Thermodynamic Models & Physical Properties
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Measurements of the Binary Mixtures Nitrogen + Acetone and Oxygen + Acetone
Vapor-liquid equilibrium measurements of the binary mixtures nitrogen + acetone and oxygen + acetone Thorsten Windmann1, Andreas K¨oster1, Jadran Vrabec∗1 1 Lehrstuhl f¨urThermodynamik und Energietechnik, Universit¨atPaderborn, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany Abstract Vapor-liquid equilibrium data of the binary mixtures nitrogen + acetone and of oxygen + acetone are measured and compared to available experimental data from the literature. The saturated liquid line is determined for both systems at specified temperature and liquid phase composition in a high-pressure view cell with a synthetic method. For nitrogen + acetone, eight isotherms between 223 and 400 K up to a pressure of 12 MPa are measured. For oxygen + acetone, two isotherms at 253 and 283 K up to a pressure of 0.75 MPa are measured. Thereby, the maximum content of the gaseous component in the saturated liquid phase is 0.06 mol/mol (nitrogen) and 0.006 mol/mol (oxygen), respectively. Based on this data, the Henry's law constant is calculated. In addition, the saturated vapor line of nitrogen + acetone is studied at specified temperature and pressure with an analytical method. Three isotherms between 303 and 343 K up to a pressure of 1.8 MPa are measured. All present data are compared to the available experimental data. Finally, the Peng-Robinson equation of state with the quadratic mixing rule and the Huron-Vidal mixing rule is adjusted to the present experimental data for both systems. Keywords: Henry's law constant; gas solubility; vapor-liquid equilibrium; acetone; nitrogen; oxygen ∗corresponding author, tel.: +49-5251/60-2421, fax: +49-5251/60-3522, email: [email protected] 1 1 Introduction The present work is motivated by a cooperation with the Collaborative Research Center Tran- sregio 75 "Droplet Dynamics Under Extreme Ambient Conditions" (SFB-TRR75),1 which is funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). -
Material Safety Data Sheet Ethanol SDA1, Anhydrous MSDS# 88067 Section 1
Material Safety Data Sheet Ethanol SDA1, Anhydrous MSDS# 88067 Section 1 - Chemical Product and Company Identification MSDS Name: Ethanol SDA1, Anhydrous Catalog Numbers: A405-20, A405P-4 Synonyms: Ethyl alcohol, denatured; Grain alcohol, denatured; Ethyl hydroxide, denatured. Fisher Scientific Company Identification: One Reagent Lane Fair Lawn, NJ 07410 For information in the US, call: 201-796-7100 Emergency Number US: 201-796-7100 CHEMTREC Phone Number, US: 800-424-9300 Section 2 - Composition, Information on Ingredients ---------------------------------------- Risk Phrases: 11 CAS#: 64-17-5 Chemical Name: Ethyl alcohol %: 92-93 EINECS#: 200-578-6 Hazard Symbols: F ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- Risk Phrases: 11 23/24/25 39/23/24/25 CAS#: 67-56-1 Chemical Name: Methyl alcohol %: 3.7 EINECS#: 200-659-6 Hazard Symbols: F T ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- Risk Phrases: CAS#: 108-10-1 Chemical Name: Methyl iso-butyl ketone %: 1.0-2.0 EINECS#: 203-550-1 Hazard Symbols: ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- Risk Phrases: 11 20 CAS#: 108-88-3 Chemical Name: Toluene %: 0.07 EINECS#: 203-625-9 Hazard Symbols: F XN ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- Risk Phrases: 11 36 66 67 CAS#: 141-78-6 Chemical Name: Ethyl acetate %: <1.0 EINECS#: 205-500-4 Hazard Symbols: F XI ---------------------------------------- Text for R-phrases: see Section 16 Hazard Symbols: XN F Risk Phrases: 11 20/21/22 68/20/21/22 Section 3 - Hazards Identification EMERGENCY OVERVIEW Warning! Flammable liquid and vapor. Causes respiratory tract irritation. May cause central nervous system depression. Causes severe eye irritation. This substance has caused adverse reproductive and fetal effects in humans. Causes moderate skin irritation. May cause liver, kidney and heart damage. Target Organs: Kidneys, heart, central nervous system, liver, eyes, optic nerve. -
Field Performance Testing of Centrifugal Compressors
