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HGCAL BEAM TEST Detailed Report/User GUIDE

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HGCAL BEAM TEST Detailed Report/User GUIDE HGCAL BEAM TEST Detailed Report/User GUIDE PROJECT GUIDE: DAVID BARNEY NAME: DEEPAK KUMAR CHOUBEY, AAYUSH ANAND Acknowledgement This internship opportunity we had with HGCAL group at CERN was a great chance for learning and professional development. It is our first intern. we feel lucky to work with such highly experienced people in the world’s largest Nuclear Research Centre. Special thanks to P. Behera, D. Barney to put us here. we would also like to grab this opportunity to thank Andre David for continuously guiding us throughout this internship. We gained a lot of theoretical and practical aspect of knowledge with a motivation to use it further for ourself and the betterment of our professional career. Deepak, Aayush IIT Madras [email protected] [email protected] Table of Contents 1.Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….4 #. CERN #. CMS #. HGCAL 2.Beam Test …………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….7 #. Overview #. Data Taking #. Data Analysis 3.Feedback/ Experience………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….18 4.References and contact details…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..19 1.INTRODUCTION #.CERN It is the world’s largest and most sophisticated Nuclear Research center, located at the border of Switzerland and France. Its provisional body was founded on 1952. It uses very large and complex instruments to study about fundamental particles. Here, particles are made to collide at a very large speed. This gives their physicists to study about the particle interactions and behavior after the collisions. European organization for nuclear research became renown after their famous discovery of Higgs boson. It has many experiments going on simultaneously at different locations in CERN. Its major experiments are *CMS (compact muon solenoid) *ATLAS ( a toroid LHC apparatus) *ALICE ( a large ion collider experiment) *LHC (large hadron collider) • and other experiments are ASACUSA, ATRAP, AWAKE, BASE, CAST, CLOUD, COMPASS, LHCf, MOEDAL, NA61/SHINE, NA62 etc. There are many further sub-divisions in each of the experiments. Accelerating particles, colliding them, using e- beams, muon beams, knowing what happens after the collision is the major curiosity of physicists here. It is spreading like fire throughout the world. Its has collaboration in almost every continent. • • • It was founded by 12 member states and currently has 22 member states. It involves almost 600 institutes and employs over 2500 people. #.CMS The compact muon solenoid (CMS) is a general-purpose detector at the large hadron collider (LHC). It has a broad physics programme ranging from studying the Standard Model (including Higgs Boson) to search for extra dimensions and particles that could make up the dark matter. The CMS detector is build around a huge solenoid magnet. This takes the form of a cylindrical coil of superconducting cable that generates a field of 4 Tesla. An unusual feature of the CMS detector is that instead of being built in situ like the other giant detectors of the LHC experiments, it was constructed in 15 sections at ground level before being lowered into an underground cavern. The CMS experiment is one of the largest international scientific collaborations in history, involving 4300 particle physicists, engineers, technicians, students and support staff from 182 institutes in 42 countries. The expected High Luminosity LHC upgrade will increase the number of interactions. An upgrade is planned to increase the performance of CMS detector. Some examples for the upgrades are CO2 cooling system. About CMS detectors: The CMS detectors comprises of several sub-detectors to detect different kind of particles. CMS detectors are divided into various layers. *Interaction point This is the point in the centre of the detector at which proton-proton collisions occur between the two counter-rotating beams of the LHC. At each end of the detector magnets focus the beams into the interaction point. At collision each beam has a radius of 17 and the crossing angle between the beams is 285 . 휇푚 휇푟푎푑 *Tracker Momentum of particles is crucial to build up a picture of events at the heart of the collision. One method to calculate the momentum of a particle is to track its path through a magnetic field; the more curved the path, the less momentum the particle had. The CMS tracker records the paths taken by charged particles by finding their positions at a number of key points. The tracker can reconstruct the paths of high- energy muons, electrons and hadrons (particles made up of quarks). The tracker needs to record particle paths accurately yet be lightweight so as to disturb the particle as little as possible. It does this by taking position measurements so accurate that tracks can be reliably reconstructed using just a few measurement points. The CMS tracker is made entirely of silicon: the pixels, at the very core of the detector and dealing with the highest intensity of particles, and the silicon micro strip detectors that surround it. As