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Fundamentals of Thermodynamics, 8Th Edition

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Fundamentals of Thermodynamics, 8Th Edition P1: KUF/OVY P2: OSO/OVY QC: SCF/OVY T1: SCF WB00776-app-toc JWCL672-Borgnakke-v1 October 8, 2012 15:46 Contents of Appendix A SI UNITS: SINGLE-STATE PROPERTIES 755 Table A.1 Conversion Factors, 755 Table A.2 Critical Constants, 758 Table A.3 Properties of Selected Solids at 25◦C, 759 Table A.4 Properties of Some Liquids at 25◦C, 759 Table A.5 Properties of Various Ideal Gases at 25◦C, 100 kPa (SI Units), 760 Table A.6 Constant-Pressure Specific Heats of Various Ideal Gases, 761 Table A7.1 Ideal Gas Properties of Air, Standard Entropy at 0.1-MPa (1-Bar) Pressure, 762 Table A7.2 The Isentropic Relative Pressure and Relative Volume Functions, 763 Table A.8 Ideal Gas Properties of Various Substances, Entropies at 0.1-MPa (1-Bar) Pressure, Mass Basis, 764 Table A.9 Ideal Gas Properties of Various Substances (SI Units), Entropies at 0.1-MPa (1-Bar) Pressure, Mole Basis, 766 Table A.10 Enthalpy of Formation and Absolute Entropy of Various Substances at 25◦C, 100 kPa Pressure, 772 Table A.11 Logarithms to the Base e of the Equilibrium Constant K, 773 B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES 775 Table B.1 Thermodynamic Properties of Water, 776 Table B.2 Thermodynamic Properties of Ammonia, 794 Table B.3 Thermodynamic Properties of Carbon Dioxide, 800 Table B.4 Thermodynamic Properties of R-410a, 804 Table B.5 Thermodynamic Properties of R-134a, 810 Table B.6 Thermodynamic Properties of Nitrogen, 816 Table B.7 Thermodynamic Properties of Methane, 820 C IDEAL GAS SPECIFIC HEAT 825 D EQUATIONS OF STATE 827 Table D.1 Equations of State, 827 Table D.2 The Lee–Kesler Equation of State, 828 Table D.3 Saturated Liquid–Vapor Compressibilities, Lee–Kesler Simple Fluid, 828 Table D.4 Acentric Factor for Some Substances, 828 Figure D.1 Lee–Kesler Simple Fluid Compressibility Factor, 829 Figure D.2 Lee–Kesler Simple Fluid Enthalpy Departure, 830 Figure D.3 Lee–Kesler Simple Fluid Entropy Departure, 831 753 P1: KUF/OVY P2: OSO/OVY QC: SCF/OVY T1: SCF WB00776-app-toc JWCL672-Borgnakke-v1 October 8, 2012 15:46 ~ .................754 CONTENTS OF APPENDIX .......................................................................................................................................... E FIGURES 832 Figure E.1 Temperature–Entropy Diagram for Water, 833 Figure E.2 Pressure–Enthalpy Diagram for Ammonia, 834 Figure E.3 Pressure–Enthalpy Diagram for Oxygen, 835 Figure E.4 Psychrometric Chart, 836 F ENGLISH UNIT TABLES 837 Table F.1 Critical Constants (English Units), 838 Table F.2 