FIELD PERFORMANCE TESTING OF CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS by Roy B. Pais and Gerald J. Jacobik Dresser Industries, Inc. Dresser Clark Division Olean, New York Roy B. Pais is a Head Product Engi (flow to speed ratio) . Techniques for varying the � ratio neer at the Clark Division of Dresser for both fixed and variable speed drives are discussed. Industries, Inc., Olean, N.Y., where he has worked since 1970. He has A method of calculating horsepower consumed and the responsibility for the design and de capacity of the compressor is shown. Limitations of a field velopment of centrifugal compressors performance test are also commented upon. as well as associated instrumentation and control systems. Field Performance testing of Centrifugal compressors He graduated from the University with meaningful results is an area of considerable interest of Bombay with a B.S. in Mechanical to the process and gas industry. Although much time and Engineering in 1968. In 1970 he ob money are spent on a field test, one must remember that tained an M.S. in Mechanical Engineering from the State the accuracy of the results is not always in proportion to University of New York at Buffalo. the amount of effort put into the test. The preferred meth He is an active member of the A.S.M.E. and is currently od, of course, is to perform the test in the Manufacturer's Chairman of the Olean Section. Shop where facilities are designed for accurate data ac quisition, and subsequent performance computations. Gerald].]acobik is the Test Super· visor of the Dresser-Clark Division Proper planning is essential for conducting a meaning· Test Department, Dresser Industries, ful test. -
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES User's Guide
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES User’s Guide LICENSE AGREEMENT LICENSOR: Chemstations Inc. 2901 Wilcrest Drive, Suite 305 Houston, Texas 77042 U.S.A. ACCEPTANCE OF TERMS OF AGREEMENT BY THE USER YOU SHOULD CAREFULLY READ THE FOLLOWING TERMS AND CONDITIONS BEFORE USING THIS PACKAGE. USING THIS PACKAGE INDICATES YOUR ACCEPTANCE OF THESE TERMS AND CONDITIONS. The enclosed proprietary encoded materials, hereinafter referred to as the Licensed Program(s), are the property of Chemstations Inc. and are provided to you under the terms and conditions of this License Agreement. Included with some Chemstations Inc. Licensed Programs are copyrighted materials owned by the Microsoft Corporation, Rainbow Technologies Inc., and InstallShield Software Corporation. Where such materials are included, they are licensed by Microsoft Corporation, Rainbow Technologies Inc., and InstallShield Software Corporation to you under this License Agreement. You assume responsibility for the selection of the appropriate Licensed Program(s) to achieve the intended results, and for the installation, use and results obtained from the selected Licensed Program(s). LICENSE GRANT In return for the payment of the license fee associated with the acquisition of the Licensed Program(s) from Chemstations Inc., Chemstations Inc. hereby grants you the following non-exclusive rights with regard to the Licensed Program(s): Use of the Licensed Program(s) on more than one machine. Under no circumstance is the Licensed Program to be executed without either a Chemstations Inc. dongle (hardware key) or system authorization code. You agree to reproduce and include the copyright notice as it appears on the Licensed Program(s) on any copy, modification or merged portion of the Licensed Program(s). -
Determination of Viscosity in Ethanol and HFA 134A Mixtures
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Loughborough University Institutional Repository Respiratory Drug Delivery 2018 – Johnson et al. Determination of Viscosity in Ethanol and HFA 134a Mixtures Rob Johnson,1 Daniel I. Lewis,1 Paul M. Young,1 Henk K. Versteeg,2 and Graham Hargrave2 1Oz-UK Limited, Chippenham, Wiltshire UK 2Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK KEYWORDS: binary mixtures, transient aerodynamic atomization model, metered dose inhaler, propellant INTRODUCTION Knowledge of formulation liquid properties is beneficial when modelling internal transient flows of pMDI HFA 134a and ethanol binary mixtures during atomization [1, 2]. Non-linear expressions are available that correlate saturated vapor pressure, density and surface tension to HFA 134a-ethanol composition [3, 4]. In this study, experimentally determined dynamic viscosity is presented for ethanol-HFA 134a mixtures at 20.4 ± 1.2°C. MATERIALS AND METHODS Viscosity can be described as a fluid’s resistance to shear strain when submitted to a shear stress. For a sphere travelling within a closed capillary containing a liquid, the dynamic viscosity, µ, of the liquid is given by Equation 1 where K is the viscometer constant; rs and rL are the densities of the sphere and liquid respectively; and t is the time of travel of the sphere between two fixed graduation lines. Equation 1 is valid for non-turbulent flow where the sphere is travelling at terminal velocity. To determine the viscosity of HFA 134a (Mexichem Fluor, Runcorn, UK), absolute ethanol (Fisher Scientific, Loughborough, UK) and mixtures, formulations were packaged within a Comes DM density measuring device with a 90 mL Pyrex inner tube (DH Industries Limited, Laindon, UK). -