particles travel through the tracker the pixels and micro strips produce tiny electric signals that are amplified and detected. *Electromagnetic Calorimeter The Electromagnetic Calorimeter (ECAL) is designed to measure with high accuracy the energies of electrons and photons. The ECAL is constructed from crystals of lead tungstate, PbWO4. This is an extremely dense but optically clear material, ideal for stopping high energy particles. Lead tungstate crystal is made primarily of metal and is heavier than stainless steel, but with a touch of oxygen in this crystalline form it is highly transparent and scintillates when electrons and photons pass through it. This means it produces light in proportion to the particle’s energy *Hadronic Calorimeter The Hadron Calorimeter (HCAL) measures the energy of hadrons, particles made of quarks and gluons (for example: protons, neutrons, pions and kaons). Additionally, it provides indirect measurement of the presence of non-interacting, uncharged particles such as neutrinos. The HCAL consists of layers of dense material (brass or steel) interleaved with tiles of plastic scintillators. This combination was determined to allow the maximum amount of absorbing material inside of the magnet coil. *Muon detector Because muons can penetrate several metres of iron without interacting, unlike most particles they are not stopped by any of CMS's calorimeters. Therefore, chambers to detect muons are placed at the very edge of the experiment where they are the only particles likely to register a signal. #.HGCAL Calorimetry at the High Luminosity LHC faces two enormous challenges, particularly in the forward direction:- *Radiation challenges *Unprecedented in-time event pileup. To meet these challenges, the CMS has decided to construct a High Granularity Calorimeter (HGCAL), featuring a previously unrealized transverse and longitudinal segmentation, for both electromagnetic and hadronic compartments. This will facilitate particle-flow-type calorimetry, where the line structure of showers can be measured and used to enhance particle identification, energy resolution and pileup rejection. The majority of the HGCAL will be based on robust and cost effective hexagonal silicon sensors with ~1 or 0.5 cm^2 hexagonal cell size, with the final five interaction lengths of the hadronic compartment being based on highly segmented plastic scintillator with on- scintillator SiPM readout. I present an overview of the HGCAL project, including the motivation, engineering design, readout/trigger concept and simulated performance. HGCAL is now in R&D phase. Much progress has been done since the release of the Technical Proposal. First prototypes are being tested with electron and proton beams. A Technical Design Report is foreseen in late 2017. It will include key technical choices and improved design. The construction should start in 2020 in order to be ready for an installation during LS3. 2. BEAM TEST #.OVERVIEW CASSETTES: The alternate absorber layer is formed by two 2.1 mm thick lead planes clad with 0.3 mm stainless steel (SS) sheets that are placed on either side of the module- cooling plate sandwich. Each plane of this structure is subdivided into 60 ◦ units called cassettes. And 14 such cassettes provide the full 28 sampling layers. These are the major detector sub-assembly of the HGCAL, which are subsequently assembled into full disks or inserted b/w absorber layer to form full disks of the detectors in the CE-H. Each plates are prepared with well precision and after attaching many of its sub-parts. One of its major problem of getting heated was eliminated by cooling system. The assembly of the cassettes takes place in a clean room. The sequence of assembly steps is fundamentally the same for all cassette varieties, but not all steps are required for all cassettes. The assembly steps are the following: 1. A kit of components is prepared, specific for the cassette to be assembled. Each component is inspected, the documentation that is provided for it is verified, and component identifiers entered into the production database. 2. The cooling plate is placed on the assembly table. 3. Silicon modules are attached to the cooling plate. 4. Silicon module motherboards are mounted to the silicon modules. 5. Scintillator tile modules are mounted (CE-H mixed cassettes). 6. The scintillator/SiPM motherboard is mounted at the cassette edge (CE-H mixed cassettes). 7. Silicon motherboard extensions are mounted on top of the scintillator tile modules (CE-H mixed cassettes). 8. HV cables and optical fibres are routed from the silicon modules and motherboards to the cassette edge. 9. The cassette interface is mounted and connections made between it and the ends of the silicon motherboards, the HV cables and the optical fibres. 10. The cassette cover (CE-H cassettes) or lead - stainless steel absorber cover (CE-E cassettes) is mounted. 11. The cassettes is turned over and the relevant steps repeated for the second side (CE- E cassettes). 12. A complete electrical test of the finished cassette is performed. SILICON MODULES The baseplate has precise reference holes for precision assembly and placement onto the cassettes.
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