Properties of Selected Solids at 77 F, 839 Table F.3 Properties of Some Liquids at 77 F, 839 Table F.4 Properties of Various Ideal Gases at 77 F, 1 atm (English Units), 840 Table F.5 Ideal Gas Properties of Air (English Units), Standard Entropy at 1 atm = 101.325 kPa = 14.696 lbf/in.2, 841 Table F.6 Ideal Gas Properties of Various Substances (English Units), Entropies at 1 atm Pressure, 842 Table F.7 Thermodynamic Properties of Water, 848 Table F.8 Thermodynamic Properties of Ammonia, 859 Table F.9 Thermodynamic Properties of R-410a, 865 Table F.10 Thermodynamic Properties of R-134a, 871 Table F.11 Enthalpy of Formation and Absolute Entropy of Various Substances at 77 F, 1 atm Pressure, 877 P1: PBY/PBR P2: PBY/PBR QC: PBY/PBR T1: PBY WB00776-appa JWCL672-Borgnakke-v1 October 10, 2012 16:51 P A P E N D I SI Units: Single-State ~X Properties A TABLE A.1 Conversion Factors Area (A) 1mm2 = 1.0 × 10−6 m2 1ft2 = 144 in.2 1cm2 = 1.0 × 10−4 m2 = 0.1550 in.2 1 in.2 = 6.4516 cm2 = 6.4516 × 10−4 m2 1m2 = 10.7639 ft2 1ft2 = 0.092 903 m2 Conductivity (k) 1 W/m-K = 1 J/s-m-K = 0.577 789 Btu/h-ft-◦R 1 Btu/h-ft-R = 1.730 735 W/m-K Density (ρ) 1 kg/m3 = 0.06242797 lbm/ft3 1 lbm/ft3 = 16.018 46 kg/m3 1 g/cm3 = 1000 kg/m3 1 g/cm3 = 1 kg/L Energy (E, U) 1J = 1 N-m = 1 kg-m2/s2 1J = 0.737 562 lbf-ft l lbf-ft = 1.355 818 J 1 cal (Int.) = 4.186 81 J = 1.285 07 × 10−3Btu 1 Btu (Int.) = 1.055 056 kJ 1erg = 1.0 × 10−7 J = 778.1693 lbf-ft 1eV = 1.602 177 33 × 10−19 J Force (F) 1N = 0.224 809 lbf 1 lbf = 4.448 222 N 1kp= 9.806 65 N (1 kgf) Gravitation g = 9.806 65 m/s2 g = 32.174 05 ft/s2 Heat capacity (C p, Cv , C), specific entropy (s) 1 kJ/kg-K = 0.238 846 Btu/lbm-◦R 1 Btu/lbm-◦R = 4.1868 kJ/kg-K Heat flux (per unit area) 1 W/m2 = 0.316 998 Btu/h-ft2 1 Btu/h-ft2 = 3.154 59 W/m2 755 P1: PBY/PBR P2: PBY/PBR QC: PBY/PBR T1: PBY WB00776-appa JWCL672-Borgnakke-v1 October 10, 2012 16:51 ~ .................756 APPENDIX A SI UNITS: SINGLE-STATE PROPERTIES ............................................................................................................ TABLE A.1 (continued ) Conversion Factors Heat-transfer coefficient (h) 1 W/m2-K = 0.176 11 Btu/h-ft2-◦R 1 Btu/h-ft2-◦R = 5.678 26 W/m2-K Length (L) 1mm= 0.001 m = 0.1 cm 1 ft = 12 in. 1cm = 0.01 m = 10 mm = 0.3970 in. 1 in. = 2.54 cm = 0.0254 m 1m = 3.280 84 ft = 39.370 in. 1 ft = 0.3048 m 1km = 0.621 371 mi 1 mi = 1.609 344 km 1mi = 1609.3 m (US statute) 1 yd = 0.9144 m Mass (m) 1kg = 2.204 623 lbm 1 lbm = 0.453 592 kg 1 tonne = 1000 kg 1 slug = 14.5939 kg 1 grain = 6.479 89 × 10−5 kg 1 ton = 2000 lbm Moment (torque, T) 1 N-m = 0.737 562 lbf-ft 1 lbf-ft = 1.355 818 N-m Momentum (mV) 1 kg-m/s = 7.232 94 lbm-ft/s 1 lbm-ft/s = 0.138 256 