The Physics Simulation Toolkit by Mike Perricone
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Arxiv:2001.07837V2 [Hep-Ex] 4 Jul 2020 Scale Funding Will Be Requested at Different Stages Across the Globe
Brazilian Participation in the Next-Generation Collider Experiments W. L. Aldá Júniora C. A. Bernardesb D. De Jesus Damiãoa M. Donadellic D. E. Martinsd G. Gil da Silveirae;a C. Henself H. Malbouissona A. Massafferrif E. M. da Costaa C. Mora Herreraa I. Nastevad M. Rangeld P. Rebello Telesa T. R. F. P. Tomeib A. Vilela Pereiraa aDepartamento de Física Nuclear e Altas Energias, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, CEP 20550-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil bUniversidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Núcleo de Computação Científica Rua Dr. Bento Teobaldo Ferraz, 271, 01140-070, Sao Paulo, Brazil cInstituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Rua do Matão, 1371, CEP 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil dUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Instituto de Física, Caixa Postal 68528, 21941-972 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil eInstituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9550, CEP 91501-970, Caixa Postal 15051, Porto Alegre, Brazil f Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas (CBPF), Rua Dr. Xavier Sigaud, 150, CEP 22290-180 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract: This proposal concerns the participation of the Brazilian High-Energy Physics community in the next-generation collider experiments. -
Geant4 – a Simulation Toolkit to Be Published in Nuclear Physics News, June 2007 John Allison, the University of Manchester, UK
Geant4 – a simulation toolkit To be published in Nuclear Physics News, June 2007 John Allison, The University of Manchester, UK. A toolkit? More a building set. But you get the idea. You can build what you want, tailor it to your requirements, but you have to build it yourself. That makes it flexible and versatile; it is also fun. Geant4 is a body of C++ code that models and simulates the interaction of particles with matter. The code is distributed freely under an open software license1. Documentation, source code, databases and, for some computer platforms, binary libraries can be downloaded from the Geant4 web site.2 Being a toolkit means you have to learn how it works and find good ways of putting the pieces together and to help you do this, Geant4 comes with many examples and a web-based documentation system. Also, the Geant4 Collaboration organises tutorials and workshops from time to time. Two general reference papers3 4and many specialist papers have been published. For a full list, see the web site2. Geant4 is being, indeed has been adopted in many areas – space, medicine, particle and nuclear physics – across the world. Geant is an acronym for “Geometry and tracking” and is usually pronounced like the French géant, meaning giant. Its origins can be traced back to the 1970s. The original designs were in Fortran, culminating in GEANT35 in 1982, which is still being used but no longer being developed. In 1993, two independent studies, one at CERN6 and one at KEK7, considered the application of modern computing techniques, particularly object oriented programming, to this sort of simulation. -
Physics Simulation with Geant4
Physics Simulation with Geant4 Fortgeschrittenenpraktikum (FOPRA) T. Le Bleis, P. Klenze December 15, 2014 2 Contents 1 Introduction 5 1.1 Calorimetry physics . .5 1.1.1 Interaction of particles with matter . .5 1.1.2 Scintillators . .7 1.2 The CSI(Tl) calorimeter . .8 1.2.1 Scintillator-based calorimeters . .8 1.2.2 Detection of visible photons . .8 1.2.3 Detector Readout . .8 1.2.4 Online monitoring . .9 1.2.5 Offline analysis . .9 1.3 Particularites of calorimetry . 10 1.3.1 Compton scattering in calorimeters . 10 1.3.2 Efficiency . 11 1.3.3 Resolution . 11 1.3.4 Doppler effect . 12 1.4 Simulation of particle detectors . 13 1.4.1 Why simulate detectors? . 13 1.5 Geant4 . 13 1.5.1 Usercode . 14 1.5.2 Material . 14 1.5.3 Geometry . 15 1.5.4 Physics list . 17 1.5.5 Event generator . 18 1.5.6 Visualisation . 19 1.6 Analysis . 20 1.6.1 With ROOT . 20 1.6.2 With PyROOT . 22 1.6.3 Without ROOT . 23 2 Experiment 25 2.1 Detector setups . 25 2.1.1 Small box only (#1) . 26 2.1.2 Large box only(#2) . 26 3 2.1.3 Increased distance (#3) . 26 2.1.4 Back-to-back correlation (#4) . 26 2.2 Experiment instructions . 26 2.2.1 DAQ howto . 27 2.2.2 γ detection . 27 2.2.3 Compton scattering . 27 2.2.4 Geometrical effect . 28 2.2.5 Coincidences . 28 3 Simulation 29 3.1 Reproduction of Experiment . -
