Newburgh in the World War

Newburgh in The World War

A Review of the Part Played by Residents of the City of Newburgh and the Towns of Newburgh, New Windsor and Vicinity in the Great Con~ict

Produced under the Supervision of JOHN DEYO, M. D. Official Historian for the City of Newburgh Assisted by a Committee of Citizens Active in Various Phases of War Work, including Col. Joseph M. Dickey, Walter H. Whitehill, DeWitt E. McKinstry, Samuel V. Schoon maker, Thomas F. Gunning, LeGrand W. Pellett

Text Matter Written and Research Work by EDWARD P. DUNPHY, M. A. City Editor, Newbur~lt1"ai!9 News

O the members of Judson P. Galloway T Post, No. I 52, American Legion, to the members of John T. Kenney Post,, No. 973, \?" eterans of Foreign \Vars, to all of those ,vho lived and served through the \Vorld War, and specially to those ,vho served and gave the last full measure of devotion and now sleep in honored graves at home or where poppies blow in Flanders' fields, this little volume is affectionately and reverently dedi cated. 1~he record has been made possible as a patriotic service and a community contribu tion, by those whose names are enrolled herein as the patrons of the work.

EDvV ARD P. DUNPHY.

I. JOHN DEYO, l\I. D., City Historian. 2. Eo\Va\Im P. DL"::-{PHY, \Vriter of This Volum.e. 3. DR. HEXRY \V1Lsox, \Var Time City ).lanager. -+· Jm-.L\THA~ D. \V1Lsux. \Var Time Mayor. :,. HE:N'RY :.\I. LEoX ARD, Reconstruction Period ::\Iayor.

Contents

PAGE Dedication 4 Patrons 7 Foreword 9 Before America Entered the vVar 13 Newburgh First in the Field .. 26 The City Prepares for vVar - .., 34 The J off re Visit 44 Farewell To Our Soldiers ( Poem) so N ewburghers \Vith the Colors 52 The Selective Service 66 In the Heart of the Great Adventure 8o The Navy in the \Var g8 I:1 Flanders Fields - IOI N ewburghers in Special Service rog The Liberty Loan - 122 The \Velfare Group 140 Keeping the Home Fires Burning - 164

List of Illustrations

OPP. PAGE Frontispiece. First Troops To Answer Call - 26 N ewburghers Holding Commissions 34 Newburghers Holding Commissions 52 The SelectiYe Service 66 \\-'here Death Reaped a Harvest 82 The Fifty-first Pioneers in Germany 88 Grave of Ju

Patrons Edition

Residents of Newburgh and vicinity, including local organiza tions, whose interest in the history of their community and whose desire to preserve its traditions have moved them to subscribe such sum for this work as would make publication possible:

1fR. OSWALD J. CATHCART HoN. PETER CANTLINE 11R. ]OHN DREW !\JR. s. CARLISLE GOODRICH 11R. HARRY J. HAON l\tlRs. FREDERIC DELANO HITCH HoN. HENRY :M. LEONARD l\L-\JOR W. JOHNSTON 1'.rf cKAY I\fR. DEWITT E. l\,fcK1NSTRY I-loN. BENJAMIN B. ODELL REV. HENRY O'CARROLL LEGRAND w. PELLETT MR. SAMUEL V. SCHOONMAKER 1v1R. JOHN L. SLOAN 1v1R. SAMUEL L. STEWART :MR. JAMES D. TWEED 1'1R. GEORGE s. WELLER l\t1R. WALTER H. WHITEHILL

JunsoN P. GALLOWAY PosT, No. 152, AMERICAN LEGION NEWBURGH CHAMBER OF Co:MMERCE

THE NEWBURGH DAILY NEWS CITY OF N EWllURGH

Foreword

''THE present state of things is the consequence of the past," says John son, "and it is natural to inquire as to the sources of good we enjoy or the evils we suffer. If we act only for ourselves, to neglect the study of history is not prudent; if we are entrusted with the care of others, it is not just." Herein we have at once a reason for this work and an ex planation of the conditions \vhich make it necessary, worth while and possible. During the world war it was quickly brought h0me to even the most casual of visitors and observers thc1t in Newburgh to an extent not

population. It ha

Before America Entered the War

UL'{, 1914 had come and ,v:th its ,vaning, the dull, listless days of midsummer, days that ,vere hot, irksome, enervat J ing. Life moved languidly, and thoughts ran to mountain nooks or ocean breezes. Even the tonic of business activity ,vas missing, for an industrial depression ,vas at hand. A month be fore, the miserable victim of a disordered brain rose out of Servia to strike do,vn the Grand Duke Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of the Hapsburgs, in ,vhom ,vas placed the hope that the dual empire ,vould yet become a triple monarchy of greater po,ver. Here in America, \vhere concern in royalty is not great, the event occasioned only a ripple of interest, and the diplomatic exchanges which follo,ved, attracted relatively little attention. European ,var clouds had arisen too frequently ,vithout resort to arms to cause much excitement here. Ten years have come and have gone since then, but no ten years of the world's history have been so charged with moment ous events. Science tells us that within that period the cells of the human body undergo a complete transformation. A sur vey of the world today would indicate that not only the physical beings of men have been changed, but their souls and minds also, and not merely individuals, but nations as ,veil. The map of Europe has been changed, mighty empires have been dis solved, rulers have been displaced, new states have risen, and in places, the social and political orders have been overturned and radicals and visionaries are seeking to establish untried and vague methods of government. The changes are still under way,-the end far off, and only the exercise of the greatest sanity will preserve the world's stability. Gavrio Princip, a youth of 19, in mad protest against what he conceived to be his country's ,vrongs, had thrown a fire-brand which ignited a continent and threatened all civilization, and the fire, though greatly checked, still smoulders. vVar broke out with amazing speed. Austria, Servia, Ger- 1nany, Russia, France, Belgium, and England were involved, almost in a twinkling. From inertia, the world was moved within a few days to a frenzy of activity. Europe bristled with bayonets. Armies such as never before had been known were set in motion, and terrible engines of destruction were loosed in sea and earth and sky. The constructive work of centuries was swept aside. Science and energy, knowleq.ge and industry were useful only in those respects in which they made for war. Human passion, freed of restraint, carried death, sorrow and desolation everywhere. 14 NEWBURGH IN THE WORLD WAR Far ren1oved from the theatre of ,var, .A.merica, peaceful and peace-loving, stood aghast at the fury of it all. .A.pparently safe by reason of distance and the \-ast expanse of ocean lying be t\veen, it vie,ved the carnage ,vith a sen~e of shock and amaze n1ent, and then recovering-, soug-ht for the causes. President \\'ilson's proclan1ation, calling for a strict neutrality, met ,vith popular adherence. Follo,\·ing, can1e discussions, largely aca demic, of the ,var and the elements ,vhich had brought it about. Students and travelers exploited vie,vs as varied as the angles from \\·hich they sa ,v. The so 1e common ground ,vas that the conflict \\·as the inevitable result of the trend of the European nations. \Vith some, the \\-ar ,vas the jarring of commercial interests. ()thers sa,v in it, the result of opposing national aspirations for expansion, the consequence of the rivalry of Russ and T'euton, a clash of racial ambitions. Not until the resort to arms had been carried far, ,vas the veil ,vithdra,vn and the real issue disclosed. lrnseen at first, obscured by lesser considerations, it finally be ca me apparent that freedom ,vas the stake, that the test ,vas be t,veen absolutism and democracy, and one or the other ,vould perish from the earth. For the Entente, the struggle became one to pre~erve frcedon1, ,vhile world dominion ,vas the goal of the Central Powers. The initial motives may have recked little of this, and other aims n1ay have been immediately in vie,v. At the out~et Austria may have sought only to widen its influence in the Balkans, and Russia only to preserve the relations there. ~ervia may have been thinking only of its stolen provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina and its blighted aspirations for an out let to the Adriatic. Germany may have sought only a chance to expand and a greater place in the sun. Britain n1ay have been influenced by a threatened commercial supremacy, and France may have been guided by the hope of recovering Alsace and Lorraine and the thought of revenge for the humiliation of 1870, but as the conflict raged, out of the n1aclstron1 can1e the larger, n1orc vital issue as to ,vhether or not den1ocracy ,vould survive. Against this the Central Po,vers ,vere committed, for its per petuity the Entente Allies and finally An1erica labored and fought and ,von. Diplomatic coalitions of mutually hostile po,Yers to preserve a balance of po,ver ,vere untenable, and the conditions agg-ravated by national jealousies and colonial and economic rivalries brought about a ,var, but its development re vealed a ne,v issue forced by the attitude of the peoples invoh·ed. It ,vas not until this greater issue had been sharply dra,vn, that patient America entered the fray. In the days before these things becan1e clear there ,vas some division of sentiment in America. In the ceginning, each of the contenders had partisans. \Vith many, the progress of the ,var ,vas watched with something akin to sporting interest, or ,vhere deeper sensibilities ,vere involved, ,vith distress for the spiritual BEFORE AMERICA ENTERED THE WAR 15 and material havoc that ,vas ,vrought. l\Iany held a heartless attitude, caring not ,vhich side ,von. It ,vas not our ,var. Europe had so,vn the ,vind and ,vas reaping the ,vhirhvind. National hates had been fostered, national jealousies nurtured, racial antipathies had been emphasized and antagonisms encouraged. 1'he nations lived in an atmosphere charged ,vith intrigue and duplicity. Europe had made of itself a huge po,vder magazine and heedlessly played ,vith fire until the day of disaster had come. "There is a destiny ,vhich shapes our ends" and beyond human ken a g-reater po,ver ,vas moving and directing that out of the labor of the world might issue a ne,v concept of human relations. The development has sho,vn ho,v smug ,vas the attitude of those in America ,vho took \Yhat appeared to be a superior at titude, relying too much on our fancied security and the im probability of becoming involved. The position ,vas crudely expressed in a vapid, popular song- ,vhich ran, "I did not raise my boy to be a soldier", and ,vhich had a considerable vogue. Only the thoughtful saw the distant menace. Only they agreed ¥.:ith Asquith who before hostilities had been begun, raised his voice to ,varn ag-ainst "an unmeasurable intern-ational catas trophe." Truly it was all of that. Small minds sneered that all religion had broken down, and indeed there seemed some justifi cation for the sneer. ,.I'he most ardent churchman was forced te admit that materialistic science and conflicting ambitions threatened religion's accomplishments through the centuries, and the progress of a higher civilization ,vas menaced. The ul timate result of the war may not yet be written. It may happen even that it will contribute to wars of the future, but with its de:so1ation fresh in mind, it may sti11 he said it vvas not fought in vain and the rule of rig-ht is still in the ascendant. So n1uch has been said to indicate the more or less detached vie,v of the ,var taken by Americans. It is interesting to study the gradual change from this impartial observation to one of active and con1plete participation on a scale transcending the ,vi1dest flights of fancy. The drift from Germany was begun early, but ,vent on inexorably with ever-increasing force until it engulfed the nation, carrying- us into the conflict from which "'e ,vere soon to emerP-e triumphant. Sentiment grew, as sordid German bureaucracy disclosed its aims. The contempt for treaty obligations. the invasion of Belgium. the frightful reprisals, the violation of the Red Cross, the sinking of the Lusitania, the Cavel execution, unrestricted submarine warfare, the disregard of neutrals, the plotting- against America-each of the~e had its effect in so uniting and welding public opinion here as to bring substantial unanimity of sentiment in favor of the Allies. Germany's early successes quickly btought out her desire for ,vorld hegemony. Here in Newburgh was observed an in cident which showed the drift of an element of German thought. 16 NEWBURGH IN THE WORLD WAR \\~hile the ,var "·as still young, there ,yas exhibited in the ,vin do\VS of The N e,vs, a large n1ap of the ,var countries, ,vith colored pins to indicate the battle lines of the armies. These pins \\·ere mo\·ed as the forces advanced or retreated, the Ger n1ans. ominously enough, being sho,vn ,vith black pins. Liege had fallen after a desperate defense. Namur ,vas overthro,vn, and the far-flung German line ,vas rapidly stretching out to,vard the French capital. Paris \\·as no longer the center of a gay \Yorld. and preparations ,vere being made to remove the goyern ment offices to a point south. It naturally ,vas a time of rejoic ing- for those \\·ho felt \\·ith Germany. In the cro,vd ,vhich gathered ,,·as an o1d n1an, a typical Prussian, though he had been a familiar figure here for many years. The dispatches sho,ved ne\V successes for German arms, and the black pins moved steadily and resistlessly on,vard. "y~ ah", said the Prussian, tapping his cane on the ,valk. "They'll be over here next." Young America in the cro,vd ,vould ha,·e resented this ,vith a physical visitation had not some one said, "\v· ait, don't mind an old man in his dotage." Dotag-e or not, this ,vas the thought in the minds of the German ,var lords, and ,vhen events indicated that this ,vas so, Germany's doom \vas sealed. It ,vould be altog-ether unjust and untruthful to record this incident as typical or' all of those of German stock in Newburgh. It ,vas the sentiment only of the element steeped in Prussian "kultur". The great mass of the local Gern1an population was intensely Joy3J to America. ,.I'hey were of another school. They or their forbears had conic to America to satisfy their yearnings for freedom. They had the scntin1cnts \vhich brought Sigel to the States, later to he a factor in preserving 1\1issouri for the union in days of civil ,var. ,.fhey had con1c to abhor the ma terialistn and the n1ilitarism of their native land. They despised its paternalisn1 anNew York. Thither would go the reservists to take part under the guise of singers. It was said there were 150,000 men involved. Arrangements were to be made to have them fully armed and make a sudden dash· into Canada. Whether or not there was such a plot has never been officially disclosed, but at all events the invasion was never attempted. One of the aims of German diplomacy was naturally to stir 24 NEWBURGH IN THE WORLD WAR up trouble in India. If the seething millions of that country could be induced to revolt, it ,vould seriously harass any effort Great Britain might n1ake. ~fhat attempt ,vas made to foment rt'bellion, ,vas quite commonly kno,,·n, and in connection ,vith this effort Dr. Ernest Sekuna \\·as arrested. About this time he ,vas said to ha,re purchased land on the Fishkill mountains overlooking \Vest Point. Letters ,vere printed at the time ,vhich ,vere said to be from persons associated ,vith him, in ,vhich a desire ,vas expressed to acquire property "south of N e,vburgh." Nothing ,,·as vouchsafed to indicate the purpose of these purchases, and if they contained anything sinister, that ,vas not disclosed nor has it been at this tin1e. There ,vas speculation enough, and numerous theories ,vere offered. The favorite of t11ese ,vas that there ,vas some design against \Vest Point. There ,vas a very general belief that the great military academy ,vas threatened. It ,vas suggested also that possibly some attack \\'as planned on Iona Island, ,vhere naval stores ,vere kept. Still later, after A.merica entered, came the arrest here of the man known as John Robinson, ,vho ,vas charged ,vith being the intennediary between Baroness l\'1arie de Kretschman, alias l\farie de Victoria, confessed German spy, and the German government. His arrest on Broad,vay, N e,vburgh, occasioned great excitement. He ,vas being widely sought, ,vhen federal agents located him in the vicinity of Newburgh. It developed that he had been installed on a small farm in Little Britain, not far from the city, ,vhere he ,vas ostensibly engaged in the raising of chickens. He hin1self did not play the part very effectively, and finally his hiding place ,vas disclosed. He. ho,vever, had left for the day, and the agents traced him to Middletown. They arrived there soon after he had boarded a train for Newburgh. Plans to catch him ,vere hastily made. vVilliam P. Donahue, Jr., was placed ,vith a taxicab at the Erie depot with instructions t(, meet hi1n. Succeeding in this, he ,vas to start with him to ,vhatever destination he ,vas instructed to go, but to stop at a garage on the pretense of getting gasoline. This ,vas carried out to the letter, and ,vhen the taxicab stopped, agents of the department of justice arrested Robinson. This revie,v of incidents ,vill serYe to sho,v how, quite aside from the interest of the ,vorld at large in the conflict, there ,vere numerous events bringing this section into special touch with a variety of its phases. In a larger ,vay every one ,vas affected. The contest ,vas reflected in a gro,ving scarcity of many com tnodities and in constantly rising- prices. In dye stuffs and chem icals and other branches of industry in ,vhich Germany had so specialized as to meet most of the ,vorld demand, the~e elements ,vere so much in evidence that it ,vas only a short time before nearly every business lap8e or change was attributed to the war. Soon there came the kind of prosperity which comes ,vith war. Boom growths were everyvvhere. The defections of men and BEFORE AMERICA ENTERED THE WAR 25 ,vomen from their ordinary avocations, to take place in concerns doing ,var ,vork became so numerous that it ,vas difficult to get proper help for ordinary endeavor. The rush to supply the Allies ,vith ,vhat they ,vanted, resulted in offers of high ,vages, and this was soon reflected in a measure on those occupations ,vhich had no relation to the ,var. Of special interest at the time, though at present it would be of less consequence, ,vas the establishment in Goshen of a remount depot. Agents of the Allies established there a station ,vhere horses collected in all parts of the country ,vere maintained until they could be shipped abroad. In consequence this section suffered a scarity of horses ,vhich \Vas much felt then ,vhen horses ,vere in more general use, the automobile not yet having come to its own. Newburgh First in the Field

ITH the con1ing of 1917 conditions became more acute, W and on January 19 the contents of the Zimmerman note \Yere made kno,vn-"On the first of February, ,ve intend to begin subn1arine ,varfare unrestricted ...... You are instructed to notify the President of 1Iexico of the above, in the strictest confidence as soon as it is certain there ,vill be an out break of ,var ,vith the United States." This message to German officials made it clearly apparent that Germany had finally determined to carry on the ,var ,vith out reference to the opinion or position of the United States. Her varying policy in the submarine ,varfare has been ascribed t\) \·arious causes. It may have been the purpose to so regulate it as to do the greatest possible damage to shipping without forcing a break with America, or it may have been that its changes represented the variation in the opinions of the dom i1~ating minds in Germany. It is of course known that there ,vere differences there as to policy, one element advocating ab solute! y unrestricted ,var£ are while the other sought to keep this ,vithin such limits as would preserve peace with the United States. 'l'hat the policy \\"as vacillating is seen in the official repre sentations of the government and in the conflicting orders to subn1arine commanders. '!'here is documentary proof that the government violated pron1ises, for, ,vhile on occasions it agreed to abide by "the general principles of visit and search as recog nized by international Ja,v", which involved "that vessels should not be sunk without ,varning", Germany later abandoned this and began a career of unrestricted sinking. It is altogether apparent that Germany knew she was taxing the patience of America, but it is not clear just what led to the final decision to sink under any condition. Did the Germans believe that this course was necessary to win, or did they be lieve that it ,vould ,vin even if America did enter? It is thought most probable that Gern1any again misjudged America. It is quite evident that the ,vorld misjudged A1nerica's capabilities ,vhen really aroused. Even at this stage, after nearly four years of fighting, a person ,vho suggested the possibility of such move n1ent of troops as ,vas made a little later, would have been ridi culed. \:Vhat Germany possibly believed, was that if American endeavor could be devoted to its o,vn preparations, the Allies ,vould be left to their own resources and could be crushed before American aid could be effective. Shortly after Germany's latest policy was announced, rela tions ,vith Berlin ,vere broken off. This of necessity did not THE FIRST TROOPS TO ANSWER COUNTRY'S CALL Companies E and L of Xewburgh. Part of First Regimen:, Leaying ~cwhurgh, Early on Fel>rttary 31, 1017, the First \fen Summoned to Duty After the Rupture of Relations \Vith Germany, and Bdorc \\'ar \Vas Declared. The .\Ien Left the City \Vith Less Than 24 Hours Notice. During a Fierce Blizzard, to Guard New York's \Vater Supply.

