographical sense and make only local +J.J 4+.8 and seasonal movements. At present the whales are not exploited and they are now reappearing in the Hauraki Gulf only a few miles outside station on Great Barrier Island in 195G, 1957, Auckland Harbour. 1959, and 196l are given in table 9. The migrations of borealis are not known, but From the catch figures of the defunct Great in late summer a stream appears to come up from Barrier Island whaling station and observations the Subantarctic, passing north along the east made during the Marine Department whaling coast of the South Island until it reaches Cape survey of 1963 it seems certain that the species Palliser. Probably most of these whales continue can be found in the Hauraki Gulf - Bay of Plenty up the coast past East Cape, though some turn area in any month of the year. All the available and pass through Cook Strait. There are no Iength-sex data on the animals caught by the records of edeni south of Bast Cape (fig. 16).

Photograþh by A. R. S. Chamberlin. Fig. 15: A stranded Bryde's whale at Motuora Island, Auckland, in October r963.

28 Fie. ew Zealand - borealis and have been calities of catches and strandings of -B. boreali.s are shown by the black squares. The single diagonal hatching indicates the are where B. edeni is kr'own to occur and the crossed hatching the area where "sei" whales have been observed but the species has not been determined.

Balaenoptera acutorostrata Lacépède, 1804, B. huttoni. Oliver (1922c) re-examined the material the Piked or Minke Whale (Fig. 17) described by Gray, von Haast, and Benham and reassigned the specimeîs to acut7rzstratL. There may be two species of minke whale in 1804. Balaenoþtera alutorostra.ta. Lacépède, Histoire Naturelle des Cétacées. .,, p. 37. European seas. the Southern Hemisphere, ,8. acutlrlstra'ta' aud B. bonaerens¿'s Burmeister, 1867. The latter species was first described by Burmeister (1867), but Cornrnents was considered a synonym of acutorostrata until Williamson (1961) discussed the question. The There was much confusion in some of the older problem has recently been discussed again in Iiterature between this species arld B. borealis and relation to specimens caught by Japanese factory B. edeni. In different papers the synonymy varies. ships (Kasuya and Ichihara, 1965). Balaenoþtera Thus Weber (1923) considered that B. rzstrata huttoni may be referable to B. bonaerensis. was a synonym of B. borealrs, as did Lydekker (1922); von Haast (lBBl) and Benham (1902b) In the Southern Ocean this species is probably noted .8. rlstrata as a synonym of .8. acutlrlstrata. the commonest of the rorquals, because it is the Gray (1874b) clescribed a separate species, smallest and has the lowest oil yield. Often the

29 I 25 Ít

Fig. 17: acutzrlstrata, points .Balaenoþtera the piked or minke whale. olidentifìcarion: l. Short, yellow wlralebone. 2. The length hardly ever exceecls 30 ft. species is seen in leads among the dense pack on gård, l95I); Japan (Matsuura, 1936; Omura the very edge of the Antarctic mainland. Taylor and Sakiura, 1956; Ornura, 1957); California (195i) recorded the species restricted to srnall (Abbott, 1930; Fry, 1935; Rice, 1963a);Western pools of free water in the ice and fighting a Australia (Chittleborough, 1953); and Oregon slowly losing battle to stop the holes freezing over. and Washington (Cowan, 1939). In Japan it is Balaenoþtera acutlrlstrata is very widely distribu- the only rorqual to be kept for a short tirne in an ted. It has been recorded from the northern islands aquarium (Kirnura and lrlemoto, 1956) . of Scotland (Turner, lB91); the North Atlantic The greatest size recorded for this species is Ocean (Moore and Palmer, 1955) ; western South about 30 ft, but none of the specimens stranded America (Robert Clarke, 1962); Norway (Jons- in New Zealand has been as long. The whale is

Pllalograph b1 Mrs R- l(dLs, fut courteqt ol Dominion Muscum, Wellington Fig. 1B: A stranded minke w-hale at Haast in August 1958.

30 Photograþh fu C. M- Hale, bt ôoútes) of Dominion Museum, Wcllinglon Fig. 19: The head of a minke whale str¿nded at Plimmerton in June 1954.

bluish grey on the dorsal surface and pure white referable to it instead of, to B. acutorostrata. beneath (fig. lB). Norman and Fraser (1937) External descriptions are not available for most stated that the easiest external character to note of this material, and separation will not be for identification in this species is a patch of white possible unless reliable skeletal or cranial charac- on the outer side of the flipper. At least sorne New ters are found for each species. Zealand minke whales have lacked this. The baleen is very short (fig. 19) and dull yellow. The Minke Whale in New Zealand Waters The whales described by Kasuya and Ichihara (1965) lacked a white patch on the flippers and There is little indication that the minke whale were caught to the south of Australia. If -8. is common in New Zealand coastal waters. Two bonaerensis is a distinct species, many of the New rninke whales sighted by the whale chaser Orca Zealand specimens recorded in table I0 may be near the Kaikoura Feninsula in December 1963

TABLE 10: Nerv Zealand Strandings of Balaenoþtera acutlrostratd

Record No. of l)ate Locality Details R-eference No. Animals

I Oct 1873 Otago lleads . . Skel. with baleen of 16 ft spec., Gray,lBT4b (type of B. huttoni) sex unknown, in Brit. Mus. 2 7 Feb 1880 Sumner Skel. of 23 ft male in Cant. Mus. von Haast, 1BB1; Oliver, 1922c 5 I 885 Port Ahuriri . . "Young" Oliver, 1922c 4 1BB5 Moeraki Skull, "incomplete", in Otago Oliver, 1922c Mus. 5 1 900 Lyttelton trIarbour 10lt female. . Dom. Mus. str. flle 6 Aug 1900 . . Young female Benham, 1902b; Oliver, 1922c 7 16Jun 1949 19 ft male L. Gurr, pers. comm. and photo- graph Õ I 954 Flimmerton Cast of calf in Dom. Mus. C. McCann, pers. comm. and photograph 9 l95B IIaast Small male Dom. Mus. str. flle 10 19 May 1958 .. Sinclair Head . . 7 ft 6 in. male C. McCann, pers. comm. 11 14 Sep I95B Palliser Bay 10 ft 6 in. female C. McCann, pers. comm. and photograph t2 Sep 1960 Baring Head . . No data C. McCann, pers. comm.

31 were estimated to be 18 ft and 20 ft long respec- tively. There are 12 records of this species being stranded in New Zealand (table 10 and fig. 20). The species may have occurred more ftequently than the table indicates; there is a long gap between 1900 and 1949 and yet since 1949 six specimens have been reported. Since this is a small whale, there is a strong likelihood that a specimen coming ashore in a remote area might not be reported.

Genus Megaptera Gray, tB46 Megaptera novaeangliae lalandi (Fischer, tB29), the Southern Humpback Whale (Fig. 21)

7781. Balaena nouae-anglíae Borowski, Gemeinnüzzige Natur- geschichte des Thierreichs . . . , vol. 2rp.2l. New England coast, U.S.A. 1829. Balaena lalandi Físcher, Synopsis Mammalium. p. 525. Cape of Good Hope, South Africa.

Cornrnents The humpback whale reaches a maximum Iength of 45 ft at physical maturity. The dorsal fin is not usually a very prominent feature and it is set well back on the hunched and rounded

Fig. 21. (below) z Megaþtera noaaeangliae lalandi., the southern Fig. The localities known Balaenoþtera 20: of strandings of humpback whale. Points of identification: 1. Black whalebone. acutorostratü the ZeaIand. coast. The numbers on New 2. A small dorsal fin. 3. Very long flippers. The animal is usually are the record numbers in table 10. covered with barnacles.

30- 40ft

32 dorsal fin are quite characteristic. Most animals are smothered with clumps of barnacles, especially on the jaws and the flippers. The humpback is now protected in the North Atlantic. It once formed a significant part of the Antarctic catch (Omura, 1953; Symons and Weston, l95B), but its numbers decreased so much that it is now completely protected in the Antarctic also. It was an important part of the whale catch at the Ryukyu Islands near Japan (Nishiwaki, 1959 and 1960) and in Australia (Chittleborough, 1953, 1954, 1956, 1958a, l958b, 1959a, 1959b, 1959c, 1962, 1963, and 1965) and it supported the New Zealand whaling industry almost completely for many decades (Ommanney, 1933; Dawbin, 1956a, 1956b, 1959a, I959b, 1960, 1964, and 1966). An early study of the habits of the humpback whale was made by Andrews (1909), and Matthews's discussion (1937) of the species was based mainly on the catches at South Georgia. The biological studies of this species were quite Photograþh by D. E- Gaskin. extensive, in keeping with its importance to Fig. 22: A humpback whale on the deck of the FF Southern Venturer north of Princess Astrid Land in January 1962. dorsal surface. There is a considerable range of colour variation. Normally the dorsal surface is black and the ventral surface white, the two areas or zones of colour meeting in the lateral mid-line, but there have been all-black and all-white animals. The whalebone is black. The flippers are much longer in proportion to the length of the body than those of the other rorquals (figs. 2l and 22). The spout is thick and well formed, and the hunched back and small

s

U

1953 54 55 5ó 57 58 59 ó0 ól 62 ó3 Yeor Fíg. 24: Migration movements of humpback whales in the Fig. 23: New Zealand catches of humpback whales between South-west Pacific and the Tasman Sea. (Modifred from 1953 and 1963. data published by Dawbin, I956a et seq.)

JJ Fig. 25: The movements of hump- back whales round the coast of New Zezland in summer and winter. The horizontal hatching indicates probable paths of movement of the greatest concentrations of whales. (Modified from two maps by Dawbin, 1956a.)

coastal whaling nations. The breeding cycle and animals. The catch results and sighting figures associated movements were studied by Chittle- have been very carefully examined (Dawbin, borough (1954 and l958a), and age studies and 1956a, 1956b, 1959a, 1959b, 1960, 1964, and growth rate studies were made by Chittleborough 1966), and the possibility of changed migration (1959c) and Dawbin (1959b). Aspects of the routes is most unlikely. female reproductive system were recorded by The marked decline between 1954 and 1963 Stump, Robins, and Garde (1960) and by in the numbers of this species passing the coasts Dunstan (1957). Further age studies were made of New Zealand is shown in table I l. Fig. 23 shows by Robins (1960). the decline in catches from 1960 to 1963. Considerable research was carried out on the The Southern lfurnpbach Whale in New humpback whale in Australia and New Zealand Zealanú Waters in view of its great importance to shore whaling in The humpback whale is the best known these countries. Most of this work has already cetacean in the New Zealand area, but it is no been published (Chittleborough, 1953, 195+, longer the commonest large rorqual. It seems l95Ba, l95Bb, 1959a, 1959c, 1962, 1963, and that the stock of these whales in the east Australia - 1965; Dawbin, 1956a, 1956b, 1959a, 1959b, 1960, New Zealand region is now only a few hundred 1964, and 1966). Dempsey and Wislocki (1941)

34 TABLE 1l : Sightings of Humpback Whales on the Coast of New Antarctic area V or group V stock. The Antarctic Zealand in 1954 and 1963 area Y has been designated as stretching from and from the edge of Year Sighting Localities No. Sighted Iong. 130" E to 170'W Antarctica to lat. 40'S. In a mimeographed paper to a subcommittee of scientists of the Inter- 1954 Cook Strait only, on northward mi- 495 gration* national Whaling Committee Dr W. H. Dawbin in 1963 suggested that there were distinct breeding 1963 Both north and south migrations, 27 lrom all available sighting points subunits which could not be recognised in the round the coast Antarctic, but appeared to frequent specific island groups when breeding. Such subpopulations awbin (1956). The 1963 data are have been recognised in the Antarctic finback .Yå':'"'HIî;.P'1"IXåi1'J*l: whale populations (Fujino, 1964). The remaining I I were sighted on Whale marking has shown that whales of this the southward migration. species may cross from the coast of New Zealand described the structure of the ovary in this species. to that of New South Wales and Queensland The following synopsis of humpback whale move- in one season either direct or via the Antarctic ments round New Zealand has been taken almost feeding grounds (Dawbin, 1964). Interchanges of entirely from the papers published by Dr W. H. humpbacks occur between Antarctic area Y Dawbin. groups and groups in areas IV and VI on each side Humpbacks passing the coasts of New Zealand of it. However, this kind of interchange is thought and eastern Australia in a northward direction to be fairly uncommon. It was believed (Dawbin, between May and August are on their way to 1956a) that most of the whales which pass the the breeding grounds north of New Zealand and New Zealand coast feed round the Balleny the Tasman Sea. They begin to ieturn south after Islands and on the western edge of the Ross Sea. a few weeks among the islands of the tropical Humpbacks were also occasionally seen near South-west Pacific. Moving south, they pass the Campbell Island and Auckland Island early in coasts of New Zealand and eastern Australia 1963 by the author. Some whales of this stock between September and December. In summer appear to move north and south past the Chat- they feed on krill to the south of New Zealand ham Islands, separate from the main stock. The and the Tasman Sea, often close to the edge of general movements of humpback whales in the Antarctica. South-west Pacific aÍea are shown in frg. 24. Within broad limits the humpback whales of Northward and southward movements round the this stock keep to fairly strict north-south paths coast are shown in fig. 25. Both these maps were of migration every year (Dawbin, 1964). This constructed from data in the papers by Dr W. H. population of humpbacks is referred to as the Dawbin.

35 ODONTOCETI, Toornno Wrrelos

AII the whales of the group Odontoceti are separated from the Mystacoceti by the possession of true teeth, functional at least in the lower jaw. fn some whales the ieeth may be visible in the upper jaw, as in the sperm whalè, but not functional. In some of the Ziphiidae females the teeth of the upþer jaw almost always stay buried in the gum. Most taxonomists recognise four families of toothed whales-the Physeteridae or sperm whales, the Ziphiidae or beaked whales, the Delphinidae or true dolphins, and the Platanistidae or river dolphins. All occur in NewZealand waters .*..pt tné Platanistidae. The Delphinidae are a heterogeneous group which might be further split.

Fenrr.r¿ PHYSETERtrDAE, Sperm Whales blowhole is placed on the left side of the head, very markedly so in the giant There are only two genera in this family: the sperm whale. The orifice the giant sperm genus Pþseter, with a single species, the giant in whale is in a very forward position, the sperm whale, and the genus Kogia, the pygmy at left side of the tip of the snout. Bach species has a complex and character- sperm whales, of which there are two species. istic structure called the The sperm whale reaches a maximum length at organ in the head. The function physical maturity of abour 60 ft; the pygmy of this organ, which is very large, is not known, but is sperm whales attain a maximum length of only it assumed to play some part in the deep dives about 14 to 15 ft. Despite the large difference in of which the giant sperm whale is capable. bulk between the genera the sperm whales have very distinct similarities. The functional teeth are in the lower jaw in Genus Physeter Linnaeus, 1758 both genera. In the sperm whale there are up to 15 pairs of maxillary teeth, many quite deeply Physeter catodon Linnaeus, 1758, the Sperm embedded in the gum. Whale or Cachalor (Fig. 26) The blowhole is single in both genera, and the nasal passage 1758. Pþtseter catodon Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, lOth ed., is twisted to the left, so that the vol. 1, p. 76.

40-50 ft male 20-35Ít female

Fig. 26: Phlseter catodon, the sperm whale. Points of identification: l. A boom-shaped toothed jaw. 2. No true dorsal fin.

36 Cornrnents The male sperm whale reaches a much greater size than the female at physical maturity. Males up to 60 ft long have been recorded in the South- ern Ocean, but a length of 40 ft at physical matur- ity is an extreme size for a female sperm whale. There is a degree of sexual segregation in the species. Some males wander into southern lati- tudes in summer, occasionally being caught at lat. 65' S, but the females stay between the broad limits of lat. 40" N and 40' S. The sperm whale is easily distinguished from other large whales in the water. The back is purplish brown in the living animal. There is no dorsal fin; instead the whale has one or more humps where the rorquals and beaked whales have a fin. The single blowhole on the left side at the tip of the snout sends up an oblique spout about B to l0 ft high. Except when viewed from directly behind the animal the shape of the spout is quite distinctive. The sperm whale will reach a speed of about 10 or 12 knots when pursued, but normally it cruises at 2 or 3 knots. The head, containing the huge spermaceti organ, is very long in relation to the length of the body, being almost a third of the total. The boom- shaped lower jaw fits snugly into a depression on the under side of the head (Ê,9. 27). The eyes ate small and relatively inconspicuous. The flippers are relatively small and stout. There are records of sperm whales with the hind limbs Fig.27:A sperm whaÌe on tn" O..l"Ji'JrLooìF sourhu., protruding through the (Ogawa and Venturer nezr Bouvet Island, Southern Ocean, in Decem- ber 1961. Kamiya, 1957). biology of the sperm whale at Durban and South The skin of the sperm whale turns from Georgia, Matthews produced a monograph purplish brown to grey on the dorsal surface (l93Ba). In recent years Robert Clarke (1955 and and from grey to white on the ventral surface 1956) has studied the species at the whaling as the animal ages. Older animals are frequently stations of the Azores Islands in the North covered with fighting scars on the flanks. Circular Atlantic. Much of the material used by M. R. jaws scars round the are attributed to the suckers Clarke in his study of cephalopods (1962) was of squid species, which are the staple diet of the derived from the stomachs of sperm whales. most parts the whale in of world. The teeth in old As the species became more important to the animals are usually very worn and broken. world whaling industry interest in it quickened. Methods of reading the age of Odontoceti whales Kojima (1951) studied the brain of the species, have been developed in Japan (Nishiwaki and and Nemoto and Nasu (1963) and Okutani and 1954) and Yagi, applied particularly to sperm Nemoto (1964) studied tlee feeding habits of the populations whale (Nishiwaki, Hibiya, and sperm whale. The breeding cycle and the maturity Ohsumi, l95B; Ohsumi, Kasuya, and Nishiwaki, of the species in various parts of the world were re63). studied by Chuzhakina (1955); Nishiwaki and An early monograph on the species was written Hibiya (1951 and 1952); Nishiwaki (1955); and by Beale (1839), and the species was also dis- Nishiwaki, Hibiya, and Kimura (1956). An early cussed by Beddard (1900). After studying the study of the teeth was made by Boschma (1938).

JI on these animals are listed in table 12. Whale survey work has shown that sperm whales are not often found in the shallow water of North uth Taranaki Bight despite of many strandings there. d animals could have died in the Tasman Sea or become sick there and been drawn in by the branch of the East Austral- ian Current which moves into the Taranaki Bights (McCann, 1964b).