A Summer with the Large Hadron Collider: the Search for Fundamental Physics
University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Inquiry Journal 2009 Inquiry Journal Spring 2009 A Summer with the Large Hadron Collider: The Search for Fundamental Physics Austin Purves University of New Hampshire Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/inquiry_2009 Part of the Physics Commons Recommended Citation Purves, Austin, "A Summer with the Large Hadron Collider: The Search for Fundamental Physics" (2009). Inquiry Journal. 14. https://scholars.unh.edu/inquiry_2009/14 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Inquiry Journal at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Inquiry Journal 2009 by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. UNH UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH JOURNAL SPRING 2009 research article A Summer with the Large Hadron Collider: the Search for Fundamental Physics —Austin Purves (Edited by Aniela Pietrasz and Matthew Kingston) For centuries people have pushed the boundaries of observational science on multiple fronts. Our ability to peer ever more deeply into the world around us has helped us to understand it: telescopes and accurate measurement of planetary motion helped us to break free from the earth–centered model of the solar system; increasingly powerful microscopes allowed us to see how our bodies work as a collection of tiny cells; particle colliders allowed us to better understand the structure of atoms and the interactions of subatomic particles. Construction of the latest and most powerful particle collider, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), was completed in fall 2008 at Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire (CERN), the world’s largest particle physics research center, located near Geneva, Switzerland. -
Prospects of Measuring the Branching Fraction of the Higgs Boson
ILD-PHYS-2020-002 09 September 2020 Prospects of measuring the branching fraction of the Higgs boson decaying into muon pairs at the International Linear Collider Shin-ichi Kawada∗, Jenny List∗, Mikael Berggren∗ ∗ DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany Abstract The prospects for measuring the branching fraction of H µ+µ at the International → − Linear Collider (ILC) have been evaluated based on a full detector simulation of the Interna- tional Large Detector (ILD) concept, considering centre-of-mass energies (√s) of 250 GeV + + and 500 GeV. For both √s cases, the two final states e e− qqH and e e− ννH 1 → → 1 have been analyzed. For integrated luminosities of 2 ab− at √s = 250 GeV and 4 ab− at √s = 500 GeV, the combined precision on the branching fraction of H µ+µ is estim- → − ated to be 17%. The impact of the transverse momentum resolution for this analysis is also studied∗. arXiv:2009.04340v1 [hep-ex] 9 Sep 2020 ∗This work was carried out in the framework of the ILD concept group 1 Introduction 1 Introduction A Standard Model (SM)-like Higgs boson with mass of 125 GeV has been discovered by the ATLAS ∼ and CMS experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) [1, 2]. Recently, the decay mode of the Higgs boson to bottom quarks H bb has been observed at the LHC [3, 4], as well as the ttH production → process [5, 6], both being consistent with the SM prediction. However, there are several important questions to which the SM does not offer an answer: it neither explains the hierarchy problem, nor does it address the nature of dark matter, the origin of cosmic inflation, or the baryon-antibaryon asymmetry in the universe. -
Beam–Material Interactions