Extended Corresponding States Expressions for the Changes in Enthalpy, Compressibility Factor and Constant-Volume Heat Capacity at Vaporization ⇑ S
J. Chem. Thermodynamics 85 (2015) 68–76 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect J. Chem. Thermodynamics journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jct Extended corresponding states expressions for the changes in enthalpy, compressibility factor and constant-volume heat capacity at vaporization ⇑ S. Velasco a,b, M.J. Santos a, J.A. White a,b, a Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain b IUFFyM, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain article info abstract Article history: By analyzing data for the vapor pressure curve of 121 fluids considered by the National Institute of Received 2 October 2014 Standards and Technology (NIST) program RefProp 9.1, we find that the first and the second derivatives Received in revised form 19 December 2014 with respect to reduced temperature (Tr) of the natural logarithm of the reduced vapor pressure at the Accepted 16 January 2015 acentric point (T ¼ 0:7) show a well defined behavior with the acentric factor x. This fact is used for Available online 31 January 2015 r checking some well-known vapor pressure equations in the extended Pitzer corresponding states scheme. In this scheme, we then obtain analytical expressions for the temperature dependence of the Keywords: enthalpy of vaporization and the changes in the compressibility factor and the constant-volume heat Vapor pressure curve capacity along the liquid–vapor coexistence curve. Comparisons with RefProp 9.1 results are presented Saturation properties Acentric factor for argon, propane and water. Furthermore, very good agreement is obtained when comparing with Enthalpy of vaporization experimental data of perfluorobenzene and perfluoro-n-heptane. -
Equation of State
Supercritical Fluid Extraction: A Study of Binary and Multicomponent Solid-Fluid Equilibria by Ronald Ted Kurnik ~ B.S.Ch.E. Syracuse University (1976) M.S.Ch.E. Washington University (1977) SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF SCIENCE at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUT.E OF TECHNOLOGY May, 1981 @Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1981 Signature of Author Signature redacted -------""="--------,------------Department of Chemical Engineering May, 1981 Certified by Signature redacted Robert C. Reid i:cnesis Supervisor / Signature redacted Accepted by ARC~J\'ES (_ ;- . _ . = . _ . .. _ MASSACHUSEIT . Chairman, Departmental OFTECHN&&is7rrurE Committee on Graduate Students OCT 2 8 1981 UBRARlES SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION: A STUDY OF BINARY AND MULTICOMPONENT SOLID-FLUID EQUILIBRIA by RONALD TED KURNIK Submitted to the Department of Chemical Engineering on May 1981, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Science ABSTRACT Solid-fluid equilibrium data for binary and multicom- ponent systems were determined experimentally using two supercritical fluids -- carbon dioxide and ethylene, and six solid solutes. The data were taken for temperatures between the upper and lower critical end points and for pressures from 120 to 280 bar. The existence of very large (106) enhancement (over the ideal gas value) of solubilities of the solutes in the fluid phase was.observed with these systems. In addition, it was found that the solubility of a species in a multicomponent mixture could be significantly greater (as much as 300 per- cent) than the solubility of that same pure species in the given supercritical fluid (at the same temperature and pressure). -
Structural Analysis of Water and Alcohol Solutions