NEWBURGH FIRST IN THE FIELD 27 mean ,var. President \Vilson, ahvays seeking for means to pre serve peace, expressed doubt that Germany ,vould go through ,vith the plan. "Only the overt acts on their part", he said, "can rnake me believe it even no,v." Germany, ho,vever, ,vas committed, and on April 5, 1917, the American Congress declared that a state of ,var existed. There f o) lo,ved the most tremendous display of national energy, the ,vorld has ever kno,vn. President \,Vilson, finally convinced that no longer could America hold aloof, sent the fateful message to Congress. "Right is more precious than peace, and we shall fight for the things ,ve have ahvays carried nearest our hearts-for democracy, for the rights and liberties of small nations, for a universal dominion of right by such a concert of free peoples as shall bring peace and safety to all of the nations and make the ,vorld itself at last free. To such a task we can dedicate our lives and our fortunes, everything that ,ve are and everything that ,ve have, ,vith the pride of those ,vho know that the day has come ,vhen America is privileged to spend her blood and her might for the principles that gave her birth, for happiness and the peace she has treasured. God helping her, she can do no other." A well known American has since asserted that we went into the war "to save our skins." The statement aroused much criti cism, specially from those who were moved for more sentimental reasons, and these were not few. The expression, however bald, brutal even, had the germ of truth in it. It is not to be thought that Americans feared any immediate German aggression in the event of success of Teutonic arms, but remembering the penalty imposed by Germany after the Franco-Prussian war and mind ful of the huge debts incurred by the present strife, there were few indeed who did not feel that Germany in the event of success ,vould enrich itself at the ··expense of the· defeated nations and u1timately ,vould seek to make An1erica pay also. It ,vas altogether too well known that Germany felt that the arms, munitions, supplies and financial assistance which the Allies re ceived frotn Americans had prolonged the struggle at tremen dous cost to Germany, and sooner or later, the Germans would endeavor to even this score. Since the war there have been some among our Allies who have exhibited resentment at our delay. Some, assuming to give sentiment as it exists abroad, take the ground that America waited until the work had all but been completed. Such are very forgetful of the early days of 1917. No student of events can doubt that at this period Germany was actually winning the war. A.float the U-boats were working their task of destruction with commerce. They were hampering greatly the flow of food and material much needed by the Allies. Ashore German arms had penetrated far into France, and the message went out that the backs of the Allies were against the wall. The situation in 28 NEWBURGH IN THE WORLD WAR the field ,vas such that Gern1any actually sa,v victory. Even at the risk of bringing America in to the conflict, the sea activities ,vere increased and the orders to sink ,vithout ,varning ,vere given. So, to say America simply put the finishing touches to the ,v-ar is quite remote from the truth. There \Vas nothing in the situation re~en1bling victory for the Allies. German hopes ,vere high, and the Allies, ,vhile having no thought of admitting de feat, \Vere truly in a bad \Yay. Russia ,vas no longer any great f ~ctor. The nation ,vas already affected by conditions out of ,vhich came the revolution. In America, the strength and the force of German arms ,vere appreciated as perhaps never before. Dark days ,vere ahead, and first to face those days ,vere men from N e,vburgh. Before any of the regular troops of the United States had been called upon to serve in the German emergency, N e,vburgh men ,vere in the field. On Feb. 3, 1917, President \Vilson in the celief that it ,vas no longer possible to continue diplomatic relations ,vith Germany, recommended that these be severed, and Congress agreed with him. Two days later men from N e,vburgh ,vere in the service to cope ,vith the situation thus created, the immediate demand being that they should safe guard the ,vater supply of New York City. It ,vould be ,vell at this point to pause for a moment to con sider the importance of the City of N e,v York in the struggle. Of the more than 2,000,000 n1en who ,vent to France, something like 90 per cent embarked from the Port of the City of New ·York. Through it also flo,ved a very large proportion of the vast supplies so needed for our troops and those of our Allies. 1'he dan1age which ,vould follo,v the elimination of New York as the center of American activities ,vould be incalculable, and except for precautions taken, the elimination of New York could haYe been rather easily accon1plished as will be shown. As N e,v York was the center of American activities before and during the ,var, so it ,vas also a center for German activities in this country before the ,var. German spies ,vere everywhere, doing ,vhat they could to further the German cause, and there is tio question that once America entered into the fight, they would do everything possible to han1per her. To disorg-anize N e,v York city ,vould be the greatest possible stroke for the German cause. Captain T. R. Hutton in "H-A-L-T-vVHA-ZAA ?" in which h<: tells of the service of the First Provisional Regiment on the N e,v York aqueduct, points out as established, these facts: 'The success of the l\n1erican army and its allies depended largely on the inviolability of N e,v York. The destruction of the city had been planned. This ,vas to be accomplished by fire and that fire ,vould be possible most readily by the reduction of the great ,vater way from the north, ,vhich daily carries 500,000,0CX> gallons of ,vater from the Catskills to the metropolis. He quotes Governor \Vhitman as saying, of the guarding of NEWBURGH FIRST IN THE FIELD 29 this ,vater,vay: "No task of greater importance to the state or nation ,vas assigned to any regiment during the ,var." 1~o further emphasize the importance of the ,vater artery, it is only necessary to state that at the period there is record of 100 fires in N e,v York city in a single day, the majority of them being of suspected incendiary origin. Imagine, if you can, fire in roo places in Ne\v York city, and no ,vater ,vith ,vhich to fight it. Stretching back a hundred miles along the Hudson to the Catskills \Vas the artery bearing this ,vater supply. Built as Captain Hutton points out in the soft days of peace ,vhen there ,vas no suggestion of ,var, it had many vulnerable points, and a ,vell placed bomb in any of these numerous places ,vould have left N e,v York at the mercy of the fire fiend. From this it ,vill be obvious that the preservation of the ,vater course ,vas something rather more than incidental. Though naturally, it became a matter of routine, all of the cir cumstances united to make it of major importance. The great stretch of terrain, the character of the country itself and the ,veather conditions all conspired to make it a difficult task for these men. February in this latitude is the most severe of all the \\·inter months, and the aqueduct traversed a rolling country, much of the line being remote from railways. Conditions were far different from those of the big training camps which were prepared in advance and equipped with every possible comfort. To keep the ,vater course intact so there might be an unin terrupted flo,v to the great n1ctropolis, ca11ed for troops, and they came in the First and Tenth Regiments of the N e,v York Nation a! Guard. Newburgh provided two complete companies of the First Regiment. It \vas quite the custom in those days for a certain variety of the militarists to scoff at the National Guard. Not so much of this is heard no,v. Such of the National Guard regiments as were left intact, did their bit in France. They are quite content to stand by the record. In France the national guard elements ,vere not found wanting in the fight as previous ly they had not been found wanting- in preparation or efficiency. 'fhe successful aqueduct duty is sufficient proof of these points. The day of the departure of our military companies, Feb. 5, 19r7, ,vill long be memorable in local military annals, not for the pomp and sho,v, not for the glitter which clings to the armed forces, but rather for the emotions that recollections of the day ,vill ahvays bring. They were first to the colors in the World \\1ar, and the day was in striking contrast to that which had n1arked the departure of the first troops to the last war, the trouble ,vith Spain. That was a glorious May day, with the sun shining, the streets filled with spectators, bands playing with flags fluttering everywhere. No such cheer attended the men who answered this later call. Above were leaden skies, out of which came a heavy fall of snow, driven by a gale, while the temperature fell 30 NEWBURGH IN THE WORLD WAR and the ,vhole situation approximated a blizzard. Through snow almost knee deep and ,vith the \veather so cold that it "'as a practical impossibilitiy for the musicians ,vho had volunteered, tc, play, there ,vas nothing of glamour in this for the shivering cro,vds ,,·ho bade fare,vell to those off for their long vigil on the aqueduct. 1'hey \vere hardy men, those ,vho set out on this expedition, or they never ,vould have survived ,vhat follo\ved. Coming from the stores, the offices, the shops, the professions, relatively fe,v ,vere out-of-door men. Only fe,v ,vere in any ,vay hardened to the rigors they ,vere called upon to endure in the days follow ing. In considering their service it is ,vell to recall the state men ts of some of them ,,·ho said that aside from ,vounds, the physical suffering on this aqueduct duty \vas greater than that to ,vhich they ,vere subjected in France. rfhis, no doubt, is due to their better preparation for France. Those \vho \Vent abroad, for the most part, had periods in camp and opportunity in greater or less degree to grow into their new environment. 1'hey had a course of training in the field ,vhich gradually led up to ,vhat would be required, but these men of Co's E and L, had only a fe\v hours notice, and under the ,vorst conditions of ,veather ,vere called upon to face the rigors of ,vintcr in places ,vhere nothing at all had been prepared in ad vance for them. 'I'he picture which appears in this volume sho,ving- the departure, is eloquent in describing the conditions of that day. Illustrating the speed with which the Newburgh com panies ,vere prepared to move it should be noticed that the first orders ,verc receiYed here by ]\fajor James F. Sheehan on Sun day, January 4, at 1 :05 a. n1. \,\Tith the storn1 prevailing it will be easy to realize that at that hour, the city was far from active. :rv1 ajor Sheehan at once communicated with Captain Egan of Con1pany E and Captain Blythe of Co. L, and they in turn with the Lieutenants and so on do,vn the line ,vith such expedition that at 8 o'clock n1ore than go per cent. of the men were in the arn1ory. The first order ,vas n1erely for an assembly. At 10 o'clock, the order came to move at I o'clock. The preparations at that tin1e ,vcre so far advanced that the men ,vere excused to attend church. \Vhere, save in barracks, could this mobilization be in1proved? Later in the day orders came to delay the start until evening, and still later ,vord reached here that Company I of 11iddleto,vn and Co. K of \Val ton ,vould come to Newburgh and remain here for the night, the battalion moving under Major Sheehan on the morning of February 5. Peekskill ,vas the first objective for the regiment, the idea being to spread the battalion from that point over that portion of the aqueduct which extends north on the east side of the Hud son Riv~r. Lieut. Arthur E. Brundage in his review of the local companies says: NEWBURGH FIRST IN THE FIELD 31 "The men ,vho ,vere on that trip ,vill rememcer the day they lJ.ndecl at the state reservation as long as they live. The sno,v ,vas up to their ,vaists, and it ,vas biting cold. There were many ca~es of frost bite. It ,vas necessary to hike up the long moun tainous road, and the march ,vas not unlike a sample of Na poleon's journey over the Alps. The men ,vill still have n1em ories of their night in the barn ,vith the state mules in Peekskill; rr:en in one end, and the frightened animals in the other. Rumor had it that some of the men slept bet\veen the mules to keep ,varm. " Company L remained in Pleasantville guarding the adjacent ,vater\vays until April I I, ,vhen it was relieved from duty. Com pany E remained until February I I, ,vhen it ,vas transferred to N e,v Paltz and the Ulster County section of the aqueduct and remained there until August IO, ,vhen, having teen federalized, it returned to N e\vburgh to prepare for final departure; and on P. ugust 16, the t,vo companies again ,vent on duty, going to \-an Cort1 and t Park, N C\V York, until such time as a camp c011ld be prepared in the south for them. During the interval. ·while the old First Regiment was on guard along the aqueduct, the First Provisional R.egiment with t\vo con1panies here was formed under the leadership of Col. John B. Rose, and this regiment took up the duty of guarding the \Vater\vay when the others went away into the more active dufes of the strife. The new regiment carried on to the end with distinguished success. 1~hosc who went out with Companies E and L included the follo,ving: I\1ajor James F. Sheehan, Battalion Commander; L1eut. J. T. Sheehan, Battalion Adjutant and Bertran1 C. Keefe, Serre ant-Major. Company E-Capt. Egan, Lieut. Penoyar, Lieut. Brundage, First Sergeant Gallo,vay, Supply Serp-eant Paltridge, Mess Ser grant \Voodburn, Sergeants Bates, Greene and Schultz, Cor porals Sean1an, !\feK.eel, Hughes, Lynn, Townsend, Earley, Ter ,vill iger. \Vagner, Barr, l(ernochan, Artificer Raible, Cooks Mar tin and Ryan, !\I usicians Scott and Smith, Privates Allison, H. F. Anderson, 1~. E. Anderson, Baird, Baxter, A. E. Brown. E. W. Rro\vn, F. H. Bro,vn, Brundage, Cianfrogna, Collard, Connell, Chrystal. G. Cra,vford, J. J. Crawford, Crist, Cunningham, Curry, Daly, Derham, Easman, N. Farina, T. Farina, Fine, E. Flemming, J. N. Flemming-, Gilnick, Harris, Hasdenteufel, Hun ter. Irving, Jankura, Joy, Sterrit Keefe, W. H. Keefe, Kenney, Kilpatrick, Laverty, Locke, McCaw, McCullough, McDermott, D. !\.f cE"ven, E. McEwen, McGo,van, :tvicGrath, McGibbon, 1'1cQuiston, :1'.,!antz, 1fartin, H. Miller, R. Miller, Munson, H. Murphy, L. Murphy, H. Odell, L. Odell, Palkovic, Pilus, Quillan, Rightmyer, Rogers, Sarvis, Schimmel, Schmidt, Scott, Shaw, G. ~mith, vV. Smith, Stanley, vV. Taylor, W. T. Taylor, Townsley, E. Travis, W. Travis, Vanostrand, J. Vernol, Warwick, Welch, 32 NEWBURGH IN THE WORLD WAR \\ielliver, Calvin \V·eyant, Chester \\1 eyant, Dubro,v, J. Kenney and Deeb. Company L-Capt. Blythe, Lieut. \Vallace, 1Iess Sergeant Hunter, Supply Sergeant Hanlon, Sergeants Spencer, Jurgens, Dinan, Daley, Green; Corporals H uddelson, l\Iooney, Peacock, l\fcCracken, Reid, Allen, Greaney, Hallenbeck, Kearney; Cook Tuttle; l\Iusician \T oungberg; Privates Anderson, Arnold, Bell, Bre\ver I, Bre\Yer 2, Bro\\·n, Bryant r, Bryant 2, Byrnes, Camp bell, Carroll r, Carroll 2, Carroll 3, Coffey, Connell I, Connell 2, Connors, Coone, Cramer, Cressington, Cra\vford, Daley, Deneker, De,·ereaux, Dillon, Dinan r, Dinan 2, Dippre, Donnelly, Eager,

Eames, Erdman1 Estabrook, Fagan, Field, Fitzpatrick, Fulda, Haeffner, Haight I, Haight 2, Halford, Hanlon, Hauver, Hel stern, Hunter, Johnson, Jackson, Kir\van r, Kir\van 2, Kissam, Knapp, Leach, Lester, Lord, Lo\vers, Lukacik, Lunn, l\IacE\van, l\f cCall, l\fcDermott, l\fc \reigh, l\fartin, 1faple, l\1asten, l\1iller r, 11iller 2, 1Iinnick, !\Iorris, i\f ullen, ~lullarkey, Nagle, O'Calla ghan, Parlovic, Peterson, Roe, Sayers, Schimmel, Siegfried, Sarvis, Shaffer, Sha\v, Stephenson, Stone, 'rerwilliger, Todd, ·T'ompkins, Tuthill, Van Pelt, \Vade, \Vilson~ Wixson. \Vith the ,vithdrawal of Companies E and L, from the city, N e\vburgh \vas \vithout a uniformed force save the police. During the 11exican mobilization in 1915 \vhen Companies E and L \Vere absent fron1 the city, depot units \Vere formed \vith Peter Cantline and 'fenny R. I-Iyde in command. The state now proposed to re-organize the units directing that they be made up of n1en not subject to the draft. This order ,vas quickly superccded by another directing the organization of a ne\v state guard. Co. L \vas succeeded by the ne\v Co. L, which was pJaced under the command of Harry Haon, and Co. E was suc creded by \vhat was at first the ne\v Co. E but later was made a 1\1 achine Gun Company, under the command of Oswald Cathcart. 1'hese \Vere to be units in the N e\v First R.egimen t of which John B. Rose \vas placed in com1nand as colonel, ~fr. Cantline ,vas n1ade a n1a_jor and \Villian1 J. Beahan, battalion adjutant. Graham \Vitschief and B. Bryant Odell v.,ere commissioned as lieutenants in the 1\Iachine Gun Co., and D. Clinton· Don1inick and Frederick \V. \\Tilson in Co. L. This organization ,vas considerably more than the depot unit at first conten1plated. The former guard companies, feder alized and ready for the front ,vere regarded as irrevocably out of the state control. N e,v units ,vere required to take their places permanently in the state, and this ,vas the service of the ne,v guard. :ti.Ioreover these men were required to relieve the troops on aqueduct duty. Chance brought it that the local companies \Vere not called upon to do much in this way, but they ,vere \vell recruited and indeed became training agencies for the great conflict. \T oluntary recruiting in the national fore es ,vas suspended in time and men \vho were of draft age NEWBURGH FIBST IN THE FIELD 33 and ,vho ,vished to enter the service ,vere told they must ,vait to be called. l\Iany of these entered the 1Iachine Gun Co., and Co. L and there obtained the rudiments of military science. So co1nmon ,vas this practice that considering ,vhat ,vas assumed to be their strength the rolls of these companies \Vould look extremely large. The reason ,vas that men went from them into the regular service, and not a fe,v of them ,von ,var ronts \Yhile others obtained commissions by reason of the pre\·ious preparation they had obtained. In the camps the officers ,Yere quick to see men ,vho had some kno,vledge of drill and tactics, and singled them out for places as corporals and sergeants so that the local companies ,vere in truth a school for the army. The imminence of these units being called to aqueduct or other guard duty and the necessity of having at home a force ,\·hich could be speedily summoned led to the organization of a N e\vburgh Corps of the Ho1ne Guard, a volunteer organization ,vhich accepted men only above 31 years of age and up to 64 This ,vas formed through the co-operation of J. Bradley Scott and City 1fanager vVilson. At the first meeting the following named enrolled: Theodore V. \V. Anthony, 11. L. Carey, vValter I-1. \Vhitehill, Percy R. Ashplant, Ralph S. Tompkins, Dr. Edgar 0. 1Iitchell, the Rev. John Marshall Chew, John Smith, Dr. W. \V. J ohonnott, J)r. B. E. Gurney, vVilliam T. Hilton, Louis J. I-Ienclerson, and Charles \V. U. Sneed. At the second meeting these others joined: 1~he R.ev. Frank Heartfielcl, Thomas W. Ste\vart, Robert Johnston, Silas H. Beers, Hiram B. Odell, J. W. Brundage, George S. \Vel1er, the Rev. Jay Knox, vV. S. Chester field, }Ienry M. I(cnnedy, vVilliam J. vVygant, W. Cook Belknap, J. R. 1'hompson, Elmer E. Roosa, William J. McClughan, Dr. \V. Hasbrouck Snyder, LeGrand vV. Pellett, Edward J. Collins, N". Deyo Belknap, 1~. A. Farrington, W. R. DuMond, Arthur F. Elmendorf, R. \V. \:Vhitehill, Samuel F. Brown, Dr. Harry L. Barnun1, Edgar \\T. Jansen, Dr. E. C. Thompson, H. J. Wilkins, S. Carlisle Goodrich, Dr. Henry Wilson and William F\ Chad,vick. The City Prepares for War

NE effect of the presence of so n1any >~ e\Yburghers in the 0. field even before hostilities ,vere begurr \Vas to give N e,v burghers son1e of the experiences i !1cidc11 t to -..var time. It is quite characteristic of hu1nan nature that circumstar1ces ,vh ich, existing in son1e remote place, may cause us little thrill, become much magnified ,\·hen brought to our doors. Thus a famine in China ,vhich carried off thousands may move us to pity, may induce us to contribute generously to a relief fund, but it \\·ill not produce the horror ,vhich ,vould be occasioned if a single family ,vere found starving at home. The \var had been going- on for three years. 11illions of men ,vere in the field. l\Jany thousands had been maimed or killed, but these facts excited little of the personal interest resulting from the presence of 200 N e,vburgh boys in the service. Though there ,vas little or no hazard for them irom enemies, there ,vere the hardships of a ,vin tcr can1paign and concern for them ,vas uppermost. This ,vas reflected first in a movement to organize a branch of the Reel Cross here. The development of this will be recorded hitcr in a separate chapter. It is only necessary here, in further illustrating local spirit to record that before hostilities had actua11y been begun, n1ore than I.SOO persons \Vere already actively interested and working for the Red Cross. Already the desire for the ,vc1f are of the troops ,vas strong, and this early start 1nay be in a n1easure an explanation for the marvelous later grovvth of the spirit of service. It is of more than passing interest that even before An1erica entered the conflict, N e,vburgh had sensed the idea of the selective service, later put into effect and the City Council had passed a resolution, not 1nercly approving ,vhat had been done but advocating in terms a discontinuance of the volunteer sys tem and urging in its place such a n1easure as ,vould put the burden on all ,vho ,vere able to carry it. 'rhe opinion ,vas expressed that the duty of safeguarding the country should not be confined to the National Guard and other patriotic bodies but that there shouid be a plan by ,vhich all ,vho could serve should do so. At a meeting of the Council on 1'farch 12, 1917, attended by all the members, \\Tilliam H. Coldwell presented the follow ing minute \vhich ,vas seconded by vVilliam R. Perkins and unanimously carried: "After exhausting- the resources of diplomacy in an effort to avert ,var, the President has now taken the only course con sistent ,vith national self respect. War ,vith Germany will not /

iI I

NEWBURG I IERS HOLDING CO~L\IISSIONS

I. rvIAJOR ]A:\lES F. SHEEH,\X, Battalion Commander Old First Regiment. 2. :MAJOR (xow COLONEL) R. A. EGAN, 107th Infantry. 3. CAPL\IN H.\RRY bLYTHE. ro7th Infantry . ...J.. CAPT.\IN J. T. SHEEH.\N, 106th Infantry. 5. LIEl'T. ]. ~[. H. \V:\LL\CE. 6. LIECT ..-\RTH t:R E. BRt.NDACE, 107th Infantry. 7. LIEGT. \\'. B. PENOY:\R, 107th Infantry. ( Ofticcrs TV ho lrc11t Out TVitlz First Regiment) 8. LIEUT. ]. TowNSEND CASSEDY, 165th Reg., First DiY.-Past Command er. American Legion, Judson P. Galloway Post. 9. LIEUT. E. L. HAN LOX, First Pioneers. Commander John T. Kenney Post. V. F. W.