Beam–Material Interactions N.V. Mokhov1 and F. Cerutti2 1Fermilab, Batavia, IL 60510, USA 2CERN, Geneva, Switzerland Abstract This paper is motivated by the growing importance of better understanding of the phenomena and consequences of high-intensity energetic particle beam interactions with accelerator, generic target, and detector components. It reviews the principal physical processes of fast-particle interactions with matter, effects in materials under irradiation, materials response, related to component lifetime and performance, simulation techniques, and methods of mitigating the impact of radiation on the components and environment in challenging current and future applications. Keywords Particle physics simulation; material irradiation effects; accelerator design. 1 Introduction The next generation of medium- and high-energy accelerators for megawatt proton, electron, and heavy- ion beams moves us into a completely new domain of extreme energy deposition density up to 0.1 MJ/g and power density up to 1 TW/g in beam interactions with matter [1, 2]. The consequences of controlled and uncontrolled impacts of such high-intensity beams on components of accelerators, beamlines, target stations, beam collimators and absorbers, detectors, shielding, and the environment can range from minor to catastrophic. Challenges also arise from the increasing complexity of accelerators and experimental set-ups, as well as from design, engineering, and performance constraints. All these factors put unprecedented requirements on the accuracy of particle production predictions, the capability and reliability of the codes used in planning new accelerator facilities and experiments, the design of machine, target, and collimation systems, new materials and technologies, detectors, and radiation shielding and the minimization of radiation impact on the environment. -
Geant4 – a Monte Carlo Simulation Toolkit Part Ii
GEANT4 – A MONTE CARLO SIMULATION TOOLKIT PART II F. García Helsinki Institute of Physics 09.06.2021 OUTLINE WHAT IS GEANT4 MONTECARLO METHOD IN PARTICLE TRANSPORT A BIT ABOUT C++ DEFINITION OF A SIMULATION MODEL MAIN COMPONENTS OF A MODEL GEANT4 – Hands-on 2 WHAT IS GEANT4 ATLAS experiment Geant4 is a toolkit for the simulation of the passage of particles through matter. Its areas of application Notoscale include high energy, CMS experiment nuclear and accelerator physics, as well as studies in medical and space science Notoscale 3 MONTE CARLO METHOD IN PARTICLE TRANSPORT P 0 ି ௫ ȉ݁ ܫݔ ൌ ܫ The probability that normally incident photon will reach the depth x in a material slab without interaction is: = P ି ௫ ݁ ݔ ܲ 4 A BIT ABOUT C++ Generate a file .txt Filename: SealedGEMEventAction.cc . #include "fstream.h" . void SealedGEMEventAction::EndOfEventAction(const G4Event* evt) { . G4int evtNb = evt->GetEventID(); n_hit = DrfHC->entries(); if (n_hit > 0){ for(G4int i=0;i<n_hit;i++){ depEnerg1 += (*DrfHC)[i]->GetDepositEnergy(); } } ofstream out1; out1.open("EnergyDepositeDriftHits.dat",fstream::app); out1 << evt << ” ” << depEnerg1/keV << G4endl; out1.close(); } https://cds.cern.ch/record/44808 5 GEANT4 MODEL STRUCTURE Simulation Model include directory Simulation Model Main Directory Simulation Model source directory 6 DEFINITION OF A SIMULATION MODEL G4RunManager The first thing main() must do is create an instance of the G4RunManager class. This is the only manager class in the Geant4 kernel which should be explicitly constructed in the user's main(). It controls the flow of the program and manages the event loop(s) within a run. -
Tuning the HF Calorimeter Gflash Simulation Using CMS Data Jeff Van Harlingen1 Rahmat Rahmat2 Eduardo Ibarra García Padilla3
Tuning the HF Calorimeter GFlash Simulation Using CMS Data Jeff Van Harlingen1 Rahmat Rahmat2 Eduardo Ibarra García Padilla3 1Madison Junior High School (NCUSD 203) 2Mid-America Christian University 3Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Outline .LHC and CMS Description .Particle Collisions .The Higgs Boson .HF Calorimeter at CMS .GFlash Speed and Accuracy Tuning .Future Applications Large Hadron Collider (LHC) .Located at CERN in Switzerland .Four major experiments (CMS, ATLAS, ALICE, and LHCb) .The LHC is a 27-km ring lined with superconducting magnets Large Hadron Collider (LHC) .Two particle-beams are accelerated close to the speed of light .Collisions between these high-energy beams, create particles that could tell us about the fundamental building blocks of the universe Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) .14,000 