Charts prepared by Townsend (1935) show that the areas near New Zealand most often worked with good results by the old sperm whaling ships from America were (l) the Middle Ground, off the west coast in the Tasman Sea, (2) the Kermadec Ground, to the north of the North Island, (3) the Füi Ground, (4) rhe Chatham Islands Ground, and (5) the Solander Ground, to the south-west of Stewart Island (fig. 2e). The sperm whale does not seem to migrate in the same way as the . From the data in table 12 it appears that the sperm whale occuïs round the New Zealand coast at all times of the year and this has been supported by information obtained during whaling operations and whaling research in 1963-64. There is a movement of somé bull sperms into southern latitudes, where food is more plentiful than in the tropics and sub- Fig. 28: The localities of known strandings of Phltseter tropics, in spring and summer. The movements catodon on the New Zealand coast. The numbers are the of male sperm whales in temperate and Sub- record numbers in table 12. antarctic latitudes are apparently controlled as The distribution and movements of this species much by feeding needs as by the breeding cycle. in the Southern Ocean have been discussed by The sperm whale feeds mainly on species of squid Holm and Jonsgård (1959). Aspects of the in the Southern Ocean and also on cleep-water fish. skeletal system have been discussed by Omura, The animals move from one oceanic bank to Nishiwaki, Ichihara, and Kasuya (1962). Sub- another in search offood or from oceanic banks to populations of this species have been studied coastal shelf regions. Sperm whales come close to by Cushing, Fujino, and Calaprice (1963) by land only where there is a steep coastal shelf. The blood groups in the same way that some baleen expanse of shallow water between the mainland whale populations have been studied by the and the Barrier Islands could prevent or deter same workers. The habit of this whale of strand- sperm whales from coming as close inshore in the ing en masse at fairly frequent intervals has been Auckland area as they do near Wellington and discussed by Gilmore (1959). Kaikoura. The diet and feeding habits of sperm whales in the Cook Strait region have recently The Sperrn Whale in New Zealand, \üaters been studied by Gaskin and Cawthorn (1967a and 1e67b). With humpback numbers severely reduced, the sperm whale is probably the commonest large In Cook Strait, where the Tory Channel whale in the New Zealand area. whaling company hunted for sperm whales Strandings of sperm whales in New Zealand between 1963 and 196+, the population was have been frequent (fig. 28). All the data available predominantly male (table t3). l{ursery schools

3B TABLE 12: New Zealand Strandings ol Ph2seter catodon

Record No. of Date Locality Details Reference No. Animals

II t873 Waikanae Beach Decomposed head Ilector, IB7 3a; Olivet, 1922c 227 1 895 Kaipara Males, ïemales, and calves : : Oliver, 1922c, and Dom. Mus. str. file 325 11 Mar 1918 Dargaville Males and females from 22 to Oliver, I922c, and photograph in 45 ft Dom. Mus. str. fi1e + lB Dec 1940 Ohawe Beach 43 ft male Marine Dept. str. file 5 22 Feb 1944 Ruakaka 22 ft rnale Marine Dept. str. frle 6 6 Sep 1944 Muriwai 42 ft r¡'ale Marine Dept. str. file 7 18 Apr I94B Clifton, Hawke's Bay 56 ft male Marine Dept. str. fiIe o ll Jan 1950 Shag Point 50 ft male L. Gurr, pers. comm. 9 l0 Oct 1950 Motueka 45 ft male . . L. Gurr, pers. comm. and photo- graph t0 22 Jan 1952 Leithfield 50 ft male Photograph in Marine Dept. str. file 11 18 Feb 1953 Laingholm 42 Ît male Photograph in Marine Dept. str. fi1e t2 l3 4Jul 19sB Muriwai Females, from 16 to 39 ft Photograph in Marine Dept. str. fiIe IJ 17 Jun 1959 Titahi Bay 46 ft male Marine Dept. str. file I+ ll May 1960 .. Paraparaumu Beach 34 ft female Marine Dept. str. file 15 3l Dec 1961 Raumati Beach 48 ft male Marine Dept. str. fiIe and photo- graph 16 17 Sep 1962 50 ft male Newspaper photographs I7 20 Sep 1962 Colac Bay 15 ft male Coloured photograph and details from R. J. Street l8 18 Oct 1963 Foxton Beach 44 ft rnale Photograph and rep. by B. Ellis, Fisheries Inspector t9 21 Dec 1963 Opotiki 52 ft male Photograph by local studio to author 7q ir\ 3 I .'.'¡r TABLE 13: Numbers of Sperm Whales Taken ,ffi by Tory Channel Whaling Company between \ April 1963 and December 1964 Australia

Sex \ Lengths (fÐ Males Females

JJ 2 J JO 2 3 3t 4 0 3B 2 I 39 10 0 40 10 0 4t 10 0 F I ..... land +2 t5 0 ,;'.t':'.# +5 t5 0 ¿ô 4+ 13 0 45 24 0 46 24 0 47 12 0 48 14 0 i¡ +9 22 0 50 0 51 t6 0 52 13 0 ::::!::a:::::a:::' JJ t 0 54 I 0 55 3 0

Totals 241

Fig.29: Areas where sperm whale concentrations occurred and which were intensively worked by the American sperm whalers between 1790 and 1900. 1. The Middle Ground. 2. The Kermadec Ground. 3. The Fiji Ground. 4. The Chatham Islands Ground. 5. The Solander Ground. (Modified from maps by Townsend, 1935.)

39 of females and calves may move into shallow to the left of the mid-line of the head immediately water more often than males, as one of these above the angle of the lower jaw. There is a small schools was reported to the Marine Department hooked dorsal fin about half way along the body and photographed by the RNZAF in the summer and a distinct notch between the flukes of the of 1963. tail. A few other sperm whales were taken between The name pygrny sperm whale hides two 1947 and 1962 by the company. The animals distinct species (Norman and Fraser, 1937; taken in 1947 were from a large school of about Scheffer and Rice, 1963; Handley, 1966)-Kogia 100 which moved into the narrows of Cook simus, which is sexually mature at about 9 to I 0 ft, Strait in early July. Of the nine animals taken and Kogia breuiceþs, maturing at between 12 and three were pregnant females. 13 ft. All the recorded specimens from the New Zealand coast appear to have been breuiceþs. The pygmy sperm whale has been recorded Genus Kogia Gray, 1846 from many parts of the world: From New South Wales (Wall, l85l); South and Western Australia (Hale, 1939 and 19+7); Borneo (Harrison and Kogia breviceps (Blainville, lB3B), the Pygmy Jamuh, l95B); Formosa and Japan (Hirasaka, Sperm Whale (Fig. 30) 1937; Yamada, l95a); Hawaii (Edmondson, t9a8); in the Atlantic Ocean (Allen, 1941); the east coast of the U.S.A. (Hobbs, lBB5; True, lBB5; lB3B. Phlseter breúceþs Blainville, Ann. franc. d'Anat. Phys. 2: 337. Cape of Good Hope, South Africa. IJlmer, I94I; Tompkins, I93a); the coast of Texas (Gunter, Hubbs, and Beal, 1955); the Pacific and west coast of the IJ.S.A. (FIubbs, Cornments 195lb); Indonesia (Weber, 1923); South-east The head of this whale is blunt and looks Asia (Serene, 1934); India (Owen, 1866); and much like that of a shark. The lower jaw, which South Afiica (Sclater, 1901). is set back beneath the head (frg. 3l), is small Notes on the biology of this little known whale and triangular, heightening the resemblance. It have been published by Yamada (1954), Benham has well developed teeth in the lower jaw. There (I901, 1902a, and 1902c), Enders (I9+2), Schulte are also teeth in the upper jaw, though these may and Smith (1918), Ratcliffe (19+2), andJohnston be hard to find, as they are embedded deep in and Mawson (1939), the last named of whom the gum. The blowhole is single and set slightly examined the internal parasites.

12tt

Fig. 30: Kogia breaiceþs, the pygmy sperm whale. Points of identification: 1 A small triangular mouth under the head. 2. A small dorsal fin.

40 Fis. 31: The head of a pygmy sperm whale stranded at Lyall Bay ) in 1950. i l. ' ì 1"'í,i i '.TIF

Photogaþh by C. M- Halc, by courlesy of Dominion Museum, Wcllinglan.

The Pygrny Sperrn Whale in New Zealand stranding records for New Zealand (table 14 and Waters fig. 32). Most of the data in this table are from Dell (1960). Dell (1960) summarised all that was known of the pygmy sperm whale in New Zealand' waters The species has been described as occurring in before 1959 and also summarised biological data. inshore waters round the St. Vincent Gulf, Data on specimens stranded since have been Australia, during winter (HaIe, 1962a). For most published recently (Gaskin, 1966b). There ate 20 of the year the whale probably stays far from

TABLE 14: New Zealar.d Strandings of Kogia breuiceþs Record No. of Locality Details Reference No. Animals I I Not known Wanganui Skel. and stuffed skin in Wa. Oliver, 1922c Mus. 1922c 2 I Not known Port Underwood Mandible in Dom. Mus. Oliver, 1874 (type of E. 3 I 17 Aug 1873 Lyttelton llarbour Skel. of 7 ft 2 in. female in Cant. von Haast, Pottsí) Mus. Oliver, 1922c 4 2 1 BBO Lyall Bay Cow and call 5 I About 1BB1 Poverty Bay Skel. in Mus. Comp. Zoo1. Dell, 1960 6 2 1884 Petone Cow and calf Oliver, 1922c Oliver, 1922c 7 I 1 BB7 Lyall Bay Skel. in Dom. Mus. .. o I 1892 Napier Skull in Otago Mus. Oliver, 1922c 1901 9 I 23 Aug 1900 Purakanui Skel. of male in Cam. U.it. Zoå1. Benham, Mus. 10 3 Feb 1909 Wanganui Heads Onea6ftmale Oliver, 1922c female De1l, 1960 11 23 Jan 1929 Breaker Buy . . 11 ft 6 in. pregnant 1960 t2 27 }./'ay I94B . . Paekakariki 10 lt adult, minus tail Dett, 1960 13 12 Apr 1950 Lyall Bay Cast of 9 ft 9 in. female in Dom. Detl, Mus. female Del1, 1960 t+ 1 I Jan 1955 Clifton, Hawke's Bay Presnant 1s 31 1956 Wanganui 10 Ìí adult, unsexed . . De1l, 1960 Jan file 16 27 Feb 1959 Lake Ferry, Palliser Bay 9 lt female . . Dom. Mus. str. pers. comm.; Gaskin, t7 6 Feb 1960 Otaki Beach . . Skull of 7 ft male in M.ss. Utit. L. Gurr, coll. 1966b pers. comm. and 18 7 Dec 1960 Orewa 12 ft male? J.W. D. Hall, photograph; Gaskin, 1966b 19 7 Feb 1965 Paekakariki Skull and some vert. of 7 ft 7 in. Gaskin, 1966b female in Dom. Mus. 20 l0Jun 1965 Nuhaka Tooth of 9 ft 6 in. male in Mass. Gaskin, 1966b Univ. coll.

4l The arrangement of the teeth varies greatly. Those of some female beaked whales remain buried in the gum. Only one beaked whale, Tasmacetus sheþherdi, has functional teeth in both upper and lower jaws. Functional teeth, at least one pair of them, are visibly confined to the lower jaw in all other species.

The following genera are recognised: Berardius, (iphius, H2þeroodon, Mesoþlodon, and. Tasmacetus. There is considerable dispute about the rela- tionships of these genera and the exact number of species in them. Very few specimens of many of the species of beaked whales are known, and some specimens are no more than skulls and a few other bones. Though measurements can be taken from these specimens, in some "species,, the number of available measurements is too small for the groups to be compared statistically.

Early descriptions and discussions of the beaked whale group were undertaken by Knox (1871), who referred to some New Zealand specimens, and Flower (1879). A major account was given by True later (1910). The anatomy of various beaked whales has been described by Forbes (1893), who dealt with fs the development of the rostrum in the genus Møsoþlodon; lraser (1936) has examined the dentition in the genus /iþhius, --t_ró8'E -_J_ r 78.E and Boschma (1950 and 1951) discussed the teeth

Fig. 32: The localities of known strandings of Kogia breaiceþs of several genera. on the New Zealand coast. The numbers are the recoid numbers in table 14. All the Ziphädae are medium-sized cetaceans, with the species of Mesoþlodon generally smaller shore, and though it may be sighted often, it is than 20 ft long. Sphius specimens may reach 30 ft probably mistaken for a dolphin or a shark. The and many H1þeroodon and Berardius specimens are major items of diet of this species appear to be longer. Specimens of the whale Berardius bairdi squid and crustaceans (Delt, 1960). on the coast of Japan and on the coast of Cali- fornia have been recorded as exceeding 40 ft. Few of the species could be considered well known. Berardius bairdiis taken commercially on the coasts Fenrr-y ZIPHIIDAE, Beaked Whales of Japan and California (Omura, Fujino, and The Ziphiidae are among the least known Kimura, 1955; Rice, 1963b). Recently /iphius Cetacea. They are toothed whales, distantly has also been taken on the coast ofJapan (Omura related to the sperm whales, but are characterised et al., 1955). Specimens of Mesoþlodon are also by a snout frequently drawn out into the "beak", taken and used occasionally in the same locality the character which has given the group its (Nishiwaki and Kamiya, l95B and 1959; Nishi- common name. Under the throat there are two waki, 1962a and 1962b). The northern bottlenosed characteristic grooves in a V shape, though these whale H2þeroodon rostratus is taken commercially do not meet. Beaked whales differ from the sperm by the small whale fishing industry on the whales in the form of the flukes, which are not Norwegian coast (Jonsgård and Oynes, 1952). notched centrally, but are joined across the Hardly any statistics have been collected on middle to form a single undivided unit. beaked whales which are detailed enough to

+2 27 ft

Modifed from McCann ( 1962a). Fig.33:Berardiusarnouxi,thelargebeakedwhale.Pointofidentification:l.TwoPailsofteethatthetipofthelowerjawinthe male. enable modern techniques of population analysis head has a pronounced bulge in adult males, but to be carried out. generally the bulge is directed upward and for- ward ïather than just forward as in adult male H1þeroodon specimens. Immature specimens and Genus Berardius DuvernoY, l85l females of almost all the beaked whales are very difficult to identify, since most of the species are Berardius arnouxi Duvernoy, 1851, the Large separated by osteological characters. Large beaked whales vary in colour, but usually Beaked Whale (Fig. 33) are black or grey on the dorsal surface and white or light grey on the ventral surface. Patches of l}5l. Berardius arnuxüDtvetnoy, Annls Sci. nat., ser. 3 (þoI.)' l5: pale colour on the dorsal surface, as in the killer 51. and pilot whale, are not rare. Both males and females are often covered with scars perhaps caused by intraspecific fighting. The remains Cornrnents of cuttlefish species have been found in the Two species ate recognised in the genus stomachs of stranded specimens (Mr C. McCann, seem be no Berardius. The first, B. bairdi Stejneger, lBB3, peis. comm.). However, there to data on the diet and occurs in the North Pacific and the Bering Sea quantitative or qualitative (Omura et al., 1955; Slipp and Wilke, 1953; feeding habits of B. arnouxi. Scheffer and Slipp, t94B; Pike, 1953b; Scheffer, 1949). The blood groups of this species have been studied by Fujino (l95aa). The other The Large Beaked Whale in New Zealand species is Waters adjacent i957). So Table 15 sets out strandings of B. arnouxi in made by New Zealand, and the localities are shown in skeleton was described by Flower (1872)' fig. 34. Though .8. bairdi is the larger of the two AII these strandings occurred between early species, specimens of B. arnouxi have been re- January and mid March, and males and females còrded as exceeding 30 ft. The large beaked were equally common in the strandings. Variation whale is a solid, cylindrical animal and pre- in the recorded lengths is not great. The peak of sumably fast moving. The rostrum is very promi- occurrence in B. arnouxi, as shown by the strand- nent in this species, with two pairs of teeth at the ing records, is summer. No sightings of this tip of the lower jaw. In the females these teeth species were made during the 1962-64 whale may not protrude through the gum' The fore- survey by Marine Department vessels, though in

43 Fig. 34: The localities ofknown strandings of Berardàus arnouxi rotnd the New Zealand coast. The num- bers are the record num- bers in table 15.

There is thus a strong likelihood that these animals were.B. arnnuxi. Very little is known of the movements or breeding habits of either of the species of Berardius. Omura (lg58b) has described estimated these whales to be longer than 30 ft. an embryo of B. bairdi found in Japan, and

TABLE 15: New Zealand Strandings of Berardius arnouxi* Record No. of Date Locality Details No. Animals Reference

I Not known Chatham Islands Skull in Otago Mus. Oliver, 1922c 2 1840 Otago Peninsula Mandibles i"'OtrÀo V".. : : Flower, 1872; J 1846 Oliver, I922c Akaroa Skull in Paris MuJ. Oliver, 1922c 4 l862 Porirua Jan lfarbour 27 ft r-rale . . Knox, 1871 5 16 Dec 1868 New Brighton Skel. in Mus. Roy. Coll. Surg. von }faast, 1870; 6 1870 Oliver, 1922c Jan Worser Bay Skull in Dom. Mus. Oliver, 1922c 7 27 Dec 1873 Saltwater Creek, North Skel. in Cant. Mus. Oliver, 1922c Canterburv Õ 12 1877 Jan LyalIBay Skel. in Dom. Mus. .. lfector, 1878; 9 I 920 Oliver, 1922c Wanganui Skel. in Wa. Mus. Oliver, 1922c 10 1929 Stewart Island No data McCann, 1964b 1t l3Jan 1931 Te Beach lloro 28 ft male . . McCann, 1964b 12 4 1934 Jan Otaki Beach . . 28 ft female McCann, 1964b l3 2 13 Mar 1944 Tapu, Thames No data McCann, 1964b t+ 2 194? Pencarrow lfead 30 ft male, 20 ft female Dom. Mus. str. file 15 I 18 Feb 1960 Pukerua Bay .. 28 ft 6 in. Gmale McCann, 1964b *Information in this table is based on a manuscript list prepared by.Mr c. Mccann. Skeletal material of specimens after 1922 is held at the Dominion Museum' Mccann (1962b) resardls two äthèr stranáinls, ãrigi""llv described as Mesoþlodon hectori, asbelonging to this species. These records have been retained t¡" ¡iuãf"c .f-iú.--h;;;;i;. "í.,a.i 4+ 20'ft

After uon Haast ( I 880 ) and Nonis and Pretcott ( I 96 I ). jawinthe Fig. 35: /iþhius cauirostris, Cuvier's beaked whale. Point of identification: 1. One pair of teeth at the tip of the lower mâle.

Ohsumi (1964) has described the accumulation (Norman and Fraser, 1937) and from Australia of corpora albicantia in the ovaries of 13 speci- and Tasmania (Norman and Fraser, 1937; mens of this whale. Berardius qrnluxi has also been Iredale and Troughton, 1934). Several authors, recorded in South Australia (Hale, 1962b) and for instance, von Haast (lBB0), have erected the Falkland Islands and Dependencies (Norman species other than cauirostris in the genus, but at and Fraser, 1937). present the concept of a single wide-ranging species is accepted by most authorities. There is a well defined beak in par- Genus Ziphius Cuvier, 1823 /iphius, ticularly in the females; many of these animals have no pronounced bulge at the forehead. The Ziphius cavirostris Cuvier, 1823, Cuvier's distance between the tip of the upper jaw and Beaked Whale (Fig. 35) the blowhole is about one-ninth of the total Iength of the whale. The male has a single pair of protruding teeth. Vestigial teeth are present 1823. Qþhi,us caairostris Cuvier, Recherches sur les Ossemens in the gums, as in other ziphioids. The anterior Fossiles . . . , 2nd ed., vol. 5, p.352. pair of teeth, characteristic of the adult male, do not protrude through the gum of the females Cornrnents even with advancing age. Male /iphius specimens can be separated from most male specimens of A good description of this species was published Berardius by the size and character of teeth. by von Haast (tBB0) under nouae¿ealandiae, /. has one pair of mandibular teeth, round and the outline in fig. 35 is based partly on the /iphius oval in section; Berardius has two pairs of drawing by that author and partly on a photo- or mandibular teeth which are markedly laterally graph of an immature female taken in California compressed. Separation of the females of all the (Norris and Prescott, l96l). This species is spread beaked whales usually has to be done by a ceta- throughout the whole Pacific area and has cean taxonomist. frequently been recorded from the western coast of North America (Orr, 1948; Hubbs, 1946 and Fresh specimens of this animal are usually 1951a; Roest, Storm, and Dumas, 1953; Houck, purplish black on the dorsal surface and grey or l95B). It has been recorded at several localities white beneath, but colour is very variable in in Europe, including Britain (Turner, lB72; (iphius and is no guide to identification. OvaI Norman and Fraser, 1937), and on the coast of scars like those on the skin of rorquals are quite South America (Norman and Fraser, 1937). It common. Longitudinal scars are probably caused is well known from South Africa and India by fighting. Such scars were numerous on the

45 Fig. 36: The localities of known strandings of

Lyttelton Harbour specimen (J"ly lB72) des- Genus Hyperoodon Lacépède, lB04 cribed by von Haast (l977a). Smaller scars round the mouth may be caused by the beaks and hooks of squid, which are frequently found I{yperoodon planifrons Flower, lBB2, the in the stomachs of stranded specimens. The Southern Bottlenosed Whale (Fig. 37) species attains a length of about 28ft at physical maturity. 1882. Hyþeroodon þlanifrons Flower, proc. zool. Soc. Lond. lgB2: This whale is occasionally taken commercially 392. Lewis Island, Dampier Archipelago, Australia. on the coast of Japan (Omura et al., lg55). The accumulation rate of corpora albicantia has Cornrnents been studied by Ohsumi (1964), and Kenyon (1961) has made some biological observations This is one of the least known of the ziphioid on the species based on animals stranded in the whales. However, the closely related Noithern Aleutian Islands. Hemisphere species H. rostratus is well known and is taken commercially near the coast of Norway. The males of the genus H2þeroodon have a bulbous Cuvierts Beaked Whale in New Zealar¡d, forehead like that of the pilot whale. The dorsal Waters fin is small and placed far posteriorly. Males of H. rostratus have been recorded as being up to The New Zealand strandings of ,(iphius caui- 30 ft long; females appear to reach u rlstris are given -å*i-.r- in table 16, and their localities length at physical maturity of about 25 ft (Norman are shown in fig. 36. and Fraser, 1937).