Structural analysis of water and alcohol solutions A thesis submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the Department of Materials Science of the College of Engineering and Applied Science by Kelly J. Cross B.S. Purdue University May 2007 Committee Chair: Dale W. Schaefer, Ph.D. Abstract Water-alcohol solutions have been extensively studied to correlate molecular structure to thermodynamic properties, which are known to deviate strongly from ideality. This project offers an analysis of cluster formation in ethanol-water binary solutions and an approach to identify distinctive structures within water and alcohol (W-A) solutions. Thermodynamic properties (such as enthalpy) and hydrogen bond strength can provide physical evidence of clustering within the solution. The heat of mixing was observed as a function of concentration. The concentration dependence of hydrogen bonding strength was analyzed through Infrared spectroscopy. Molecular aggregation in solution was explored experimentally with light scattering. Some of the results were consistent with published data and some results did not support data in the current literature. The calorimetry data were consistent with the published data showing a minimum at ~20 mol%. In the water rich region, we assume the hydrogen-bonded water clusters isolate individual ethanol molecules. The frequency shift observed with IR spectroscopy shows that the C-O bond strength increases with increasing ethanol concentration. Similar to the observations of D’Angelo, the frequency shift of the C-O and C-H stretching is concentration-dependent and is attributed to the transfer of electron density from the carbon of the methyl group. -
Optical Diagnostics of Supercritical CO2 and CO2-Ethanol Mixture in the Widom Delta
molecules Article Optical Diagnostics of Supercritical CO2 and CO2-Ethanol Mixture in the Widom Delta Evgenii Mareev 1,2,* , Timur Semenov 2,3, Alexander Lazarev 4, Nikita Minaev 1 , Alexander Sviridov 1, Fedor Potemkin 2 and Vyacheslav Gordienko 1,2 1 Institute of Photon Technologies of Federal Scientific Research Centre “Crystallography and Photonics” of Russian Academy of Sciences, Pionerskaya 2, Troitsk, 108840 Moscow, Russia; [email protected] (N.M.); [email protected] (A.S.); [email protected] (V.G.) 2 Faculty of Physics, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory bld.1/2, 119991 Moscow, Russia; [email protected] (T.S.); [email protected] (F.P.) 3 Institute on Laser and Information Technologies—Branch of the Federal Scientific Research Centre “Crystallography and Photonics” of Russian Academy of Sciences, Svyatoozerskaya 1, Shatura, 140700 Moscow, Russia 4 Faculty of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory bld.1/2, 119991 Moscow, Russia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Academic Editors: Mauro Banchero and Barbara Onida Received: 26 October 2020; Accepted: 17 November 2020; Published: 19 November 2020 Abstract: The supercritical CO2 (scCO2) is widely used as solvent and transport media in different technologies. The technological aspects of scCO2 fluid applications strongly depend on spatial–temporal fluctuations of its thermodynamic parameters. The region of these parameters’ maximal fluctuations on the p-T (pressure-temperature) diagram is called Widom delta. It has significant practical and fundamental interest. We offer an approach that combines optical measurements and molecular dynamics simulation in a wide range of pressures and temperatures. -
Investigation of Correlations for Prediction of Critical Properties of Pure Components
Investigation of Correlations for Prediction of Critical Properties of Pure Components A Thesis Submitted to the College of Engineering of Nahrain University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Chemical Engineering by Eba'a Kareem Jassim B.Sc. in Chemical Engineering 2003 Rabia Al-Awal 1428 November 2007 ABSTRACT Prediction of accurate values of critical properties of any pure component is very important because they are often utilized in estimating the physical properties for chemical process design. Experimental measurements of critical properties for components are very difficult. So, in order to obtain accurate critical property values, attention has been turned to calculate it using mostly a group contribution method which is difficult. To overcome this problem efforts where directed to modify or improve equations to calculate critical properties using relatively simple method. In this method, critical temperature, critical volume and critical pressure can be estimated solely from data of the normal boiling point and molecular weight of pure substance by means of successive approximations that are repeated until calculation of critical pressure (PC) converges. The procedure can be summarized as follows: 1. Calculation of critical temperature. 