Ton Detector .One of the largest science collaborations in history: .4,300 physicists, engineers, technicians, etc. .182 Universities and institutions .42 countries represented .21 meters long .15 meters wide .15 meters high Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) Solenoid Creates 4 Tesla magnetic field to bend the path of particles Silicon Tracker Measuring the positions of passing charged particles allows us to reconstruct their tracks. Electromagnetic Calorimeter Measure the energies of electrons and photons Hadronic Calorimeter Measure the energies of hadronic particles (Pions) Muon Chambers Tracks Muon Trajectories Hadronic Forward Calorimeter Measure the energies of hadronic and electromagnetic particles How do we detect particles? “Just as hunters can identify animals from tracks in mud or snow, physicists identify subatomic particles from the traces they leave in detectors” -CERN .Accelerators .Tracking Devices .Calorimeters .Particle ID Detectors Step-by-Step Collision 1. -
A BOINC-Based Volunteer Computing Infrastructure for Physics Studies At
Open Eng. 2017; 7:379–393 Research article Javier Barranco, Yunhai Cai, David Cameron, Matthew Crouch, Riccardo De Maria, Laurence Field, Massimo Giovannozzi*, Pascal Hermes, Nils Høimyr, Dobrin Kaltchev, Nikos Karastathis, Cinzia Luzzi, Ewen Maclean, Eric McIntosh, Alessio Mereghetti, James Molson, Yuri Nosochkov, Tatiana Pieloni, Ivan D. Reid, Lenny Rivkin, Ben Segal, Kyrre Sjobak, Peter Skands, Claudia Tambasco, Frederik Van der Veken, and Igor Zacharov LHC@Home: a BOINC-based volunteer computing infrastructure for physics studies at CERN https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2017-0042 Received October 6, 2017; accepted November 28, 2017 1 Introduction Abstract: The LHC@Home BOINC project has provided This paper addresses the use of volunteer computing at computing capacity for numerical simulations to re- CERN, and its integration with Grid infrastructure and ap- searchers at CERN since 2004, and has since 2011 been plications in High Energy Physics (HEP). The motivation expanded with a wider range of applications. The tradi- for bringing LHC computing under the Berkeley Open In- tional CERN accelerator physics simulation code SixTrack frastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) [1] is that enjoys continuing volunteers support, and thanks to vir- available computing resources at CERN and in the HEP tualisation a number of applications from the LHC ex- community are not sucient to cover the needs for nu- periment collaborations and particle theory groups have merical simulation capacity. Today, active BOINC projects joined the consolidated LHC@Home BOINC project. This together harness about 7.5 Petaops of computing power, paper addresses the challenges related to traditional and covering a wide range of physical application, and also virtualized applications in the BOINC environment, and particle physics communities can benet from these re- how volunteer computing has been integrated into the sources of donated simulation capacity. -
Compact Muon Solenoid Detector (CMS) & the Token Bit Manager
Compact Muon Solenoid Detector (CMS) & The Token Bit Manager (TBM) Alex Armstrong & Wyatt Behn Mentor: Dr. Andrew Ivanov Part 1: The TBM and CMS ● Understanding how the LHC and the CMS detector work as a unit ● Learning how the TBM is a vital part of the CMS detector ● Physically handling and testing the TBM chips in the Hi- bay Motivation ● The CMS detector requires upgrades to handle increased beam luminosity ● Minimizing data loss in the innermost regions of the detector will therefore require faster, lighter, more durable, and more functional TBM chips than the current TBM 05a We tested many of the new TBM08b and TBM09 chips to guarantee that they meet certain standards of operation. CERN Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire (European Council for Nuclear Research) (1952) Image Credit:: http://home.web.cern.ch/ CERN -> LHC Large Hadron Collider (2008) Two proton beams 1) ATLAS travel in opposite 2) ALICE directions until 3) LHCb collision in detectors 4) CMS Image Credit: hep://home.web.cern.ch/topics/large--‐hadron--‐collider Image Credit: http://lhc-machine-outreach.web.cern.ch/lhc-machine-outreach/collisions.htm CERN -> LHC -> CMS Compact Muon Solenoid (2008) Image Credit: hep://cms.web.cern.ch/ Image Credit: http://home.web.cern.ch/about/experiments/cms CMS Detector System Image Credit: hep://home.web.cern.ch/about/experiments/cms Inner Silicon Tracker Semiconductor detector technology used to measure and time stamp position of charged particles Inner layers consist of pixels for highest possible resolution Outer layers -