46 TABLE 16: New Zealand Strandings of /iphìus cauirostris*

Reference Record No. of Date Locality Details No. Animals

I t Not known Not known . . Skull of young animal in Brit. Oliver, 1922c Mus. . . Hector, 1875; Oliver, 1922c 2 I rB72 Chatham Islands Teeth in Brit. Mus. female lo C.nì. von Haast, l877a 3 I Jul 1872 Lyttelton llarbour Skel. of 26 ft Mus, von Haast, 1877a 4 2 1873 Akaroa Female and calf Jul Haast, 1BB0 5 17 Nov I87B . . New Brighton 19 ft 6 in. lemale von von Haast, l8B0 6 15 May 1879 .. Kaiapoi Skel. of 2l ft 6 in. female in Brit. Mus. . Scott and Parker, lBB9 7 6 Nov 1884 Warrington Skel. in Otago Mus. . 1873a (type of EPiodon Õ i BB7 Chatham Islands Skuil in Dom. Mus. .. Hector, chathamiensis st 1912 East Cape Teeth and mandible fragment in Waite, 1912 Dom. Mus. pers. comm. l0 t923 Otaki Beach . . No data C. McCann, pers. comm. l1 11 Apr 1943 Makorori, Poverty Bay No data C. McCann, t2 1945 Himatangi No data C. McCann, pers. comm. Jan pers. t3 13 Apr l94B Waikanae Beach No data C. McCann, comm. 13 in. (Otago Mus. at that t4 22 r',:tg 1948 . . Pipikaretu Beach 21 ft 5 in. female and ft I L. Gurr male. One skull in Otago Mus. date), pers. comm. 15 I 14 Sep 1957 Himatangi No data C, McCann, pers, comm. 16 I 4Jun 1958 Te Horo Beach 2l ft female C. McCann, pers. comm. 17 I 9 Oct 1959 Foxton Beach Male C. McCann, pers. comm.

*Most of the information in this table is based on a manuscript list prepared by Mr C. McCann. tMcCann (1961) considers this specimen tobe H1þeroodon þlanifrons'

þperoodon rlstratus has a short but well defined The Southern Bottlenosed Whale in New beak and a large single pair of teeth at the tip of the Zealand Waters jaw not break through the lower that usually do McCann (1961) considers that only two of the gum surface. Norman and Fraser (1937) note beaked whales recorded as stranding on the New that the gernts H)þer00d0n is readily confused Zealand coast were H. planifrons. The first was with the genus þphius, and that diagnostic identified by Waite (1913). However, Oliver features are hard to define, though the blowhole (1922c) considered that the specimens of skeletal is placed in a more posterior position than in material should be referred to ,(iþhius caairls- lists his þphius. tris. McCann (1961) disagrees and

Modifed from McCann ( 1962a). ofthe Fig. 37: H1þeroodon þlaniftons, the southern bottlenosed whale. Point ofidentifrcation: 1. A single pair ofteeth at the tip - lower jáw in thè mále. The adult male has a bulbous forehead.

+7 reasons. The jaw and teeth were rescued from a colour is very variable, but the general pattern decaying carcass on a beach at East Cape in in all species is for the dorsal surface to be dark 1912. The second specimen came ashore at grey or black and the ventral surface to be white Winchester) near , before 1959. McCann or pale grey. Each species has a well developed has identified this as H. planifrons. dorsal fin. As in other beaked whales and the Twice during the New Zealand Marine Depart- sperm whales, the male reaches a larger size at ment whale survey, in the Bay of Plenty and off maturity than the female. Adult Mesoþlodon males Timaru in the Canterbury Bight, schools of are readily separable on teeth characteristics; moderate length to large beaked whales were the females are difficult to distinguish without seen and were tentatively identified as H. plani- extracting the unerupted teeth. A great many frons (Gaskin, 1963 and 1964a). specimens are known only from skeletal material. H1tþeroodon planifrons apparently has a wide Most of the species of Mesoþlodon have been distribution, according to the recorded strandings. distinguished by osteological characters, especially A full list has been given by McCann (1961). This those of the skull. The size and position of the includes South Australia (Hale, 1932a); the type teeth are regarded as very important criteria for specimen from north-west Australia (Flower, separation. lBB2); and the Falkland Islands Dependencies Several reviews of the genus have been (Fraser, 1945). pub- lished, a recent one being by Moore (1966), but until sufficient specimens of each species have been measured and the ranges of variation analysed Genus Mesoplodon Gervais, 1850 statistically for significance, the number of spe cies cannot be considered to be accurately Six species of Mesoþlodon have been reported known. from the South-west Pacific area. On the coast This difficult genus has been discussed by of New Zealand about 40 to 45 specimens have Flower (1879), Forbes (1893), True (1910), and been reported. These were referred to the follow- Harmer (192+). The distriburion of the .qenus in irg species:- Mesoþlodon gra2i, M. Ialtardi, M. the Pacific unã on the east coast of the'U.S.A. bowdoini (: M. stejnegeri (McCann, 1962a anà has been considered by Moore (1953 and 1963). 1964b)), and M. hectori. McCann (1962b) con- Sclater (1901) has discussed the distribution of siders that M. hectori is synonymous with Berar- the genus in South Africa. Andrews (lg08b) dius arnouxi. However, to avoid confusion the two described the type of M. bowdoini from New strandings of lzectori have been left here under the Zealand. Jellison (1953) discussed Mesoþlodon name they were given at description (table lB). in the l{orth Pacific and described a specimen Two other species have been recorded from the from the Aleutian Islands. Fraser (1950) consider- eastern Australian coast; one, M. þacifcus, has ed that a skull found in the Falkland Islands was identical those been considered to be H2þeroodon þlanifrons to of the specimens of M. hectori (McCann, 1962c). The other species, M. den- previously recorded in l{ew Zealand. Hale (1932a) sirostris, has been recorded from: Lord Howe described M. laltardi from South Australia, and Warneke (1963) recorded Island (Krefft, 1870); Yeppoon, Queensland the same species from (Longman, 1926); and Marrawah, Tasmania the coast of Victoria. Glauert (19+7) described (Dr E. R. Guiler, in litt.) Thus three undoubted M. gralti and M. bowdoini from Western Australia. species are found in New Zealand waters. Mesoþlodon laltardi has also been recorded from In general body form the species of Mesoþlodon South Africa and the Falkland Islands (Norman are similar-stoutly built and rather thick in the and Fraser, 1937), and M. grali from Patagonia caudal region. The flukes are not notched. The (I{orman and Fraser, 1937). flippers are short in relation to the total body Slijper (1962) notes that nine species of the length, as in most ziphioid whales, and are not a genus are now generally recognised. This list pronounced feature as, for instance, in the pilot can be extended if the new species carlhubbsi is whale. Size and body colour are not helpful recognised (Moore, 1963) and bowdoini is con- features for identification, though the species of sidered to be distinct from steinegeri. Moore (1963) Mesoþlodon do not reach the lengths of þþhius and considered M. bowdoini and M. stejneger¿ to be Bsrardius at maturity. The known species appear quite distinct, the former being confined to the to reach full growth between 12 and 20 ft. Body South Pacific and the latter to the North Pacific.

48 Two other species have also been recently des- are no distinguishing external features which can cribed, M. geruaisi and M. ginkgodens. The six be reliably used to separate female and immature species not recorded for the South-west Pacific male specimens of this species from the others in are: M. mirus from South Africa (McCann and New Zealand waters. This whale was first Talbot, 1963) and from North Carolina, New described, from New Zealand, by von Haast England, the Outer Hebrides, and Ireland (1876 and lB77c). The species attains a maximum (Norman and Fraser, 1937); M. stejnegeri frorn length at physical maturity of about 18 ft. the North Pacific (Norman and Fraser, 1937); M. euroþeus from the English Channel and New Grayts Beaked Whale in New ZealandWaters Jersey coast (Norman and Fraser, 1937); M. bidens frorn the North Atlantic (Norman and Mesoþlodon gralti lrras been recorded as stranding Fraser, 1937); M. geruaisi ftom the Gulf of on the New Zealand coast more often than any Mexico (Moore and Wood, 1957); and M. other member of the genus. ginkgodens from Japan (Nishiwaki and Kamiya, The strandings in New Zealand of Mesoþlodon 1e5B). gra2i are set out in table 17, and their localities Some authorities (Scheffer and Rice, 1963) are shown in fig. 39. The information available prefer to separate Mesoþlodon into two subgenera: on this species does little more than indicate that Mesoþlodon, containing the small-toothed species the species occurs in New Zealand coastal waters such as M. gra2i, and Dioþlodon, containing the in summer and may calve in the area. large-toothed species such as bowdoini, laltardi, stejnegeri, and densirostris. Iredale and Troughton (1934) give Dioplodon full generic status. Mesoplodon hectori (Gray, lB71), Hector's Beaked \Vhale Mesoplodon grayi von Haast, 1876, Gray's Beakecl Whale (Fig. 38) 187 l. Berardius hectori Gray, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., ser. 4, B : lI5-7. Titahi Bay, New Zealand. 1876. Mesoþlodon grayi von Haast, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1876: 7. Chatham Islands, New Zealand. Cornrnents Cornrnents There is no available description of the external The teeth are triangular in this species and form of this species, if it is a distinct species. It is relatively inconspicuous, which enables adult distinguished from other Mesoþlodon species males to be separated from those in M. la2ardi (except M. mirus) in having the pair of teeth in and M. bowdoini. The teeth are placed toward the the lower jaw almost at the tip of the mandibular posterior end of the mandibular symphysis. There symphysis. In shape the teeth are flat and tri-

13 ft

Modifed from McCann ( 1962a) Fig. 38: Mesoþlodon gra2i, Gray's beaked whale. Point of identiûcation: 1. Teeth inconspicuous in the male.

+9 -T-

Fig. 39: The localities of known strandings of Mesoþlodon grali round the New Zea- land coast. The numbers are the record numbers in table 17.

J_ _]_ __.1_ róg'E ì 28'E

angular. McCann (1962b) was convinced that reach a length of 18 to 20 ft. The body colour is M. hectori specimens were no more than the variable, but is usually black or dark grey juveniles of Berardius arnouxi. dorsally and pale grey or yellowish grey on the ventral surface. Ilectorts Beaked Whale in New Zealand, The males of this species can be distinguished Waters from other male beaked whales by the pair of functional mandibular teeth, the length of which Three specimens of M. ltectori are known, one has caused this whale to be called strap-toothed. from the Falkland Islands (Fraser, 1950) and the In mature males the pair of teeth point upward other two from New Zealand (table lB and fig. and backward from their position half way along 40). the lower jaw and project above the upper jaw rather like the tusks of a ltoar. In females the Mesoplodon layardi (Gray, l865), the Strap- teeth are not cleveloped to the same extent (fiS. toothed Whale (Fig. al) +2). The crescent-shaped blowhole of the Ziphädae is shown in a female of this species 1865. (iþhius lalardi Gray, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1865: 358,26 (fig. a3). August. Cape of Good Hope, South Africa. The Strap-toothed Whale in New Zealand. Cornrnents \üaters Though basically similar to M. grali in general Very little is known of the habits of this species, appearance, M. laitardi appears to attain a larger though females with calves ancl small foetuses size at maturity in both sexes. Large males may have been among the specimens recorded on the

50 Mesoplodon bowdoini Andrews, I908, Andrews's Beaked Whale (Fig. a5)

1908. Mesoplodon boudoini Andrews, Bull. Am. Mus. nat. Hist. 24: 203-15. New Brighton, New Zealand. Type specimen.

Cornrnents

The two species M. bowdoini and M. stejnegeri are regarded as synonyms by McCann (1964b), and in his paper keying the beaked whales (1962a) the animal called stejnegeri represents bowdoini Andrews. At physical maturity this species attains a maximum length of about 16 ft

Fig. 40: The localities of known strandings ol Mesoþlodon hectori on the New Zealand coast. The numbers are the record numbers in table IB,

and is the smallest of the beaked whales known to occur round New Zealand. The functional mandibular pair of teeth in this species are situated behind the symphysis of the lower jaw. They are very broad and massive in the males, but much less so in the females, in which the teeth do not always protrude through the gum (fig. a6). Mesoplodon bowdoini has been recorded in the Southern Hemisphere only from New Zealand and Western Australia (Glauert, I9+7),bt M. stejnegeri has been noted from the eastern North Pacific coast of New Zealand. Most of the strandings (l{orman and Fraser, 1937; Moore, 1953) and have been in summer, but the two pregnant from the coast ofJapan (Nishiwaki and Karniya, females were recorded in the middle of winter. 1959). Nishiwaki has publishecl an anomalous Nineteen specimens from New Zealand are listed report of a specimen of M. bowdoini on the coast in table l9; the localities are shown infrg.44. of Japan (1962a), but this has supported a

18 í1

Modilied from McCann ( I 96 2a ) . Fig.4l: Mesoþlodonlalardi,thestrap-toothedwhale.Pointofidentification: l.Alargetusk-like,projectingmedianpairof teeth in the lower jaw.

51 Pholograþh bJ courleÐ, of D ominion Mus eunt, llelLi ng lon,

Fig. 42: A female s tra p- to o thed whale stranded at Castlepoint in 1955. This specimen lacks the prominent teeth in the lower jaw which are character- istic ol the males.

TABLE 17: New Zealand Strandings ol Mesoþlodon graj*

Record No. of Date Locality Details Referencc No. Animals

I Not known Kaiapoi Skull in Cant. Mus. Hector, 1873b 2 Not known Not known Ske1. in Paris N,Ius. .. .: Oliver, 1922c .) Not known Chatham Islands Skel. in U.S. Nat. Mus. Oliver, 1922c + Not known Chatham Islands Skull in Brit. Mus. Forbes,1B93 5 Not known Goat Island, Northland No data McCann, 1964b 6 Not known Orewa No daia IVfcCann, 1964b 7 Not known Not known Skull in Otago NIus. C. NfcCann, pers. comm. Not known Wellington Skel. in Amer. NIus. Nat. Hist. Oliver, 1922c 9 Not known Plimmerton No data l\fcCann, 1964b 10 Not known Chatham Islands Skel. in Bishop N,{us. Oliver, 1922c 11 Not known Great Barrier Island No data McCann, 1964b I2 Not known Stewart Island No data McCann, 1964b 13 I Oct lB73 I(aikoura No data lfector, 1875; Oliver, 1922c T4 2s Waitangi, Chatham Is- 3 skulls in Cant. \,{us., 2 in von llaast, 1876 (one skull male lands Otago Mus, type ol Oulodon gralti); Oliver, 1922c 15 1 12 Jan lB75 LyallBay Skel. in Brit. Mus. Hector, IB75 16 I I Dec lB75 East Coast, North Island Rostrum of male in ìvfus. Roy. Flower, 1879 (type of M. haasti) Coll. Surg. 17 1 l5 Dec l876 Saltwater Creek, North \,fale Oliver, 1922c Canterbury 10 5 29 Dec 1876 Saltwater Creek, North 2 males and 1 female, I skel. in Forbes, 1893; Oliver, 1922c Canterbury Cant. À,Ius. 19 1911 Great Exhibition Boy, Skull and scapula in ßrit. \'{us. Lillie, 1915; Oliver, 1922c near North Cape 20 23 Feb 1926 Chatham Islands No data McCann, 1964b 21 25 Sep 1931 lVanganui No data NfcCann, 1964b 22 Dec 1935 Hawera No data N{cCann, 1964b z3 1937 . . Brighton Skull in Otago lv{us. L. Gurr, pers. comm. 2+ 7 Apr 1956 . , Palliser Bay coast . . No data McCann, 1964b 2s 1961 . . Orepuki . . No data Ir4cCann, 1964b *This list is partly based on a manuscript list compiled by Mr C. lvlcCann.

TABLE 18: New Zealand Strandings ol Mesoþlodon hectori (aftet N{cCann, 1962b)

Record No. of Date Locality Details Reference No. Animals

I I Jan 1866 .. Titahi Bay Skull in Brit. Mus. Hector, 1874 2* | 25 ]an 1937 . . Plimmerton Skel. in Dom. NIus. Dom. Mus. str. file; McCann, 1 962b

*Regarded by McCann (1964b) as B. arnouxi.

52 \i.- ¡ '' ,.i-.'. .1.'

PhotograPh bjt courtesy of D omtaon Mus eum, We I lingl' an.

Fig. 43: The head of a female strap -too thed whale stranded at Makara in October 1960. The character- istic crescentic blowhole of the ziphioid whales is shown.

previous record of boudoini from the North Pacific Andrewsts Beaked Whale in New Zealand coast of the U.S.A. (Hubbs, 1946). The distribu- Waters tions of stejnegeri and bowúoini, tf they are two There are only six specimerrs of M. bowdoini separate species, seem to be unknown except in recorded for the New Zealand area, details of the broadest division of South and North Pacific. which are given in table 20; the localities of the

Y'E f"w

Fis. 44: The localities of " krro*r,. strandings ol MesoþIodon la2ardi round the New Zezland coast. The numbers ate the record numbers in table 19. <'>u 6

L"òta l_ -_J__ _J_ róe'E I 7g.E

53 TABLE 19: New Zealand Strandings of Mesoþlodon laltardi.*

Record No, of Date Locality Details No. Animals Reference

1 Not known Great Barrier Island Skull in Cant. Mus. Oliver, 1922c 2 Not known known Not Skull in Dom. Mus. :: Oliver, I922c 3 Not known Not known Skel. in Dom. Mus. . . 4 Not known Oliver, 1922c Tokomairiro . . No data NIcCann,1964b 5 Not known Napier Teeth in Otago Mus. Oliver, 6 tB72 Pitt Island, 1922c Chatham Is- Mandible Hector, 1873a lands 7 16 Mar 1874 eek, North Skel. in Cant. Mus. . . von lfaast, 1877b (type of M, o flouert) I 879 Skull in Dom. Mus. Oliver, 9 l0Jan 1901 i922c :::: No data McCann, pers. l0 22 Mar 1912 1964b anct comm. bour Half cast in Cant. Mus. Waite, 1912; l1 1924 Kaitawa Oliver, 1922c Jan Point, Porirua Tooth in Dom. Mus. Oliver, 1924a Harbour 12 Oct 1937 Wanganui No data McCann, 1964b and pcrs. r3 1940 Chrystalls Beach comm. Skull in Otago Mus. L. Gurr, pers. comm. I4 6Jul 1943 Waikanae Beach Female, witli 2 fi 6 in. foetus . . McCann, 15 29 Mar 1954 Paraparaumu 1964b and Þers. comm. Beach Female McCann, 1964b pe.r. t6 3 1955 Castlepoint and .o--. Jun Femalc with small loetus McCann, 1964b 17 Oct 1955 and ber.. Long Bay, Banks Penin- Rostrum in Cant. Mus. M, Darby, perr. "o--. sula co-ttr. IB 7 Oct 1960 Makara Skull of 13 ft 9 in. lemale in Dom. McCann, 1964b and pers. comm. Mus. 19 23 Feb 1964 Makara Skull of 14 ft male in Dom. Mus. Identified by C. McCann and D. E. Gaskin. *some of the data in this table were compiled in a manuscript list by Mr c. Mccann. strandings are shown in fig. 47. Little is known Cornrnents of the movernents or habits of this species in this area except that, like M. lal,tardi, the species may calve in spring or early summer.

Genus Tasrnacetus Oliver, 1937

Tasrnacetr¡s shepherdi Oliver, lg\7, Shep- herd's Beaked Whale (Fig. aB)

7937. Tasmacetus,sheþherdi Oliver, Proc. zool Soc. Lond. I0Z,ser. B,:371-81.

14It

Modifed from Mccann ( 1962a). Fig. 45: Mesoþlodon bowdoini, Andrews's beaked whale. Point of identification: [. A broad blunt pair of teeth in the middle of the Iower jaw in the male.