THE CITY PREPARES FOR WAR 35 ensue unless the Imperial German Government kno,vingly violates \vell settled principles of international la,v and violates then1 ,vith intent definitely hostile to the United States. ··In that event ,var \vill inevitably follo\v, not by our o,v·n act but through the deliberate aggression of another nation. If any honest doubt exists, respecting the cause of the ,var in Europe, the av,rful responsibility of extending it to this hemis phere ,vill rest upon Germany and upon Germany alone. "It may be that the Imperial German Government is misin f orn1ed respecting the temper of the people of the United States j~st as that government is supposed to have misconceived the sentiment of the British Empire at the outbreak of the European \ Var. If so, and before fatal action, based on so grave a mistake i~ taken, Gern1any should be made a,vare of the essential unity of our people and of their loyal determination to make all sac rifices necessary to protect our liberty and to maintain our honor. To this end we call upon all bodies similar to ours throughout the country and upon all groups of citizens organ lized for ,vhatever purpose to meet without delay and express themselves ,vith no uncertain voice, respecting the course that they will be prepared to follow. We urge all such groups of citizens, secular and religious, ·1arge and small, societies, clubs and institutions of every sort to unite ,vith us in giving imme diate public expression to such convictions as those we now solemnly record. "First-,-fhat the act_ of the Executive in severing diplo n1atic relations with Germany is. one· to be approved and con1mended by all who h~ve the best interests of the United States at heart. · "Second-That the German declaration of January 31, 1917, represents an unjustified and unjustifiable attempt to destroy the freedom of the sea and to abridge the con1mercial liberty guaranteed to us by established Ia,v and custom and that if the governn1ent of the United States were to acquiesce therein, such action would be resented by all good citizens as in the highest degree pusil1animous and as altogether inconsistent with the spirit and traditions of a free people. "11 hird-That the President will be justified in recommend ing to Congress the most extreme measures that may be deemed necessary to protect life, liberty and property; and that it is our duty and that of all loyal citizens to tender to the govern ment all the service of which ,ve severally and collectively are capable. "Fourth-That while all should stand ready to volunteer, if voluntary service is called for, yet Congress in providing for our common safety should not adopt _emergency measures merely, but should definitely recognize the principles that the duty of defending the nation rests equally upon all citizens capable of service. To the end therefore that the burden of 36 NEWBURGH IN THE WORLD WAR safeguarding the country should no longer be cast exclusively upon the national guard and upon other patriotic military and na\·al Yolunteers, Congress should be urged to exercise its con stitutional po\ver to raise and support armies by establishing immediately a permanent and democratic system of defense based upon uni\·ersal service and training under direct and exclusi\·e Federal control. ".A. copy of this n1inute is ordered to be transmitted to the President of the United States, to the Secretary of \Var and other n1embers of the Cabinet and to the members of both Con gressional con1mittees on military affairs." The ''German declaration of January 31" referred to ,vas the formal publication of Germany's purpose of unrestricted \\·arfare under ,vhich the United States ,vas to be permitted to send but one vessel a \\·eek to England and that to Falmouth, the vessel to be painted and marked in a manner designated by Germany. Illustrating the general response to the sentiments thus exprcssecl, it is ,vorth recording that a patriotic gathering was held in the Palatine on J\farch 27, 1917, under the auspices of the Chamber of Commerce, at ,vhich some 200 men representa tives of the manufacturing, commercial and professional inter ests of the city united in a message to the President, pledging him their support, as follows: "\\~e, the citizens of Ne,vburgh, Orange County, New York, assen1bled the 27th clay of 1\1arch, 1917, at a meeting under the auspices of the Chamber of Commerce, held to give expression to the patriotism and loyalty ,vhich animates us at the tin1e of national crisis do hereby subscribe our name to the following pledg-e: "vVe hereby rene,v and reaffirm our allegiance to the United States of America and to the flag which is its emblem; we pledge our loyalty to the President of the United States and to the governn1ent \vhich he represents; we guarantee to support the government in whatever steps it may take in the defense of our national rights whenever attacked and to maintain the security of our beloved land and to preserve the honor of the nation. "Furthermore ,ve have resolved that the pledge and the signatures thereon be transmitted to the President of the United States." The sentiment was signed by the following named, every person present giving his signature: Dr. Percy R. Ashplant, \V. H. Abbott, Duncan Aird, George F.. Atwood, George I. Bates, Albert R. Beal, Henry C. Bennett, B. T. Bievier, Dr. P. C. Bannan, \V. T. Bonner, Buel Bridges, D. E. Brooks, Eugene W. Bigler, Frederick C. Balfe, J. Calvin Brown, Silas H. Beers, Clayton C. Bourne, R. A. Brown, William J. Blake, Jr., James Craig, Rev. J. Marshall Chew, Peter THE CITY PREPARES FOR WAR 37 Cantline, Charles Clapper, J. G. Collin~vood, Harry Cohen, \Villiam F. Cassedy, James Carnright, Roy P. Curtis, Rev. J. Lyman Cotton, R. T. Cameron (\Valden), Frederick V. Car penter, \Valter S. Carvey, \Villiam Curry, LeRoy Carnright, \Villian1 E. Conyngham, 0. C. Cra,vford, L. E. Carpenter, Dr. \V. J. Carr, B. Canniff (\Valden), F. C. Chadborn, Louis Donahey, K. l\L Drake, Edward P. Dunphy, ~Iichael J. D,vyer, John E. Dre\\r, \V. H. Doyle, George A. Dell, Hugh A. Daniel, Thomas J. Diamond, Frank Embler, Jack Early, J. Harvey Earl, Frank Earl, vV. J. Eggleston, John Egan, Homer S. Finley, \Villiam Fiynn, T. A. Farrington, Nicholas F. Fitzpatrick, Lieut. C. L. Faulkner, Anson J. Fowler, S. Carlisle Goodrich, Ed,vard E. Gore, Gaspar Genova, Harry D. Greene, Dr. \V. Stanton Gleason, Francis J. Gorman, \Villiam H. Hyndman, Rev. J. Le,vis Hartsock, Homer H. Herman, \,Villiam \V. Ha,vks, Percy \V. Herbert, Dr. John T. Howell, William F. Hoehn, Thomas B. Hornbeck, \,Villiam J. Hadfield, Charles U. Johnston, Joseph i-1. Johnson, \Villiam H. June, E. Johnson, Edwin 11. Jones, John A. J ova, Dr. \,V. vVare J ohonnott, Dr. F. A. Jacobson, James H. Y. Kidd, Frederick H. Keefe, E. Kendall, Rev. Jay Knox, Andrew J. Leicht, William Leghorn, Alexander D. Nf cCann, William E. McCutcheon, Robert McTamaney, Chauncey L. McElrath, Dr. M. A. McQuade, DeWitt E. Mc Kinstry, Fred A. Munger, H. Mendlesohn, George E. McCoy (Peekskill), W. Johnston McKay, Charles H. Manning, William S. Moore, Ed,vard C. Maloney, Harry A. Marvel, Hiram Merritt, James E. 1fagourty, L. Molitor, Charles Millard, Joseph P. Monihan, George B. Overhiser, William Nixon, Alfred Nutt, Edward H. Noble, Herbert R. Odell, Private A. E. O'Connor, First British ljfe Guards; Hon. Benjamin B. Odell, B. Bryant Odell, Hiram B. Odell, John H. Quaid, Richard Parrott, John F. Ronk, William Reid, Thomas V. Reilly, Hiram Schoonmaker, Samuel V. Schoonmaker, Jr., John Schoonmaker, Samuel V. Schoonmaker, Benjamin Schlesinger, Judge A. H. F. Seeger, \V. C. Scott, Samuel L. Ste\\'art, Elwood C. Smith, J. Bradley Scott, Max Samuels, Charles W. U. Sneed, George Stocks, Arthur R. Snyder, August F. Selke, James R. Speir, Warren M. Smith, R. F. Shackleford, Charles J. Stones, Dr. W. Hasbrouck Snyder, W. Timmons, Joseph H. Turl, R. B. Thompson, Dr. E. C. Thompson, Dr. C. E. Townsend, John F. Tucker, Fred W. ,.l'upper, W. H. Whitehill, Jonathan D. Wilson, Jr., Ralph H. \,\rhitehill, Graham vVitschief, Frederick W. Wilson, William H. \\T oertendyke, C. Waldron, Jr., George S. Weller, Charles \Voodhull, Hon. D. W. Wilbur, Herbert A. vVarden, W. H. \\1 erre, \Villiam J. Wygant. Included in the number, it is quite probable, there were many who at the outset of the war had no very decided opinion as to the responsibility for the strife. By stages such as have been outlined and because of Germany's course, all had gradually 38 NEWBURGH IN THE WORLD WAR been brought to one n1ind, that Germany ,Yas infringing on the rights of ..A..merica and Germany must be curbed. In numerous other channels ,vas the unity of feeling, indi cated. On the night ,vhen n1en of the city ,vere thus pledging their resources, ,,·on1en ,vere discussing ho,v they could serve. At a meeting of the Girls' Friendly Society of the Church of the Good Shepherd, 1Iiss Grace 1IacDonald, sister of 1Irs. John ~J arshall Che,v, distributed blanks of the National League for \ V omen's Service and explained the purposes of the League, ,Yhich \\·ere in co-operation ,vith the Red Cross and included canteen "·ork, type,,-riting, stenographic ,vork, cooking, ,vash ing, cleaning and clerical ,vork in all of ,vhich channels ,vomen could be useful. Plans for the relief of the families of men in service ,vere already functioning, ,vith De \\Titt E. 1fcKinstry and \V. Johns ton l\fcKay in charge. During the nifexican mobilization there had been organized a Soldiers' Relief Committee, the purpose of which ,vas to care for the dependents of service men. There had then been a little murmur of dissent from those ,vho thought the men ,vith dependents should be released from duty. 1"'his never reached the point of any dimensions. \Vhatever sentiment there ,vas in that direction had been checked by the ,vords of the Rev. J. G. D. Findley, himself a veteran of the Civil War. "Our purpose should be", he said "not to seek to withdraw from service, the n1en who want to go, but to enable all of those who do ,vant to go, to go through ,vith their desires. Few things have so bad an effect on a man who wants to serve his country as to n1ake it difficult or impossible for him to do so." 1"'his spirit don1inatcd. In a report on the fund on l\1arch 27, 1917, \V. Johnston l\i1cl(ay said, "Every case presented has been thoroughly investigated and without exception has been found to be worthy. Relief has been furnished the day the application ,vas received." In the course of his report he said further: "This tin1c it ,vas thought well to test the public, and availing ourselves of the very generous offer of the columns of the daily papers, we in formed the citizens of N e,vburgh of the amount ,ve would need each ,veek for the ,vork before us. No one has been personally solicited for a contribution, but we are happy to report that the amount required has been cheerfully furnished and during the past ,veek your committee ,vas able to announce that while ,ve ,vould receive any contributions sent us, we are not asking for money during the present ,veek." On .A.pril 2, 1917, ,vhatever lingering hopes for peace may have been entertained, took ,ving. It seemed inevitable that on the morrow there ,vould be action looking to active hostilities. N e,vburgh had never before seen such a display of the colors. The call had been issued, unofficially, that those ,vho were be hind the President in ,vhatever course he follo,ved should dis- THE CITY PREPARES FOR WAR 39 olay the flag. From practically every hotne the colors fle,v and in the schools patriotic exercises brought out the enthusiasm of the pupils, the excitement of the children reflecting ,vhat they had seen and heard in the homes. In the N e,vburgh Academy there ,vas an exciting session and H. A. Daniel made an address ,vhich deeply stirred the pupils. In all of the grade schools, \Vashington, \Vest, Liberty, Broad,vay, Grand and South Street Schools similar exercises ,vere held. In Columbus Hall, the ex ercises of St. Patrick's Schools ,vere held. St. 1'fary's Academy and St. 1Iarv's Schools also held exercises. There ,~as nothing studied about these. They ,vere quite spontaneous. They gre,v out of the spirit of loyalty, every ,vhere evident and resolutions and pledges resulted from the call of the City Council as heretofore narrated, but no effort ,vas needed to push the movement beyond the mere publication of the resolutions in the ne,vspapers. On the evening before the final break N e,vburgh Chapter of the Sons of the American Revolution on resolution of Albert E. Layman, unanimously adopted the following: "\Vhereas, the Imperial German Government has for some time sho,vn a reckless disregard for the rights of citizens of the United States, as indicated in its ruthless and inhuman subma rine ,varfare, and has not only endangered, but has taken the lives of American sailors and other citizens; "1~herefore, be it resolved, that Newburgh Chapter of the Sons of the American Revolution will stand back of the Presi dent and the Congress of the United States in any action that may be taken for the maintenance of the honor, dignity and in tegrity of our nation and the preservation of the undisputed rights of American citizens, wherever they may be,,. Arrangements ,vere already under way by women to take a census of the resources of women in Orange County, and Mrs. E C. Thompson, and Mrs. Thon1as vV. Morrison were named as a con1mittee for the First Assembly District. The idea was similar to that outlined earlier by Miss 1facDonald at St. George's Girls' Friendly meeting. The Equal Franchise League, the women's suffrage organization-offered its co-operation. This work ,vas ultimately successfully carried out, Mrs. Thomp son acting as chairman for the City of Newburgh, and Mrs. F. N. Bain, assistant. The questionnaire ,vas answered by 14,500 persons. All of these preparations may seem somewhat prosaic now, in view of the big events ,vhich followed, but they were exciting enough in those days before there was any actual strike. On the ,vhole they represented the limits of what then could be done. \Vith 200 men in the field, the Red Cross already a working body, with the medical and other agencies organizing in preparation, with the whole people irrespective of position, occupation, creed, or condition united in a common cause, Newburgh left 40 NEWBURGH IN THE WORLD WAR little to be desired at this period. But it ,vas to go farther, and actual recruiting ,vas begun in an unofficial ,vay. Back in CiYil \\Tar days, there had been organized the 124th Regiment of the N e,v \'" ork \Tolunteers. It \\·as an Orange County organization, recruited almost exclusively in the county. The organization had become historic and ,vas affectionately kno,vn as the "Orange Blosson1s". 1fany men from N e,vburgh and else,vhere in Orange County had served in other regiments, had served valiantly and in the years ,vhich follo,ved, the special interest in th-e Orange Blossoms ,vas not to the exclusion of the others, nor ,vas there any desire to unduly laud the 124th but by the \·ery nature of things, the "Orange Blossoms" typified Orange County service and in a general ,vay ,vas a representa tive county regiment and because of this had a special niche in loyal hearts. Recognizing the value of traditions, The N e,vburgh Daily N c,vs on April 4, r9r7, started to raise a ne,v regiment of ne,v ''Orange Blossoms", to be ready for German exigencies. N atur ally nothing \Vas kno,vn then of ,vhat Federal plans would eventuate. 'fhe supposition ,vas that states ,vould be asked to supply quotas and the purpose of the "Orange Blossoms" ,vas to have the rcgin1en t ready at the earliest possible moment. That there should be no interference with official efforts, Governor Charles S. \Vhit1nan was consulted about the plan. He gave it his imn1ediatc sanction, saying: "It is a fine and patriotic idea and you 1nay say that it has my cordial approval." Enrolltncnt papers were placed in the hands of rrhe News correspondcn ts in all cen tcrs and co-operation secured from the l\liddlctovvn 'fin1es-Press, the Goshen Den1ocrat and the Port Jervis Union. 'fhc enroll1ncnt blank contained the following: "I declare that I atn a citizen of n1ilitary age, and eligible to perform mili tary service, and I hereby enroll as ,.villing to enlist in a regi- 111ent to be raised in Orange County to preserve the safety and defend the prestige of n1y country, and I ,vill hold n1yse If in readiness to respond to a call to service from the proper 1nilitary .authorities." T,venty-three men had signed these blanks ,vithin tvvo days, before it ,vas certain there v.,-ould be ,var. It is of note that one of these men ,vas in every probability the first N ewburgher to enter Gern1any ,vith the victorious An1erican Army of Occupa tion. He ,vas J. Ellis Hargraves, ,vho later was the eleventh man to cross the Gern1an border. The idea proved very popular and enlistments came in from practically all the to,vns of the county and some from the adjoining county of Rockland. Captain George E. vVhitemore of Sloatsburg writing on April 20, 1917, to add that section's quota said: "vVe had men from here in the old 'Orange Blossoms', and ,ve are proud of their record and want to emulate it. We have THE CITY PREPARES FOR WAR 41 r 50 men organized. Fifty of them are uniformed and equipped and are drilling. The others are un-uniformed. \Ve are going to the front and ,vant to get there as quickly as possible. If the Orange Blossoms get busy and are ready for service we ,vill be glad to go ,vith them, reserving only the right, if they seem in active and \Ve have a chance to go sooner ,vith some other body, \Ye can do so. That is how ,ve stand." Former President Theodore Roosevelt had offered to raise a division for service in France, and the suggestion ,vas made that effort be made to attach the "Orange Blossoms" to his division. i\ccordingly the tender was made and on April 30, the follo\\·ing letter \Vas received from his secretary, \V. E. Dame: "Col. Roosevelt requests me to thank you for your letter of .A.pril I 7, relative to recruiting of a large unit of troops for ser vice in his proposed military organization. He will be pleased to avail himself of your service should he be allowed to raise his proposed division and will communicate with you later 5hould the \Var Department act favorably upon his application." Early in May however, the War Department announced a decision against accepting volunteer units, and the organization \Vas dissolved to the great disappointment of those interested. tfhe Newburgh recruits had received some instruction from James D. 'rweed, later Sheriff of Orange and a veteran of the Spanish-American War. Most of the men immediately went into service in the National Guard or in regular army units. Simultaneously_ recruiting was going on here for the regular army and navy. The navy had a station in the store of John Schoonmaker & Son, and at the same time Major Hamilton Fish, Jr., can1e here seeking recruits for the I 5th Infantry, a colored regin1ent, which afterward won n1uch fame in France. He found speedy response. Organization of the County Defense was also taken up and on April 19 announcement was made of its personnel. John C. R. 1~aylor of Middletown was n1ade chair tnan; Clifford S. Beattie of Warwick, vice-chairman; Pierre Lorillard of 'ruxedo, secretary; and George F. Gregg of Goshen, treasurer. The county was divided into seven districts as follows: First District-City of Newburgh, Towns of Newburgh, New vVindsor, Cornwall, Highland, Hon. B. B. Odell, Com m1ss1oner. Second District-Tuxedo, Monroe, Woodbury, Pierre Loril lard, Jr., Commissioner. . Third. District-Warwick, Clifford S. Beattie, Com- m1ss1oner. Fourth District-Goshen, Chester, Blooming Grove, George F'. Gregg, Commissioner. · Fifth District-Crawford, Hamptonburgh, Montgomery, F. D. Decker, Commissioner. 42 NEWBURGH IN THE WORLD WAR Sixth District-City of l\Iiddleto,vn, To,vns of \\r allkill, \\r a\\·ayanda, 11 inisink, Hon. John C. R. Taylor, Commissioner. Seventh District--City of Port Jervis, 1'o,vns of Deerpark, 1Iount I-lope, Greenville, Hon. Frank Lybolt, Con1missioner. The follo\ving chairmen of committees ,vere appointed ,vith po\\·er to name their committees: Director 1Iilitary Census, Frank H. Finn, l\Iiddleto,vn; Food Production and Conser\·ation, Albert 1Ianning, Otisville; Co operation \Yith Existing Organizations, Richard Bulhvinkle, Central \~alley; .Aliens, F. S. 1fcDo,vell, Goshen; 1Iedical and Hospital, ~frs. Henry Bacon, Goshen; Instruction, Alfred R. Beal, N e,vburgh; Finance, D. E. ~fcKinstry, X e,vburgh; Pub licity. H. H. I(nickerbocker, 1-fiddletow'n; Transportation, Her bert R. Odell, N" e,vburgh. 1-\ ,vorking program ,vas arranged as f ollo,vs: "The Finance committee ,vill haYe charge of the develop men ts of ,vays and means to finance the ,vork of the field sub ~nm mi ttce an