HGCAL BEAM TEST Detailed Report/User GUIDE
HGCAL BEAM TEST Detailed Report/User GUIDE PROJECT GUIDE: DAVID BARNEY NAME: DEEPAK KUMAR CHOUBEY, AAYUSH ANAND Acknowledgement This internship opportunity we had with HGCAL group at CERN was a great chance for learning and professional development. It is our first intern. we feel lucky to work with such highly experienced people in the world’s largest Nuclear Research Centre. Special thanks to P. Behera, D. Barney to put us here. we would also like to grab this opportunity to thank Andre David for continuously guiding us throughout this internship. We gained a lot of theoretical and practical aspect of knowledge with a motivation to use it further for ourself and the betterment of our professional career. Deepak, Aayush IIT Madras [email protected] [email protected] Table of Contents 1.Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….4 #. CERN #. CMS #. HGCAL 2.Beam Test …………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….7 #. Overview #. Data Taking #. Data Analysis 3.Feedback/ Experience………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….18 4.References and contact details…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..19 1.INTRODUCTION #.CERN It is the world’s largest and most sophisticated Nuclear Research center, located at the border of Switzerland and France. Its provisional body was founded on 1952. It uses very large and complex instruments to study about fundamental particles. Here, particles are made to collide at a very large speed. This gives their physicists to study about the particle interactions and behavior after the collisions. European organization for nuclear research became renown after their famous discovery of Higgs boson. It has many experiments going on simultaneously at different locations in CERN. Its major experiments are *CMS (compact muon solenoid) *ATLAS ( a toroid LHC apparatus) *ALICE ( a large ion collider experiment) *LHC (large hadron collider) • and other experiments are ASACUSA, ATRAP, AWAKE, BASE, CAST, CLOUD, COMPASS, LHCf, MOEDAL, NA61/SHINE, NA62 etc. -
Physics Potential of an Experiment Using LHC Neutrinos
Available on the CMS information server CMS NOTE 2019-001 The Compact Muon Solenoid Experiment CMS Note Mailing address: CMS CERN, CH-1211 GENEVA 23, Switzerland 2019/03/05 Physics Potential of an Experiment using LHC Neutrinos N. Beni1, M. Brucoli2, S. Buontempo3, V. Cafaro4, G.M. Dallavalle4, S. Danzeca2, G. De Lellis5, A. Di Crescenzo3, V. Giordano4, C. Guandalini4, D. Lazic6, S. Lo Meo7, F. L. Navarria4, and Z. Szillasi1 1 Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Inst. for Nuclear Research (ATOMKI), Debrecen, Hungary, and CERN,Geneva, Switzerland 2 CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland 3 Universita` di Napoli Federico II and INFN, sezione di Napoli, Italy 4 INFN sezione di Bologna and Dipartimento di Fisica dell’ Universita,` Bologna, Italy 5 CERN, Geneva, Switzerland, and Universita` Federico II and INFN sezione di Napoli, Italy 6 Boston University, Department of Physics, Boston, MA 02215, USA 7 INFN sezione di Bologna and ENEA Research Centre E. Clementel, Bologna, Italy Abstract Production of neutrinos is abundant at LHC. Flavour composition and energy reach of the neutrino flux from proton-proton collisions depend on the pseudorapidity h. At large h, energies can exceed the TeV, with a sizeable contribution of the t flavour. A dedicated detector could intercept this intense neutrino flux in the forward direction, and measure the interaction cross section on nucleons in the unexplored energy range arXiv:1903.06564v1 [hep-ex] 15 Mar 2019 from a few hundred GeV to a few TeV. The high energies of neutrinos result in a larger nN interaction cross section, and the detector size can be relatively small.