5+ Pholo¿raph b1t courleslt of Dominion Museum, Wellinglon' Fig. 46: The head of a female Andrews's beaked whale stranded at Stewart Island in May 1951- The large median teeth are not protruding through the gums as they do in the males. been black on the clorsal surface, grey or greyish yellow on the sides, and white beneath. Only five records of this animal are known (table 21 and fig. 50). The type specimen was from Wanganui (Oliver, 1937).

F¿.urr.v GLOBICEPHALIDAE, Great Dolphins

Nishiwaki (1963 and 1964) has considered the taxonomy of the delphinid group as a whole and has come to conclusions for separation which are partly justified. The separation of the sperm whales and pygmy sperm whales into two families, Physeteridae and Kogiidae, is not followed, though it is admitted there is some justification for this, but in most other respects Fig. 47: The localities of known strandings of MesoþIodon - bowdnini, on the New Zealand coast. The numbers are the system of classification laid down by Nishi- the record numbers in table 20. waki is followecl. The "dolphins and porpoises" of the New Zealand area are thus clearly divisible into two families: the Globicephalidae and the having no maxillary teeth. Nishiwaki's plan (1964) Detphinidae, with one anomaly. The Delphin- to split the group further and erect a new family, idae are characterised by a long, narrow beak Grampidae, containing the Risso's dolphin, is and the Globicephalidae by a blunt, short beak. therefore too extreme . Gramþus griseus is best left in The anomalous species is the Risso's dolphin or the Delphinidae, as Fraser and Purves (1960) grampus, which differs from all othersbyusually consider the species to have more affinities with

55 TABLE 20: New Zealand Strandings ol Mesoplodon bowdoini*

Record No. ol Datc Locality Details Relerencc No. Animals

tt Not known . . Campbell Island Two teeth in Dom. Mus. . . Dom. Mus. str. file 21 Not known . . Not know¡r Skel. in Dom. Mus. .. . . Oliver, 1922c 31 1904 .. New Brighton.. Skel. in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.. . Andrews. 1908b +1 1930 . . Waitotara Male . . McCann. I964b 51 28 Sep 1937 . . Manawatu Heacls 14 ft female with 5 ft foetus.. McCann.McCann, 1962a1962o Spec. in Dom. Mus. 6I May 1951 . . Stewart Island 14 ft female. McCann, 1964b and PLrò.pers. comm.Lulurlr xSome*Some olof the data in thistablewerethis table were compìled in a ma¡usc¡ipt list by Mr C. McCann. The New Zealand,specimens of this whale are considered by McCann- (1962a,.1964b, anðpers..comm )-t-o þé referaÉle to M. stejnegeri. S;nce tris al.s";.|i. reasons for this are still in manuscript form, the identification has been retained as M. boudoint.

18 ft

Modif,dfrom Mccann ( 1962a). Fig. 48: Tasmacetus sheþherdi, Shepherd's beaked whale Point of identification: 1. Teeth in both jaws.

Photograþlt b1t Mrs.J. I{attison, b1 courlLsl of Dominion Muvum, Wellinglon-

Fig. 49: A specimen of Shepherd's beaked whale stranded at N.{ason Bay, Stewart Island, in 1 933.

TABLE 2l: New Zealand Strandings ol Tasmacetus shcþherdi

Recorcl No. of Date Locality Details Relerence No. Animals

1t Not known . . Not known Mandible in Dom. Mus. C. McCann, pers. comm. 22 Feb 1933 .. Stewart Island . . 20 ft male and 30 ft male Sorensen, 1940 3l Oct 1933 Wanganui Adult female with foetus Oliver, 1937 (type specimen of this species) 41 17 Mar 1951 . . ,Avon-lfeathcote estuary Âclult N.,(. Wukþ "Àføøs, l5July 1959 51 1962 .. Birdling'sFlat Adult B. Stonehouse, pers. comm.

56 Lagenorh2nchus tinaî with any of the Globiceph- --Ì* alidae. According to Nishiwaki's classification the Globicephalidae are distinguished by the follow- ing characteristics: The beak or rostrum is short and blunt. The body length at maturity is over B ft. There are fewer than 15 pairs of teeth in the upper jaw. In the skull and vertebrae the atlas, axis, and third cervical vertebra are fused. Three species are known from the New Zealand area: Orcinus orca, ttre killer whale ; Pseudorca crassidens, the false killer whale; and Globiceþhala melaena, the pilot whale.

Fig. 50: The localities of known strandings of Tasmacetus sheþhcrdi on the New Zealand coast. The numbers ate the record numbers in table 21.

Genus Orcinus Fitzinger, 1860

Orcinus orca (Linnaeus, 1758), the Killer Whale (Fig. 51)

1758, Delphinus orcaLínnaeus, Systema Naturae, 10th ed., vol. 1, p, 77 , I January. Burope.

Cornrnents 3rÈ LßZ^ e- The male killer whale has the largest dorsal __J_ r*¡., r78.8 fin of any whale, 5 ft high in a mature specimen.

Fig.51: Orcinusorca,thekillerwhale.Pointsofidentification:l.Abluntheadwithmassiveteethinbothjaws.2.Paddle-shaped - flippers. 3. A mássive dorsal fin. There is a white patch on the dorsal surface behind the fin.

57 _g-.-*qft*ff¡

Phologruþh by C, McCann, b1 rcurte,y of Dominion Museum, lVellingtol,

Fig. 52: The hcad of a killer whale stranded at Paraparaumu Beach in May 1955.

r68l -r- 176 l-

3e'l-

FiS. l¡3: The locaÌities of linown strandings of Orci¡tus orca round the New Zealand coast. The numbers are the record numbers in table 22. 4v

---t- __L rzB.E

5B The fin of the female is also well developed, but Zealand coastal waters. During the Marine is smaller in proportion to the bocly than that of Department whale survey of 1963 many sightings the male. The posterior margin of the dorsal were made by the survey vessels and by auxiliary fin of the female is more curved than the male's. observers working for the survey from various The dorsal surface of the killer whale is black or merchant vessels. All these observers were either dark purplish brown, the ventral surface white. familiar with cetaceans or were supplied with There are usually pale patches on the upper keys for identification. All the undoubted sight- flanks ancl back, and these vary from pink or ings of this species are listed in table 23 and plotted yellow to white as the animal ages. The pectoral in fig. 54. These sightings indicate that the killer flippers are large and rounded. The head of the whale is rnore common on the east coast, but the animal is smooth, and there is usually a short survey vessels were largely confined to the east but distinct beak. The teeth are massive (fig. 52) coasts of the North and South Islands, which and circular in cross section. The species reaches tends to bias the sightings. a maximum size of about 28 Ît at physical The killer whale is very common in the Bay of maturity. Plenty, particularly near the off-shore islands Most authorities recognise only a single world- such as Motiti, White, and Mayor Islancls and wide species of killer whale. The animal in the the Mercury Islands. Reports from fishermen in North Pacific was discussed by Nishiwaki and the area indicate that at least part of the popu- Handa (1958). Scheffer and Slipp (1948) exam- lation is resident throughout the year. ined the occurrence of the killer whale on the west coast of the U.S.A. Iredale and Troughton (1933) have discussed the very confused synonymy Genus Pseudorca Reinhardt, 1862 of this whale. The killer whale is a wide-ranging predator and has been noted in most parts of the Southern (Owen, 1846), the False Ocean; the author has seen packs of 200 killer Pseudorca crassidens Whale (Fig. 55) whales among the South Shetland Islands and near Killer Clarence and Blephant Islands and the South Orkneys. Schools of this size have never been reported in New Zealand coastal waters, where L846. Phocaena crassidens Owen, A History of British Fossil Mammals. . . , p. 516. Fossil, Lincoln, England. the smaller schools seem to be of mixed sexes.

The Killer Whale ín New Zealand Waters Cornrnents There are six records of stranded killer whales There are superficial similarities between this in New Zealand (table 22 and fig. 53). Seven- species and both the killer whale and the pilot teen of these animals, identified by Dr W. H. whale. In the water it is easily separated from Dawbin and Mr C. McCann, were stranded the killer whale by the colouring and the shape to gether on P ar ap ar aumu B each, near Wellin gton, of the dorsal fin and less easily from the pilot on 13 l\{ay 1955. whale by the shape of the head and the shape of The strandings contribute only little to the the dorsal fin. Like pilot whales, false killer whales available information on this species in New sometimes travel in large schools of up to 1,000.

TABLB 22: New Zealanð' Strandings of Orcinus orca

Record No. of Date Locality Detaiis Reference No. Animals

I Not known Waikanae Beach Skull in Dom. Mus. Dom. Mus. str, frle 2 Not known Wanganui Ske1. in Dom. Mus. . . Oliver, 1922c 3 Not known Otago lleads . . Skull in Otago Mus. Hector, lB75; Oliver, 1922c 4 Not known Chatham Islands Skull in Cant. Mus. Oliver, 1922c 5 l7 13 May 1955 Paraparaumu Beach Males and femal.es Dom. Mus. str. file 6 3 25 May 1960 Palliser Bay 2 males, I female Dom. Mus. str. file

59 28€28

f\r' bfrio I __J._ róB'E r78.E Fig. 54: The localities of confirmed sightings ol Orcinus orca tn the New Zealand area. The numbers are the record numbers in table 23.

Some animals have attained a length of lB ft examined have been black. Any pale markings (Norman and Fraser, 1937), but this appears to are usually small scars. The species lacks the be exceptional. A big school recorded off the pale patches characteristic of the true killer whale. coast of California in 1959 (l\orris and Prescott, Badly decomposed specimens of the killer, false 1961) was composed of about 300 animals, which killer, and pilot whale can be identified by the were estimated to vary in length from 5 to 10 ft. teeth. The pilot whale has only a semicircle of The head of the false killer whale is more small, pegJike maxillary teeth, but the upper tapered than that of the pilot whale and it lacks jaw teeth are well developed in the true and false the beak of the killer. The dorsal fin is much killer whales. The teeth of the killer are oval in smaller in relation to the body than in the pilot cross section, but those of the false killer are whale. The flippcrs are not rounded, as in the circular. Like many other toothed whales, this killer, but pointed, as in the pilot whale. They species is said to feed on squid. are not, however, as long in relation to the total The false killer whale is spread throughout the body length. world. It has been discussed by Harmer (lg3l), Almost all specimens of the false killer whale Norman and Fraser (1937), and Slijper (1939).

60 TABLE 23: New Zealand Records of Confirmed Sightings of Orcinus orca

RecorJ No. of Date Locality Details Reference No. Animals

I 2 24 Feb 1963 Hicks Bay, East Cape . . 1 male, I female B. Beck, survey rep. 2 t2 21 Apr 1963 White Island 2 maÌes, 10 females B. Beck, survey rep. 5 2 23 Il.4.ay 1963 East Cape 2 males D. E. Gaskin, survey rep. 4 5 B Jun 1963 6 m. east of Kaikoura . . Small males ? B. Beck, survey rep. 5 6 13Jun 1963 East Cape 1 male, 5 lemales B. Beck, survey rep. 6 1 21 Aug 1963 Otago Heads I male M. W. Cawthorn, survey rep. 7 6 2l Aug 1963 10 m. east of Oamaru - . Small animals M. W. Cawthorn, survey rep. o 3 29 Aug 1963 No data L. J. Paul, rep. 9 4 29 Aug 1963 Kapiti Island No data L. J. Paul, rep. 10 2 Sep 1963 Stewart Island No data Fisherman's rep.* ll 4 Sep 1963 Stewart Island No data. Fisherman's rep.* 12 Sep 1963 Stewart Island IVo data Fisherman's rep.* IJ 4 Sep 1963 Bluff Harbour No data Marine Dept. inspector's rep. 14 J 4 Oct 1963 Motiti Island 2 males, I female D. E. Gaskin, survey rep. 15 9 4 Oct 1963 Motiti Island 3 males, 6 females M. W. Cawthorn, survey rep. 16 6 4 Oct 1963 Motiti Island Small animals D. E. Gaskin, survey rep. 17I J 4 Oct 1963 Motiti Island . . I male, 2 females D. E. Gaskin and M. W. Caw- thorn, survey rep. 10 5 5 Oct 1963 60 m. west of Cape No data U.S.S. Co. vessel rep. Egmont 19 4 19 Oct 1963 34" 26',S, 178' 10',E' .. No data U.S.S. Co. vessel rep. 20 3 20 Oct 1963 i0 m. north-east of Cape No data MY Ikatere rep. Brett 21 12 23 Oct 1963 Mahia Peninsula No data U.S.S. Co. vessel rep. 22 7 24 Oct 1963 Tauranga Harbour 3 males, 4 lemales K. Fraser rep. z3 I 27 Oct 1963 35" 25',S, 168" 20',E .. No data U.S.S. Co. vessel rep. 2+ 2 29 Oct 1963 Tauranga llarbour 2 males K. Fraser rep. 25 6 Nov 1963 7 m. east of Kaikoura . . No data U.S.S. Co. vessel rep. 26 3 Nov 1963 12 m. north-east of Kai- No data U.S.S. Co. vessel rep. koura 27 5 5 Nov 1963 33" 20'S, 160" 00'E .. No data U.S.S. Co. vessel rep. zÕ 13 13 Nov 1963 34'20'S, 164" to 167" E No data U.S.S. Co. vessel rep. 29 15 15 Nov 1963 36" ls',S, 172" 22'E .. No data U.S.S. Co. vessel rep. 30 2 7 Dec 1963 Kawau Island No data MY Ocean Slar rep. 31 2 7 Dec 1963 Hauraki Gulf No data MY Oc¿an Star rep. 32 30 10 Dec 1963 34" 00's, 1s9" 30'E .. No data U.S.S. Co. vessel rep. J-1 6 23 Dec 1963 Tory Channel I male, 5 females ? M. W. Cawthorn, survey rep. 34 6 7 lan 1964 Milford Sound 6 males ? A. G. York, rep. 3J 7 12 Jan 1964 Cape Saunders No data U.S.S. Co. vessel rep. 36 1.2 17 Feb 1964 Tory Channel 3 males, 9 females M. W. Cawthorn, survey rep. 3t 2 12 Jul 1964 34 02',5,172" 18',8 .. No data U.S.S. Co. vessel rep. Jó 20 20 Aug 1964 37" 55',S, 165'47',8 .. No data U.S.S. Co. vessel rep. *Name not attached to reports. tTwo of these animals were tagged with Discouer2 markers 21,661 and 21,665.

12 Í1

After Frasar in Norman and Fraser ( 1937 ). Fig. 55 : Pseudorca crassídens, the false killer whale. Points of identification: 1. A blunt head, with teeth circular in cross section. 2. Flippers ofmoderate length, not paddle-shaped as in the killer whale. 3. A small dorsal fin.

61 Fig. 56: The localities of known strandings of Pseudorca crassid¿ns tound the New Zealand coast. The numbers are the record numbers in table 24.

Stranded specimens on the coast of the U.S.A. recorded strandings in 90 years (table 2+ and fig. were discussed by N{iller (1920), and Bullis and 56) . The species has been reported several times Moore (1956). The female reproductive system by the whale chaser Orca at the eastern end of has been studiecl by Comrie and Adam (1938). Cook Strait and off the Marlborough coast. The strandings listecl in table 24 are all that could be The False Killer Whale in New Zealand. founcl. Two of these strandings were previously Waters considered to be blackfish or pilot whale strand- Over 100 specimens of the false killer whale ings, but the descriptions and photographs in have been recorded from the Chatham Islands the Dominion Museum and Marine Department and 50 from the New Zealand mainland. How- strandings fìIes were detailed enough to enable ever, all these animals make up only seven correct identification to be rnade.

TAtsLE 24: New Zealand Strandings of Pseudorca crassidens

Record No. ol Localitv Details Reference No. Animals

tl l8Jan lB70 Lyall Bay Skull in Dom. Mus. Hector, 1873b; Oliver, 1922c 2 100 Mar 1906 Chatham Islands No data Oliver, 1922c 31 1932 Chatham Islands No data Dom. Mus. str. file 4t May 1933 Awatere River No data Dom. Mus. str. file 529 1 7 Jun 1936 Napier Males and females Dom. Mus. str. file 61 B Apr 1943 Opoutama No data Dom. Mus. str. file 719 23 Jul 1962 Warrington Males and females Marine Dept. str. file

62 Fig. 57 : Globiceþhala melaena edwardí, the southern pilot whale. Points of identificatio¡r:. I ' A bulging forehead with a short beak, " pegJike teeih in the anterior párts of the upper and lower jaws. 2. Long pointed 1 ippers. 3. A iarge dorsal fin.

Genus Globicephala Lesson, 1B2B on the ventral surface, and a similar streak behind the dorsal fin. It has long, sl.ender flippers and a Globicephala rnelaena edwardi (Smith, IB34), Iarge triangular d.orsal fin set characteristically the Southern Pilot Whale (Fig. 57) forwarcl on the back. The forehead bulges typically and has been given the name "melon" lB0Sl. Delþhinus melas Tratll, J. nat. Philos., 2nd ser., 22: BI, by whalers (fig. 5B). Observations by Norris and February. North Atlantic. 1834. Phocaena edwardi Smíth, South A.fr. quart. J.2: 239. Slang- Prescott (1961) show that the melon is used in kop, South Africa. head butting between males and females during the breeding season. Cornrnents At physical maturity the males of the species llhe southern pilot whale is black except for a attain a maximum length of about 22 ft and the pale zone under the jaw (fig. 5B), a white streak females are smaller.

_ * "ùe-

Iis. 58: The head of a pilot whale stranded at Ngunguru in 1955.

Photograþh bj courteÐ of Dominion Musum, WùLinglon.

o.1 I ó8"E I Z8"E -T-- T' -T-- 20 24_ " rit

Fig. 59: The localities of known strandings and sightings of Globiceþhala melaena ín the New Zealand area. The numbers are thc ¡ecord numbers in table 25. Record numbers 15, 16, 17, 18, and 19 have not been included because the sightings were made in the Southern Ocean.

Îs þzz _L_ I r ó8oE r z8"E -L

There are grounds for separating several species the Bay of Bengal; and G. ltrach2þtera from the west of pilot whale. The southcrn form G. melaenq coast of North America (Norman and Fraser, edwardi has been discussed by Davies (1960). L937). Sergeant (1962a) based his studies of the Other species and subspecies which have been biology of G. mela¿nd on catches off the coast of recognised are: G. scammoni from the North Newfoundland. The same author has also studied Pacific; G. melaena melaena from the North the morphometry ancl growth of several species Atlantic; G. indica from the Indian Ocean and (I962b). The female reproductive system was

6+ TABLE 25: New Zealand Strandings and Sightings of Globiceþhala melaena

Record No. ol Date Locality Details Reference No. Animals

Not known Not known. 2 from Cook 1 skullinAuck. Mus-, I skel. and Oliver, 1922c Strait ?, I from Chat- 2 skulls in Dom. Mus., I skel. in ham Islands? Cant. Mus., I skel. in Otago Mus. 2T Jar' 1874 Stewart Island . . Skel. in Otago Mus. . . Hector, 1875; Oliver, i922c 310 Jan 1876 Lyalì Bay .. I skel. in Dom. Mus., 2 skel. in Hector, 1878; Oliver, 1922c Brit. Mus. +68 4 Aug 1923 Marsden Point Stranded Oliver, 1924b 540 16 Feb 1928 Whangarei Stranded Dom. Mus. str. file 693 5 Nov 1930 Whangarei Stranded Dom. Mus. str. file 7 140 31 Dec 1937 Farewell Spit . . Stranded Dom. Mus. str. fiÌe 849 I Nov 1938 Whangarei Stranded Dom. Mus. str. file I 7t 17 Nov 1946 Hatfields Beach Stranded Dom. Mus. str. file 102 4 May l95l Island Bay Stranded R. A. Falla, pers. comm. ll 130 2 Jul 1952 Ruakaka Stranded Dom. Mus. str. file t2 60 21 Oct 1955 Ngunguru Stranded Dom. Mus. str. file 13 +0 17 Sep 1958 Whangarei .. Stranded Dom, Mus. str. frle 14 100 23 Sep 1958 Wade River . . Stranded Marine Dept. str. file 15* 30 9Jan 1963 60" 00's, 165.00, E Sighted D. E. Gaskin frolr'U.S.S. Durant 16* 10 l0Jan 1963 61" 00's, 164" 35',8 Sighted D. E. Gaskin ftorr'U.S.S. Durant t7* 100 ll Jan 1963 60" 00's, 164.50'E .. Sighted .. D. E. Gaskin from U.S.S. Durant lB* 40 l5Jan 1963 60" 00's, 164" 40'E .. Sighted .. D. E. Gaskin lrom U.S.S. Durant t9* 200 17 Jan 1963 62'00's, 164" 05'E Sighted .. D. E. Gaskin from U.S.S. Durant 20 20 19Jan 1963 Raoul Island .. Sighted Weather station rep. 21 t5 21 Jan 1963 Raoul Island Sighted . . Weather station rep. 226 22 Jan 1963 Raoul Island Sighted . . Weather station rep. 23 50 23 Jan 1963 Raoul Island Sighted . . Weather station rep. 242 22 Feb 1963 Raoul Island .. Sighted Weather station rep. 254 24 Feb 1963 Gable End Foreland Sighted U.S.S. Co. vessel rep. 267 30 May 1963 Cape Campbell Sighted D. E. Gaskin and B. Beck, survey

27 3s0 12 Sep 1963 Southern Bay of Plenty sighted u.t:Ps' co. vesset rep. 28 1 I Nov 1963 Bay of Plenty Sighted. Lying at surface (sick?) D. E. Gaskin survey rep. 294 13 Nov 1963 Hauraki Gulf Sighted MV Ocean Star rep. 30 I 20 Dec 1963 Makara Stranded . . Identified by D. E. Gaskin and M. W. Cawthorn 31 55 19Jan 1964 6 m. east of Kaikoura . . Sighted Whaling co. rep. 32 200 22 lan 1964 10 m. east of Kaikoura Sighted Whaling co. rep. 33 130 27 Jan 1964 7 m. north-east ol Kai- Sighted Whaling co. rep. koura 342 7 Apr 1964 Orepuki Stranded . . D. H. Stead, rep. 35 1 24 Sep 1964 Titahi Bay Stranded C. McCann, pers. ccmm. 36 +5 20.Jan 1965 Clifton, Hawke's Bay Stranded . . Marineland of N.Z. rep.

