A New Beginning: Refugee Integration in Europe Table of Contents
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A NEW BEGINNING Refugee Integration in Europe September 2013 A NEW BEGINNING Refugee Integration in Europe Outcome of an EU funded project on Refugee Integration Capacity and Evaluation (RICE) © United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Bureau for Europe, September 2013 This document is for general distribution. All rights reserved. Reproductions and translations are authorized, except for European Refugee commercial purpose, provided the source is acknowledged. Fund of the European Commission Cover Photo: Asylum seekers centre in Winterswijk, the Netherlands, for refugees who have recently received a residence permit. At Winterswijk they start preparations for their integration into Dutch society, by taking language courses and learn computer skills. © UNHCR/ Peter de Ruiter Layout & design: BakOS DESIGN Acknowledgements This project has been financially supported by the European Refugee Fund of the European Commission. This research was written and researched by Project Coordinator (consultant) Gail Hopkins and coordinated by UNHCR’s Bureau for Europe (Policy and Legal Support Unit, Emilie Wiinblad). Research and report writing in France, Sweden, Ireland and Austria was conducted by Clotilde Giner, Maria Ahlsten, Diana Gouveia and Haleh Chahrokh respectively, with assistance from staff in UNHCR’s offices in each of these countries and in Brussels. In particular contributions were made by Karin Davin, Karolina Lindholm Billing, Ruth Schöffl, Christoph Pinter, Stefan Maier, Marie Noelle Thirode, Lorna Cronnelly, Sophie Magennis, and Pauline Chaigne. Particular thanks go to the National Reference Group in each participating country for their advice and direction to the project and to stakeholders who took time to meet us and share their valuable experience and insight to the challenges and opportunities for refugee integration. UNHCR also expresses its sincere gratitude to the refugee respondents who were interviewed in this project and spoke about their personal stories and integration experiences. Our sincere thanks go to every one of them. Appreciation is also extended to other government officials, representatives from non-governmental organizations, interpreters and academics who provided information, comments and feedback during the course of this research and who are committed to refugee integration. Translations: all English translations of national legislation, decisions and reports are unofficial translations by the researchers unless otherwise indicated. 4 A New Beginning: Refugee Integration in Europe Table of Contents Executive Summary ..............................................................................................................................8 Key findings: ...................................................................................................................................9 Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................................10 Refugee integration ............................................................................................................................11 Consideration of a direction for refugees and integration ..................................................................12 Aims of the study ...............................................................................................................................12 The definition of integration ................................................................................................................13 Structure of the report ........................................................................................................................15 Chapter 2: Methodology ..........................................................................................................16 Participating countries .......................................................................................................................17 Gathering data ....................................................................................................................................18 Desk research .....................................................................................................................................18 Consultations .....................................................................................................................................19 Bias and limitations ............................................................................................................................21 Analysis ..............................................................................................................................................22 Ethics ..................................................................................................................................................23 Chapter 3: Statistical overview .............................................................................................24 Migrant integration statistics ..............................................................................................................26 Statistical information from the national research ..............................................................................28 Chapter 4: Trends in the development of integration indicators and of integration evaluation ...........................................................................32 Populations considered for integration ..............................................................................................34 EU policy, declarations and directives on integration ........................................................................34 Measuring and monitoring “successful” integration, including for Refugees ....................................36 MIPEX ...........................................................................................................................................38 PROSINT ......................................................................................................................................38 Integration Evaluation Tool (IET) ...................................................................................................39 Integration policy direction and measuring integration ......................................................................40 Chapter 5: Literature review ..................................................................................................50 Employment .......................................................................................................................................52 Education and Language ...................................................................................................................57 Active Citizenship ...............................................................................................................................60 Social Integration and Social Inclusion ..............................................................................................64 Housing ..............................................................................................................................................66 Family Reunification ...........................................................................................................................70 Asylum Process and Conditions ........................................................................................................71 Health .................................................................................................................................................72 UNHCR Research 2012/2013 5 Chapter 6: Stakeholder and refugee consultations .....................................................74 Refugees’ understanding of integration .............................................................................................74 Employment .......................................................................................................................................76 Employment trajectories ..............................................................................................................77 Factors which influence efugeer employment .............................................................................78 Language ...............................................................................................................................78 Health .....................................................................................................................................80 Recognition of qualifications/experience ...............................................................................80 Mobility/driving licence ..........................................................................................................83 Lack of networks ....................................................................................................................83 Childcare ................................................................................................................................85 Administrative and information ..............................................................................................85 Housing instability ..................................................................................................................86 Discrimination ........................................................................................................................87