HEN early in the ,var, as the German, \Ton Kluck, was W rapidly battering his ,vay to,vard Paris and had come to the niarne, it seemed that nothing could stop the rush of the invader. 'Then on the eve of the birthday of the gallant Lafayette, there ,vas issued to the French poilu that n1emorable order. "Troops unable to ad\·ance should die ,vhere they stand rather than give ground to the enemy." 'These ,vere the ,vords of Joseph J off re, 1larshal of France. The occasion ,vas filled with gloom, for the German hordes tri umphant ,vere laying ,vaste the fairest sections of France and hearing down on the capital. Then it was that the French re sistance stiffened, Von Kluck ,vas beaten back, Paris was saved and perhaps at that n1oment ultimate victory was snatched from the German. \Vhcn America entered the ,var, Joffre came here as the head of the French High Commission to confer ,vith the United States leaders. It is no,v known that men were wanted. The presence of uniformed Americans was necessary in France, first for the moral effect, and then to strengthen the def enders. Con ferences concluded, brief visits to various points in the United States ,vere n1acle and among these the visit to Washington's Headquarters in N cw burgh. Lafayette during the Revolution spent much tin1e in N e,v \Vindsor, only two and one-half miles a,vay and it is certain that he attended social affairs and business 1neetings in the old Hasbrouck house, as the headquarters was then called. The old building- was hallowed with memories of \Vashing-ton, Lafayette, deChasteleux, Rochambeau, Gates, Knox, Steuben and others, and it ,vas desirable that "the hero of the l\Iarne" should visit this shrine of Liberty. Early in l\1ay, 1917, forn1er Governor Benjamin B. Odell ,vas asked by Governor \Vhitn1an to arrange for the coming of the great Frenchman, ,vho with others of his party came here on l\'1ay I I. Elaborate preparations ,vere made for the visit. It ,vas not a city affair, although staged in N e,vburgh. It was rather an official visit to the State of New York. The general committee included former Gov. OdelL l\1ayor Jonathan D. Wil son, City Councilmen \Villian1 R. Perkins and John L. Sloan, City l\f anager Henry \Vi Ison, the trustees of vVashington's Headquarters, \i\Tilliam F. Cassedy, Dr. John Deyo, Samuel V. Schoonmaker, Thomas F. Balfe, Francis J. Gorman, Frederick Vl. Senff, \\Tilliam H. Kelley, \Villiam H. Coldwell, Alanson Y. \1/ eller, and Dr. F. A. Jacobson; Albert E. Layman representing THE JOFFRE VISIT 45 the Sons of the An1erican Revolution and Dr. David L. Kidd, the Grand .Arn1y of the Republic. 1Iarshal J off re and his party arrived in N elvburgh at I I :25. \Vith him "·ere Ambassador J usserand, the representative of France in .A.n1erica; 11. Gaston Liebert, French Consul General; Lieut. Col. \~. Fabry, Lieut. F. de Tessan, Dr. Lucien Dreyfus, E. Requin, Thlajor, French General Staff, Colonel Remons, Captain de Baupre, French Naval attache and "\vell known French residents of N e,v York city. Governor \Vhitman, former GoYernor Glynn, n1en1bers of the Ne,v York State Legislature, many state officials and guests had arrived earlier and a recep tion ,vas given them at the City Club. "Billy" Sunday, the evangelist, ,vas among the visitors in to,vn. The visitors ,,·ere met by former Governor Odell and by Col. Joseph l\L Dickey, ,vho acted as marshal of the parade, ,vhich follo,ved, and by Col. Thomas W. Bradley of vValden, Comn1oclore J. D. Lacey of N e,v \Vindsor, Samuel E. Shipp, \Villiam I. Cook, Thomas J. Diamond and C. Clayton Bourne, ,vho ,vere his aids. One hundred automobiles were parked on South \,Vater Street to convey the party to Washington's Headquarters. Ac companying the J off re party to Newburgh were the members of Gov. vVhitman's committee including Mrs. C. B. Alexander, tf r. and Mrs. Edmund Baylies, Mr. and Mrs. August Belmont, 1vlrs. John R.. Drexel, Mr. and Mrs. Hamilton Fish, the Misses I--Ie·witt, Mr. and Mrs. Berwind, Clarence Mackey, Miss Anne lviorgan, Col. Vanderbilt, William Rhinelander Stewart, Mr. and Mrs. Ernesto Fabbri, 11iss de Barrie, Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Satterlee, Mr. and Mrs. Robert Bacon, Mr. and Mrs. R. Fulton Cutting, l\1r. and Mrs. W. R. Vanderbilt, Mrs. Roche, Mrs. vVhit ney Warren, Major and Mrs. F. I~. V. Hoffin, Miss Bell Gurnee, l\1r. and Mrs. C. F. Hoffman, Mr. and Mrs. F. Burrall Hoffman_. l\f rs. Phelps Lydig, Mrs. Adolf Ladinburg, Mrs. Oelrichs, Mr. and Mrs. A. B. D. Pratt, Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Parsons, Col. and 1v1rs. Lorillard Spencer, Mr. and Mrs. Frederick Vanderbilt, Mrs. Tames Roosevelt, Robert Van Cortlandt, Mr. and Mrs. Karrick Riggs, 11rs. James Saley and Judge Francis Key Pendleton. Governor Odell was present as the personal representative of Gov. \,Vhitman and was accompanied by Col. Sherrill, chairman of the Governor's reception committee. The entire party was quickly passed to the waiting- machines and proceeded through Water Street to the North End, and thence through Liberty Street to \,Vashington's Headquarters. One can readily understand that it was a time of suspicion. The great Frenchman was on a trip of sentiment,_ but there was no doubt that the effect of his journeying about America was calculated to bring home to America the realties of war. Ger man sympathizers were numerous and there had been many out rages. It was but natural to expect that some fanatic might 46 NEWBURGH IN THE WORLD WAR attempt to \Yreak Yengeance on the man ,vho had first dashed the cup of Yictory from German lips. Secret service men sur rounded him, ,vatchful, but unobtrusive. Nothing that \\·ould suggest a reason for their presence happened in N e,vburgh, ho,v eYer. In passing through \\'" ater Street the course led past the building-. 87 \ Vater street, no,v occupied by 1'he Lenni Company. 1'his building "·as part of the old Orange Hotel from the bal cony of ,vhich Lafayette had spoken on the occasion of his second visit to .. America on Sept. r4, 1824. The railing of the balcony is no\v preserved in \Vashington's Headquarters. The l\f arshal ,vas much interested in this as in the statue of George Cl in ton on Clinton Square, ,vhich ,vas draped in the French colors. The ,veather ,vas far from ideal. The early morning had been brig-ht, but as the day ,vore on, clouds obscured the sun and leaden clouds dripped moisture at intervals. Ho,vever, the rain held off \Vh ile the party ·was here and ro,ooo persons greeted the French in \Vashington's Headquarters. The approaches to the stand ,vhere the exercises took place ,vere 1ined \vith thousands of school children who carried small A n1erican flags and the tri-color of France. At the entrance \\'ere the Seniors of the N e,vburgh Academy, the President of the class, \Valter Topping at the head, carrying- the American flag- ,vhich had been the gift of the Daughters of the American Revolution to the school. On either side were Otis Guilfoil and Philip Levy ,vith the colors of France. As the party entered the scholars accotnpanicd by Coll ins' band sang, "The 1\f arsellaise", and ,vhcn the veteran con1n1andrr sn1iled benignly, one under stood ,vhy his poilus called hitn "Papa" Joffre. rrhe function being that of the state, the address of welcome ,vas delivered by Governor Charles S. \Vhitman who said: "It is singularly fitting that N c,v York State should first bid ,velcon1c to our visitors from the French Republic at \Vash ington's n1ilitary hon1e in N e,vbnrgh. This place, peculiarly precious to An1ericans, is not ,vithout French associations and 1ncn1ories. Here giving aid and comfort, counsel and support to the leader of our arn1ies, lived for many ,veeks the great son of France, Lafayette; and as ,ve recall the events of those dark days of struggle of privation, ,ve realize that Americans and Frenchn1en have been allies before. "1"'hose from ,vhom you dre,v your being came to our fathers then, fighting- as they ,vere for human rights, for justice and for liberty. Aided by France after seven years of struggle, the cause ,vas ,von and a nation destined to be mighty ,vas brought forth upon the continent. "Three peopies were represented in the Revolutionary War -English, French, American. Armies sent by a stupid and stubborn monarch did not prevail against the spirit and char- THE JOFFRE VISIT 47 acter of a people ,vho themselves dre,v their inspiration and their strength from ancestors over the sea and ,vho in them selves embodied and represented that ,vhich ,vas greatest and best i!1 England's history and English tradition far more truly than Cincinnati. 'rhis is the organization formed near here on June 19, 1783 ,vhen the revolution ,vas dra,ving- to a clo~:e. It ,vas composed of army officers ,vith \Vashington as President General, Gen. 11ac Dougall as treasurer, and Gen. IZnox as secretary. Lafayett~ and Rochan1 bca u ,vere mcn1hers and the decoration of Joff re \vas but another link in the chain linking this section with the glorious past. The presentation ,vas n1ade by Judge Francis I(ey Pendle ton, a grandson of Francis Scott I(ey, ,vho ,vrote "The Star $pang-led Banner", Marshal Joffre ,vas the first foreigner since Lafayette to receive the decoration. The French party left Ne,v burgh to visit \Vest Point. The tin1e of the visitors here ,vas so short that the plan of Miss .Agnes Farrington, the curator of \Vashington's Head quarters n1useun1 to get the signature of l'vfarshal J offre for the register failed. Francis J. Gonnan, one of the trustees took up the subject ,vith the French Ambassador M. J usserand, and through hi1n sheets ,vere for,varded to France, and having been signed ,vere returned here ,vith the pen vvith which the signa tures ,vere ,vritten. \Vhile here, I'vfarshal J offre and his party had been pre sented ,vith knives made by the New York Knife Co. of Walden. Apparently these had been a very popular souvenir ,vith the J offre party, for in returning the sig-na tures, Marshal J off re re quested that t,vo or three dozen of these knives be for,varded to THE JOFFRE VISIT 49 hi1n. The knives ,vere later supplied by President Fuller of the N e,v York Knife Co. On his return to France Gen. Joff re sent the follo,ving com nn1nication to 11r. \Vil son of The N e,vs, telling of his appreci ation of the n1edal ,vhich had been given. Republique Francaise Le 1Iarechal Joff re Paris le 23 J uillet 1917 *1Ionsieur J e viens de recevoir la medaille que vous m' avez adressee au nom des enfants des ecoles de Newburgh et de leurs amis, et jc vous en remercie bien vivement. Cet artistique bijou sera a mes yeux, non seulement un sou venir tangible des heures unoubliables passees au miliau de vos compatriotes, mais encore le symbole de !'affection qui unit nos deux grandes nations et qui est le gage certain de la victoire finale. Soyez mon interprete aupres de tous les genereux donateurs et croyez-n1oi votre tres sincerement. J. JOFFRE Monsieur Frederick W. Wilson, Editor des "Newburgh Daily News", Newburgh.

Paris, July 23, 1917 *"Sir :-I have received the medal which you have sent to me in the name of the school children of Newburgh and their friends and I thank you most heartily. This artistic jewel, in n1y eyes will be not only a tangible souvenir of unforgettable hours an1ong your compatriots, but also a symbol of the affec tion which unites our two great nations and which is the pledge of certain final victory. Will you kindly convey my sentiments to all of the generous donors and believe me, yours very sin cerely". Farewell to Our Soldiers Written for The News on the occasion of the departure ,,f Co.'s E and L to the front.

The fife's shrill notes, the trumpet's blare, 1'he th under of the drum, The rhythmic beat of marching feet, 1'he g-leam of flags-They come! Our soldier boys! Our hope and pride; The bravest of the brave- They're marching- do,vn the bannered street 'T'hey're marching forth to save The sacred rights of God and man From heel of 1'yranny, To \Vin for the enslaved and ,veak 'fhe boon of liberty.

Good-by, good-by, oh, soldier boys! \Ve speed you on your ,vay; The voice of Duty sun1mons you, \ Ve ,vould not bid you stay, Go forth, and for your country's sake Be strong to do and dare : Go forth-our hearts ,vill follo,v you \Vith faith and love and prayer.

You go to lift the starry flag In stranger lands afar, Resolved no despot's hand shall drag, Nor foul dishonor mar Its ,vaving glory in the skies And o'er the hearts of all \\!ho loYe the rights of God and man And scorn the tyrant's thrall.

Aye, bear it proudly, soldier boys, The starry flag- you love, And fight beneath it for the creed That had its birth above. Fight for the creed of liberty And for the cause of truth Oh, high emprise for eag-er hand And stalwart heart of youth! FAREWELL TO OUR SOLDIERS 51 Good-by, good-by, oh, soldier boys! \ Ve stand and ,vatch you go; .A.. nd though the tears our eyelids seek \Ve ,Yill not let them flo,v; For still "·e hear the cry that sounds ..Across the ocean foam- By day, by night, and ceaselessly \ Ve hear it throbbing, "Come!"

From manhood struggling grimly there That urgent cry is borne, From childhood, helpless in its ,voe, From ,vomanhood forlorn. On yonder lands grim Tyranny His heavy chains has laid; I-Ie tramples o'er the helpless folk And mocks their cry for aid.

'Tis yours to stand ath,vart his path A.nd bar his vaunting stride; 'Tis yours to spurn his mailed hand And cast his chains aside: 'Tis yours to hasten as ye may, Fair Freedom's crowning hour, \ Vhen she shall rise and rule supreme In all her beauteous dower; \Vhen she shall spurn her riven chains And smile o'er victory ,von, And lift her fair, benignant hands In gracious benison.

Good-by, good-by, oh, soldier boys; \Ve speed you on your way; Our boson1s s,vell with solemn pride \Ve ,vould not bid you stay. \Ve hear the waiting n1yriads call \Vhose tears as rivers flow- 'Tis duty's path, oh, soldier boys! Good-by, God bless you, Go!

ANNIE MAY R. F. D., No. 4, Newburgh. Newburghers With the Colors Na mes of those who served with U. S. forces or with the Allies during the great conflict. Those who died are not included in the list. The mark ( t) indicates person was wounded, gassed or shell shocked; ( :t) indicates prisoner of 1,var. Total in service, 2,552. Names of men from Town of Newburgh in Selectfre Service appearing in this list supplied through courtesy of C. 0. \Varford.

A Arbuckle, Geo. A. Barrowman, Thos. Abbott, Petri Arene, Achille Bartlett, \Valter A. Abrahams. A. 0. Armour, F. S. Bartley, John S. Abreu, Henry Armour, John S. Barton, Charles E. Armstrong, Wm. Barton, Miss Edith D. Abreu, Francis Arnold, John E. Abreu, Rene t Barton, Thomas J. Ackerman, Augustus Arthur, James Barton, Thomas E. Ackerman, S. W. Arthurs, Jas. H. Ashton, Grover C. Barton, James P. Adams, Bernard J. Atkins, Raymond Barton, Ralph D. Adams, Fred H. Atkinson, Chris. Bartone, James Adams, Harry F. Atkinson, Samuel Basley, John J. Adams, Harry T. tBates, Charles E. Adams, Harry J. B Bates, E. Edgar Adams, Howard P. Babcock, Arthur Bates, I-Ienry E. Adams, John E. Babcock, Ellsworth Bates, I-Iiram Agnew, David S. Babcock, Joseph Battiger, Anthony Agnew, Ed. T. Baehr, George Bauer, Harry Agnew, John D. Baker, Arthur Bauss, Chas. A. Agnew, Thomas Baker, John J., Jr. Bauersfeld, George Albers, Albert H. Baker, Wi1l iam Bauman, Ralph M. Aird, Warren L. Baker, William J. Bauvelt, Edward Albert, Abner H. Baildon, Charles Baxter, Banker B. Albert, Charles Baird, Francis Baxter, Burton t Alcorn, Joseph Baird, George tBaxter, John 0. Aldrich, W. S., Jr. Bairct, Miss Mary Baxter, L. Russell Alesandrelli, John Baldwin, Robert Baxter, Preston H. Alesandrelli, Nich. Banks, Fred W. Baxter, Ralph Allen, J am·es F. Bannon, Frank Baxter, Wilfred Allen, John Barclay, Augustus Bayley, George, Jr. Allen, Percy M. Bardin, Joseph P. Bazzoni, Dr. Chas. Allen, William 0. Barger, Albert Beahan, Thomas A. Amos, Vincent Barger, Grover Beahan, William A. Anderson, Alfred Barley, John H. Beal, Albert R. Anderson, Howard F. Barley, John M. Beaton, Morgan Anderson, John Barley, John J. Bell, David Anderson, John F. Barley, Lucus A. Hell, David P. Anderson, Reinold E. Barnett. \Vm. H. Bell, Daniel t Anderson, Stanley Barr, Bryce t Bell, George G. Anderson, Thomas Barr, Joseph E. Bell, George (1) Anderson, Wm. V. Barr, Dr. Samuel Bell, George (2) Anniballe, Emelio Barrett, Daniel W. Bell, Joseph Andrews, Clarence Barrett, Ed ward Bell, Joseph H. Andrews, Frederick Barrett, James Bell, William ( 1) Annan, Roy Barrett, William Bell, Wi11iam (2) Anstey, Stanley Barrett, Thomas L. Bell, William A. Antonio, D'Coro P. Barrowman, Alex. Belknap, C. :NE\VBCR(;I l ERS HOLDING CO\L\IISSIONS 1. :\LUEin KoHL, Ensign U. S. N. 2. LIEL:T. Cu ESTER \VnLVEN, U. S. K. 3. DR. DAXIEL RonERTS, \Vith British RL·d Cross 19q to 1917-.:\merican Red Cross 1917. 4. Jaus ~Ic~IEEKIN, \\Tarrant OtEccr L. S. S. ~laryland-\Von Promotion to Ensign. 5. T. OTTO DEzssEROTH, Lieutenant Tank Corps. 6. :MALCOL\f E. PARROTT, Captain Ord. Dept. i- GEORGE H. :MERRITT, Lieutenant Air Service. 8. }AMES J. FINNEGAN, Ensign Naval A.Yiation Service.

NEWBURGHERS WITH THE COLORS 53 t Belknap, E. S. Bowman, James G. Bunn, Earle D. Belknap, \Vatter K. Bowman, Robert H. Birdsall, \Villiam Belknap, \V. Cook, Jr. Bowman~ Willis Burdick, Harry F. Benjamin, C. H. Boice, Howard Burke, William Benjamin, Harvey .tloice, Russell Burnett, Fred J. Bennett, Charles H. Boyle, George H. Bums, James V. Bradley, George L Bums, John Bennett. Frederick J. Brady, R Leo Burton, 1fiss C. Benson, John J. Brady, Harry I. Burton, F. V., Jr. Berg, George H. Brady, \V. Harry tBurton, Van D. Berger, David Branda, 1-Iichael Bush, Otis Berkery, John Brannan, Henry R. Bush, Charles Berkery, Joseph Brannigan, Philip Bush, James Bernabo, Joseph Bratcher. John Bushnell, Thomas Berry, Arza P. Brazee, Cornelius Butler, Damon Berry, Ernest Brennan, James A. Buzzard, \Villiam Berry, Fred J. Brennan, Thomas R Byrnes, John Berry, John C. Brennan, \Vm. J. t Bevier, Charles Brewer, Arthur C Bevier, Thomas Brewer, Warren Cacelli, Salvator Bickel, Edward Brewster, Arthur R. Caiola, David F. Bickel, \Valter J. Brewster, Robt. C. fCairns, Wm. J. Bierce, Frank \V. Bridges, James Cahill, Fred Bilyou, Lester Brinkerhoff, G. S. Cahill, John J. B ilyou, \Villiam Briody, Joseph Cahill, William B. Billings, James J. Britnell, ·Harold J. Caldwell, T. George Bird, William E. Broas, David Calhoun, John A. tBirdsal1, Wm. T. Brockman, Samuel L Callahan, Raymond Black, Martin S. Broderick, J. A. Calvetti, Nicholas Blair, James L. Broderick, M. A. Calvino, Joseph Blaison, Pierre Broderick, Wm! P. Cameron, Allan Blamgrew, Clark L. Bron'da, · Michael A. Cameron, Daniel L. Blanchard, Agnew Brooks, Henry L. - Cameron, Hugh W. Blanche, R. H. Brown, Albert D. Camp, William Blandino, Frank Brown, Ambrose C. Campanella, R. Blandino, Ralph Brown, Bruce Campbel], David J. Blaney, Frank L. Brow11, Edward J. Campbell, H. T. Bligh, Robert A. Brown, Eugene Campbell, John Bligh, \Villiam Brown, Frederick G. Campbell, John, Jr., Blongren, A. L. Brown, Fred H. Campbell, John F. Bloom, Robert B. Brown, Geo. W. M. Campbell, John J. Bloomer, Joseph Brown, Harry F. Campbell, Melvin Bloomer, Roland Brown, Harry J. Campbell, Wm. G. Blum, William G. Brown, Leander, Jr. Canade, Vincent G. tBlythe, Harry T. t Brown, Malford Cannon, Cornelius A. Bockover, Fred L. Brown, Ralph A. Caple, Clarence Bogart, 1\1. W. Brown, Ralph D. Caple, Price Boger, Frederick Brown, Wm., Jr. Cappello, Nicholas Bohan, vVilliam Brown, Wm. A. Cappello, Vicola Boland, R. H. tBrundage, A. E. Caposso, Daniel Bolandi, Dominick Brundage, Harold Capuro, Joseph Boothroyd, H. C. Brundage, L. C. Carey, i."... Merwin Borath, Frederick Brunner, Wm. H. Carey, Amos M. Borgia, Frank Bryant, Charles Carey, John F. t Borgia, James F. Bryant, David P. Carey, Wm. L. Boroman, Andrew Bryant, Edw. J. Cary, Albert Bourque, A. J. Bryant, Samuel Caricchia, Emedio Bowe, James J. Bryde, Carl W. Carlow, Harold Bowen, James J. Buchanan, Frederick Carmen, Wm. H. Bowman. Andrew Bulson, Charles H. Carney, Coldwell Bowman, Garrett J. Buckley, George Carney, Ed. A. 54 NEWBURGH IN THE WORLD WAR Carney, Peter L. Clifton, l\Iiss Helen Cook, Thomas Carney, Thomas T. Clover, Albert Cook, \Villiam R. Carrigan, Thomas l\L Code, l\I iss Gladys Coon, \Valter Carpenter, 1\1. R. Codington, \V m. Coonan, \V m. S. Carnright, Jason Cohe~, Allen F. Conn es, Joseph Carnright, Ralph Cohen, Harry F t Cooney, Albert Carroll, Charles A. Cohen, ~!orris Cooney, John J. Cohen, Philtp +Cooney, vVm. F. Carroll, Burton Cohen, Samuel Cooney, \V m. T. Carroll, Ed. H. Cohen, \Valter Cooper, Clarence Carroll, Henry Cohen, Jacob S. Cooper, Irwin Carroll, John E. Coldwell, Clarence Cooper, James A. tCarroll, John F. Cnldwell, Kenneth P. Cooper, John F. Carroll, \Valter Cole, George \V. Cooper, Stephen C. t Carson, \V. H. Cole, S. K. t Copans, Jack t C;i rson, Russell C. Coleman, David Coppidge, Horace G. Carvey, \Valter J. Coleman, Henry Coppola, Nick Case, Charles Collard, Charles G. Corcoran, T. J. Case, James H. Collard, Ed. E. Cornish, Joseph Casey, John F. Col lard, George Corse, Luae Casey, Robert J. Collette, Anthony Cornwell, Edward Casey, Thomas A. Collins, George Cornwell, B. H. Casey, \Valter J. Collins, Howard S. Corwin, Geo. W. tra~ino. Patsey Collins, Hugh Convin. Isac1c L. Cassedy, Frank J. Collins, James S. Cosentino, Carmello tCassedy, J. T. Collins, \Yendell Cosgrove, Emmett Cassedy, Wm., Jr. Colohan,, J. Ray Cosman, Harold B. Cassidy, Frank H. Colvill, Fred Cosman, Jos. W. Cassidy, James J. tColvill, Harry Costello, John CassiJy, \,Vm. P. C )mpton, Daniel R. Coughlin, William Cathcart, James Condon, Jas. F. Countryman, Owen Cathcart, R. !vi. Conklin, Harold F. Coupart, James J. tCatlin, Albertus W. Conklin, John J. Courteen, Herbert Caulfield, Samuel S. Conkling, Roscoe Coutant, Harold Cavo, Vincenzo Conlon, Frank A. Coutant, H. Wm. Cayer, Lewis Conlon. Gaynor Covert, Leo F. Cerino, Daniel Connell, Edward Coyle, John F. Chabot, Emory H. t Connell, J as. F. Coyle, Wm. A. Chaloupka, H. J. Connell, John Cox, Daniel L. t Chapin, Roger Connell, Joseph Craig, Ralph Chase, George N. tConnell, Roger Cramer, Otto Chase, Roy I. Connelly, Chas. W. Crarser. John R. Cherry, Leslie R. Connelly, Frank lVI. Crash, Angelo Chrystal, Joseph Connelly, John C. Crawford, David J. Chrystal, Wm. J. Connelly, John J. Cra\vford, John J. t C ian frogna, Guy Connelly, Raymond Crawford, Wm. Cicone, C. Connelly, Wm. J. Crawford, Wm. A. Clapper, Stephen Connolly, Richard Crehen, 0. J. Clapper, vVallace Conner, Dennis E. Cressington, E. E. Clare, Edwin A. Connor, Claude Cressington, F. E. Clark, G. Clayton Connors, Frank P. Crevling, Ray. W. Clark, l\f iss Carol Connors, Geo. T. Cribert, Antonie Clark, Garfield t Connors, George t Crisice, Vincenzo Clark, John W. Connors, Thomas F. Crosby, Herbert Clark, Stanley E. Conover, Ernest Cromwell, Oliver Clark, Wm. F. Convery, Robert E. Cromwell, W. R. Cleary, Harold D. Conway, Alex. A. Cronin, C. V. Cleary, John A. Conway, Edward Crosby, Clifford C. Clegg, John C. Conway, John J. Crosby, Leo Cliff, Frank Conway, Thos. R. Crumm, B. Cliff, 1Iarshall Conyea, William Cullen, John A. NEWBURGHERS WITH THE COLORS 55