*These sightings were made in the Southern Ocean. studied by Harrison (1949). Observations of the dying or dead before beaching, this would not pilot whale in captivity in the U.S.A. were made be the cause of the mass strandings which have by Kritzler (1949 and 1952) and Brown (1960). occurred at least a dozen times on the coast of New The young of this species were studied by Starrett Zealand and the Chatham Islands in the last 40 and Starrett (1955). years and of the similar strandings of the false killer whale. The data available suggest that the species The Southern Pilot Whale in New Zealand, makes migrations near New Zealand, srnce rn Waters some areas it has been recorded more often in The pilot whale is one of the most common spring and summer than at other times of the cetaceans in the coastal waters of New Zealand. year. The large schools may be formed only in Well over 2,000 specimens have been recorded certain areas and in certain months. Movement as stranded or sighted by the Marine Department of pilot whales toward shore and away from shore (table 25 and fig. 59). with behaviour which suggested mating was Though a single pilot whale could become reported to the author by weather station ob- stranded through being sick or because it was servers at Raoul Island, in the Kermadecs. A

65 Fig. 60: Localities of strand- ings of "blackfish" which could have been either Globiceþhala melaena or Pseudorca crassidens. The numbers are the record numbers in table 26.

number of very large schools of both this species "blackfish" strandings have been grouped; the ancl the false killer whale were reported by the localities are shown in fig. 60. These animals whale chaser Orca duringJanuary and February were not positively identified and could be either 1964 to be moving south past the Kaikoura false killers or pilot whales. Peninsula and Cape Campbell. Norris and Prescott (1961) reported apparent mating be- haviour in winter (February) near the coast of Feurr,v DELPHINIDAE, Lesser Dolphins California. The study by Sergeant (1962a) on the coast of Newfoundland showed that maximum All the other genera and species of Cetacea pairings occurred between April and July, and found in New Zealand coastal waters remain in this conclusion is consistent with observations near the family Delphinidae. Eight genera have been New Zealancl that the pilot whale mates in,early recorded from the area: Gramþus, Tursioþs, summer. Lissodelþhis, Stenella, Delphinus, Steno, and Ceþhalo- Table 25, which lists strandings and sightings rhltnchus, with one species each, and Lagenorh2nchus, of Globiceþltala melaena, is not complete. Strandings with two species. Of these nine species, three- of the pilot whale have been very frequent L ageno r hll nc hu s c ruci ger, S t e no b r e danens is, and S t e rt¿ I I a round New Zealand, but as the animals are almost euþhros2ne-are of dubious occurrence. Lageno- invariably disposed of swiftly before they can rhltnchus cruciger has been retained, though the become a health menace) the identification, taxonomic status of the southern forms of Lageno- counting, and sexing of the animals are rarely rhlnchus, including obscurus, needs critical re- possible by biologists. In table 26 a number of examination (Fraser, 1966). However, sightings

66 TABLE 26: New Zealand Strandings of "Blackfish", which Could be Either Globiceþhala melaena or Ps¿udnrca uassidens

Record No. of Date Locality Details Reference No. Animals

DePt. str. frle 20 Sep 1935 Cloudy Bay No data Marine r38 DePt. str. file Oct 1941 Doubtless Bay No data Marine 240 21 Dept' str. file 2l Mar 1955 Kaipara No data Marine 380 DePt. str. file 24 Aug 1958 Thames No data Marine 47+ Deþt. str. file, with 23 Oct 1962 Golden Bay No data* Marine Photo- 590 sraohs Ad-"miäistration officer, Chatham 6 129 31 Aug 1963 Pitt Island, Chatham No data lands Islands, pers. comm. was there a clear *Examination oftheo1-the photographs was not conclusive,conclusrve, as they didcu(l not clearlycrearry showsnow ur4grruslrLdiagnostic features,rc¿Lurrù' and-nowhere4rru .rh^,,ñh some doubt viery,,., ^r-of a head.r"--r Though tiom+'.^- therh- generaldêñêrâì bodyh^dr,.r."-. shape ;ä";;¿,.j-"Á-á *i..^tchesp^1.;;;h;;;í.e.. tirese animaÏsarrima'Í. were almost ãertainlycertainly G. melaena,

.ii"Ltt", of the crucigertype have been made The naming system used here for at least some and the name is therefore retained. of the dolphins recorded as occurring off the There is no reason to retain Steno and Stenella New Zealand coast canllot be considered as final. on the New Zealand faunal list; it appean almost The taxonomy of the Delphinidae has been certain that their previous inclusion was a result considered by Flower (1883), True (tBB9), Hutton of faulty locality labelling. There has been a sug- (1877), and Hector (lï73a and lB73b), the last gestion (Oliver, I922c) that beside Stenella euþhrl- two of whom dealt with the New Zealand forms. s)ne, S. pseudodelþhis (Schlegel, IB41) has been Scott and Lord (1920a, 1920b, and l92l) and recorded in New Zealand. This identification is Scott (1942) have examined some of the dolphins based on a skull in the Dominion Museum collec- of Tasmanian waters. An account of Tasmanian tion labelled "Parapara". Hector doubted the dolphins has been published by Pearson (1936). authenticity of this label as far back as 1873. Longman (1926) has listed the species recorded There is no current evidence that either of these from the coast of Q¡reensland. Norris and Prescott Stenella species has occurred in Ncw Zealand (t961) have discussed the biology of the dolphins waters. of the Californian coast, and Scheffer and Slipp The names Steno, Stenella, Cþmenia, Prodelþhinus, (1948) have examined the species occurring State. and Sousa have been used generically in a very further north on the coast of Washington confusing fashion. The taxonomy of this group Sergeant and Fisher (1957) have published an of dolphins is still obscure. Iredale and Troughton account of the small cetaceans of Canadian (1934, pages 65 to 68) considered that some uses waters. The biology of some species has been at least of Steno, Stenella, and Prodelphinus, as well examined by Sleptsov (1940), who studied as Cþmenia, are synonymous. However, on page methods of age determination, and Scheffer 68 they show Sozs¿ and Steno as synonyms; so the (1953), who studied the stomach contents of synonymy is not consistent. The situation is l1 species. Sinclair (1962) examined the anat- further confused by Gray's use, shown on page 65 omy of a North Pacific Steno by serial section of Iredale and Troughton, of "euþhros2ne" as both approach. a generic and specific name on the same type specimen. Apparently in the euþhrosyne - attenuatus Genus GrarnPus GraY, l846 group of dolphins Pro delphinus : C þmenia : S tenella ; in the specific names Stenella attenuatus:5. pseudo- delphis. Stenella attenuatus (þseudodelphis) and S. euþhro- Grarnpus griseus (Cuvier, 1Bl2), Risso's Dol- s)ne appear to be distinct (Norman and Fraser, phin (Fig. 61) I937). However, those authors consider that Steno and Prodelphinus are distinct genera and that Sotalia 1812. Delþhinus griseus Cuvier, Ann. Mus,|um d'Hist. nat-, Paris, (Sousa) is distinct frorn Steno. They do not mention 19:14. Stenella, but appear to assume that Stenella and Steno are synonymous. Lydekker (1922) considered Cornrnents that Steno and Sotalia are separate, but added a further complication by referrin g L. obscurus to the Superficially this species resembles the pilot genus Prodelphinus. whale; the forehead rises directly from the end

67 11f r

Afler Fraser in Norman and Fraser ( I 937 ). Fig.91:Gramþus-grise-urRiss*dolphin.Pointsofidentification:l.Abulboushead.Theteethareusuallyconfinecltothelowerjaw. 2. A large dorsal fin. 3. Pointed flippers ofmoderate length. of the upper jaw, but the bulge of the forehead stranded on the Manawatu beach in September is not as pronounced as that in the pilot whale. 1867 was obtained and described by Hector The flippers are long, but not as long in pro- (1873a) ancl deposited in the Dominion Museum portion to the total body length as those of the collection. pilot. The clorsal fin is prominent, but slender, and is pointed more sharply than that of the pilot whale. The flippers, clorsal surface of the body, Genus Tursiops Gervais, 1855 and the flukes are black or very dark grey. The flanks and ventral surface of the body and the Tursiops truncatus (Montagu, 182l), the under surfaces of the flukes and flippers are pale Bottlenosed Dolphin or Cowfish Dolphin (Fig. 62) $ey. It grows to about I I ft long at sexual maturity. Stranded specimens can always be separated lB2l. Delphinus truncatus Montagu, Mem. Wernerian nat. Hist. Soc. 3: 75. England. from Globiceþhala melaena by the configuration of the teeth. The pilot whale has functional teeth in both jaws. Most specimens of Gramþus griseus Cornrnents have no teeth in the upper jaw, and the teeth of the lower.jaw are confined to the anterior region. This is a large dolphin, reaching a length of The anatomy and biology of this animal were up to l41t at physical maturity. The head is studied by Murie (1871) and Le Danois (1912). characteristic; there are 20 to 22 pairs of teeth each jaw. Each is The species has a wide range, being recorded in tooth about f in. in diameter. from the North Atlantic, the Mediterranean, and The beak is only a few inches long and is sharply the Cape of Good Hope (Norman and Fraser, marked off from the rest of the head (fig. 63). le37). The line of the mouth gives Tursioþs the appear- ance of having a permanent grin. The dorsal surface varies from grey to black. and the ventral surface and the lower jaw are Risso's Dolphin in New Zealand, Waters white. The flippers are moderately slender and Risso's dolphin is said to be of solitary habit, pointed. The dorsal fin is set high on the back and though occasionally it forms schools of about is quite large in proportion to the body. six animals (Norman and Fraser, 1937). There is Tursioþs truncatus is generally accepted as the only one recorded occurrence of this species in dolphin species most amenable to captivity and New Zealancl waters. A mandible from a specimen training. The species is distributed round the

68 10 fr

Fig. 62: Tursioþs truncatus, the bottlenosed dolphin or cowfish dolphin. Points ofidentification: l. A short beak.2. A prominent dorsal frn. The body is dark grey above and lighter grey below. coasþl seas of Europe and down the Atlantic (1953), Brown and Norris (1956), Caldwell and and Pacific coasts of the U.S.A. (Kenyon, 1952). Fields (1959), Tavolga and Essapian (1957), and Tursioþs has also been recorded from the north- t,illy (1961). Hoshina and Sugiura (1956) studied east coast of Australia, arrd several specimens skin disease in this species, and Tokita (1960) are in captivity at the Tweed Head Seaquarium made an electro-cardiagraphical examination. in Queensland. However, this species seems to be The female reproductive cycle was studied by separate from that found in Europe and is known McBride and Kritzler (1951) and by Tavolga as T. aduncus (Scheffer and Rice, 1963), formerly ancl Essapian (1957). T. catalania (Iredale and Troughton, 1934; Norman and Fraser, 1937). The Tursioþs found The Cowfish Dolphin in New Zealanõ, round New Zealand and in Tasmanian coastal Waters waters (Pearson, 1936) appears to be identical The species is not rare in New Zealand coastal with the European form (Flower, 1BB0). waters. In June 1964 the author filmed several An anatomical study of this species was under- schools of large Tursioþs in the Acheron Passage taken by Braun (1905), and the taxonomy was and Bligh Sound in Fiordland, and this cetacean examined by Flower (lBB3) and True (tBBg). has been noted frequently in Foveaux Strait. The Studies of the behaviour of the species have been species regularly occurs in the Marlhorough made by McBride and Hebb (1948), Hubbs Sounds and Tasman Bay and is often in the

Pholograþlt by courlcsy of Dominion Museum, Wellington. Fig. 63: A bottlenosed dolphin which was stranded at Motueka River inJanuary 1954.

69 TABLE 27: New Zealar'd Strandings of Tursioþs truncatus

Record No. of Locality Details Reference No. Animals

I Not known Wanganui? Skel. in Wa. Mus. Oliver, 1922c 2 6Jan lB73 "Dusky Buy" .. Skull in Dom. Mus. :: Oliver, 1922c J 10 May 1875 Useless Bay, Dusky Sound Skel. in Dom. Mus. .. Hutton, 1876 + 1895 Lyttelton llarbour Skull in Cant. Mus. Oliver, 1922c 5 1B9B Dusky Sound .. Skull in Otago Mus. Oliver, 1922c 6 l9t3 .. Skull and cast in Otago Mus. . . Oliver, 1922c 7 10 May 1938 Halfmoon Bay, Stewart No data Dom. Mus. str. file Island o l5Jan 1954 Motueka River Dom. Mus. str. file 9 l6 Mar 1957 Stewart Island Dom. Mus. str. file outer bays of Wellington in late summer (Dr four times reported Tursioþs along the Kaikoura R. A. Falla, pers. comm.) Boat owners near coast. The famous "Opo", of Opononi, on the Tory Channel have informed the author that north-west coast of the North fsland, was a they have seen several animals of the species. The Tursioþs (possibly T. aduncus, not f. truncatus), former staff of the Tory Channel whaling station which indicates that the genus occurs along the were familiar with the species in this locality. west coast of both islands. Sightings on the east During 1963 anrl 1964 the whale chaser Orca coast have been made at Whangarei (Mr I. D. \4cCallum, pers. comm.) and near Cape Kicl- nappers (Mr F. Robson, pers. comm.), though the occurrence of the genus on the east coast of the North Island is sporadic. The list of known strandings is given in table 27 and the localities of these ale shown in fig. 64.

Genus Lissodelphis Gloger, lB4l

Lissodelphis peroni (Lacépède, 1804), the Southern Right Whale Dolphin (Fig. 65)

1804. Delþhinus þeroni. Lacépède, Ilistoire Naturelle des Cétacées ..., p,63. Lat.44'S,long. l4l'E.

Cornrnents This dolphin has earned its name from its resemblance to the large right whale in not having a dorsal fin, though it is not related to the bigger whale. At physical maturity this species attains a length of about 7 to B ft. The dorsal surface is black, and the ventral surface, the flukes, and the flippers are glossy white. This animal cannot be confused with any other at sea or when stranded.

The Southern Right Whale Dolphin in New Zealand lilaters __J_ róB'E No recorded strandings of this animal have Fig. 64: The localities of known strandings of .Tursioþs been found in Marine Department ancl Dominion truncdtus on the New Zealand coast. The numbers are records. Two specimens were reported the record numbers ín table 27. Museum

70 After Fraser in Norman and Fraser ( I 937 ). beak. 2. No dorsal fin. 3. Dorsal Fig. 65: Lissodclphís þeroni, the southern right whale dolphin. Points ofidentification: l. A short surface black, ventral surface white. by Lillie (1915), sighted during the Terra Noua Genus Steno Gray, 1846 expedition's stay in New Zealand waters in l9I1 at a position lat. 47" 04' S, Iong. l7I" 33' E. Until Steno bredanensis (Lesson, tB2B), the Rough- recently these two sightings were the only basis toothed Dolphin (Fig 67) for the inclusion of the species on the New Zealand 1828. Delphinus bredanensis Lesson, Histoire Naturelle . . . des list, and the animal was considered one of our Mammifères et des Oiseaux Découverts clepuis 17BB rarest dolphins. . . ., Cétacés, p.206. However, on 3 October 1963 the whale chaser Orca sighted five of these animals ancl three more Cornrnents on 6 October of the same year at lat. 42" 36' S, This dolphin, which reaches a maximum length long. 173" 5l'E, andlat. 42" 27'S, long. 173'50' of about B ft at physical maturity, has a strong E, respectively. On 1l January 1964 the whale superficial resemblance to Delþhinus delþhis or chaser reported three large schools of this species, Lagenorh2nchus obscurus. There is no break between the largest (estimated as containing over 1,000 the beak and the head. On the dorsal surface the splashed with animals), moving rapidly south about 13 miles species is dark bluish grey liberally whitish marks. The ventral surface is white or east of the Kaikoura Peninsula. Between February pinkish and is splashed with small patches of the 1964 and the closing of whaling operations in dorsal surface colour. December 1964 seven more schools were reported There are over 20 pairs of moderately large by the whaling company. None of these schools teeth in both the upper and lower jaws. The approached the size of those seen on I I January, crowns of these teeth are roughened and from though two contained over 200 animals. The this characteristic the species has received its Iocations of the major sightings are shown in common name. fig. 66. An unusual dolphin was seen in Hawke Bay in The Rough-toothed Dolphin in New Zealand. February 1965 (Mr F. Robson, pers. comm.). The \{aters description indicated clearly that the animal This species was included in the l{ew Zealand could have been only þeroni. The species thus list with reservations by Hector (l873a). Oliver occurs off the east coast of New Zealand between (I922c) retained it in his review, but expressed latitudes 39 and 47o S, that is, between Hawke doubts about the validity of the record. There Bay and Stewart Islancl. appear to be no records ofthe species in the South

71 Fig. 66: Movements (indi- cated by arrows) of southern right whale dolphins reported by the whale chaser Orca in the 1963-64 season.

Pacific, though it has been stated to occur in the Cornrnents Indian Ocean (Norman and Fraser, 1937). Long- man (1926), Iredale and Troughton (1934), and In shape and outline this species closely Pearson (1936) do not list this species for eastern resembles Delplúnus delþltis. At physical maturity Australia or Tasmania. The author does not it reaches a maximum length of about B ft. The regard bredanensis as a species occurring in the New dorsal surface is black or very dark grey and the Zealand area, though another species of Stunella, ventral surface is white. The tips of the jaws are at present undescribed, may be present. black, which is the reason for the dolphin's name. pigment runs Genus Stenella Gray, 1866 common A band of dark from near the eye to the flipper ancl continues Stenella euphrosyne (Gray, 1866), the Black- posteriorly to the anal area. The genus is separated jawed Dolphin (Fig. 68) frorn Delphinus by having a grooved palate; other-

1866. Delþhinus euþhros2ne Gray, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1866:214. wise the two genera seem to be closely related.