kg-m/s = 0.224 809 lbf-s Power (Q˙ , W˙ ) 1W = 1 J/s = 1 N-m/s 1 lbf-ft/s = 1.355 818 W = 0.737 562 lbf-ft/s = 4.626 24 Btu/h 1kW = 3412.14 Btu/h 1 Btu/s = 1.055 056 kW 1 hp (metric) = 0.735 499 kW 1 hp (UK) = 0.7457 kW = 550 lbf-ft/s = 2544.43 Btu/h 1 ton of 1 ton of refrigeration = 3.516 85 kW refrigeration = 12 000 Btu/h Pressure (P) 1Pa = 1 N/m2 = 1 kg/m-s2 1 lbf/in.2 = 6.894 757 kPa 1 bar = 1.0 × 105Pa = 100 kPa 1arm = 101.325 kPa 1 atm = 14.695 94 lbf/in.2 = 1.013 25 bar = 29.921 in. Hg [32◦F] ◦ ◦ = 760 mm Hg [0 C] = 33.8995 ft H2O[4 C] ◦ = 10.332 56 m H2O[4 C] 1 torr = 1mmHg[0◦C] 1mmHg[0◦C] = 0.133 322 kPa 1 in. Hg [0◦C] = 0.491 15 lbf/in.2 ◦ ◦ 2 1mH2O[4 C] = 9.806 38 kPa 1 in. H2O[4 C] = 0.0361 26 lbf/in. Specific energy (e, u) 1 kJ/kg = 0.429 92 Btu/lbm 1 Btu/lbm = 2.326 kJ/kg = 334.55 lbf-ft/lbm 1 lbf-ft/lbm = 2.989 07 × 10−3 kJ/kg = 1.285 07 × 10−3 Btu/lbm P1: PBY/PBR P2: PBY/PBR QC: PBY/PBR T1: PBY WB00776-appa JWCL672-Borgnakke-v1 October 10, 2012 16:51 ~ ............................................................................................................ APPENDIX A SI UNITS: SINGLE-STATE PROPERTIES 757 ................ TABLE A.1 (continued ) Conversion Factors 1 2 Specific kinetic energy ( 2 V ) 1m2/s2 = 0.001 kJ/kg 1 ft2/s2 = 3.9941 × 10−5 Btu/lbm 1 kJ/kg = 1000 m2/s2 1 Btu/lbm = 250 37 ft2/s2 Specific potential energy (Zg) −3 1m-gstd = 9.806 65 × 10 kJ/kg l ft-gstd = 1.0 lbf-ft/lbm = 4.216 07 × 10−3Btu/lbm = 0.001 285 Btu/lbm = 0.002 989 kJ/kg Specific volume (v) 1cm3/g = 0.001 m3/kg 1cm3/g = 1 L/kg 1m3/kg = 16.018 46 ft3/lbm 1 ft3/lbm = 0.062 428 m3/kg Temperature (T) 1K= 1◦C = 1.8 R = 1.8 F 1 R = (5/9) K TC = TK − 273.15 TF = TR − 459.67 = (TF − 32)/1.8 = 1.8 TC + 32 TK = TR/1.8 TR = 1.8 TK Universal Gas Constant R¯ = N0k = 8.314 51 kJ/kmol-K R¯ = 1.985 89 Btu/lbmol-R = 1.985 89 kcal/kmol-K = 1545.36 lbf-ft/lbmol-R = 82.0578 atm-L/kmol-K = 0.730 24 atm-ft3/lbmol-R = 10.7317 (lbf/in.2)-ft3/lbmol-R Velcoity (V) 1 m/s = 3.6 km/h 1 ft/s = 0.681 818 mi/h = 3.280 84 ft/s = 0.3048 m/s = 2.236 94 mi/h = 1.097 28 km/h 1 km/h = 0.277 78 m/s 1 mi/h = 1.466 67 ft/s = 0.911 34 ft/s = 0.447 04 m/s = 0.621 37 mi/h = 1.609 344 km/h Volume (V) 1m3 = 35.3147 ft3 1ft3 = 2.831 685 × 10−2 m3 1L = 1dm3 = 0.001 m3 1 in.3 = 1.6387 × 10−5 m3 1 Gal (US) = 3.785 412 L 1 Gal (UK) = 4.546 090 L = 3.785 412 × 10−3 m3 1 Gal (US) = 231.00 in.3 P1: PBY/PBR P2: PBY/PBR QC: PBY/PBR T1: PBY WB00776-appa JWCL672-Borgnakke-v1 October 10, 2012 16:51 ~ .................758 APPENDIX A SI UNITS: SINGLE-STATE PROPERTIES ...........................................................................................................
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