Cullen, Stephen Deegan, John F. Donahue, Joseph Cullen. \V. ~-L Deegan, J. Kenneth Donahue, l\L V. Cunniff. Joseph \V. DeGraw, Edward Donahue, Thomas D. Cunningham, Edwin t DeGrt=ef. Charles Donahue, Wm. J. tCunningham F. Deisseroth, Otto Donahue, vVm. P. Cunningham, Joseph Del~hantv, Edw. Donahue, vVm. V. Curley, J. A. F. Delahay,-Uriah J. Donaldson. Doug-lass Curry, Joseph Delahey, Charles Dondero, Chas. ·D. Curry, \\"m. J. Delancy. Joseph Donlon, John E. Cussin, Daniel J. Delancey, Edward Donnelly, James C. Delaney, Leo J. Donnolly, Vincent N. D Delanev, \Vrn. P. Donovan, lVL P. n a !!!!ett. Fred J. Delatour, Thomas R. Donovan, \Vm. H. Dailey. Ralph C. DeLeney, Edward Doolittle, William Dailey, Rohert t IJel I sol a, Tames Doran, James ]. Dail1y, \Vtn. J. Dellisola, Vinc-~nzo Doran, Leo E. Daley, Francis lJeLuca, Sebastine Dornan, J. F., Jr. Daley, Samuel Demaro, A vaza Dougherty, Alfred Daley, Thomas De.Meo, Alex. Dougherty, J. A. Dalhay, Uriah J. Dempsey, Joseph A. Doulin, John Daly, Frank De.Mott, Clayton Donlin, John C. Daly, John t De.lvI uth, vV m. 1-·. Doulin, John E. Daly, \V m. I-I. DcTamble, Jean tDoulin, Thomas F. Daniels, Leslie De Tarnble. Paul Downey, Wm. H. Danko, Frank Denikt:.·, Jacob \V. Downsbrough, Fred Danko, John H. Denker. Wm. Doyle, Roy Darcy, Paul F. Denniston, E. H. Doyle. Willi~m Darragh, Alex. D. De Ronde, F. Norris Doyle, Wm. E. Davidson, David R. Devereaux, Joseph Drewitz, Ernest H. Davidson, Francis Devereaux, Leo Drivers, Eston Davidson, Howard L. Devlin, John C. Dronseliko, Leon Davidson, John A. Dewey, Eleanor Drummer, Fred. Davidson, W. R. Deyo, Charles Drury, Edsall Davis, ~l iss Grace Deyo, Frank Dubetsky, A. J. Davis, George Diamond, Charles Dubctsky, Stephen Davis, Harold Diehl, Jacob Du Bois, A. M. Davis, Herbert Dickens, Daniel DuBois, Leo C. ])a,·is. Jeff Dickerson, Leon Duckett, Ruth Tartter Davis, John S. Diclsbury, Chester Duff, James W. Davis, Thomas t Diegel, Geo. W. Duff, Joseph Davis, vVillia1n Diehl, William Duggan, Wm. Day, Clarence Diehl. Pliilip Dunn, Arthur Day, Robert Dillon, Francis Dunn, I-T ubert E., Jr. Day, Samuel Dillon, John J., Jr. Dunn, Rev. Thomas Dayton, Charles Dillon, Thomas A. Dunphy, E. B. Dean, Allie J. Dimmick, Ed. B. Duplecy, -- Dean, Harry Dimick, Ed. B. Dupuy, Benjamin H. D'Cesare, Gerardo Dinan, Raymond Durick, B. F. Decker, Clinton R. +Dinan, \Nm. J. Durbrow, Lloyd Decker, Elbert 1\1. tDinan, F. Louis Durham, Adolphus Decker, Frank W. Dinges, Henry Durkee, Miss Violet Decker, Isaiah E. Dipane, l\1orrizio Durkin, John F. Decker, Oscar S. Dipiane, N onzio Decker, P. 1:I. Dippre, George E Decker, Raymond Dixon, A. J. Eager, John F. Decker, R. H. Dolan, l\Iatthew E. Eager, William Decker, vValter Dolson, Thomas A. +Eager, William D. DeCrosta, Philip Dolson, Wilbert Earl, James Dedrick, Joseph W. Dombrowski, J. W. Earl, Jesse Deeb, Gabriel Domenik, Volpe t Earley, Daniel F. Deegan, Daniel J. Donahue, Ed. F. Early, Walter E. 56 NEWBURGH IN THE WORLD WAR Easman, H. Leroy Finnegan, Thos. A Fuller, Commie Eckert, John J. Finnegan, Geo. P. Fullerton, James Edelman, Abraham Fisher, Louis Fullerton, Thomas Edgeworth, Chas. Fisher, \Villian1 Furbershaw, A. \V. Edsall, Geo. B. Fitzgerald, Frank Fureley, Ralph Edwards, \Valter Fitzgerald, J as. S. Fusco. Amielo Edwards, \Villiam Fitzgerald, Joseph Egan, Francis P. Fitzgerald, Thomas G t Egan, Raphael A. Fitzgibbons, John Gaffney, Eugene Eger, John F. Fitzgibbons, Thos. E. Gajeski, Adam Eggleston, l\I. B. Fit::gibhons, \V. J. Gal age, Joseph Eipper, Albert F. Fitzpatrick, Frank Gale, \Varren Eipper, Chas. J. t Fitzpatrick, Joseph Gallagher, Joseph Eipper, Geo. \\r. t Fitzpatrick, Nicholas Gallagher, James P. Eliason, Victor Fbkc, Emerson Gollow, Frank Elston, Roy Flanagan, Francis J. Gallow, Isaac El wood, George J. Flanagan, :\I ichael J. Gallow, John F. Embler, \Vilfred t Flemming, E. D. Galloway, Stewart Emsley, Howard Fleming, Frank Galvin, J. B. Enders, George E. Fleming, George Garrison, Alida Fnnis, F. R. Fleming, John Garrison. Chas. H. Erdman, Harry J. Flemming, John J. Garrison~ Geo. \V. Erickson, Ed. V. Flemming, John N. Garrison, Harvey Es rich, Joseph G. Flemming, T. C. Garrison, John Esrich, \Vatter 1\-f. Fletcher, Frank Gatter, Stewart Es rich, \V m. L. Fless, Albert Gavey, Edward \V. Estabrook, \V m. Fluss, Alexander Gearn, George R. Evans, Albert Flynn, James A. Gearn, Wen dell Evans, Chas. F. Flynn, John Gedney, Arthur J. Evans, Thomas E. Flynn, Joseph A. Gedney, Coleridge Everson, Geo. W. Flynn, Patrick Gedney, Herbert Flynn, Ray. M. Gedney, John L. F Flynn, \Valter F. Gedney, J. 1\1. Fabiano, F. \V. Flynt, Albert J. Geis, John Fabiano, Michael Fountaine, John Genung, Claude C. Fagan, Charles E. Foley, Edward J. Gerecke, Wm. ~Fagan, John E. Foret. \Villiam E. Gerhardt, Wm. G. Fairchild, Wm. J. Forester, John Germinaro, Thomas Faitak, Frank Forsythe, Arthur W. Gerri er, Jose A. Fallarico, Joseph Forsythe, Wm. Gevons, Ed. A. Fame, John Foshay, ,villiam Giancaol, Guiseppe t Farina, Anthony P. Foster, 1\1. Giandominico, Ant. Farina, Herman L. Foster, Robert (I) Gianmatteo, Alex tFarina, Nicholas Foster, Robert (2) Gibbons, Alexander A. Farina, Thomas Foster, S. H., Jr. Gibbons, Frank W. Farina, Thomas D. Foster, Samuel B. Gibbons, Gerald Faulis, vVm. Fowler, Charles Gibb, James P. Feder, Louis Fox, Arthur W. Gibbs, Benjamin l1edora, Wm. H. Fox, Frank Gibbs, Israel Felter, Howard Franzi, Joseph A. Gibbs, Samuel Ferrlev, l\Iedrick Franzi, \Villiam A. Gibson, Albert Fettle,· Charles Fraser, James A. Gibson, Frank (I) Ferguson, Arthur Frazier, Harry C. Gibson, Frank (2) Ferguson, Elmer Frederickson, Harvey Gibson, Frank "'vV. Ferguson, Wm. H. Free, James F. Gibson, John Ficken, Wm. Freeman, Charles Gibson, S. Willard Fields, Constantine French, Wm. K., Jr. Gibson, Charles Fine, James Fulda, Alfred J. Gilcrist, D. vV. Fink, Harry Fulda, George H. Gilcrist, David Finn, William Fulde, Hilbert Gilmore, James J. Finnegan, James Fulton, William Gill, Leonard J. NEWBURGHERS WITH THE COLORS 57 Gilland. Douglas Grimm. How,.rd Harris, G. C. t Gilland, Roy A. Grismer, Anthony Harris, Lewis E. Gilleran, l\Iichael Grismer, J. A., Jr. Harris, N onnan C. Gilleran, Patrick H. Grodnick, Newman Harris, Raymond Giiles, Edward Grogan, Ralph Harrison, Frank Gillespie, James Grogan, Roy V. R. Hart, Abraham Gilmore, J as. J, Gre,ver, Andrew C. Hart, Thomas H. (;ilnick. Fr:mk Grusky, Henry Hasa, Alfred +Gilnick, Joseph L. Grusky. Reuben Hasbrouck, Edw. S. Gil van. Israel Guilfoil. Otis Hasbrouck, Henry Ginsberg. 11acy tGuinn, Frank l\L Hasbrouck, \Vm. Glackin, Thomas F. Guinn, James Hassdenteufel, E. J. Glackin, George F. Guthrie, C. F. tHassdenteufel, J. GIassey, John A. Guthrie, \V. C., Jr. Hauver, Claude Glassing, 1Iiss Isabel Guimettico, Lor. Hauver, Robert A. Gleason, :\Iartin V. Hawkins, Frank Gleason, \Vm. C. H Hawkins, Wm. H. Gledhill. Lloyd H. Hawks, Harold S. Glover, Frank A. Hadaway, George K. Hawley, David M. Glynn, John Haeffner, Geo. V. Hayden, Ed. T. Glynn, John T., Jr. Haffner, ~ ewell Hayden, Wm. A. Goding, vVm. R. Hague, Harold Hayes, Charles Goetchins, C. H. Haible, Chas. J. ( r) Hayes, Edward Gold, Benjamin Haible, Chas. J. (2) Hayes, John Goldman, Samuel H. Haible, Theodore Hayes, Joseph P. Goldstein, l\Iaxwell Haight, George F. 1-Iayes, Richard Golloir, Henry Haight, l\1iss Esther I-Iayes, \Villiam Goncalves, Frank J. t Haight, Frank Headley, Alston Goodman, Joseph Haight, George M. Heartfield, Miss Amy Goodwin, J. J. Hall, Melville C. Heartfield, Miss Ruby Goold, Jay G. Hal1, Norman Heartfield, S. W. Gordon, Edward Hall, Wm. J. Heartfield, C. B. Gordon, Frank C. Hall. Walter P. ITeartfield, l\1aurice Gordon, James Halford, Ed. P. H ectus, Joseph A. Gordon, Reginald tHalford, John J., Jr. t H ectus, Stephen A. Gordon, Walter Hallas, Chas. E. Hedge, Edmund Gottlieb, Ed. L. Hallenbeck, Oscar Hedges, Bertram Gottlieb, Isr3el 11. Hallock, Gifford Hedges, George t Gourley, Claude Hamilton, l\1elvin J. Hefferman, James M. Gradonio, A. tHammer, \Vm. M. Heffner, George t Graham, J. G., Jr. Hammett, L. W. Helstern, Robt. J. Grant, John J., Jr. Hammond, Ed. P. H elstern, Wm. F. Grant, Peter A. J-Iammond, Jesse S. Hemming, Edward Graves, vVilliam Hanaford. Leonard Henderson, Jesse Gray, Thomas Hanlon, Edward Henderson, John A. t Greaney, John F. Hanlon, Elmer V. Henderson, Leslie A. Greatsinger, Chester Hanlon, l\1orris F. Henderson, Walter tGreco, Joseph Hannan, John J. Hennessey, Augustus Green. David Hannan, John S. Henning, Edward Green~ Fred J. Hannan, Warren Herbison, James, Jr. Green, Harold Hannes, Wm. L. Herbison, Richard Green, l\fiss Pauline Hanstein, Carl F. Herman, Benton Greenwald, Joseph B. Hansen, Alex. Herman, Bernard Greenwood, Clarence Hardinge, Alfred E. Herman, Charles Greenwood, Raymond Hare, James lvI. Hermann, Charles J. Greniettico, L. Hargreaves, Frank Herman, D. Burton Griffin, George H. Hargreaves, James Herman, Ed. L. Griffin, Howard M. Hargreaves, J. Ellis Herman, Fred W. Griffin, Thomas F. Hargreaves, John Herman, Henry R. Griggs, Harold Hargrillius, Carl H eroy, Harry C. Grimley, Elmer Harris, Clinton G. Heroy, James 58 NEWBURGH IN THE WORLD WAR Herrington, Thomas Hunter, C. U. Johnson, James J. Hey, \V. Stanton Hunter, Clarence \V. Johnson, James L. H ickev, Thomas Hunter, Frank J. Johnson, James S. Higgins, James R. Hunter, Henry, Jr. Johnson, John Higgins. :\liss l\[ary f Hunter, James Johnson, Lewis A. Higgins. Timothy F. Hunter, James G. Johnson, Lewis 0. Hill, E\·erett Hunter, Robert Johnson, \V. George Hill. Harold 0. Hunter, \Vilmot D. tJohnson, \Vm. H. Hil( John li untmgton, F. D. Johnson, Zachariah Hill, \\'m. R. Hurley, Edward Johnston, Charles Hill man, John Hurley, James Johnston, Edward Hilton, \Vm. T., Jr. f Huston, John l\L Johnston, Frank K. Hirschberg, D. S. Johnston, James J. Hitchcock, Clifford I John stc'n, .I a mes \V. Hoban, C. Indzonka, Geo. A.. Johnston, Otto Hoban, E. J. Indzonka, John J. Johnston, Raymond Hoban. Thomas F. Indzonka. Louis F. Johnston, \Vm. H. Hoetzler, \Vm. G. Innes, \Vm. T. Jones, Ernest Hoev, Clarence F. fireland, Edward Jones, Ivor H. Hoey, George Ireland, James \V. Jones, \Vil! iam P. Hoffman, Clarence E. Irving, Edward E. J ova, John A. Hoffman, Herman Irving, Henry H. Joy, :\ rthur A. Hoffman, Joseph Irving, John N. Joy, vVm. Jas. Hogan, James J. I n,·i11, Fdwanl Juba, :Michael, Jr. Hogan, John, Jr. Irwin, Ernest \V. Ju

Kernochan, Frank Lauren. Archibald Lombardo, Joseph Kernochan, George Laverty, John K. Long, Philip Kernochan, \Vm. J. Lawson, .Ralph H. Long, \Vm. J. Kerr, Samuel F. Leach, Henry R. Lord, Alfred H. Kerwin. Ed. J. Leahy, Harry F. Lord, Edward E. Kerwin: James Leahey, Frank J. Lord, Ernest Kerwin, John Leathern, Harry G. Lord, Raymond t Ketcham, Dr. C. S. Leathern, Harry J. Lotta, Alfred B. Leathern, Henry Kilhridge. \Vm. I. Londero, Frank L. LeBois, Herman 11. Ki!Ieen, John J. Louden, Fred A. Kilmer. \Villard Lee~ At,gustus H., Jr. Kilpatrick, R. J. Lee, John James Louders, Frank L. Kimatkoski, A. J. Leghorn. Chas. T. Lough I in, Geo. King-. Clifton Lemon. Elmer H. tLounsburv. H. \V. King. E\·erett S. Le\fon, \V. H., Jr. Lowers, Harold King, Fred L. Lel\1 unyon, James D. f Lozier, George H. King, Lanett S. Lenahan, Ed. H. Lozier, l\lerritt W. Kingston, Fred D. Lenahan, Harry L' Rose. Constantino tKinsley, Thomas E. Lenahan, John J. Lukacik, John Kircher, Clarence P. Lennon, Floyd Luks, Harold E. t Kissam, Adrian, Jr. Lent, Leon B. Luks, :Milton Kissam, Benjamin tLent, Howard tLunn, Howard Kissam, Charles H. Lent, Richard P. Luther, Kenneth Kleinmayer, Sigfried Lent, Winfred F. Luther. .Mart in B. Kleinstuber, R. E. Leoce, Antonio Luquer, John H. Kline, Harry L. Leon, Antonio Lydecker, Harry R. Knapp, Arthur J. tLePage, Fred t Lydecker, John A. Knapp, Everitt LeRose, Constantine Lydecker, \Nm. D. Knapp, George Leslie, Graham Lynch, 1'1ichael E. Knapp, \Vm. J. Lester, Gerard Lynn, Edgar J. tKniffen, Robert B. Lester, \Villiam Lynn, Fred T. Knox, Rev. Jay Lestrange, W. H. Lynn, James H. Koher, Frank P. Letterlok, Joseph t Lyons, Chester Koher, J. F. Le Vine, Aaron Lyons, Tracy Kohl, Albert S. Le Vine, Moses Lyons, Walter P. Kopf, Bernard tLevinson, Abraham Kopf, Percy D. Levinson, Samuel M Krash, Angelo Levy, Charles MacDonald, Roy Kuhnic, John J. Levy, Philip S. .l\-1acEwen, Thomas Kuhine, Luke P. Lewis, Clarence l\1acLachlin, D. J. Kubine, Stephen E. Lewis, Harold W. l\1acN eal, Clayton C. Kutcher, Frank H. Lewis, Richard H., Jr. l'vlacShane, C. E. Kutcher, Joseph Liecinski, John MacShane, Donald Light, l\liss Edith lvlacStay, Richard J. L Light, Louis B. McBride, James Laddick, Frank Light, Nelson :McBride, John Ladue, Royal Ligon, Walter P. McBurney, T. H. Laegeler, Gustave Lincoln, Robert McCann, George R. Ladick, Wm. J. Linderman, John l\lcCann, Harry Laffan, Thomas A. Linehart, J. M. R. Mc Cann, John J. Lafferty, John P. t Llovd, Arthur lvl cCarthy, Dennis LaForge, Harold H. Locke, Ridley P. McCarthy, James J. Lahey, Francis t Locke, William l\'icCarthy, John Lahey, Harry F. Lockett, Charles A. l\1cCarthy, John W. Lahey, Thomas Lockskin, Joseph A. i,IcCarthy, Patrick Lahey, \Vm. A. Lockwood, Ed. J. l\,fcCartney, Patrick J. Lajoie, Daniel Lockwood, Edgar S. McCauley, John Lamberson, vV m. Lockwood, George McCaw, Albert C. Lamont, Wm. J. Lockwood, Hugh F. McCaw, Harry LaSala. Uommtck Loftus, Ed. A. McCleary, Charles E. Laughlin, George Logan, James J. McCloskey, G. J. 60 NEWBURGH IN THE WORLD WAR l\f cCloskey, Kevin l\JcKeown, David l\Iahoske, Anthony l\f cCormick, E. J. l\fcKeown. Thomas 1\-fajower, Adolph r.IcCormick, l\liss l\L l\lcKeown, \Vm. J. l\.f alinsky, Anthony l\IcCormick, L. J. l\fcKinstry, De \Vitt 11alley, George l\IcCormick, T. J. l\f cKeel, Jesse l\,f alloy, George ?\fcCourt. :\1. A. :McKee\·er, John \V. 1\ifalloy, H. Gordon l\fcCov, John S. l\fcKee,·er, Robert l\,Ialloy, James l\fcCracken, \Villiam l\IcKibbin, Frank l\falzacher, Frank l\fcCreery, Charles l\fcKniffin, \Vm. t 1Ianey, James l\fcCullough, Fred. l\Icilravy, \Vm. T. l\Ianlove, Stanley T. ~fcCullough, F. D. l\IcLean. Alfred B. 1\-Ianitz, Harry 1fcCurry, Arthur J\IcLean~ Arthur A. 11antz, John A. l\IcCurry, Edward l\IcLean, Chas. B. l\Tantz, \V m. H. J\IcCurry. Henry l\fcLean, Harry C. l\lapes, Stuart ~IcCurry, 1Iax ~fcLean, John E. I\Iarinucci, George 11 cDermott, John tl\fcLean, F. Rossiter l\farinucci, fvfiss 1'L K. l\fcDermott, J. J. l\fcLean, Stafford l\1arion, \Vm. A. l\IcDermott, Terence l\fcLaughlin, J. A. 1faroney, John, Jr. ~kDermott, Thos. F l\1cLaughlin, vVm. l\farks, Edward l\IcDonald, Daniel NfcLernon, ~Iiss A. l\farkstein, Irving l\IcDonald, J. H. }.fc~I ahon, Edward l\1arr-Drummer, A. 1\-fcDonald, Joseph H. l\Icl\Iahon, Frank P. l\1arrow, John l\JcDonald, Ray l\1c::\-fahon, Philip l\L 1'Iarsden, Roy C. l\1cDonald, Robert P. !vfc}dahon, R. F. l\1arsden, Stewart l\1cDonald, Roy i\1cl\1eekin, John l\,farsh, Everett W. ivfcDowell, Fred. Mc~Ieekin, Wm. iviarshall, Wm. J. :rvfcDowell, George !vfcN amara, F. V. t:Martin Bernard McDov.rell, John M. McNamara, \V m. l\1artin, Edward A. McDowell, Raymond l\1cN air, Fred M. Martin, Frank ivkEirath, George ivkN ear, Arnold l\1artin, George 1\-fc Elrath, Howard ivkN ear, Frank G. l'viartin, H., Jr. :t\1cElrath, Stanley McNulty, James J. l'vlartin, H. D. l\1c Enaney, Miss Lilly McN ulty, S. S. Martin, John D. 11cEverley, James J. McPherson, Ed. L. :rvrartin, Nicholas McEvilly, George McPherson, Wm. l\1artin, Oscar M. l\1cEvi11y, Wm. J. McQuillan, Wm. l\,fartin, Thomas l\1c Ewan, Thomas McQuillan, Wilmer l\,fartin, Thomas G. lVJ c Ewen, Daniel McQuiston, Hugh Martin, Wm. t lvfcEwen, Ed. J. McQuiston, W. H. l\Iarvel, Miss Bessie L. I\JcFarland, Harris McGann, George R. Marvin, Wm. A. lvkFarland, Wm., Jr. McVeigh, Joseph Masom, Clarence l\1cGann, George R. l\Tc \Nhorter, Miss L. l\l ason, Fred l\1cGiffert, Wm. J. McWilliams, F. A. Masson, Clem B. l\fcGough, James J. McWilliams, R. J. tMasten, A. \V., Jr. l\f cGough, Thomas I\:1acolino. Ferdinando Masten, Fred. S. l\,1cGowan, George l\if ack, Albert Masten, Harold D. l\1cGrath, Alex. B. l\Iack, Ellsworth l\1asten, Harry ivicGrath, James P. l\1ack, Josephus iviasten, Morris D. :rvicGrath, J. P. Mack, Russell Masterjohn, Thomas l\IcGrath, T. T. 1vf adden, Charles l\I. l\fasterson, J. E. l\iicGrath, !\1. l\1adison, \"::ilson l\1astin, William l\fcGrath, Wm., Jr. l'vf aharey, Fred. G. l\latthews, John W. l\lcGuier, David l\,Iaharay, L. G. l\1atthews, Joseph l\IcGuire, l\Jiss 1fabel Maharay, Thomas R. l\tf atthews, Richard F. 11cGuire, VJ'm. A. 1v1aher, Ed. J. lVIatthews, W. H., Jr. l\Jcintosh, Robert H. Maher, Frank May, Fred. McKay, Harry C. Maher, Henry E. G. t Maybury, C. R. T. McKay, Harry B. Maher, Hugh l\!Iazzarelli, Alfred t l\1cKay, Joseph B. l\1aher, William F. Mazzulla, Michael l\ifrKay, vV. Johnston Mahoney, Wm. H. Meehan, M. M. l\1cKeever, John +Mahoney, Wm. J. Meehan, Thos. E. NEWBURGHERS WITH THE COLORS 61