72 7ft

Afler Fraser in Norman and Fraser ( 1 9 37 ) . Fig. 67 : Steno bredanensis, the rough-toothed dolphin. Points of identifrcation: l. A tong beak. 2. Dorsal surface bluish grey, splashed with whitish marks; the ventral surface is pinkish splashed with grey'

The Black-jawed Dolphin in New Zealtnd Genus Delphinus Linnaeus, l75B IrVaters Deþhinus delphis Linnaeus, 1758, the Common Oliver (1922b) stated thata skull of this animal Dolphin (Fig. 69) was in the Dominion Museum collection. There appearecl to be no confirmation that the specimen 1758. Delphinus delphis Lirrnaets, Systema Naturae, 10th ed., was of New Zealand origin. The range of this vol. l, p. 77, January. European seas. is said the of the Atlantic species to include whole Cornrnents and the Caribbean (Norman and Fraser, 1937). The species has also been reported from the This species, which grows to a maximum length Oregon coast in the North Pacific (Kellogg and of about 7 ft at physical maturity, is of slender Scheffer, l9+7). build with tapered head and beak, the latter

7ft

Aftet Ftaser in Norman and Fraser ( 1937 ). Fig. 68: Stenella euþhros2nø, the black-jawed dolphin. Points olidentification: l. A long beak with a black tip.2. Dorsal surface dark grey, ventral surface white.

IJ 6ft

Fig. 69: Delphinus delphis, the commorì dolphin. P-oints of identification: 1. A long beak. 2. Dorsal surlace purplish brown, ventral surface white. There is grey shading on the flanks. marked off sharply from the rest of the head (fig. it is equalled in numbers by the clusky dolphin, 70). The dorsal surface of a live animal is purplish Lagenorhltnchus obscuru¡. brown and darker round the flukes and the dorsal The number of strandings recorcled for this after death fin; this colour darkens to blackish animal is not large, but the dolphin is so familiar brown. The surface ancl ventral is pure white, to coastal dwellers that it is unlikely that a the two colour zones are separated by a belt of stranded specimen would be reported unless it grey mixed yellow. with The flippers are clark was on a public beach. Animals of this species brown, and some animals have a ring o[ dark appear to strand singly more often than in schools, brown round the eye. which probably indicates that stranded animals This animal appears to have been recorded were sick or dying before stranding. School from most parts of the (Norman Fraser, world and strandings may be rare, because this species is 1937). In some areas, for instance, the Black Sea, more familiar with the shallow water environment it is taken commercially for oil ancl meat. than, say, the pilot whale or the false killer whale. The comnion dolphin is a prcdator and will The Cornrnon Dolphin in New Zealand feed on schools offlying fish. Waters The recorcled strandings (fiS. 7l) are listed in Delphinus delphis is the commonest dolphin table 28, which gives a very incomplete picture round ldew Zealand, except near Cook Strait, of distribution when compared with the large Tasman Bay, and the l\{arlborough coast, where number of accredited sightings (about 4,000)

Pløtograþh by C. McCann, b1 courLesy of Dominion Muscum, Wcllington, Fig. 70: A common dolphin which was stranded at Eastbourne, Wellington, in 1956.

74 accumulated during the Marine Department whaling survey of 1962-64. The largest con- centrations sighted are shown in fig. 72. Records were kept throughout the surv,ey by the crew of the Marine Department launch Acean Star in the Hauraki Gulf. Some of the preliminary results of the analysis of these sightings are shown in fig. 73, and the localities in the gulf where this species was founcl to occur frecluently are shown in fr'g. 7 4 '

Genus Lagenorhynchus Gray, 1846

Lagenorhynchus cruciger (d'Orbigny, lB+7), the Southern White-sided Doiphin (Fig. 75)

1847. Delþhinus cruciger d'Orl:igny, \'-oyage dans I'Amérique Méridionale . . . , vol. 4, pt.2, p. 32. South America.

Cornrnents There is almost no beak in the species of Lagenorh2nchus; the head cuts down sheer toward the tip of the snout. A number of species have been recognised, including cruciger, oltscurus, f.t7- ro2i, acutus, australis, albirostris, obliquidens, ruilsoni, suþerciliosus, electra, lutifrons, and tlticolea. Iredale and Troughton (1934) have considered obscurus, fitzro2i, cruciger, and latifronJ as synonyms, the name obscurzs taking precedence. The f,orms are very similar in many respects, but here obscurus and cruciger are retainecl as separate species. Fig. 71: The localities of known strandings of Delphinus delphis on the coast of New Zeala¡d, The numbers are Lagenorh2nchus cruciger is blackish and white on the record numbers in table 28.

TABLE 28: New Zealand Strandings of Delphinus delphis

Record No. of Localitv Details Reference No. Animals

I Not known Skull in Dom. Mus. Dom. Mus. str. file

2 Not known Skuil in Dom. Mus. Dom, Mus. str. file 3 Nov 1864 Skel. in Dom. Mus. llector, 1873a; Oliver, 1922c 4 30 Aug 1866 Skull in Dom. Mus. llector, 1873a; Oliver, 1922c 5 4 Nov 1872 Skull in Dom. Mus. Oliver, 1922c 6 1873 No data Hector, 1873a 7 1 896 Skel. in Cant. Mus. Oliver, 1922c o 4Jul 1920 No data Oliver, 1922c 9 I Jan 1953 No data Dom. Mus. str. file IO 7 Sep 1955 No data R. A. Falla, pers. comm. I1 2 Apr 1956 No data Dom. Mus. str. flle t2 26Jun 1956 7 ft male C. McCann, pers. comm. t3 l0Jan 1964 6 lt male Identified by D. E. Gaskin and M. W. Cawthorn T4 9 Mar 1964 Baring Head 7 ft adult Identifred by D. E. Gaskin l5 10 Mar 1964 Baring Head 6 fr adult Identified by D. E. Gaskin

75 Tró8

+ o

3e'f-

Fig. 72: Sightings of the common dolphin round New Zealand between 1962 and 1964.

x

. Less thon l0 o l0 to50 x 50 to 100

+ 100 10 500 .d 5O0 ond more

I t78"E

the dorsal surface and white beneath. The flanks the South Island cluring observations on l+ are white, except for an irregular blackish band August 1963 on the Marine Department survey. extending from the eyes to the base ofthe pectoral These animals, which were moving south some flippers. This band is widest below the dorsal fin miles off the mouth of the Clarence River, all and in some animals meets the clark pigment of had larger flippers and dorsal fins than obscurus, tlre dorsal surface. Lagenorhynchus lbscurus is black- and the line of the head was less smooth than ish on the dorsal surface. in obscurus. These were tentatively logged as The Southern White-sided Dolphin in New cruciger (Gaskin, 1964a), though no positive Zealand, Waters identification was possible. There are no records Three pairs of Lagenorh2nchus were sighted by a of a cruciger stranding in New Zealand, so the whale-marking vessel off the north-east coast of occurrence of the animal must remain in doubt.

76 Lagenorhynchus obscr¡rus (Gray, 1B2B), the Dusky DolPhin (Fig. 76)

1828. Delphinus obscurus Gray, Spicilegia 7'-oologíca^.. - . , vol' 1, p. 2, 1 ;rrly. Cape of Good Hope, South Africa.

Cornrnents The dusky dolphin differs from the species or form cruciger in shape of the head, dorsal fin, and flippers. In obscurus the line of the head in profile drops sharply from the top of the forehead to the tip of the snout (fig. 77), and the beak is not Feb Mor Apr MoyJun Jul Aug Sep Oct an externally visible entity. A grey stripe runs along the flank from the eye Fie. 73: Seasonal variation in the concentration of common down to the anterior base of the flipper. There is - dolphins in the Hauraki GulL much variation in colouring, but generally the dorsal surface and the upper parts of the flanks are bluish black, and the rest of the bocly is white. Along the mid-line of the flanks there is a zone of the forms described from the Southern Hemis- of irregular grey shading. The flippers and flukes phere are only forms of one species, it might be are bluish black. The species attains a maximum possible to consider the distribution of one species length of about 7 Ît at physical maturity. as circumpolar in the Southern Ocean. Wilke, The genus Lagenorhlnch¿¿.t occurs throughout the Taniwaki, and Kuroda (1953) studied the biology Pacific, though it is doubtful if the distribution of of Lagenorh-ynchus obliquidens on the coast of Japan, any one species is continuous over any great and Scheffer (1950) has studied the same species distance . The genus has been discussed by on the Pacific coast of North America. Brownell Bierman ancl Slijper (1947 and 1948). If many (1965) describes a specimen of this species from

Great Barrier lsland

Pacific Ocean ,(Ñ Fig. 74: Areas (hatched) Nr)Y^ Great where the common I) Mercury lsland dolphin was consis- tently found in and near the Hauraki Gulf by the MV Ocean Star in 1963-64.

Firth

Tasman Sea

77 5ft

Afto Fraser in Norman and Frøser ( 1937 ). Fig. 75: Lagenorhltnchus cruciger, the southern ¡¡'hite-sicled dolphin. Points of identification: 1. A short beak. 2. A large dorsal fin. The dorsal surface is blackish and the ventral surlace white, with grey on the flanks.

5ft

Fig. 76: Lagenorhlnchus obscurus, the dusky dolphin. Points ofidentification: l. A head sloping to the tip ofthe upperjaw. There is no visible beak. 2. A large dorsal fin. The body is generally bluish black above, white below, and grey on the flanks.

Pholograþh b1 F. O'Lmry, b1t courl,tslt of Dominion Museum, lilellingl,an. Fig. 77: A dusky dolphin which was strancled at Islancl Bay, Wellington, in 1959.

7B New Zealand and discusses the taxonomy of Lagenorhltnchus.

The Dusky Dolphin in New Zealand Waters The range of this species round l{ew Zealand appears to be restrictecl to the southern areas. The dusky dolphin is the commonest dolphin in the Cook Strait - region. In winter its range on the east coast extends north to Whitianga, but in summer it is only rarely seen north of Cape Kidnappers (Mr F. Robson, pers. comm.). The range southward is confirmed as far

Fig. 78: The localities of known strandings of Lagenorhlnchtts obscurus on the New Zealand coast. The numbers are the record numbers in table 29.

as Banks Peninsula by sightings during the Marine Department survey and by a stranding. Lillie (1915) reported the species as far south as Iat. 58" S. Large concentrations were sighted by survey vessels off the coast between Cape Turn- asain and Banks Peninsula and in Cook Strait. Other Marine Department officers have reported the species from Tasman Bay and near Kapiti Island. Records of lB strandings are given in table 29 and their localities are shown in fig. 78.

TABLE 29: New Zealand Strandings of Lagenorhstnchus obscurus*

Record No. of Date Localitv Details Reference No. Animals

1I Notknown .. Akaroa Cast in Cant. Mus. . . Oliver, 1922c 21 Not known . . Lyttelton Uu.ùå,r. Skull in Cant. Mus. Oliver, 1922c 3J 4 Nov 1872 Wanganui I skull in Dom. Mus., 2 spec. in llector, 1873a; Oliver, 1922c' Wa. Mus. 4 SJun 1944 Wellington llarbour No data Dom. Mus. str. file 5 14 Oct 1947 Island Bay No data Dom. Mus. str. file 6 l94B The Spit, Otago No data L. Gurr, pers. comm. 7 Mar 1948 Port Levy Skull in Cant. Mus. M. Darby, pers. comm. o 14 Mar 1949 Kapiti Island No data R. A. Falla, pers. comm. 9 9 Jan 1953 Hokio No data C. McCann, pers. comm. 10 2 Jun 1953 Lyall Bay No data C. McCann, pers. comm. 11 21 Nov 1955 Evans Bay Female C, NIcCann, pers. comm. t2 I Apr 1958 Cape Campbell .. No data C. McCann, pers. comm. 13 6 May 1959 Island Bay Female C. McCann, pers. comm. T4 26 Dec 1958 Woodend Beach, North Skull in Cant. Mus. M. Darby, pers. comm. Canterbury 15 12 Sep 1960 Paekakariki MaIe C. McCann, pers. comm, 16 16 Aug 1963 .. Castlecliff 6ft,unsexed .. :: Brownell, 1965 t7 23 Feb 1964 Makara Skull and some bones in Dom. Identified by C. McCann, D. E. Mus. Gaskin, and M. W. Ca.¡¡thorn 1B I Nov 1965 Foxton Beach Skel. of 5 ft 11 in. male in Mass. Identified by D. E. Gaskin Univ. Zoology Dept.

*Several specimens ol this species have been captured in Flawke Bav, in the area near Napier, for live exhibition in Marineland of New Zealand.

79 5ft

Fig. 79: Ceþhal.uhltnchus hectori,Hectot's dolphin. Points of identification: l. A short beak.2. A rounded dorsal fin. The body is grey and lighter beneath

Genus Cephalorhynchus Gray, 18+6

Cephalorhynchus hectori (van Beneden, tBB I ), Hector's Dolphin (Fig. 79) lBBl. El¿ctra hectori van Beneden, Butl. Acad. R. Belg. 3: BB7.

Cornrnents The dorsal surface of this small dolphin is very dark grey, and the ventral surface is white. This white area extends to the lower jaw. Oliver (1946) described an unusual colour variety of this animal. The beak merges into the head with little per- ceptible break or indentation. The dorsal fin is characteristic, being blunt and rounded. The flippers are also rounded at the tip, not pointed as in Lagenorh2nchus and Delphin¿.¿s. At physical maturity Hector's dolphin reaches a maximum length of about 6 ft.

Ilector's Dolphin in New Zealand Waters This animal does not appear to have been recorded outside New Zealand coastal waters. There are, however, several other closely related species, and the distribution of the genus appears to be more or less circumpolar in the Southern Hemisphere (Norman and Fraser, lg37). Though sporadic reports of this species have been received by the author from most parts of l{ew Zealand, the animal appears to be common Fig. 80: The localities ofknown strandings ofCeþhalorhynchus only in certain areas. hectori on the New Zealand coast. The numbers aie the It is an inshore species, record numbers in table 30.

BO TABLE 30: New Zealanð. Strandings of Ceþhalorfutnchus hectori

Record No. of Date Locality Details Reference No. Animals

I Not known Otago ? Skel. in Otago Mus. .. Oliver, 1922c 2 Not known Banks Peninsula ,. Skel. in Canî. Mus. .. : : Oliver, 1922c 3 Not known "North coast" Skel. in Paris Mus. Oliver, 1922c 4 Not known Canterbury Skull in U.S. Nat. Mus. Oliver, 1922c 5 Not known Wanganui? Skel. in Wa. Mus. Oliver, 1922c 6 About lB70 Bay of Islands Skull in Dom. Mus. Oliver, 1922c 7 About lB71 Cape Campbell . . "Two shot lrom large school" .. Hector, 1873a; Oliver, 1922c May 1921 Castlecliff Stuffed skin in Wa. Mus. Oliver, 1922c 9 1945 Okarito Caudal vert. in Cant, Mus. M. Darby, pers. comm. 10 Mar 1948 South New Brighton Skull in Cant. Nfus. M. Darby, pers. comm. ll Jan 1949 South New Brighton Skull in Cant. Mus. M. Darby, pers. comm. r2 Mar 1953 Sumner Skel. in Cant. Mus. M. Darby, pers. comm. t3 14 Aug 1953 Nelson Adult C. McCann, pers. comm, l+ 13 Mar 1956 Ashburton River Skull in Cant. Mus. M. Darb¡ pers. comm. 15 13 Dec 1956 Westport Adult C. McCann and R. A. Falla, pers. comm. 16 Aug 196l Woodend Beach, North Skull and vert. in Cant. Mus. M, Darby, pers. comm. Canterbury often penetrating some distance into estuaries, at the entrance to Kaikoura harbour later that and it appears even when the sea has been churned month. The species is nearly always found close by bad weather and is a dirty brown from washed- to the cement worl.

8l ì

I !; h

SOURCES OF DÄTÂ

The archives of the Dominion Museum, published (Gaskin, 1966a). Six papers des- Wellington, particularly files started by the late cribe results of the sperm whale studies (Gaskin, Dr W. R. B. Oliver, have provided many of the 1963, I964a, 1964b, and 1967b; Gaskin and data. Ca'wthorn 1967a and 1967b). Files, early records of Cetacea, and records of Reports from the former Tory Channel whaling whaling activity held by the Marine Department company about whales and dolphins throughout have been available. Some of the results of field work between 1962 the sperm whaling period from 1962 to 1964 and and 1964 have already been reviewed (Gaskin, sighting records supplied by observers have pro- 1964c), and a paper on Delphinus delþhis has been vided many useful data.

82 ACKNO$ØLEDGMENTS

Thanks are extended to all those who have of the Marine Department, Wellington; Messrs taken part in the field work, especially Messrs Gilbert and Joseph Perano, A. Krummel, T. M. W. Cawthorn, B. Beck, and P. Fraser, formerly Norton, T. Huntley, and O. Huntley, oi the of the Marine Department Fisheries Research former Tory Channel whaling station; and Dr Division. Mr Cawthorn's work in preparing for R. K. Dell and MrJ. Moreland, of the Dominion publication all the line drawings of whales and Museum, Wellinøton, and Dr R. A. Falla and many of the maps is especially appreciated. Mr C. N4cCann, formerly of the Dominion Thanks are due to the commanding officers of the Museum. fisheries protection vessels Paea, Mako, and Manga, The help given by air crews of the Royal New of the Royal New Zealand Navy, for their co- Zealand Air Force, Department of Civil Aviation, operation in survey work and to the New Zealand and the National Airways Corporation and the Naval Board for making the vessels available. The lighthouse keepers ancl officers of merchant ships co-operation of Messrs F. Newman, of Grey- who have recorded sightings is appreciated. mouth, T. Forbes, of Kaikoura, and the late Special thanks are due to Captain Gordon Henry, T. Garbes, of Kaikoura, in survey r,vork and formerly of the Meteorological Service, Welling- whale marking is appreciated. ton, who supervised the distribution ancl collec- Thanks for discussions and correspondence are tion of whale sighting data. Many published data due to: Messrs J. H. Sorensen, A. C. Kaberry, collected by Dr W. H. Dawbin, of the University and A. G. York, of the Fisheries Division, Marine of Sydney, have been included in this bulletin. Department, Wellington, and MrB. R. Tunbridge, Thanks are given to Mr K. R. Allen, Dr R. A. formerly of the same Division; Messrs R. J. Street Falla, and Dr R. K. Dell for reading and criti- and S. Brookes, of the Marine Department, Dune- cising drafts of the manuscript. Mr C. McCann's din; Dr B. B. Stonehouse, of the lJniversity of aid in allowing the author to use his lists of Canterbury; Mr K. R. Allen, formerly Director of ziphioid strandings, in finding suitable photo- Research, Marine Department, Wellington; Dr graphs from the archives of the Dominion F. C. Fraser, of the Zoology Department, British Museum, Wellington, and in allowing me to Museum (Natural History); Dr W. H. Dawbin, of examine his unpublished manuscripts on the New the University of Sydney; Dr R. G. Chittle- Zealand ziphioicl whales was invaluable. borough, of the Fisheries Division of CSIRO, Particular thanks are due to Dr R. A. Falla, Australia; Dr Dale W. Rice, of the Sand Point formerly Director of the Dominion Museum, for Naval Air Station Biological Laboratory, Seattle, his ready assistance and eenerosity in making U.S.A.; Mr M. Nishiwaki, of the Whales Research available the extensive collections of data and Institute, Tokyo, Japan; Mr S. Watase, of the photographs in the museum archives. These have Taiyo Fisheries Organisation, Tokyo, Japan; constituted many of the data on which the Messrs I. D. I\fcCallum and L. J. Paul, of the present study is based. Thanks are also due to Fisheries Research Division, Marine Department, Mr L. Gurr, Reader in Zoology at Massey Wellington, and Miss M. K. McKenzie, formerly IJniversity, who allowed me to use his unpub- of the same Division; Mr C. Humphrey, formerly lished collection of cetacean data.

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R. 1957: A note on the pygmy right rhlnchus obscurus, from New Zealand. Norsk Hualfangsttíd. 541 whale, Caþerea margi.nala Gray. Proc. zool Soc. Lond. 129: I 69-7 1. 579-89.