2. Assuming suitable value of critical pressure and calculating critical volume. 3. Calculation of critical compressibility factor. 4. Calculation of critical pressure from the following equation ; Ζ TR P = cc c Vc If PC obtained is different than PC assumed , the procedure repeated until PC -4 obtained is the same as PC assumed with tolerance of 10 . 1. A statistical program was used to obtained the following equation to estimate critical temperature for non – polar and polar compounds using the normal boiling point and molecular weight of pure substance ; I I Tc = −11.5565 − 1.03586Mwt + 2.075167Tb − 0.000281Mwt2 − 0.00131Tb2 + 0.001827MwtTb The AAD% for estimation of critical temperature is 0.9878 % for 114 non- polar compounds and 1.3525 % for 16 polar compounds. -
Equilibrium Critical Phenomena in Fluids and Mixtures
: wil Phenomena I Fluids and Mixtures: 'w'^m^ Bibliography \ I i "Word Descriptors National of ac \oo cop 1^ UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE • Maurice H. Stans, Secretary NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS • Lewis M. Branscomb, Director Equilibrium Critical Phenomena In Fluids and Mixtures: A Comprehensive Bibliography With Key-Word Descriptors Stella Michaels, Melville S. Green, and Sigurd Y. Larsen Institute for Basic Standards National Bureau of Standards Washington, D. C. 20234 4. S . National Bureau of Standards, Special Publication 327 Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 327, 235 pages (June 1970) CODEN: XNBSA Issued June 1970 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 (Order by SD Catalog No. C 13.10:327), Price $4.00. NATtONAL BUREAU OF STAHOAROS AUG 3 1970 1^8106 Contents 1. Introduction i±i^^ ^ 2. Bibliography 1 3. Bibliographic References 182 4. Abbreviations 183 5. Author Index 191 6. Subject Index 207 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 7O-6O632O ii Equilibrium Critical Phenomena in Fluids and Mixtures: A Comprehensive Bibliography with Key-Word Descriptors Stella Michaels*, Melville S. Green*, and Sigurd Y. Larsen* This bibliography of 1088 citations comprehensively covers relevant research conducted throughout the world between January 1, 1950 through December 31, 1967. Each entry is charac- terized by specific key word descriptors, of which there are approximately 1500, and is indexed both by subject and by author. In the case of foreign language publications, effort was made to find translations which are also cited. Key words: Binary liquid mixtures; critical opalescence; critical phenomena; critical point; critical region; equilibrium critical phenomena; gases; liquid-vapor systems; liquids; phase transitions; ternairy liquid mixtures; thermodynamics 1. -
Phase Equilibria of Methanol–Triolein System at Elevated Temperature And
Fluid Phase Equilibria 239 (2006) 8–11 Phase equilibria of methanol–triolein system at elevated temperature and pressure Zhong Tang a,∗, Zexue Du a, Enze Min a, Liang Gao b, Tao Jiang b, Buxing Han b a Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, Sinopec, Beijing 100083, China b Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100080, China Received 21 January 2005; received in revised form 12 September 2005; accepted 9 October 2005 Available online 21 November 2005 Abstract The phase behavior of methnol–triolein system was determined experimentally at 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0 MPa in the temperature range of 353.2–463.2 K. The results demonstrated that the miscibility of the system was rather poor at low temperature, and the miscibility could be improved by increasing temperature. At a higher pressure, the miscibility was more sensitive to temperature as pressure was fixed. The critical temperature, critical pressure, and acentric factor of triolein were estimated and the experimental data were correlated using the Peng–Robinson equation of state. The calculated data agreed reasonably with the experimental results. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Phase equilibrium; Methanol; Triolein; Equation of state; Calculation; High pressure 1. Introduction triglycerides and methanol reported are very limited, especially at elevated pressures. Study on the alcholysis of oils with simple alcohols to pro- Triolein, one of the typical triglycerides, is the most abun- duce fatty acid esters, which are important intermediates, sur- dant component in many plant oils, such as canola, soybean, factants, lubricants as well as an alternative fuel derived from sunflower seed, etc.