1fehrer, Harry E. 1-Ioran, Stephen Nicoletta, Felice 1fekeel, Jesse E. tforley, Albert B. Nicoll, \Villiam 1Iele, Antonio t ~I orris, Richard H. Nicoll, \Vm. L. iretee, Thomas R. t 11orris, John J. Nielson, Christian ]\f elick, John, Jr. 1·forrison, Andrew E. Niver, Edward W. }.felick, Samuel l\tf orrison, Harry Nixon, Fred E. 1f endelsohn, H. l\Iorrison, Henry W. N octon, Anthony :Merritt, Daniel 1Iorrison, James Nogueras, Miguel 1ferritt. G. Hunter 1forrison, R. G. N aide, Arnold :Merritt; Ferdinand R. Morrow, Jeremiah N oiler, Jacob R. 11 erritt, George V. l\Iorrow, John W. N orthrip, Pierre, Jr. ~f erritt, Ralph 1-Iorse, G. A. Norton, Charles ~ferritt, Theodore 11oseman, James Nott, Chester W. if eyers, John V. 1Ioses, Heyman Nowell, John H. :Meyers, \Vm. T. tMoses, Samuel Nugent, Frank A. 1f ichie, Dr. 0. C. ~;fosher, Robert A. i\f ilden, Edward B. Mould, Stephen H. 0 t 1',,f ilden, Louis J. 1-Iueller, Chas. F. W. 11 ilholland, James F. Muhlemann, Henry tO'Brien, John :Milier, Grant W. Mulholland, Henry O'Brien, Michael C. ttfiller, Hazelton Mulholland, 1vliss A. O'Brien, Nich. J. :Mill er, Howard E. Mulholland, D. M. Mulholland, James O'Callahan, Wm. 1f ill er, Malla O'Connell, Joseph Hvf iller, Ernest Mulloy, Joseph H. 11 iJler, Fred Mullarkey, Bernard O'Connor, Al £red Mill er, Raymond Mullarkey, W. J. O'Connor, James P. 1-f ill er, Robert B. Mullens, Wm. D. O'Grady, Martin E. tMiller, William tMulJigan, Ed. H. O'Hara, Samuel F. Miller, Wm. R. Mulligan, Howard O'Meara, Patrick D Millett, John P. Mulvhill O'Neill, John, Jr. tMilligan, Edw. Munson, Harold D. O'N ei11, John F. Milliken, John N. Munson, Walter H. O'Neill, John J. (I) ?vf illspaugh, Homer Murdock, Frank O'Nem, John J. (2) M inar

Rogers, John Schimmel, Da Yid Sieweke, Ralf C. Rogers, Joseph Schlemmer, Russell Silcock, Frank t Rogers, Raymond Schlick, Fred J. Silcock, George Rol!ett, Fred A. Schlick, Wm. F. Silcock, Ray Z. Rolli, Cesare Schmidt, Fred., Jr. Silcock, \Villiam Ronk, Charles Schmidt, Joseph H. Simcox, 1-fichael H. Ronk, Earl H. Schofield, \Vm. S. Simpson, Henry Roosa, John Schouten, R. T. Simpson, Harry Rose, Charles \V. Schrang, Fred. Simpson, John H. Rose, George V. t Sch rang, Richard Simpson, John P. Rose. Hiland C. Schreeder. Ed. R. Simpson, Paul T. Rose-. John B., Jr. Schreeder, Lemuel Simpson, Robt. J. Rose, Lewis t Schuder, James A. Simpson, Samuel Rosenblum, Samuel Schulman, Louis Simpson, Wm. J. Rosmando, Con. Schultz, Alex. G. Slack, James E. Ross, Carroll A. Schultz, Howard A. S1ater, Alfred Ross, Cleland C. Schwartz, Irving t Slater, William V. Ross, \Villiam Schwartz, James B. Slaughter, Harry Ross, \Vm. G. (I) Scott, A. B. Sleete, Frank Ross, \Vm. G. (2) Scott, Andrew R. Sloan, Abraham Ross, \Vm. J. Scott, Archie T. Small, Fred R. Ross, \Vm. T. Scott, G. Howard Small, William F. t Rouss, Edw. A. Scott, Ed ward L. Smiley, Harold Orr Rov, Kenneth Scott, James Leslie Smith, A1bert Roy, Lawrence T. Scott, Richard Smith, Alfred E. Ruben, Abraham Scott, Robert P. Smith, Alfred 0. Rubin, Abram t Scott, Russell E. Smith, Benjamin C. Run1se,·. vVilliam tScott, Wm. H. Smith, Burton C. Rush, Thomas H. Scott, Wm. ]., Jr. Smith, Charles F. Russe1I, David Sculley, Vincent Smith, Clarence Ryan, Charles H. Seahorn. John Smith, Edward A. Rnttle, \Vil Iiam, Jr. t Seals, \Va1ter Smith, Edward C. Ruzzi, Ralph Scamrin. Clarence D. Smith, E. Jay Ryan, Daniel Seaman, H. E. K. Smith, Ernest H. Ryan, Wm. F. Seaman, Stanley A. Smith, Fred, Jr. t Ryde1I, Harold Secor, Howard C. Smith, Frank W. Seelers, Surk Smith, Francis W. s t Selke, Frank C. t Smith, Garland Sahestiano, DeLuca Serinsky, Walter Smith. Geor~e Sadler, E. B. Seymour, John G. Smith, George G. Saganars. James Sgyokowski, Felix Smith, George V. Sahr, Albert Shafer, Ralph Smith, Harry F. Salimona, Charles Shanley, Robert B. Smith, Harry T. Salvati, l\I ichael Sharp, Edmund Smith, Harry V. tSands. John Sharp, Ernest tSmith, Jacob Sandnighth, L. Sharp, Milton S. Smith, James Santola, John t Shaw, Edwin L. Smith, Haward W. Snpanaro, Angelo Shaw, Harry E. Smith, Herman, R. Sarvis, Charles H. Shay, Charles T. Smith, John R. San·is, Harlan W. Shay, Eugene Smith, LeRoy Sarvis, Harvey J. Shay, George H. Smith, l\1orris Sarvis, Walter H. Sheehan, James F. Smith, Owen Sayles, Chris. Sheehan, J. Thomas Smith, Philetus Sayles, Thomas Sheeley, Frank J. tSmith, Ralph B. Sayles, Walter H. t Sheerin, Rev. D. Smith, Ralph C. Sayre, Kenneth Showers, Charles Smith, Ralph D. Sayres, Harry Shields, Ivlichael E. Smith, Ralph S. Scandell, H. J. Siegfried, Edw. Smith, Sidney M. Schaeffer, Ralph Siegfried, Milton A. Smith, Warren M. Scheneman, H. A. Siegle, Harry S. Smith, Weyant M. Schiff, Sol. Siener, George Smith, William A. 64 NEWBURGH IN THE WORLD WAR Smith. \Villiam F. Sweeney, John J. Tole, Henry J. Smith~ William J. Sweeney, Wm. Tole, James Smith, Veronica Swolinsky, \Valter Tomer, Evert Smith, Vincent Tompkins, Geo. B. Smvth, August F. T Tompkins, H. C. Srn,1:h, \Villiam Taggart, Harry H. Tompkins, Ralph H. Sm;,1:, Styt Taggart, \V. VanLoan Toohey, John J. Snyder, Charles A. Tartter, Ed win Tonti, Louis Snyder, \Villiam J. Tc1verico, Joseph Tower, John F. Sadan~ Frank Taylor, Alex Topping, \Vatter A. Soliken, Philip Taylor, Alfred E. Townsend, Francis t Solomon, Abe Taylor, C. C. Townsend, Howard Sonnabend, A. 1\f. Taylor, Charles E. Townsley, John J. Sorensen, Ralph Taylor, Chas. R. Trainor, \Vm. A. Specland, Irving Taylor, Edward Traphagen, Clarence Speder, Andrew Taylor, Frank Traver, Franklin Speir, James H. tTaylor, Harry R. Travis, Esermeld P. Spencer, A. F. Taylor, Hubert Travis. \Villiam Spreer, 1-f orris tTaylor, William Tray, -Peter Squitieri, Amelio tTavlor, \Vm. T. Tremor, W. A. Stacklum. Robert Teed, Nathan Trees, Harry Staloff, Benjamin Templeton, Charles Trona, James T. Stanbrough, H. A. Ten Eyck, Alex. Truesdell, Harry Stanton, F. J. Terpenning, Frank Truex, l\.,f. N. Stanton, J. Terpenning, James Tschupps, Perry Stanton, Roy tTerrell, Charles B. Tucker, F. Elwood Stanton, Thomas F. Terrence, Joseph Tucker, Ervin J. Stanton, William F. Terwilliger, C. Turner, Sidney Stead, Frank Terwilliger, George Tuttle, Charles Stead, George Terwilliger, H. D. Tuthill, Charles W. Stearns, Charles Terwilliger, Roy Tuthill, Eldred G. Steele, Frank J. Thayer, Frank C. Tuthill, Ernest Stevenson, John Thomas, Charles I-I. Tuthill, M. W. Sterling, Donald R. Thomas, Joseph Tweed, John J. Sterling, James A. Thomas, Walter Tyler, James S. Sterling, W. H. Thomas, William Steurer, Charles Thompkins, G. B. u Steurer, William Thompson, Abraham t Ullman, Walter Stevens, Charles Thompson, C. 1\1. Stevens, J. W. Thompson, Edw. C. V St. Germain, Miss S. t Thompson, Fred. Van Duzer, Benj. T. Stewart, Elijah Thompson, Harry Van Duzer, Lawrence Stewart, Wm. H. Thompson, John Van Dyke, Ed. C. Stienhart, Louis Thompson, John \V. Van Etten, W. W Storms, James L. tThompson, Lewis Van Gordon. Chas. Storms, John C. Thompson, Roy B. Van Ostrand, Lester Storms, Robert H. Thompson, \Vm. C. Van Pelt, George Stock, A }yan lvf. Thorpe, W. Grant Van Tassell, C. A. Stott, Charles W. tTierney, James J. Van Voorhis, Ray. Stroback, Joseph E. Tierney, Paul A. Vail, Charles St. J. Strong, John B. Tierney, \Vm. !v!. Vail, l\tfc Whorten Stults, Fred H. Tiffany, H. C. ·vanam.ee, T. 0. Su11ivan, John Tiffany, Ross \V. Vance, Elmer Sullivan, l\Iichael P. Tig-he. John R. Vandermark, John T. Sullivan, Owen Tilford, Raymond L. V ::mcterpool, Edwin Sullivan, Timothy J. Tilton, W. Howard Vandervoort, J. K. Sullivan, William A. Timoney, Frank J. Vardi, James Sutcliffe, Ernt>st Tobin, Wm. F. +Vaughan, C. B. Sutcliffe, Harold tTodd, Andrew R. Velez, Jose $wan, Wesley W. Todd, James Verdon, Charles J. Swanson, John V. t Todd, Tlieodore Vesley, John NEWBURGHERS WITH THE COLORS 65 V'ignogna, Angelo :\,Veidkam, Augustus \Villiams, Theodore Vincent, Howard \Veightman, Gordon \Villiams, \Villian1 Vito, Augustus \Veist, Daniel 1-f. \Villiams, \Vill iam H. Vito. Sah·atore \Velch, Thomas F. \Vilson, Ed. F. f V nook, Stanley \Velliver, Franklin \Vilson, Harold l\L \T oorhis, Remsen t\Velliver, James L. \Vilson, Howard tVredenburgh, A. E. i\Vells, vVilliam \Vilson, John J. V red en burgh, 1Iiss C. \Venzel, \Vm. Clyde \Vilson, Lester Vredenburgh, F. \V. \Vesley, James \Vilson, \Villiam \Vesley, V. W. \Vinfield, F. L. w \Vest, William S. \Vinkelman, H. \Vade, Fred E. \Vestcott, Ade. 11. Winslow, Fred E. \Vade, Lawrence P. \Vestcott, J. H., Jr. Wiseman, Oliver \Vagner, Charles \Vestervelt, J. \V. \Vitzenbocker, W. H. \Vagner, Lieut. Westervelt, Roy W. t \Vixon, Claude F. \Vait, Lawrence P. \Vetherill, E. K. K. \Vixon, Oland \Vaite, Felix F. \Veyant, Calvin Wolfe, Carl A. \Vaite, Kenneth J. \Veyant, Chester \Volfe, Henry R. \Vakeford, Harry A. Weyant, Frank H. \Volfe, Milton \Vall, Frederick \Veyant, S. LeR. Wolven, Chester E. Wall, Grover C. tWeyant, James A. \Vood. Chas. H. Wall, J. Fred Weyant, Kenneth Wood, J. Arnold \Vallace, J. 1\1. H. \Vhalen, Peter G. Woodburn, Jos. W. \Vakh, \V. F. Whalen, Peter R. Woodhull, Fred \Valkley, \Vm. G. Whateley, Andrew Woodruff, Howard Walsh, Fred White, Alvin M. Woodruff, Leslie Walsh, Harry \Vhite. Frank Woolsey, Augustus G. \Valsh, James P. White~ Joseph T. Woolsey, David \Valsh, John P. White, Thomas F. Woolsey, Miss Maud Walsh, Joseph t\Vhite, William Worden, Raymond A. vValsh, William E. White, Wm. F. Wright, Ezra Walsh, Wm. T. Whitehill, Albert E. Wright, James Walt, Felix W. Whitehill, Edward tWright, John Wandelt, Henry A. Whitehi]], Howard Wright, Walter Ward, Chas. M. Whitlow, Thomas Wyley, Wm. C. Ward, Chauncey I. Whittaker, Arthur Wylie, Howard Wai

HE early stages of the ,var \Yere n1arked by ,vide-spread T agitation as to the n1ethods of raising an army. This finally resulted in "·hat else,,·here ,,·as popularly called "the draft". The draft in Civil \ \'" ar days had met ,vith violent oppo sition and there "·ere riots in connection ,vith it. In the new discussion brought about by the German emergency, some of the old opposition ,vas voiced again. The rule prevailing, ho,v e,·er, the ,vork ,vas proceeded ,vith. Since the ,var, in various discussions of policies, there have been those ,vho ha,·c advocated that a distinction be n1ade be t,veen those ,vho ",,olunteered" and those ,vho ,vere "drafted." It is highly improbable that in any measure or under any con ditions, any such effort could gain the slightest support in Ne,v hurgh, for N e,vburgh regards all of her sons ,vho served as volunteers and with substantial reason. rfhe original draft board, or as it ,vas called here, the selec tive service board, consisted of Col. Joseph M. Dickey and 1\Jichael Donahue, both veterans of the Civil \Var. l\1r. Dona hue was in failing health and ~erved only a short tin1e ,vhen he \-Vas succeeded by l\1ichael rr. Donohue. 1'here ,vas no relation ship despite the similarity of names. The new member ,vas the superintendent here for the l\'1etropolitan Insurance Co., and later on ,vas transferred to Albany, necessitating another change and Joseph Rose ,vas appointed. Col. Dickey alone served throughout the \Var. }Ie ,vas the chairn1an of the board and in the final analysis, his view \Vas the vie\v of the board. It is quite ,vi thin the limits of probability therefore that he better than any other ,vould know the spirit in which the draft was received. Objections, evasions, excuses, if there \vere any, ,vere certain to come to his attention. If there ,Yerc any reluctance, any desire to escape military duty, the final decisions ,vould be ,vith hin1. It is interesting therefore to note that Col. Dickey, ,vho as a mere boy had volunteered in a terrible ,var, and had ,von dis tinction on the field, subscribes to the doctrine that the New burgh boys ,vere not "drafted", but ,vere actually volunteers, for in a resume of his experience as head of the board he says: "Of the 1naze of n1en1ories of ,var days that linger, that ,vhich is outstanding \vith me is the recollection of the spirit of N e\vburgh's young men during the g-reat crisis and as the Chairman of Exemption Board No. I of Orange County, I am glad to pay this tribute to their patriotism and that of their con freres from New \Vindsor, included in our district. THE SELECTIVE SERVICE r. CoL. JosEPH :\f. DICKEY. Chairman Draft Board No. I, Orange County. 2. l\1IcHAEL DoN.:\ttt·E. -:.\Iernhcr Draft Board. 3. 11:ICHAEL T. DoxoHcE. -:.\lernher Draft Board. ➔· JosEPH RosE. :\Iember Draft Board. 5. DR. RA Y~IOND l\lrLLER, l\Ieclical l\Iember of Board. 6. -:.\IIss JUSTINE \VESTON. Secretary of Board. 7. DR. THO:\L\S J. BuR:KE. and 8. FRED S. l\f cDowELL, Organizers of Registration in Newburgh.