84 DewnrN, W. H. 1954: Maori whaling. Norsk Haalfangsttid. 43: Baird's beaked-whales. Scient. Reþ. Whales Res. Inst., Tokjto, 9: 269-8 1. 1 0s-20. 1956a' The migrations of humpback whales which pass 1954b' On the body proportions of the fin whales the New Zealand coast. Trans. R. Soc. N.(. 84: 147-96. (Balaenoþtera þhlsaLus (L.) ) caught in the northern Pacific Ocean (I) (preliminary report). Scient. Reþ. Whales Res. - 1956b' Whale marking in South Pacifrc waterc. Norsk - Inst., Hualfangsttid. 45 : 485-508. Toþto, 9: 12I-63. 1964' Fin whale subpopulations in the - 1959a' New Zealand and South Pacific whale marking Antarctic whaling and recoveries to the end of 1958. Norsk Haalfangsttid. 48: areas II, III, and IY. Scient. Reþ. Whales Res..[nst., Toþto, 1B: l-27. 2 1 3-38. - - 1959b' Evidence on growth-rates obtained from two Ganenr-r-, R. 1964: A pyg-y blue whale at Durban. Norsk marked humpback whales. Nature, Lond., lB3: 1749-50. Hualfangsttid. 53: 66-8. GasxrN, D. E. 1963: Whale marking cruises in Zealand - 1960 ' An analysis of the New Zealand catches of hump- New back whales from 1947 to 1958. Narsk Hulfangsttid. 49:61-75. waters rnade between February and August 1963. Norsk Ilaalfangsttid. 52 : 307 -21. - 1964: Movements of humpback whales marked in the South West Pacific Ocean 1952 to 1962. Norsk Haalfangsttid. 1964a: Whale marking cruises in New Zealand waters 53: 68-78. made between August and December 1963. Norsk Hralfangsttid. - 53:29-41. 1966' The seasonal migratory cycle ofhumpback whales. - 1n K. S. Norris (Ed.), "Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises", 1964b' Recent observations in New Zealand waters on pp. i45-69. University of California Press, Los Angelei. some aspects of behavr.our of the sperm whale (Ph2seter - macroceþhalus). Tuatara I 2: 106-14. Dnr-r-, R. K. 1960: The New Zealand occurrences of the pygmy - sperm whale, Kogia breuiceþs. Rec. Dom. Mus., Wellington, 3: 1964ci Return of the southern right whale (Eubalaena 229-3+. australis Desm.) to New Zealand waters, 1963. Tuatara 12: I 15-8. Deuestv, E. W,; Wrsr,ocxr, G. B. 1941: The structure of the - ovary of the humpback whale (Megaþtera nodosa). Anat. Rec. 1965 ' New Zealand whaÌing and whale research 19624. 80: 243-57. N./. Sci. Rea. 23: 19-22. Duwsrer.t, D. J. 1957 : Caudal presentation at birth of a humpback - 1966a:. Dolphins_at-the Napier Marinelancl. A pre- whale, Megaþtera nodosa (Bonnaterre). Norsk Hnlfangsttid. 46i liminary review. Sci. Reo. 24: 21-4. 553-5. "trú..{. - 1966b' New records rm whale Kogia Eo_r.roNosou, C. H. l94B: Records of Kogia breaiceþs from the breticeþs^Blainuille _1838, fr and a proba[le Ifawaiian Islands. J. Mammal. 29:76-7. record from New Guinea. 55:35-7. ENolns, R. 1942: - K, Notes on a stranded pigmy sperm whale 1967a: The whaling porential ol the New Zealand (Kogía breúceþs). sub- Notul. Nat. 111. 6 pp. region. Flså. tech. Reþ. N.(. mar. Deþ. 16.30 pp. Fr-owrr, W. H. 1872: On the recent ziphioid whales, a with 1967b' Luminescence in.a_squid Moroteuthìs description of the skeleton ol Berardius - sp. (prob- irnouxi, Trans. zool. Soc. ably ìngens Lond. B:203-34. Smith), and a possible feeding mechanijm ìn the sperm whale Phlseter catodon L. Tuatara I5: 86-8. lB79' A further contribution to the knowledge of the - Gasxrrs, D. E.; 1967a: existing ziphioid whales. Genus Mesoþlodon. Trans.-zool. Soc. W. Squid mandibles Lond. I0:415-37. from the stoma le_s_(Phlseter catodon L.) captured - in the Cook New Zealand. N..(. jt mar. 1BB0' On the external characters of two species of Freshuat. R¿s. British dolphins (Delphinus delþhís Línn. and Delphinus tursio Fabr.). Trans. zool Soc. Lond. 1I: L-5. 1967b: Diet and feeding habits of the sperm whale - (Physeter catodon L.) in the Cook Strait region of Nèw Zealand. lBB2' On the cranium of a new species of H2þeroodon N.<.Jl mar. FreshwaL Res. I: 156-79. from the Australian seas. Proc. z0ol. Soc. Lond. 1BB2:392-6. - Grr,uonr,, R. M. 1959: On the mass strandings of sperm whales. - 1BB3' On the characters and divisions of the family Pacif. Nat. I (10) : 9-16. Delphinidae. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883: 466-513. Gr,aunnr, L, 1947: The genus Mesoþlodon in Western Australian Fonnns,- H. O. 1893: Obse e development of the seas. Aust. þol. ll:73-5. rostrum in the cetacean don, with remarks on some of the species. Proc. 1893: 216-36. Gnav, J. E. 1846: Mammalia: On the Cetaceous Animals. .I¿ J. F. Gray LEds.), "The Zoology of the Fnasnn, F. C. 1936: Vestigial teeth in specimens of Cuvier's Erebus and Terror, under Command of whale (,1íphíus cauirostris) stranded on thè Scottish coast. S¿¿ft. Clark Ross, R.N., F.R.S., during years Nat. 1936:153-7- 1, pp. 13-53. Janson, London. -- 1945: On a specimen of the southern bottlenosed whale, 1871a' Notes marginata, described Hltþeroo don þIani¡frons. " D iscouerlt" Reþ. 2 3 : 2I-36. ]n Transactions of the Vol. ii, p. 26, as the type of a new genus 1950' Notes on a skull of Hector's beaked whale - . N.<. Inst. 3: 123-4. Mesoþlodon hectori (Gray), from the Falkland Islands. Pror. 1B7Ib. Notes on t]ne Berardius of New Zealand. Ann. - Linn. Soc. Lond. 162:50-2. Mag. nat. Hist., ser. 4, B: 115-7. 1966: Comments on the Detphinoidea. In K. S. Norris - l974a: List ofseals, whales, and dolphins ofNew Zealand. (!d^.),'lWhales, Dolphins, and Porpoises", pp. 7-30. University Trans. Proc. N./. Inst. 6: 87-9. of California Press, Los Angeles. 1874b. On the - - skeleton of the New Zealand -Ann.pike whale, Fnasen, F. C.; Punvns, P. E. 1960: Hearing in cetaceans. Bull. Balamnþtera huttoni (Pþtsalus antarcticus Hutton). Mag'. Br. Mus. nat. Hist., þo1., 7. 140 pp. nal. Hist., ser. 4, I3: +48-52. Fnv, D. H. 1935: Sharp-headed - finner whale taken at Los Gurr-en,-E. R^ lg9]. { p.eg.ru.rt female pygmy right whale. Angeles harbour. J. Mammal. 16: 205-7. Aust. J. Sci. 24:297-8. Fu.¡rNo, K. 1953: On the serological constitution of the sei-, firr, GuNrnn, G.; Flue¡s, C. L.; Bnar, M. A. 1955: Records of Kogia blue-, and humpback-whales (I). Scient. Rep. Whales Res. breai,ceþs from Texas, with remarks on movements and d"is- Inst., Toklto, B: 103-25. tribution. J. Mammal. 36: 263-70. 1954a' On the serological constitution of the sperm- and GurrHr^n, E.-R. 1949: The habits of fin whales. ,,Discoaer2', Baird's beaked-whales. (I) Blood groups of the sperm- and Rep. 25: 113-42. - B5

7 Heesr, J. von 1870: Preliminary notice of a ziphid whale, Hor,u, J. L.; JoNscÅno, A. 1959: Occurrence of the sperm probably B¿rardius arnuxü, slranded on the 16th ofDecember whale in the Antarctic and the possible influence of the moon. 1868, on the sea beach, near New Brighton, Canterbury. Norsk Hualfangsttid. 4B: 161-82. Trans. Proc. N./. Inst. 2: 190-2. IlosnrNa, T.; Suorun.+, Y. 1956: On a skin disease and a 187+' On the occurrence of a new species of Euþfuisetes nematode parasite ol a dolphin, Tursioþs truncatus (Montagu, (8. þottsü), a remarkably small catodont whale, on the coast IB21). Scient. Reþ. Whales Res. Inst., Toþto, 1l: 133-8. of New Zealand. Trans. Proc. N.(. Inst. 6:97-102. - Houcr, W. J. t95B: Cuvier's beaked whale from northern 1876' Further notes on Oulodon, a new genus ofziphioid California. J. Mammal. 39: 308-9. whales from the New Zealand seas. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. lB76: Hunns, C. L. 1946: First records two Mesoþlodon 457-8. of beaked whales, - boudoini, and /iþhius carirostris, from the Pacific coast of the 1877a' Notes on the skeleton of Epiodon nouae zealandiae, United States. J. Mammal. 27:242-55. Trans. Proc. N./. Inst. 9: 430-42. 1951a: Probable record of the beaked whale, /iphius - l977b' Notes on Mesoþlodon f.oueri. Trans. Proc. N../. cauirostris, in Baja California. Mammal. 32: 365-6. Inst. 9: 442-50. J. - 1951b' Eastern Pacific records and general distribution - l877c' On Oulodon: a new genus of ziphioid whales. of the pygmy sperm whale. Mammal. 32: 403-10. Trans. Proc. N.(. Inst. 9: 450-7. J. 1953' Dolphin protecting dead young. Mammal. 34: 1BB0' Notes ,liphius (Epiodon) nouae-zealandiae von - J. - on 498. Haast-goose-beaked whale. Trans. Proc. N./. Inst. l2:241-6. 1875: lSBl: Notes on Balaenoþtera rostrata Fabúcius (8. huttoni -lfurroN, F. W. Description of some plates of baleen in - the Gray). Trans. Proc. N./. Inst. 13: 169-75. Otago Museum. Trans. Proc. N.,1. Inrt. 7:266. 1876. Description of the ',cow-fish,,, or ,,bottlenosed - lBB3' Notes on a skeleton of Balaenoþtera australis f)es- moulins, the great southern rorqual or "sulphur-bottom" of dolphin" (Tursio metis) of the sounds, on the west coast of whalers. Proc. Soc. Lond. I8B3:592-4. Otago. Trans. Proc. N./. Inst. B: IB0-1. - zool. - Her,e, H. M. 1932a: Beaked whales-Hyþeroodon þlanifrons and 1877 ' Notes on the New Zealand Delphinidae. Zrans. Mesoþlodan la2ardü-from South Australia. R¿c. S. Aust. Mus. 4: Proc. N./. Inst. 9z 349-50. 29 1-3 1 l. -Icruulne, T. 1963: Identification of the pigmy blue whale in 1932b' The pigmy right whale (Neobalaena marginata) in the Antarctic. Norsk Hual-fangstttd. 52: 128-30. South Australian waters. R¿c. S. Aust. Mus. 4:314-9. Inroar-e, T.; Tnoucnrox, E. le G. 1933: The correct generic - 1939' Rare whales in South Australia. S. Aust. Nat. names for the grampus or killer whale, and the so-called t9 (4):5-8. grampus or Risso's dolphin. Rec. Aust. Mus. 19:28-36. - I9+7 ' The pigmy sperm whale (Kogia breuiceþs Blain- 1934' A check-list of the mammals recorded f¡om ville) on South Australian coasts. Ree. S. Aust. Mus. B:531-46. Australia. Mem. Aust. Mus. 6. I22 pp. 1962at The pigmy sperm whale (Kogia breui.ceps) on -- - Jnr-r,rsoN, W. M. 1953: A beaked whale, Muoþlodon sp., ftorn South Australian coasts, part IIL Rec. S. Aust. Mus. 14: the Pribiloß. Mammal. 34:249-51. 197-229. J. - T. H.; MawsoN, P. M. 1939: Internal parasites of the 1962b' Occurrence of the whale Berardius arnuxi in JonNsrox. pigmy sperm whale. ,R¿c. S. Aust. Mus. 6: 263-74. southern Australia. Rec. S. Aust. Mus. 14: 231-+3. A. 1951: Studies on the little piked or minke whale C. 1966: A synopsis of the genus Kogia (pygmy JonscÅno, -HaNorev, O. (Balaenoþtera acutlrostra.tz. l,acépède). Norsk Haalfangsttid. 40: whales). 1n S. Norris (Ed.), Dolphins, and sperm K. "Whales, 20s-32. Porpoises", pp. 62-9. University of California Press, Los Angeles. 1952' On the growth of the fin whale (Balaenoþtera phjtsalus) in different waters. .lúorsÈ Haalfangsttid. 41:57-65. Ilanurn, S. F. 1924: On Mesoþlodon and other beaked whales. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1924: 54I-87. JoNscÅno,- A.; OvNrs, P. 1952: Om bottlenosen (Hjtþeroodon rostratuc) og spekkhoggeren (Orcinus orca). Fauna, Oslo, l. 18 pp. 1931: The false killer dolphin. Nature, Lond., 127:60. G. C. A. 1950: On a specimen of the rare fin whale, Hennrso*, R. 1949: Observations on the female reproductive JuNce, J. Balaenoþtera edeni Anderson, stranded on Puli Sugi near Globi,oceþhala melaena Traíll. - organs of the ca'aing whale, Singapore. Verh., Leiden, 9. 26 pp. J. Anat. 83:238-53. þol. Kasuve, T.; Icnrnane, T. 1965: Some information on minke 1958: Pigmy (Kogi.a Hrnnrsot, T.; JeIr,rurr, G. sperm whale whales from the Antarctic. Scient. Reþ. Whales Res. Inst., Tok2o, breaiceþs) in Borneo. Nature, Lond., 182: 543. 19:37-43. IB73a: the whales and dolphins of the New IIocroe, J. On Krr-r-occ, R.; Scaennnn, V. B. 1947: Occurrence of Stenella Zealand seas. Trans. Proc. Inst. 5: 154-70. N./. euþhros2ne off the coast of Oregon. Murrelet 28:9. 1873b. Notes on the whales and dolphins of the New KuwoN, K. W. 1952: A from the California Zealand seas. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., ser. 4, I l: 104-12. coast. J. Mammal.33: 385-8. - IB74' Notice of a variation in the dentition of Mesoþlodon 1961: Cuvier beaked whales stranded in the Aleutian Trans. Proc. Inst. 6: 86-7. hectori Gray. N./. Islands. J. Mammal. 42: 71-6. Trans. Proc. - 1875: Notes on New Zealand whales N./. Krlruna, S. 1957: The twinning in southern fin whales. .lcisnf. htst. 7:251-65. - Reþ. Whales Res. Inst., Toklo, 12: 103-25. - 1877' Notes on New Zealand Cetacea. Trans. Proc. N./. Krnrune., S.; Nnuoro, T. 1956: Note on a minke whale kept -- Inst. 9:477-84. alive in aquarium. Scient. Reþ. Whales Res. Inst., Toklto, 11: 1878. Notes on the whales ol the New Zealand seas. I I 1-9. Tians. Proc. Inst. 10:33143. N./. KNox, F. J. 1871: Observations on the Ziphidae, a family of - 1BB1: Notes on New Zealand Cetacea, recent and the Cetacea. Trans. Proc. N./. Inst. 3:125-8. Proc. Inst. 13: 434-6. fosslI. Trans. N.(. Ko;rvre., T. 1951: On the brain of the sperm whale (Phltseter -Ifrnesare, K. 1937: On the pigmy sperm-whale, Kogia breu'ceps catodon L.). Scient. Reþ. Whales Res. Inst., Tok2o, 6: 49-72. Fac. Sci. Taihoku Imþ. Uniu. (Blainville). Mem. Agrír. l4:117-42. Knrnn'r, G. 1870: Notes on the skeleton of a rare whale probably Honns, J. R. 1BB5 : Stranding of a pygmy sperm whale. Bull. U.S . identical wítìn Dio.þlodon sechellensis. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. lB70: Fish Commn 5: 450. +26-7.

86 Knrrzrnn, H. 1949: The pilot whale at Marineland. Nat. Hist., lVloono,J. C. 1953: Distribution of marine mammals to Florida N.T., 5B:302-8,331-2. waters. Am. Midl. Nat. 49: lI7-58. 1952. Observations on the pilot whale in caprivity. 1963. Recognizing certain species of beaked whales of J. Mammal. 33:321-34. the Pacific Ocean. Am. Midl. Nat. 70:396428. -Lews, R. M. 1959a: On the breeding season of Southern - 1966. Diagnoses and distributions ofbeaked whales ofthe Hemisphere fin whales, Balaenoþtera þhltsaLus (Linn.). ,Àforsk genus Mesoþlodon known lrom North American waters. 1n K. S. Norris (Ed.), "Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises", pp. 32-61. Hulfangsttid. 48:329. - 1959b: The foetal growth rates of vrhales, with special University of California Press, Los Angeles. reference to the frn whale, Balaenoþtera þþsalus (Linn.). Moonn, J. C.; Perunn, R. S. 1955: More piked whales fiom " Discoaerlt" Reþ. 29 : 28l-308. southern North Atlantic. J. Mammal. 36: 429-33. - I-r DeNors, E. 1912: Description d'un embryon de Gramþus Moonr, J. C.; Wooo, F. G. 1957: Differences between the griseus Gray. Archs þol. exþ. gén., ser. 5, B:399-419. beaked whales Mesoþlodon mirus and Mesoþlodon geraaisi. Am. Mus. 1831.25 pp. Lrr-r-rn, D. G. 1915: Cetacea. Br. Antarct. Terra Noaa Exþed. 19Ì0, Nouit. þ01., 1: 85-124. Munrn, J. 1871: On Risso's grampts, G. rissoanus (Desm.). Anat. Pþtsiol., Lond., 5: 11,8. Ltr.v, J. C. t961: "Man and Dolphin." Doubleday, New York. J. 3t2 pp. Nruoro, T. 1962: A secondary sexual character offin whales. LoNouaN, H. A. 1926: New records of Cetacea, with a list of Scient. Reþ. Whales Res. Inst., Tok1o, 16:29-34. Queensland species. Mem. Qd Mus. B: 266-78. Nn'lroro, T.; Nasu, K. 1963: Stones and other aliens in the Lvorrren, R. 1922: "Guide to the Whales, Porpoises, and stomachs of sperm whales in the Bering Sea. Scient. Reþ. Whales Dolphins (Order Cetacea) Exhibited in the Department of Res. Inst., Tok1o, 17:83-91. Zoo\ogy, British Museum (Naturai History), Cromwell Road, Nrsurlroro, S.; Tozewe, M.; Kawaraur, T. 1952: Food of sei London S.W. 7." 2nd ed., revised by Sir Siclney llarmer. whales (Balaenoþtera borealis) caught in the Bonin Island Trustees of the British Museum, London. 48 pp. waters. Scient. Rep. Whales Res. Inst., Tok2o, 7:79-85. McBnror, A. F.; Hnnn, D. O. 1948: Behavior of the captive NrsHrw.t

