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Menéndez Pidal and the Beginnings of Ibero-Romance Dialectology

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Menéndez Pidal and the Beginnings of Ibero-Romance Dialectology Menéndez Pidal and the beginnings of Ibero- Romance Dialectology: a critical survey one century later1 INÉS FERNÁNDEZ-ORDÓÑEZ (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid) When Ramón Menéndez Pidal began his intellectual activity at the start of the last century, little or nothing had been done to incorpo- rate the theoretical principles and methods developed by European philologists at the end of the nineteenth century into the sphere of Spanish linguistics. Some forty years later, however, when the Civil War interrupted the research projects of Menéndez Pidal and his colleagues, shutting down the Centro de Estudios Históricos and forcing the researchers to disperse or go into exile, Hispanic philology had come into existence, and was largely com- parable with the philology of other European countries. It was in the first few years of the twentieth century that the seri- ous study of Spanish dialects began, under the leadership of Menéndez Pidal. The start of Spanish dialectology was not acci- dental, nor the result of a short-lived interest, but part of a long- term plan that he had developed. As early as 1903, he wrote a let- ter to Miguel de Unamuno mentioning his interest in studying the Leonese and Aragonese dialects and writing two monographs about them: Mi ambición es hacer dos libritos, uno sobre el Leonés y otro sobre el Aragonés, que sean la base para una futura historia de la Lengua española que algún día escribiré. Sé que la tarea es muy grande, pues tengo que perderme primero en pormenores y luego organizar conjuntos; pero si tengo vida, espero realizar mi idea.2 1 I owe the English version of this paper to Roger Wright‘s kind generosity. 2 Quoted by Catalán (2005: 89) and Pérez Pascual (1998: 81). Ramón Menéndez Pidal after Forty Years: A Reassessment, ed. Juan-Carlos Conde, PMHRS, 67; PMIMSS, 1 (London: Department of Hispanic Stud- ies, Queen Mary, University of London, 2010), pp. 111–143. ISSN 1460- 051X. ISBN 0 902238 71 x. 112 INÉS FERNÁNDEZ-ORDÓÑEZ The planned monograph on Leonese, El dialecto leonés, was pub- lished in 1906; but the one he had planned to dedicate to Aragonese was never completed, in spite of the fact that the first two studies he made of texts containing dialect data, the Poema de Yusuf (1902) and the Razón de amor (1905), were dedicated to texts showing Aragonese features. I will not expand here on the reasons for the postponement of the Aragonese monograph, which might have been academic, political or personal.3 El dialecto leonés was undoubtedly the first monograph that systematically organized all the linguistic data available at that time for an Ibero-Romance dia- lect area, so it can be seen as the symbol of the start of the research into Ibero-Romance dialects carried out by Menéndez Pidal and his colleagues. But El dialecto leonés is far from being an isolated achievement. It needs to be seen in the context of Menéndez Pidal‘s other publica- tions (section I below), and those inspired and supported by him in the Centro de Estudios Históricos (section II). I. THE FIRST DIALECT STUDIES Poema de Yuçuf. Materiales para su estudio (1902) Manual de gramática histórica española (1904) Razón de amor con los Denuestos del agua y el vino (1905) 3 Academic reasons could have included the fact that Umphrey published an arti- cle on Aragonese in 1911 which Menéndez Pidal referred to as a reliable description of the characteristics of Old Aragonese (1923: 19). His plan to write a monograph on Aragonese must have lasted until at least 1906, when he addressed the first Congrés de la Llengua Catalana on the border between Aragonese and Valencian (Fernández-Ordóñez 2006: 174–75). A possible political reason could have been the controversy which accompanied his article ‗Cataluña bilingüe‘ in 1902, in which he discussed whether Castilian in Catalonia was a foreign import or had been present for centuries (Cid 1991: 539–49, esp. 541–42; Pérez Pascual 1998: 79–80; Pe- rea 2005: 263–78, 287–92; García Isasti 2004: 336–42; Morgades 2006: 33–38). A personal reason could have been that Aragonese never interested him as much as Asturian. Given the origin of his family, as well as his childhood journeys to As- turias, it is likely that he did not have as much first-hand data on Aragonese as he had on Asturian (Pérez Villanueva 1991: 23–37). The many surveys which he planned and carried out after 1906, in 1907, 1910, 1912, 1932 and from 1946 to 50, when he was aiming to improve his knowledge of the Asturian linguistic domain (Catalán & Galmés 1989: 167–70), reveal that he was always attracted more to As- turian than to Aragonese. IBERO-ROMANCE DIALECTOLOGY 113 El dialecto leonés (1906) Cantar de Mio Cid. Texto, gramática y vocabulario (1908–11) Elena y María. Poesía leonesa inédita del siglo XIII (1914) Review of A. Griera i Gaja, La frontera catalano-aragonesa (1916) Roncesvalles. Un nuevo cantar de gesta español del siglo XIII (1917) Documentos lingüísticos de España. Reino de Castilla (1919) Orígenes del español (1926) II. COLLECTIONS OF DIALECT DATA INSPIRED BY MENÉNDEZ PIDAL Tomás Navarro Tomás (dir.), Atlas lingüístico de la Península Ibérica (1923–36) Tomás Navarro Tomás, Documentos lingüísticos del Alto Aragón (1919) Américo Castro and Federico de Onís, Fueros leoneses de Zamora, Salamanca, Ledesma y Alba de Tormes (1916) By 1936, these studies had established the basic pattern of the dia- lects spoken on the Iberian Peninsula; both those spoken in the present, as the Atlas Lingüístico de la Península Ibérica compiled the twentieth century data, and in the past, as the publication of me- dieval documents and texts made it possible to know their remote medieval origins. The research methodology used by Menéndez Pidal in the stud- ies mentioned in section I remained largely the same in all of them, from 1900 until the Civil War, and subsequently in his later stud- ies. All his publications show some consistent features in their working methods; that is, his conclusions are always reached in accordance with certain recurring techniques (section III): III. METHODOLOGY 1. The interpretation of medieval data is combined with, and sup- ported by, present-day findings; and vice versa. This can be observed in El dialecto leonés, Manual de gramática histórica, Cantar de Mio Cid and Orígenes del español. 2. More is required than just combining medieval and current data. It is necessary to gather data from every Romance dialect spoken on the Iberian Peninsula. Linguistic phenomena are interpreted by comparing the data found on the peninsula; in particular, Castilian 114 INÉS FERNÁNDEZ-ORDÓÑEZ can be understood only by comparing it with the Leonese and Aragonese dialects. 3. Evidence from toponymy is valuable in addition to the modern and ancient data; toponymy is considered to be of particular rele- vance when testing the validity of proposed hypotheses. 4. The vast majority of the data discussed are of a phonetic nature. Historical phonetics is the architectural framework, to which Menéndez Pidal adds grammatical and lexical support. 5. For Menéndez Pidal it was not enough just to establish the terri- torial distribution of linguistic phenomena. He aimed to discover the historical reasons for the formation of each linguistic area, and for the linguistic preferences of each human community. His need to find the effective historical cause for each phenomenon has a corollary: according to Menéndez Pidal, linguistic evidence is of equal, if not greater, importance than written records for recon- structing the history of a given place or area; that is, linguistics is a branch of general history. 6. In addition, we can already see in Orígenes del español the ‗diffu- sion‘ hypothesis of linguistic change. This implies that the more frequent and more consistent the data are for the occurrence of a linguistic phenomenon, the older it is. From a methodological point of view, this hypothesis is based on statistics (e.g. concerning the evolution of the diphthong ai, of the m’n combination, or of forms derived from medietate) and on comparisons between differ- ent peninsular geographical areas (the geographical-chronological criterion) which allow one to identify the focal area of the spread of these linguistic phenomena. The importance of using statistics as a means to reach conclusions reappears from time to time in his later works; for example, in the Historia de la lengua española written in exile during and after the Civil War, and published posthu- mously in 2005.4 This methodology is used in support of his views about the lin- guistic organization of the Iberian Peninsula, which can be summarised as two fundamental ideas: the first is the overwhelm- ing role that Castilian played in the development of the Spanish 4 See, for example, the discussion of final vowel apocope (2005: 547–53, 580–84 & 643–44); of leísmo (2005: 1019–24); or of the aspiration of Latin F- (2005: 999–1003). IBERO-ROMANCE DIALECTOLOGY 115 language; the second is that the Spanish language is the result of the evolution of the Peninsula‘s three central Romance dialects: Castilian, Astur-Leonese and Navarro-Aragonese. IV. CASTILIAN‘S LEADING ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPANISH Menéndez Pidal‘s best known view is his consistent claim that Castile played a fundamental role in the development of the Span- ish language. This idea has two sources. On one hand, it corresponds to the desire of the Generation of 1898 to restore the prosperity of the Spanish nation; in the same way as Azorín and Unamuno did, Menéndez Pidal ascribed to Castile a leading role in the shaping of Spain. On the other hand — this is what I consider to be the deciding factor for Menéndez Pidal — Castile had achieved that leading role because of a cultural factor: the attrac- tiveness of its literature.5 According to Menéndez Pidal, Castilian was the first language to have its own literature.
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