THE SELECTIVE SERVICE 67 "In my official position ,vhich lasted throughout the ,var I came into personal contact ,vith all of these young men. I ,vas and still am proud of their bearing and their attitude. To my mind they embodied the \vhole spirit of the selective service act. "In order to better understand my point, it should be recalled that ,ve in N e\\·burgh avoided the use of the "\\rord "draft". Offi cially the "Draft Board", our org-an!zation ,vas kno,vn only as the "Selective Service Board". \\Te did not take the ground that these young men ,vere being forced into the service. \Ve never had occasion to ,varn them of penalties. The principle upon ,vhich ,ve ,vorked ,vas that all of these men ,vere volunteers, si1nply ,vaiting until their country should call and designate their service. They volunteered, ,vhen they ,valked to the vari ous enrollment places and entered their names, after that hold ing themselYes in readiness for \vhatever came. "Certain Yery conspicuous incidents served to illustrate that this was a condition of mind, not a pose. I recall that in one of the large calls for men, t,vo ,vho ,vere enrolled came to 111e. They had not been included in that quota, but out of their anxiety to get into action they asked to be permitted to go. That sort of thing appealed to me, and I told them that if they could get two ,vho ,vere included in the call to ask for delay, I would arrange it. I had my doubts that any would ask for delay. "These men n1ade a carivass of all of those in the quota, and they were unable to find anyone who would waive and to ac con1modate them I was compelled to send a number in excess of the call. The incident was not isolated, but it served to show that with our young men there was nothing compulsory about the service. They did not· feel that they were being dragged into it. We always called them 'The Selects'. They were that in name and in fact. They sin1ply ,vaited to know what their country wanted them to do and were more than eager to respond to duty's call. If the work of this branch of the service was arduous and exacting in time and trouble and it was all of this, there ,vas a wonderful compensation for my associates in the board and n1yself, in the spirit thus manifested. We escaped 1nany of the troubles and vexations which might have attended our work, had there been a disposition to evade or avoid service." In view of the facts here made known it is possible to take no other attitude than that the N ewburghers were volunteers. Certainly those young men who actually had not yet been called into service but who sought Col. Dickey for permission to go, ,vere truly volunteers. And when they went through the entire call, and when any of those summoned might have stayed at home had he so desired, and every last man refused to take advantag-e of the opportunity for delay, it cannot be said with any truth that any one of them was not an actual volunteer in the fullest sense of the word. It was not that going on that particular call offered a possible advantage over later calls, for 68 NEWBURGH IN THE WORLD WAR beyond kno,ving the particular camp to ,vhich they "·ere to go, not one of these men had the slightest idea of ,Yhat his future itJ the arn1y ,\·ould be. He had no n1eans of kno\\·ing e,·en in \Yhat branch of the serYice he ,vould be. 1"'he registration ,vork ,vas set in 1notion here by the ap pointment by Governor Charles S. \Yhitman of a Federal Regis tration Board. The duty of this body ,vas to organize the ,vork of registration of all n1ales from 21 to 30, ,vhich n1eant all ,vho had reached their 2 r st birthday and had not yet reached the 3 r st . ..As such board, the GoYernor na1ned Dr. Thon1as J. Burke, Health Officer for the City of N e,vburgh; Fred S. 1IcDo,vell, Sheriff of Orange County, and George F. Gregg, County Clerk of Orange County. '"I'his board organized the county by election districts and secured as volunteers for the enrollment, all of those ,vho norm ally served as inspectors of election in the state elections. The registration ,vas set for June 5, 1917, from 7 a. m. to 9 p. m. The day ,vas approached here as a truly solemn occasion. On the Sunday preceding, reference ,vas made to it in all of the city churches and on the evening before, a community mass meeting was held in 'I'rinity Church, the city uniting on the invitation of the pastor, the Rev. Dr. J. Lewis Hartsock, and the N e,vburgh l\Iinisterial Association. 'fhe church was thronged and in the congregation there ,vas a large contingent of mc11 in khaki, ,vho had already responded to the call to the colors. 'fhere was not the slightest effort to stir enthusiasm. 'fhe occasion had all the solemnity of a church ceremonial and the message of those ,vho spoke was in keeping with this attitude. "Fron1 the days of '6r, '98 and 'r 7 and on", said the Rev. Frederick E. Stock,vell, pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, addressing the meeting, "our land and our city will be found true to the ideals of An1erica. 'rhis n1agnificent audience is our answer to the charge of frenzied finance, that we can think only in dollars and cents and the charge that we have frozen in1agi nation and chilled chivalry. "Ton1orro,v, the spirit of the day will be that each is ,villing tc• do his share in the nation's crisis. You and I are here to pledge that we ,viii stand back of each young man ,vho goes out -and the country will. It ,vill mean victory for the ideals of conscience, the soul and the ,vide ,vorld. God help you all. Here ,ve stand. \Ve can do no other." "America is assen1bling", said the Rev. Isaac Steenson, pas tor of the First Congregational Church, "for a great consecra tion service. This service ,,vill n1easure the life and the breadth of our spiritual resources. * * * * The soul of America is being weighed in the balance. God grant that it shall not be found wanting." June S came, the day of the great test. To the polling places flocked the youth of the city. It had been estimated that the THE SELECTIVE SERVICE 69 registration \\·ould total about 1,&>o. Before noon it ,vas quite eYident that the estimate ,vas too lo,v. Night brought a total in the city of 2,291. Throughout the day there ,vas not the slightest hint of disorder, criticisn1 or dissatisfaction. Even an1ong the foreign born and those unfamiliar ,vith the language, the attitude ,\·as extraordinary. They gave evidence of understanding some of the details imperfectly, but they kne,v the main idea-that they ,vere being called upon to express their readiness to take the field for the land of their adoption. This ,vas indicated rather forcibt y in Highland Steamer Co .. \\·here in conformity ,vith the rules, the inspector asked the regi5tran t, "Do you claim exen1ption ?" "·Yes", said the man. "l\Ie ready to fight right now." Ile had not understood the question and his English might not be marked 100 per cent., but he ,vas 100 per cent. American. In another polling place a young man of Austrian birth pre sented himself. It ,vas suggested to him that he might have to fight Austria. "I don't intend to go back to Austria", he said. "I make niy living in America. I have every reason to love America, and I ,viii fight for America." A deaf and dumb man ,vas given the question in writing, "J)o you claim exen1ption ?" He shook his head in the negative. Another youth who had lost three fingers from his right hand did not claim exemption on that account. "You only need one finger to pull a trigger", he said. Clergy1nen who were exempt under the law enrolled without advancing their profession as a rtason for staying at home. On the day following, the Exemption Boards were ap pointed for Orange County as follows: Board No. 1, Newburgh City and 1~own of N cw Windsor, Joseph M. Dickey, Michael l)onahuc. Board No. 2, To,vns of Cornwall, Highlands, vVood bury, 'ruxedo, Monroe, Chester and Warwick, Paul 1\uckerman, 'fuxedo and Henry \V. Chadeayne, Cornwall. Board No. 3, City of l\fidclletown, Towns of Montgon1ery, Hatnptonburgh and Ne,vburgh, Col. Thon1as \V. Bradley, Walden; A. C. N. Thon1p son, l\Iicldletown. Board No. 4, City of Port Jervis, Towns of Deerpark, Minisink, Goshen, vVallkill, Greenvil1e, Wawayanda, l\It. Hope and Blooming Grove, \V. H. Nearpass, Port Jervis, an

HEX the .A.n1erican troops took the field it ,vas for the W n1ost part under conditions \·ery different from those in pre\·ious ,vars ,vith reference to the units. In the Ci\·il \\.ar for exan1ple, the troops ,vere in most cases designated by the nan1es of their states and "·ithin the state groups there ,vere units from gi\·en localities. Thus the men from N" e,v .,r ork State ,\·ere in regin1ents carrying the name of the state. To be more particular, the 124th Ne,v York \,: olunteers, "Orange Blossoms", ,\·ere almost exclusively men from Orange County. The prac tice ,vas presumed to have an effect in raising the morale. \Vhat measure of general success ,vas attained may be a matter of conjecture, but this remains quite certain, the record of the "Orange Blosson1s" ,vas glorious and had come do,vn through the years, a glo,ving inspiration. The military author ities for the ,vorld ,var ho,vever decided against this method, and save for the National Guard, the units were gathered from n1any centers. Even the guard companies ,vere so changed about that except in a few cases "the home town" company ,vas a thing of the past. \\Tith the men thus scattered widely, the local chronicler \vho atten1pts to narrate the part played by the men of his particular con1munity finds hin1self somewhat at a loss to point to any special unit to call it representative of his tO\Vn. 'fhc n1ilitary n1ovcn1ents were on such a large scale that co1npanies ,vcrc aln1ost lost sight of and regin1ents ,vere merely a part of divisions containing 25,000 to 30,000 n1en. The n1ilitary leaders thought in tcrn1s of divisions, not of con1panies or regi n1ents. Chance has it ho\vevcr that certain divisions contained a considerable percentage of N e,vburghers-enough that certain of these n1ay be singled out here, not with any idea of glorifying then1 aboYe the others, but because they had n1ore Newburghers than the others. Individuals fron1 Newburgh could probably be found in every division of the regular army. The city had its representative even in that strange expedition into northern Russia in ,vhich Tohn Devlin served in the ranks, and men from N e,vburg-h ,vere ·found ,vith the Italian troops in their glorious drive. It \vould be manifestly impossible then to try to trace the course of the majority of the men in the service. The limita tions of such a volume as this require that only a few of what 1nay be termed the high spots could be referred to ·in connection ,vith the actual ,varfare. \Vith these things in mind, it is but natural that this section should be confined principally to those divisions which had an IN THE HE.lRT OF THE GREAT ADVENTURE 81 unusual proportion of the 1nen from this to-\vn, ,vhich naturally leads one to the T\venty-seventh Division, the N e\v \~ork Guard organization, the Se,·enty-seventh, popularly kno\vn as "N e\V York City's O,,·n", but as a matter of fact dra,vn from many places. ari(l the Se,·enty-eighth, made up largely of the n1en of ~ e,,. ·York and N e,v Jersey, and also containing many N e,v burghers, notably the 3roth Infantry in one of the companies of \\·hich Roy B. 'I'hompson ,vas first a captain and later ,vas pron1oted -to a majority. ~A.side from these, nun1erous N e,v burghers \Vere in the First Pioneers, the Fifty-first Pioneers, and in the Eighty-seventh Division, \\·hich included the 345th, 3-t6th, 347th and 3-1-Sth Infantry. Since the 1'Iarines ,vere led by a f orn1er N e\\·burgh man, Col. Albertus \V. Catlin, to whom ,vas p.6\·cn the credit of much of the ,vonderful accomplishment of Be IIeau \ Voo

I ll'rnritli is p!TSl'lltl'd a grc1t1p ()i \'e\\·lnirgh l>()ys. 111eml>t.TS 11i tlJL· old 1:irst l-!.eg·i111e11t. \\·liik it was still in Camp \\'ads,,·ortlii Sparta11ln1rgh. S. C.,

:111d hd, ,ff it \\·as consnlidatl'd with the 107th Regiment. Standing ( left to right l arl' Cyril l•:11gelhrick. Sterrit Kt.'ek. l lllwarcl Rogt.-rs. lh.-rnarcl ~lartin

:111 cJ \\"alter . \lliso11. In tl1e ]1 I\\TI" ]'I l\\' are . le ,Im T . I,c1111ey. hl"·ard Shay ;111d .\rtl1t1r I .cgh, ,rn.

Ti 1, ,u~li ;ti! \\Trt.' Ill tht.· army. three \\'l'rl' I l 1 1t Ill u11if11rm at the time the plit1t()gT:1ph ,r;ts takt.·11. ht.·cmse ! hey ,,-ere engaged. in the L'1 )( ,king department 11f till· c11111p;L11y .. \11 li,·e ()f tli1lSC in uniform \\Trt.~ killed in action in France. John T. I,1·1mn· Post ()f the V l'terans () f F()rcig-11 \ \' ars ,,·as so named in li1:11()r ,1f 11tlt.' of them.

IN THE HEART OF THE GREAT ADVENTURE 83 fonner ··bore sighting", ,vhich came into general use. In "Rifle Training for \\,-ar" published by Lieut. Col. Smith \V. Brookhart, U. S. A., the author gives special n1ention and credit to Captain \\rallace. Lieutenants Penoyar and Brundage ,vent to Co. E of the 107th and both served in France, both being casualties. In his story of Co. L, Harry T. 11itchell, historian of the co1npany tells something of the morning the First and Seventh \\·ere merged. "So it transpired that on October 17, 1917 all the boYs of Co. L, Seventh Regiment, gathered at the head of the co~1pany street to shout a ,velcon1e to about roo men from New burgh and its environs ,vho ,vere being transferred from the First Regiment. As they ,vatched their ne,v hunkies from up-state tramp up the dusty road and swing in bet,veen the rows of tents a \\·aiting them, they could not help being impressed by the size of the ne,v comers. The first fe,v squads ,vere made up literally of young giants, men ,vho bore striking ,vitness to the benefits of outdoor life." There follo,ved a long tour of intensive training and then the ,vord came to depart for France. From official and other sources, is gleaned the review of French operations. "On 11ay ro, 1918, the units of the 27th Division embarked for France, exactly eight months after their reorganization at Camp vVadsworth. 1'he 107th Infantry boarded ship at New port News, and after twelve days on the seas, landed in Brest on tiay 23. vVithout delay the Division was moved into the train ing- area near Crecy, the local troops working through June ,vith the British. This training went further back toward first principles, than the Americans had thought for. They had British equipn1ent and armament, British methods of adminis tration, supply and comn1and,-everything British. Toward the encl of July can1e news that Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria _)Vas about to strike the Lys salient in the vicinity of Mt. Kem111el. "Eight of the ten divisions given the British ,vere taken a,vay, but the 27th and 30th, Tennessee and Carolina guardsn1en, re1nained. This was the .second American arn1y corps, Major General Georg-e vV. Read comn1anding, which played a Homeric part in breaking the Hindenburg line. "On July 9, began the first minor operations in the vicinity of l\f t. Kemn1el, where the division vvas subjected to severe ar tiJlery fire by day and continued fire by night, inflicting daily casualties. The special British and American censorship estab lished caused less of the activities of the division to reach the home land, until the end of the war, than any of the divisions taking part in the major breaking of the Hun. "By August 17, came word that the second minor actions had been participated in; this was on the Dickebusch Sector and consisted officially of 'holding the Dickebusch Sector ( vicinity of Dickebusch Lake) front line, repelling raids, making raids and patrols, being under continual artillery and much machine gun 84 NEWBURGH IN THE WORLD WAR fire, ,vith perfect obserYation fron1 ene1ny position on ~It. Kem n1el.' One of the crack di,·isions of Rupprechfs arn1y appeared and in broad daylight laid do,vn a barrage on ad,·anced elements of the ro7th, including Co. L, lying in shell holes under com n1and of Captain Fancher Nichol. scion of an old N e,v \Vindsor family, ,vho ,vas soon to lay do,vn his life. The barrage ,,·as follo,,·ed by the appearance of a raiding party of forty n1en, armed ,vith rifles, grenades and kni,·es. One group of eight N e,v Yorkers broke up the attack. al though seven of them ga,·e their li,·es in the effort. "rfhe local cotnpanies \\·ere then 1110,·ed to the Doullens Region, ,vhere they rested until September 25. For three ,veeks before this date the troops ,vere giYen special training in attacks and the use of tanks. The 27th Division took its place opposite Bony, just ,vest of the section of the Hindenburg line formed by the St. Quentin Canal. \Vhat the Hindenburg line at this point really ,vas appears in the follo\ving official description: "The Hindenburg Line at this point curves in front of the 'funnel St. Quentin. 'rhis ,vas considered impregnable by the Germans, for the follo,ving reasons: "1~he line curving ,vest of the tunnel consisted of three n1ain trench systems, protected by vast fields of heavy barbed wire entanglen1cn ts skilfully placed. 1~his ,vire was very heavy and da1naged very little by artillery fire. The dominating ground enabled Gern1ans to bring devastating 111achinc gun fire on all approaches. 'I'he lines had been strengthened ,vith machine gun en1placen1cnts. It contained a large nu1nber of dugouts, lined "vith mining tin1bers ,vith ,vooOhio, Dela,vare, n1aryland, New Tersey, \Tirginia, and other states ,vho had volunteered for i.immediate foreign service." The balance of the regiment ,vas made up of National i\rmy men from l(entucky and Indiana. Thirty-three States ,vere finally included in the composition of the organization. There ,vas a long period of hard training with such fine results that, to quote l\1ajor Davis, "Gen. Carleton, who v:as a thorough soldier, and not given to overpraise, said to the commanding officer of the regiment as he bade him farewell, 'Sir, you have a fine organization. 11:ore progress could not have been made'." On July 8, 1918, the regiment sailed for France, and on July 18 ]anded in Brest. Soon after it was attached to Gen. Bullard's ~rhird Corps. As such it participated in the Aisne-Marne offen sive, July 25 to August 6; Oise-Aisne offensive, August 18 to Sept. 10; 11euse-Argonne offensive, Sept. 26 to Nov. I I. Harri son \V. Foreman, the much beloved chaplain of the regiment ,vrote: "11 here ,vas little recreation for the men of the regiment in France except for the re-creation of roads, bridges, etc. Indeed no organization in the American Expeditionary Force worked harder or n1ore steadily or under more trying conditions than did the First Pioneer Infantry. From Brest to Coblenz, theirs ·was one continual grind." In the story of the great offensive Major Davis says: "Shortly after leaving Esnes, the con1panies with the main colun1n passed through the reserve and coming up with the sup port infantry sheltered themselves from the enemy fire in dug outs, and holes as they had been instructed to do until the at tacking infantry had advanced sufficiently to require road com munications to the rear; then the Pioneers rushing forth from the dugouts, went forward over the spongy, shell torn swamps ,vhich a few hours before had been 'No-man's land' and the German positions. With such tools as they had and with their bare hands they threw themselves on every bit of stone they could obtain, madly striving to keep open means of communica tion -with the troops. One of the roads led over Hill 304 toward J1alancourt and across Forges Brook. The other important road ran through Bethincourt, crossing Forges Brook and the shoulder of Dead Man's Hill and also converged toward Mont- 88 NEWBURGH IN THE WORLD WAR faucon, through Cuisy. The frenzied ,vork of the First Pioneer Infantry continued "·ithout respite and ,vith little food for 48 hours, the n1en snatching a fe,v n101nents, sleeping by reliefs in dugouts and holes. Of this "·ork Gen. Drum in his lecture on ''fhe Great Offensi\·e,' says: 'Pioneers \\·ere collecting stones ,vith th~ir bare hands and thro,ving it on the road and e,·ery handful of stone they put in ,vas ,,·orth roo bullets'." Gen. ~Iangin addressing the Third Corps in an official con1- n1 unication said: ···You rushed into the fight as to a fete. \~our 1nagnificent courage con1pletely routed a surprised enerDy." 1\fter the .:-\rrnistice, the First Pioneers ,vent on into Ger many, rc111aining there until l\Iarch 22. ,vhen the regin1ent started for hon1e, arri,·ing in N e,vport N e\vs on July 7, after an absence of exactly a year. The Fifty-first Pioneers Fifty-six N" e,\·burgh boys \\·ere in the Fifty-first Pioneers, an organization doing a ,vork si1nilar to that of the First Pioneers already described. The Fifty-first like the First ,vas organized in Spartanburg. The N e,Yburgh contingent ,vas n1ade up principally of the contingcn t ,,·h ich left Ne,vburgh l\Iay 27, 1918. Unlike the other \vhich had had a long tour of training, the Fifty-first \\·as in Can1p \Vads,vorth less than a 1nonth ,vhen it \\';1~ ordered o\·erseas, leaving Spartanburg on July I 7 and going thence to Ca111p l\Icrritt. Fron1 the latter ca111p it left for France on July 2(i It ,vill be observed therefore that vYithin a 111onth fron1 the ti1ne these boys left hon1e, they \Yere on their ,vay to France. '1'hcy arrived in Brest on August 7, going thence to l\f aron and then to 'frond es, lvherc they constructed barbed ,virc cntanglen1cnts and at l\Icnin la Tour constructed the first A111crican ~tockadc in France. On Septcn1ber 3 they arrived in 'l'oul and nine days later they ,vere in the St. l\,f ihiel drive and in the 1narch on l\Iontsee and l\1etz. 1'he re

~-Y ·._ ,.,, ·:-.

•

TlfE FIFTY-FIRST PIO.\EEH.S JX CUXD, lwttigTaph \\';is .\laJH·y. La1rnccl 1,t ~\ I uffrtt. I~ ay mond Crc,·ling, Daniel Cox: Xe,Yell I [aeffner. \\'illiam ::.\1 arYi11. Ch;1rlcs Cnc. Fred \\'uudl111ll a11<1 Frank Kulicr .