o7 -- 1959: Mesoþlodon stejnegeri from the coast ol Japan. 1962b' Further information on Bryde's whale from the Sci.ent. Reþ. Whales Res. Inst., Toklto, I4:3548. coast of Japan. Sciznt. Reþ. Whales R¿s. Inst., Tokln, 16: 7-18. N investigation on blue -Orøun.+, H.;Fu;rNo, K. 1954: Sei whales in the adjacent waters ofJapan. II. Further studies on the external characters. Scient. Reþ. trUhales Res. Inst., Tok1o,9: 89-103. "il?""*nfr{:i'{"K._167. Ouune, H.; Fu¡rxo, K.; Krnruna, S. 1955: Beaked whale Nrsurwexr, M.; Yaor, T. 1954: On the age-determination method Berardius bairdi o1 Japan, with notes on /iþhius cauirostris. of the toothed whale by the study óf the tooth. Proc. Jaþan Scient. Reþ. Whales Res. Inst., Toki'to, 1A: B9-I32. Acad. 30:399. Onuea, H.; Nrrroro, T. 1955: Sei whales in the adjacent Nonueu,J. R.; Fnasen, F. C. 1937: "Giant Fishes, Whales and waters of Japan. III. Relation between movement and water Dolphins." Putnam, London. 361 pp. temp-erature of the sea. Sciznt. Reþ. Whales Res. Inst., Toklto, Nonnrs, K. S.; Pnrscorr,J. FI. 1961: Observations on Pacific 10: 79-87. cetaceans of Californian and Mexican waters. Unia. Calif. Olrun-a., I{.; Nrsnrwaxr, M.; Icr-rnrene,, T.; Kesuve,, T. 1962: Pubk þol. 63:291-402. Osteological note of a sperm whale. Sci.ent. Reþ, Whales Res. Oc,lwa, T.; Kalurrva, T. 1957: A case of the cachalot with Inst., Toklto, I6: 35-45. protrucled rudimentary hind limbs. Scient. Reþ. Whal¿s Res. Ouune, FI.; Sarruna, H. 1956: Studies on rhe little piked whale Inst., Tok1o, I 2 : 197-208. f19m tþ9 coast of Japan. Scient. Reþ. Whales Res.7nst., Toþto, Ousunr, S. 1960: Relative growth of the fin whale, Balaenoþtera I 1: I-37. þhltsalus (Linn.). Scient. Reþ. Whales Res. Inst., Tokyo, 15: 17-84. Onn, R. T. 1948: A second record for Cuvier's whale from the 1964' Comparison of maturity and accumulation rate Pacific coast olthe United States. J. Mammal. 29: 420. of corpora albicantia between the lelt and right ovaries in Orrrsren, P. 1956: On the size of the stock of Antarctic fin - Cetacea. Scient. Reþ. Whales Res. Inst., Tohlto, 1B: 123-48. whales relative to the size of the catch. Norsk Haafangsttid. OHsulrr, S.; Kesuva, T.; Nrsnrwarr, M. 1963: Accumulation 45:298-308. rate of dentinal growth layers in thc rnaxillary tooth of the Ou.rN, R. 1866: On some Indian Cetacea collected bv Walter sperm whale. Scient. Rep. Whales Res. Inst., Toþto, 17: 15-35. F-lliot. Trans. zool. Soc. Lond. 6: 17-47. Onsuur, S.; Nrsnrwarr, M.; Hrnrva, T. 1958: Growth of fin Pe.nxrn, T. .1. 1885: Notes on the skeleton and baleen ol a fin whale in the Northern Pacifrc. Scient. Reþ. Whales Res. Inst., whale (Balaenoþtera muscuLus?) recently acquired by the Otago Tohlto, 13: 97-133. University Museum. Trans. Proc. N./. Inst. l7:3-13. OruraNr, 'f.; Nolroro, T. 1964: Squids as the food of sperm PeensoN, J. 1936: The whales and dolphins of Tasmania. whales in the Bering Sea and Alaskan Gulf. Sci¿nt. Reþ. Whales Part I. External characters and habits. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Res. Inst., Tok2o, l8:1Il-22. Tasm. 1935:163-92. Or-rvnn, W. R. B. 1922a: The Parernata whale. N.,(. JI Sci. PtonnsnN, T.; Ruuo, J. T. 1946: A bibliography ofwhales and Technol. 5:125-6. whaling. Ilralråd. Skr. 30. 32 pp. 1922b' The whales and dolphins olNew Zealand. N.<. Prxe, G. C. 1953a: Preliminary report on the growth of finback Jl Sci. Technol. 5:129-41. whales from the coast of British Columbia. Norsk Haalftngsttid. 42: l1-5. - 1922c' A review ofthe Cetacea olthe New Zealand seas. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1922: 557-85. 1953b' Two records of Berardius bairdi lrorn the coast of - 192+at Strap-toothed whale at Kaitawa Point, entrance British Columbia. J. Mammal. 34:98-104. to Porirua Harbour. N.Z.JL Sci. Teclmol. T: IB7-8. -Punvns, P. E.; D. 1959: Ear plug laminations relation 1924b' Stranded blackfish Marsden Poínt. in t,r on ofa population offin whales - at N./. Jl (Balaenoþtera Mus.nat.Hist., Sci. Technol. 7: IBB-9. þ01.,5: 125-61. Rercr,rrrn, H. L. 1942: Autopsy of a male pigmy sperm whale 1937' Tasmacetus sheþherdi: new genus ancl species - A of (Kogia breuiceps) . Notul. Nat. I I 2. + pp. beaked whale from New Zealand. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 107, ser. B,:371-81. Rrcn, D. W. 1963a: The whale marking cruise of tlne Sioux - Ci11, otr California and Baja California. Norsk Haalfangsttid. 1946' A pied variety of the coastal porpoise. Dom. Mus. 52: 153-6A. Rec. l(,1): l-4. þol. 1963b: Progress report on biological studies ofthe larger -OmnN, O. 1913: On the external characters ancl biology of Cetacea in the waters off California. Norsk Hlalfangstiid. Bryde's whale (BaLaenoþlera brytdei), a new rorqual from the 52: 1Bl-7. coast ofSouth Africa. Prot. zool. Soc. Lond. 1913:1073-90. - RonrNs, J. P. 1960: Age studies on the female humpback whale, Ounaewwov, F. D. 1933: Whaling in the Dominion of New Megaptera nodosa (Bonnaterre), in east Australian waters. Zealand. " Discoaer2" Reþ. 7 : 239-52. Aust. J. mar, Fresltutat. Res. I l: I-13. Onruna, lI. 1950: Diatom infection on blue and frn whales in Rorsr, A. I.; Sronu, R. M.; Duues, P. C. 1953: Cuvier's the Antarctic whaling area V (the Ross Sea arca). Scient. Reþ. beakecl whale (

B9 INDEX

Acheron Passage,69, Cape Palliser, 23, 26, 28. Akaroa, 15,26. Cape Turnagain, 79. Aleutian Islands, 46, 48. Caþerea marginata, 14, 18-19. Allen, K. R., 83. Caribbean 5ea,27,73. America, 38. Castlepoint, 52. American sperm whalers, 39. Cawthorn, M. W.,83. Andrews's beaked whale,5l-54, 55. C eþ ha lor hltnc h us he ctor i, B0-Bl . Antarctic, 14, 21, 22, 25, 30, 33, 35, 43. Chatham Islands, 35, 62, 65. Atlantic Ocean, 20, 40, 73. Chatham Islands sperm whaling ground, 38, 39 Auckland area,28,38. Chittleborough, R. G., 83. Auckland Harbour, 28. Civil Aviation, Department of 15, 83. Auckland Island, 35. Clarence Island, 59. Australia, 14, 17, 19,3I,33,34, +1, 45. Clarence River, 76. Azores Islands, 37. Common dolphin, 73-7 5, 76, 77. Common whale, 14. Cook Strait, 13, 1 +, 22, 23, 28, 38, 40, 62, 7 +, 7 9. Cook's whaling station, Campbell Island, 24. Balaenidae, l4-19. Cowfish dolphin, 68-70. B alae noþler a acutoros trat a, 29-32. Cuvier's beaked whale, 45-46. Balaenoþtera bonaerensis, 29, 31. B al aenoþ ter a b or e a lis s c hle ge li, 24-26, 27, 28, 29. B alaenoþter a e deni, 26, 27 -28, 29. Dawbin, W. H., 14, 17,27, 35, 59, 83. B alaenoþ tera hutloni, 29. Dell, R. K.,83. B alaenoþtera musculus, 2, 19, 20-2I. Delphinidae, 36, 55, 66-81. B alaenoþ ter a hlts alus quo2i, 2l þ -24. Delphinus delphis, 7 l, 7 2, 73-7 5, 82. Balaenoþ tera rostrata, 29. Dioþlodon boudoini, 49. Balaenopteridae, 14, 19-35. D ioþ Io don densilo s tris, 49. Balleny Islands, 35. Dioþlodon la2ardi, 49. Banks Peninsula, 79, 81. D ioþlodon stejnegerí, 49. Barrier Islands, 38. Discour.l markers, 61. Bay ofBengal, 27, 64. Dolphins, 13. Bay of Islands, B I . Dolphins, great, 55-66. Bay of Plenty, 28, 48, 59. Dolphins, lesser, 66-81. Bay 14. whalers, Dominion Museum, 15,2+, +4,62,67, 68,70,73,82, Bg Beaked whales, 13, 36, 37, 42-55. Durban, 37. Beck, 8., 83. Durban whaling station, 19. Berardius arnouli, 43-45, 48, 50. Dusky dolphin, 74, 77-79. B erardius b airdi, 42, 43, 44. Bering Sea, 43. Black-j awed dolphin, 7 2-7 3. Black Sea, 74. East Australian Current, 38. Black whale, 14. East Cape, 28, 48. "Blackfrsh", 62, 66, 67 . Eastbourne, T4. Bligh Sound, 69. Easter Island, 18. Blue whale, 2, 13, 19, 20-2I, 22, 26. Eastern Australia, 34,35, +8,72. Bonin Islands, 26. Eastern North Pacific, 51. Borneo, 40. Elephant Island,59. Bottlenosed dolphin, 6B-70. English Channel, 49. Bouvet Island, 37. Eschrichtiidae, 14. llraziI,27. Eub alaena aus tr alis, 1 ÇIB. Britain, 45. Eub alaena glacialis, 14. Brookes, S.,83. Europe, 45, 69. Bryde's whale, 20, 25, 27 -28. Falkland Islands, +5, 48, 50. Falla, R. 4.,2+,70, Bl,83. Cachalot, 36-40. False killer whale, 57, 59-62,74. California, 30,42,45,60, 66, 67. Fiji sperm whaling ground, 38, 39. Calilornian grey whale, 14. Fin whales, 19, 21-2+, 26. Campbell Island, 15, 16, 17, 18,24,35. Finback whale, 13, 20,21-24,35. Canadian waters, cetaceans of, 67. Finner whale, 21-24. Canterbury, 15. Fiordland, 69. Canterbury Bight, 48. Forbes, T., 83. Cape Campbell,66. Formosa, 40. Cape Egmont,81. Foveaux Strait, 17, 69. Cape Foulwind, 81. Fraser, F. C., 83. Cape Kidnapperc,70,79. Fraser, P., 83. Caþe of Good Hope, 68. French Equatorial Aîrica, 27 .

90 Garbes, T., 83. Lagenorhlnchus thicolea, 7 5. G lob iceþhal a br achltþter a, 64. Lagenorhltnchus øilsoni, 7 5. Globiceþhala indica, 64. Large beaked whale, 4345. Globiceþhala melaena, 57, 63-66, 68. Lesser dolphins, 66-8l. Globiceþhala scammoni, 64. Lis s o de lþhis þeroni, 7 0-7 1. Globicephalidae, 55-66. Lord Howe Island, 48. Grampidae, 55. LyaIIBay,26,41. Grampus, 55. Lyttelton Harbour, 46. Gramþus griseus, 55, 67 -68. Gray's beaked whale, 49. Great Barrier Island whaling sfation, 27,28. Great dolphins, 55-66. Greenland whale, 14. McCallum, I. D., 70,83. Grey River, 81. McCann, C., 43, 4+, +7, 52, 5+,56, 59, 83. Grey whales, 14. McKenzie, M. K.,83. Guiler, E. R.,48. l'llakara,53. GuIf of Mexico, 49. Malacca Straits, 27. Gurr, L., 83. Manawatu beach, 68. Maori whaling, 13. Marine Department, New Zealand, 5, 13, 15, 21,22,23,2+. 26, 28, 35, 40, 43, 48, 59, 62, 65, 70, 7s, 76, 79, 82, 83. Haast, 30. Marineland of New Zealand, 79. Hauraki Gúf, 27, 28, 7 5, 77. Marlborough coast, 62, 69, 7 4. Hawaii,40. Marrawah, Tasmania, 48. Hawke Bay, 7L, 79. Mason Bay, 56. Hector's beaked whale, 49-50. Mayor Island, 59. llector's dolphin, 80-81. Mediterranean Sea, 68. Henry, G., 83. Megaþtera noaaeangliae lalandi, 13, 32-35. Hokitika, 81. Mercury Islands, 59. Humpback whale, 5, 13, 17,20, 25, 32-35,38. Mesoþlodon bidens,49. Humphrey, C., 83. Mesoþlodon boudoini, 48, 49, 5l-54, 55, 56. Huntley, O.,83. M e s oþ lo don c ar lhub b si, 48. Huntley, T.,83. M es oþ lo don densiros tris, 48. H1þ er oo d o n þ I o n ifro n s, 46-48. Mesoþlodon euroþeus, 49. H1þeroodon rostralus, +2, 46, 47. Mesoþlodon geraaisi, 49. Mesoþlodon ginkgodens, 49. Mesoþlodon gro1i, 48, 49. 50. Mesoþlodon hectori, 13, 48, 49-50, 51. India, 40, 45. Mesoþlodon la1ardi,48,49, 50-51, 53, 54. Indian Ocean,64,72. Mesoþlodon mirus, 49. Indonesia, 40. Mesoþlodon þacfficus, 13, 48. Ingram, P., 15. Mæoþlodon stejnegeri, 48, 49, 51, 53. International Whaling Committee, 35. Middle sperm whaling ground, 38, 39. Ireland, 49. Minke whale, 19, 20, 29-32. Island Bay, 78. Moreland, J., 83. Motiti Island, 59. Motueka River, 69. Motuora Island, 28, Japan,22,25,26,27,30, 33,37, 40, 42, 44, 46, 49, 51, Mystacoceti, 14-35, 36. Japanese factory ships, 29.

Kaberry, A. C., 83. NAC,83. Kaikoura,38, 70,81. Napier, 79. Kaikoura Peninsula, 23, 31, +4, 66, 7 l. New England, 49. Kapiti Island, 79. New Jersey, 49. Kermadec Islands, 24, 65. New South Wales, 19, 35, 40. Kermadec sperm whaling ground, 38, 39. New Zealand Naval Board, 83. Killer whale, 43, 57-59,60. Newfoundland, 64, 66. Kogia breuiceþs, 40-42. Newman, F.,83. Kogia simus,40. Nishiwaki, M.,83. Kogiidae, 55. Ngunguru, 63. Kooperaßi1ta, lB. North America, west coast of, 45, 64,77. Krill, 14, 27, 35. North Atlantic Ocean, 30, 33,37, 49,64, 68. Krummel,4., 83. North Cape, 28. North Carolina, 49. North-east Australia, 69. North Island, 26, 38, 59, 70, 81. Lagenorh2nchus acutus, 7 5. North Pacific Ocean, 43, +8, 49, 53, 59, 6+,67, 73. Lagenor h2nchus albirostris, 7 5. North-west Australia, 48. Lagenorhlnchus australis, 7 5. North West Bay, Campbell Island, 16, 24. Lagenorhltnchus cruciger, 66, 75-76, 77 , 78. Northern finback whale, 22. Lage nor hlnchus e lec tr a, 7 5. Northern Hemisphere, 14,24, 46. Lagenorhltnchus fitzro1ti, 7 5. Northern minke whale, 14. Lagenorh2nchus lal[frons, 7 5. Northern piked whale, 14. Lagenorhlnchus obliquidens, 7 5, 7 7 . Northern right whale, 14. Lagenorhlnchus ob scurus, 66, 67, 7 l, 7 +, 7 5, 7 6, 7 7 -7 9. Norton, T.,83. Lagenorh2nchus suþerciliosus , 7 5 . Norway, 24,30,42,46.

9r Ocean Star,launch,75, 77 . Southern pilot whale, 63-66. Odontoceti, 36-8 l. Southern right whale, 13, 14-lB. Oliver, W. R.8.,82. Southern right whale dolphin, 70-71,72. "opo", 70. Southern sei whale, 24-26. Opononi, 70. Scuthern Venturer, floating lactory, 2,23,25, 33,37. O rc a, whale chaser, 22, 23, 26, 31, 62, 66, 7 0, 7 1, 7 2 - Southern white+ided dolphin, 7 5-7 6, 78. Orcinus orca,57-59, 60, 61. Sperm whales, 5, 13,28,36-42,55. Oregon, 30, 73. Sperm whale studies, 82. Otago Museum, 15, Sperm whaling grounds, 38, 39. Outer Hebrides, 49. S tenella attenuatus, 67 . Stenella euþhros2ne, 66, 67, 72-73. S tenella pseudodelþhis, 67 . Pacific grey whale, 14. Steno bredanensis, 66, 7 I-72, 73. Pacific Ocean, 20, +5, 48,77. Stewart Island, 19, 38, 55, 56, 71. "Parapara" skull, 67. Stonehouse, B. E., 83. Paraparaumu Beach, 58, 59. Strap-toothed whale, 50-51, 52, 53. Paris Museum, 15. Street, R. J., 83. Patagonia, 48. Subantarctic,2B, 38. Paul, L. J., 83. "Sulphur bottom" whale, 20. Perano, G., 83. Perano, J., 83. Perseverance llarbour, Campbell Island, 16, 24. Taranaki Bights, 38. P h1t seter c ato don, 3640. Physeteridae, 36-+2, 55. Tasmacetus sheþherdi, +2, 54-55, 56, 57. Piked whale, 29-32. Tasman Bay,69,74,79. Pilot whale, +3, 46, 48,57, 59, 60, 62, 63'-66, 67,63, 7+. Tasman Sea, 26, 33, 35, 38. Platanistidae, 36. Tasmania, 19, 45, +8,69,72. Plimmerton,3l. Tasmanian dolphins, 67. Poppleton, 4., 15, 17. Terra Noua expedition, 71 . Porirua Harbour, 26. Texas, 40. Princess Astrid Land, 33. Timaru,48. Pseudorca crassidens, 57, 59-62, 66. Toothed whales, 36-81. Pygmy blue whale, 19. Tory Channel, 13, 14, 22, 70. Pygmy right whale, 18-19. Tory Channel whaling company, 13, 14,2I,23,26,38, 4+, Pygmy sperm whale, 13, 40-+2,55. 70,82. True dolphins, 36. Tunbridge, B. R., 83. Queensland, 35, 48, 67, 69. Tursioþs aduncus, 69, 7 0. Tursioþs catalania, 69. Tur sioþ s trunc atus, 68-7 0. Raoul Island, 24, 65. Tweed Head Seaquarium, 69. Rice, Dale W., 83. Right whales, 13, 14-19. Risso's dolphin, 55, 67-68. u.s.A.,62,65. 36. River dolphins, U.S.A., of, 40, 48, 69. RNZAF, 26,40,83. east coast U.S.A., west coast of 40, 53, 59, 69. RNZN,83. Robson, F.,70,71,79. Rorquals, 14, 19-35,37, 45. Ross Sea, lB, 35. Victoria, 48. Rough-toothed dolphin, 7 l-72, 7 3. Victorìa University of Wellington, 5. Ryukyu Islands, 33.

Wanganui, 55. St. Vincent Gulf, Australia, 41. Washington State, 30, 67. Scotland,30. Watase, S.,83. Sei whale, 13, 20, 24-26, 29. Weddell Sea, 2. Shepherd's beaked whale, 54-55, 56. Wellington, 38,70,78. Sinclair lfead.24. Western Australia, 19, 22, 27, 30, 40, 48, 51. Small whales,'13. Western South America, 30. Solander sperm whaling ground, 38, 39. Westport,81. Sorensen,J. H., 15, 16, 17, 83. Whale marking, 35. South Africa, 19, 20, 27 , 40, 45, 48, 49. Whale marks, 22. South America, 19, 22, 30, +5. Whalebone whales, l4-35. South Australia, 13, 19, 40,45,48. Whalers, pelagic, off-shore, 14. South-east Asia, 40. Whangarei, 70. South Georgia, 33, 37. White Island, 28, 59. South Island, 28, 59,76, Bl. Whitianga, 79. South Orkney Islands, 59. Winchester, 48. South Pacific Ocean, 48, 53,72. Wright, A., 15, 16, 17. South Sandwich Islands, 23. South Shetland Islands,25, 59. South-west Pacific Ocean, 18, 33, 35, 48, 49. Southern blue whale, 20-21. Yeppoon, Queensland, 48. Southern bottlenosed whale, 46-48. York, A. G., 83. Southern finback whale, 2l-24. Southern Hemisphere, 14, 22, 29, 5l, 77 , 80. Southern humpback whale, 32-35. Zip}:,üdae, 13, 36, 42-55. Southern Ocean, 1 B, 19, 20, 21, 22, 2+, 26, 29, 37, 38, 43, 59, þþhius cauirostris, 45-46, 47. 6+,77. þphius nouae zealandiae, 45.

lì. E. Ou'sw, Gol crnmcnt Printcr, wellington, New Zealand-1968 30658_68 A