IN THE HEART OF THE GREAT ADVENTURE 89 and afforded the enemy unusual facilities for observation. The enemy· had reinforced the position by every artificial 111eans during a period of four years. * * * * i\t da,vn on September I 2 after four hours of violent artillery fire of preparation and accotnpanied by small tanks, the infantry of the First and Fourth Corps ad,·anced. 1"'he infantry of the Fifth Corps commenced its ad\·ancc at 8 p. n1. The operation ,vas carried out ,vith entire precision. Just after daylight on Sept. r3, elements of the First and T,,·enty-sixth Divisions made a junction near Hat nochatel and \·igneulles, r8 kilon1eters northeast of St. 1Iihiel. The rapidity ,vith ,vhich our di,·isions advanced over\vhelmed the enen1y and all objecti\res had been reached by the afternoon of Sept. r3. The enen1y had apparently started to ,vithdra,v ~ome of his troops from the tip of the salient on the eve of our attack but had been unable to carry it thro_ugh. \\Te captured rG,ooo prisoners, 443 guns and a large- store of 1naterials and supplies. The energy and the S\viftness \vith ,vhich the opera tion ,vas carried out enabled us to smother opposition to such an extent that ,ve suffered less than 7,000 casualties during the actual period of advance." ,-fhus in less than tvvo days, th.I: ·defenses which the Germans had been gathering for four years, c•rfrfiibled un·der· the An1erican attack. Gen. Pershing continues··:···· .... "The 111aterial results of the victory achieved were very i1nportant. An American Anny was an accomplished fact and the ene111y had felt its power. No form of propaganda could overcome the depressing effect on the n1oralc of the enemy, of this den1onstration of our ability to organize a large An1erican iorce and drive it successfully through his defenses. It gave our troops implicit confidence in their superiority and raised their n1orale to the highest pitch. For the first ti111e wire en tanglen1ents ceased to be regarded as in1passable barriers and open-\varfare training ,vhich had been so urgently insisted upon proved to be the correct doctrine. Our divisions concluded the ~1ttack vvith such s1nall losses and in such high spirits that \,·ithout the usual rest they were i1n111ediately available for em ployment in a new theatre of operations." On Sept. 25 the regin1ent ,vas detailed to LeonYal to do can1ouflage ,vork. The station ,vas a forest in which lun1ber can1ps vvere concealed and n1iniature railroads ran to the trenches. 1"'he entrance appeared to be cedar trees but it was chicken ,vire covered with frayed green burlap. On Oct. r9 the regiment ,vas part of the force which started after the retreating Germans. On Dec. 23, it arrived in Cochen, Germany, and later ,vent to Cond. On 1iay r4 the home,vard trip ,vas started, the unit arriving in St. Nazaire on June r8 and Hoboken on July 3, r9r9. The members of the regiment included William Jamison, David Davidson, Joseph Chicalone, Frank Thayer, David Cole- 111an, James lVIcN ulty, Roy l\lcDonald, Kenneth Coldwell, Ed- 90 NEWBURGH IN THE WORLD WAR ,vard nfartin. Frank Kober. John Killeen, Otis Bush, N ew·ell Haffner. Fred \ \-oodhull, ..Alfred Olsen, Charles Coe, \Villiam nJ ar,·in.· John A.rmour, \ \-illian1 A.ldrich, John T,veed, Nicolas Cappella, Jason Carnright, A.rnold Nolde, John Dean, George Rose, Ho,\·ard Da ,·idson, John F. Casey, Lancelot l\Toffitt, ~I il ton Siegfried, Thomas Dillon, James O'Rourke, Egbert Pindar, Theodore \Villian1s, \\-illiam \Valsh, Chester Ho,vden, Daniel Cussin, Raymond Cre,·eling, Harry Po,vles, Louis \Villian1s, R.obert Kehoe, Thomas j\faharay, Antonio Giadon n1enico, Louis Guimettico, Harry Kline, Frank Gibbons, Cesare Rolli, Nelson l\Iooney, Arthur \ Vhitaker, Charles Eipper, Fred Kingston, Daniel Cox, La,vrence \,,. oulio, Ed,vard Agne'\\", Stephen A.ckerman, \\.illiam Blum, and Charles 1Iiller. The Seventy-seventh and Seventy-eighth Divisions l\Iany of the selects of February, 1918, ,vent in to the Se\·enty-seventh Division, in ,vhich there ,vas a large percentage of N e,v \,,. ork city residents and N e,v ·y· ork State men generally, ,vho ,vent to Camp Upton and received their training there. The period ,vas exceedingly brief in this country, for l\lay found them in France in the Arras region and section about Ypres ,vhere it ,vas feared the Germans ,vould break through the Brit ish lines. In Junc, the Division was sent to Lorraine, ,vhere it ,vas placed in a front line sector. Acquitting itself well in that section it ,vas moved again, and August saw it near the more active operations in the vicinity of Chateau 'rhierry. The Divis ion engaged the ene1ny on the Vesle, pushing the Germans back fron1 the Vesle and the Aisne. Fron1 there the division later ,vent into the engagement, which won for all endless fame, the great Argonne campaign. For this, the 77th held the all-important left of the line, its course leading through the great Argonne forest. This formed an aln1ost unsunnountable barrier naturally and to the natural defenses which it offered the Gern1ans had added every artificial n1ethod, their ingenuity and general systen1 of efficiency could devise. One observer described it as "an almost impenetrable ,voods, every thicket a n1achine gun nest, every hill an emplace n1ent for artillery with field guns firing shrapnel and shell at short range." 1~he American forces could have gone ahead, skirting the forest, but this ,vould have been to have had enemies in the rear and so its reduction was n1ade necessary. Since the fame of the Seventy-seventh and Seventy-eighth Divisions rests justly-and it is a glowing record-on the l\1euse-Argonne can1paign it may be ,vell to record here some thing of that feature of the struggle. From the report of Gen. Pershing it is gathered that the definite decision for the lvieuse-Argonne phase of the great allied conyergent attack was agreed upon at a conference which Gen. Pershing and Gen. Petain had ,vith Marshal Foch on Sept. 2, IN THE HEART OF THE GREAT ADVENTURE 91 1918. It ,vas planned to use all of the available forces of the First ..American .A.rmy, including those ,vhich could be ,vith dra,vn from the St. l\Iihiel front. On this point, Gen. Pershing in his report says: "The ..Army ,vas to break through the enemy's successive fortified zones to include the Kriemhilde-Stellung or Hindenburg line on the front, Brieulles-Romagne sous l\'1ontfaucon-Grandpre, and thereafter by de,~eloping pressure to,vard l\1ezieres, ,vas to ensure the fall of the Hindenburg line along the Aisne river in front of the Fourth French .A.rmy, ,vhich ,vas to attack ,vest of the A.rgonne forest. .A. penetration of some r2 to r 5 kilometres (eight to ro miles) ,vas required to reach the Hindenburg line on our front and the enemy's defenses ,vere virtually continuous throughout that depth. "The l\1euse-Argonne front had practically been stabilized in September, r9r4, and except for minor fluctuations during the German attacks on Verdun in r9r6 and the French counter offensive in August, 1917, remained unchanged until the Ameri can advance in r9r8. The net result of the four years struggle on this ground ,vas a German defensive system of unusual depth and strength and a wide zone of utter devastation, itself a serious obstacle to offensive operations. "'I'he strategical importance of this portion of the line was second to none on the western front. All supplies and evacu ations of the German armies in northern France were dependent on the two great railway systems-one to the north passing through Liege, while the other in the south with lines coming from Luxen1burg, Thioville and Metz had as its vital section the line Carignan-Sedan-Meziers. No other important lines were available to the enemy as the mountainous n1asses of the Ar dennes n1ade the construction of east and west lines through that region impracticable. The Carignan-Sedan-Meziers line ,vas essential to the Germans for the rapid strategical movement of troops. Should this southern system be cut by the Allies be fore the enemy could withdraw his forces through the narrow neck bet,veen Mezieres and the Dutch frontier, the ruin of his armies in France and Belgium would be complete." The operations began on Sept. 6 and ,vere continuous until the Armistice on Nov. r I. The attack ,vas a tactical surprise. The Germans had expected a continuance of the advance to ,vards l\1etz after St. Mihiel and successful ruses were carried out to deceive him. French troops were used as a screen along the front until the night before the battle. The success of the operations is well known, but that sec tion in ,vhich were the Seventy-seventh and Seventy-eighth, offered the greatest resistance because of the terrain. By Oc tober 31st the enemy's elaborate prepared positions, including the Hindenburg Line, had been broken, the almost impassable NEWBURGH IN THE WORLD WAR :\rgonne forest ,vas in our hands, an ad,·ance of 13 n1iles had been accomplished . .A.s to the forces engaged Gen. Pershing says: "Bet,Yeen Sept. 26 and N o,·ernber Ir, t,venty-t,,·o American and four French di,·isions on the front extending fron1 southeast of ,-erd un to the .A.. rgonne forest had engaged and decisively beaten 47 different Gern1an divisions representing 25 per cent. of the enemy's entire di,·isional strength on the ,vestern front." In his first orders to the army Gen. Pershing said: "It is ,,·ith a sense of gratitude for its splendid accomplish- 111ent. ,,·hich ,vill li,·e through all history, I record in General Orders a tribute to the ,·ictory of the First A.rmy in the 1Ieuse Argonne battle. "Tested and strengthened by the reduction of the St. 1Iihiel salient, for n1ore than six ,veeks you battered against the pivot of the enen1v line on the ,vestern front. It ,vas a position of im posing natural strength, stretching on both sides of the nieuse River from the bitterly contested hills of \T erdun to the almost impenetrable forest of the Argonne; a position, moreover, forti fied by four years of labor designed to render it in1prcgnable; a position helcl ,vith the fullest resources of the enen1y. That position you broke utterly, and thereby hastened the collapse of the enen1y's 111il itary po\ver. "Soldiers of all of the divisions engaged under the First, 'l'hird and Fifth An1crican Corps and the Second Colonial and ~cvcntccnth French Corps, the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 26th, 28th, 29th, 32nd, 33rd, 35th, 37th, 42nd, 77th, 78th, 79th, 80th, 81st, 82nd, 89th, 90th and 91st An1erican di\·isions, the 18th and .:26th French di\·isions, and the roth and r sth French Colonial cl ivisions-you \Vill be long ren1cn1 bcrcd for' the stubborn resist ance of your progress, your storn1ing of obstinately defended 1nachinc gun nests, your penetration, yard by yard, of ·woods and ravines, your heroic resistance in the face of counter attacks, supported by po\vcrful artillery fire. For 111ore than a 111011th, fro111 the initial attack of September 26th, you fought your ,vay slo,vly through the Argonne, through the ,voods and over hills ,vest of !vf euse; you slo,vly enlarged your hold on the Cotes de 1v1euse to the east, and then, on the 1st of Noven1ber, your attack forced the enemy into flight. Pressing his retreat, vou cleared the entire left bank of i\leuse, south of Sedan, and then storn1ed the heights on the right bank and drove him into the plain beyond. "Soldiers of all anny and corps troops engaged-to you no less credit is due vour steadfast adherence to

•Record of John F. Monroe. The Navy in the War

Even the most casual reader ,vill be likely to note the absence of reference to the navy in these annals and perhaps it \Yould be ,vell at this point to offer an explanation. It ,vill be obvious of course, that the N e,vburghers in the army greatly outnumbered those in the navy. ,-I'he total enrolled forces of the lfnited States numbered 5,019,874, of ,vhom 665,152 ,vere in the navy, including the 1Iarine Corps. The army and the navy therefore stood approxin1ately eight to one. It is not possible to give exact figures, but observation leads to the conclusion that of those ,vho ,vent out from N e,vburgh the proportion in the army is slightly larger than the general figures. Of the 700 ,,·ho shared in the ,velcome home, April 7, 1919, only 27 were navy men. Nevertheless the fact that in the list of 97 who gave up their lives, there ,vere nine from the navy, indicates that afloat Nevvburgh had a large proportion of men. Difficulties encountered in attempting a record of Newburgh n1en in the navy ,vere immeasurably greater even than in the army. Reference has been made to the scattering of men from a given town in the army, but it was true to an even greater extent in the navy than in the army. Those who went in the navy ,vcre distributed an1ong 2,000 ships. ,-fhere were no large groups and details from authoritative sources are not available. Since then this does not purport to give more than an outline of the great struggle and is devoted principally to what New burghers did at home and abroad, the reasons for the absence of n1aterial will be more apparent. l\s another factor it may be pointed out that while a considerable number of Newburgh men had comn1issions in the navy, there was a great absence an1ong the higher officers of men fro1n this city. John A. Cleary was a Lieutenant Comtnander on the President Lincoln, and it is be lieved that he ,vas the highest of the naval officers claiming Newburgh as his home, but even he during a brief visit home after the war ,vould not subn1it to an interview. This 1nuch ho,vever can and should be said, that if the army accomplished n1uch, the navy 1nade it possible. One has only to think of the statements n1ade early in the ,var relative to troop movements to see the importance of the navy. If the American army had been moved at the speed estin1ated before 1917 there is no telling what the outcon1e of the ,var ,vould have been. Cer tainly the percentage of men taken overseas would have been incomparably lo,ver if it had not been for the enterprise of the American navy. It must be considered also that when these estimates were made the U-boat was not a factor. vVith these THE NAVY IN THE WAR 99 hornets of the sea at large, the troop movement ,vould have been g-reatly reduced and the number of men ,vho could be sent to France ,vould have been negligible. The American navy curbed the U-boat and then revolution ized transportation of troops. Joseph us Daniels, Secretary of the Navy in his revie,v of the work of our men _afloat expresses the opinion that ,vhat drove the hornet to its nest there to re n1ain, ,vas primarily the mine barrage of the North Sea-an 1\merican enterprise in which the vast amount of the ,vork was done by the American navy ,vith mines devised and manufac tured in this country. The Secretary points out that as early as April, 1917, the American navy ,vanted to put do,vn this bar rage, and sent this inquiry abroad: "Is it not possible to block the German coast efficiently and completely, thus making practically impossible the egress and ingress of submarines?" And the answer was : "From all experience Admiralty (British) considers project of attempting to close exit to North Sea of enemy submarines quite impracticable. Project has previously been considered and abandoned." But the American Navy was not satisfied and it continued to agitate this proposal until finally it won its point. From that time on the operations of the U-boat became less. The American devices of depth bombs and for listening made the raiders insecure. No longer did they have an even chance to go on their mission of destruction, and return home safely. \\That, as the Secretary points out, had once been a favored mis sion became such that the men could not be induced to go out in the boats and the U-boat failed. Of course some did go out and there was some destruction, but not one soldier on an Amer ican troop ship lost his life by reason of the operations of the U-boat. Six hundred and fifty thousand n1en on 2,000 vessels anq operating with the Allied fleet won the freedom of the seas. They cleared the way and kept guard over those precious mil lions of young lives who were destined to play such an important part in destroying German aims. They dominated the seas from the Arctic's icy floes to the blue Mediterranean, doing a danger ous work, which was often monotonous, but always doing it well and for which they are entitled to the gratitude of their country men. Newburgh had its representatives in the air forces also and the day of the Armistice brought word that Lieut. Charles· R. ~fcLean had put two German aircraft out of combat. Lieut. Roger Chapin's machine fell back of the German lines, and he ,vas made a prisoner, his health being greatly impaired while he was held. Ensign John A. Jova of the naval aviation, while in training in Pensacola, Fla., was the pilot of a machine which 100 NEWBURGH IN THE WORLD WAR 1nade a rescue of another ,vhich fell in a tail spin in the ocean. \\iith Ed,vard F. Ormsbee, Ensign J ova ,vas n1aking a material test ,vhen Ormsbee sa,v the mishap to the other machine. He called the pilot's attention to it and the n1achine ,vas sent to the rescue. The occupants of the "Tecked plane did not corne to the surface, and Ormsbee doYe and rescued one of then1. In Flanders Fields

(By Lieut. Col.John D. ~IcCrae. \Vritten during the second battle of Ypres, April, 1915. The author, Dr. John McCrae, of j\;fontreal, Canada, ,vas killed on duty in Flanders, Jan. 28, 1918).

In Flanders fields the poppies blo,v Bet,veen the crosses, row on ro,v, That mark our place; and in the sky The larks, still bravely singing, fly, Scarce heard amidst the guns belo,v. \:Ve are the dead, short days ago \:\le lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow. Loved and were loved, and no,v we lie In Flanders fields.

Take up our quarrel with the foe! To you from falling hands, we throw The torch. Be yours to hold it high ! If ye break faith with us who die We shall not sleep, though poppies grow In Flanders fields.

Newburghers Who Made the Supreme Sacrifice WILLIAM P. ABEL, 24 years old, son of late George and Catherine Busch Abel. Employed Merritt's drug store. Member of Newburgh Drum Corps, St. George's Church. \Vhile in army volunteered as nurse at Camp l\1eade during influenza epidemic, contracted disease and died. \VALTER ALLISON, 20 years old. Born in Newburgh, son of :Mr. and Mrs. James Allison. Student of Newburgh Academy. When call was made to colors for l\Iexican mobilization joined Co. E, First Regiment, later Co. E, 107th Regiment. Killed in action in France. Member of First Baptist Church. Active in Y. 1\1. C. A. \Vn.r..rAM ANDERSON, seaman U. S. Navy. Died in U. S. Marine Hospital. Gave Newburgh as birthplace. Further facts not known. JAMES APPU, 26 years old. Employed by Central Hudson Steamboat Co. Native of the island of Ceylon. Died of influenza in Camp :rvfeade, lviaryland. JoHN J. AR1ISTRONG, son of :Mr. and J\lrs. John J. Annstrong, of New Wind sor. Family removed to Goshen where he enlisted in Eighth :1'.1ounted Engineers. Died of influenza, El Paso, Texas. JOHN J. BAIRD, 22 years old, member of Co. E, First Regiment later Co. E, 107th Regiment. Son of Mr. and Mrs. Jesse Baird. Sister, Mary Baird, army nurse. Employed at Sweet-Orr & Co. l'vfember Holy Name Society, St. Patrick's Church. Killed in action in France. EVERITT BAKER, 22 years old, born in Newburgh, son of Jennie Ward and the late Willian1 H. Baker. l\1ember of Sigina Lambda Nu, Calvary 102 NEWBURGH IN THE WORLD WAR Church. Employed \Veils Fargo Express Co. 1fember of Co. E, 107th Regiment. Killed in action in France. ALFRED T. BARTON, son of i\[ r. and 1f rs. A. I. Barton, born in Newburgh, 1892. Removed with family to Canada and went with Canadian forces. Killed in action in Battle of Vimy Ridge. \V1LLIAM H. BATES, Sergeant in Tank Corps, 19 years old. Son of ~Ir. and Mrs. Egbert Bates. Employed \Vest Shore Railroad. 1fember of First Presbyterian Church. Died of pneumonia in England, Nov. 5, 1918. \VrLLL.\~r HAROLD BELK~ AP, cadet engineer, U. S. S. Hercules. Taken ill in France and died there Feb. 27, 1918. Born in Newburgh, 22 years old. 1[ember of St. Patrick's Church. Son of ~f rs. 1Iargaret Belknap. \VILLI..\~£ BLAKE, 27 years old. Son of i\f rs. :Mary Blake, died of wounds in hospital in Paris. 11ember of Co. E, 107th Regiment, Church of the Good Shepherd. \TrRGIL Roc.ARDVS. Born in l\Ii

FRANK FAIRCLOUGH. Born in Newburgh Jan. 4, 1900. Joined J\farine Corps, immediately after declaration of war, April, 1917. Assigned to 49th Co., Fifth Regiment. Had been in Home for Friendless for several years. 1\'1ember of the Church of the Good Shepherd. Killed in action in France.

JOHN FLANNERY, JR., 19 years old, born Newburgh, son of John Flannery and gra:~dson of Patrick Flannery, Town of Newburgh. \Vent to Great Falls, tlont., with father. 1Ie1nber of 166th Aero Squadron. Died :March 18, 1918, Garden City, L. I. STEPHEN FINNEGAN, son of Capt. James Finnegan of J\Iiddletown, formerly of Newburgh, trained nurse, Hospital Corps of 107th Regiment. ~fember of St. ~fary's Church. Killed in action in France.

JOHN J. FrTZP:\ TRICK, JR., son of l\'f r. and l\Irs. John J. Fitzpatrick. ::\I ember Co. L, First Regiment, transferred to Co. L, 107th Regiment, and later to First Pioneers. l\f achinist, employed by Alberger Pump & Condenser Co. J\I ember of St. l\fary's Church. Died in hospital in France. JunsoN P. GALLOWAY, 30 years old, First Lieutenant. First N ewhurgher killed in action, after entrance of United States into war. Had previous ly been \vounded and received decoration. Son of J\11 r. and l\Irs. \Vash ington Galloway. :Married January 10, 1918, to l\Iiss Jane J\·kShane. \Vas a member of St. Paul's Episcopal Church. R1cnARn A. GARDNER, 23 years old, Corporal Co. G, 102nd Regiment. Born in Gardnertown, son of 1\-fr. and l\1rs. Alfred E. Gardner. Electrician employed hy Hewitt & \Varden. l\1ember of St. Agnes' Chapel, Balm ville. Killed in action in France.

FREDERICK A. GARRISON, son of l\1r. and l\irs. Thomas Garrison, Beacon. 24 years old. Employed Weston Transfer Co. l\Iember of Trinity Meth odist Episcopal Church, Newburgh; Beacon Engine Co., Beacon; mem ber of Co. L, 107th Regiment. Killed in action in France. BURTON B. GuYLEFuss, 29 years old. Son of l\1rs. Adelaide Hogan, Vails Gate. Born in Olive Bridge, Ulster County, member Co. J, 1 nth In fantry. Employed by G. W. Gerow, Vails Gate. Killed in action in France, October 5, 1918. l\1ember Cornwall Presbyterian Church. \VALTER HARRINGTON, son of l\1rs. George Little. Joined Co. E in New Paltz. Transferred to Co. G, 107th Regiment in Spartanburgh. Killed in action in France, Sept. 29, 1918. Lours IlARRISON, 24, son of ivlr. and l\Irs. John H. Harrison, Woodstock, N. Y. Employed at du Pont Fabrikoid Co. Resided with sister, l\1rs. John J. l\fcCollum, Newburgh. Died in Camp Sheridan of pneumonia, Nov. 5, 1918. RUSSELL E. HENBURY, employed Abendroth & Root. ?i.Iember of Church of Good Shepherd. Left here at outbreak of war. Enlisted British Navy. Chief Petty Officer H. M. S. "Shearwater". Died in service. CORNELIA AGNES 1-IENDERSON, only Newburgh woman to lose life in service. 24 years old, daughter of Thomas and l\fary Henderson. 11ember St. Patrick's Church, graduate St. Patrick's School, Newburgh Academy, l\rfiddletown State Hospital. Army nurse and died in Base Hospital, No. 1, New York City, of influenza.

JAMES WILBUR HEY, 28 years old, son of 11 r. and l\frs. James Hey. l\Iember Moulton l\Iemorial Baptist Church, Newburgh Lodge, F. and A. M., Y. 11. C. A. and Newburgh Lodge, I. 0. 0. F. Employed at Sweet-Orr & Co. Died of influenza at Camp Jackson, S. C., September 30, 1918. "To Live In the Hearts of Those We Leave Behind Is Not to Die"

On the fallowing pages are given the portraits of those Newburghers who died in the great war, and of whom photo graphs could be secured. Though absent they live in the grateful memory of their countrymen and specially in the hearts of old friends in Newburgh.

( ;R,\\'E oF J l·nso s P. C.\LLO\\'XY, FrnsT N E\\'lll 'R<; 11 ER KILLED i:, :\cTIOK .·\FTER .·\ :\I ERJC\ ENTERED THE ( ;RE:\ T \Vc\R

XOTE-In 1q2...1. .:\'lajor vVilliam Johnston ~lcKay, during a v1s1t to France mack a pilgrimage to the graye of Lieutenant Galloway and placed a wreath upon it. He forwarded a photograph to ~lilton Siegfried of the :\merican Legion. The cut of Lieut. Galloway's gra,·c is printed here through the courtesy of ~Ir. Siegfried.

T. \V1LI.[A:\I P. ABEL 4- ] OH N :\R:\1 STRONG 2. \Vs\LTER :\LLISON 5- E\"ERITT BA KER 3. ]A~IES APPU 6. ] OH N J. BAIRD

I. ALFRED BARTON 4. WILLIAM BLAKE 2. vVrLuA:M BATEs 5.. VIRGIL BOGARDUS J. vVrLLIA~[ HAROLD BELKNAP 6. WILLIAM BOHAN

I. FRAX K BRADY -+· JOSEPH CHICHALOXE 2. ] 0 H N J3 C .:\1 P 5. EDWARD COFFEY 3. THO.\L\S B. CARROLL 6. ~IICHs\EL CoLLTTO);

r. JoHN CcLLEN -+· Do~11N1e1.,:. lY:\.\"GELo 2. GEORGE CRAWFORD .3. JOHN DEAK 3- HUGH DALEY 6. ).[ ICII.\EL DEE(;_\X

I. (~EUl,!(;E DELEII.\Y -+· LEROY DO.\:'-:E 2. GEORGE DEVESO:N" 5. BENJA111N Dox'.'IEU.Y 3. 0.\ no Die.KIE 6 JoHx J. DoxxEr.1.y

I. ]OHN A. DOOLEY -1-· FRANK FAIRCLOLrGH 2. \VILLI.AM EIPPER 5. STEPHEN FINNEGAN 3. CYRIL ENGLF.:DRIDE 6. JonN J. F.1TzPATRICK

,,, ·r/

·-i~ /~~.. 'I • •• .,,1'. : \c•/' : :~ ' ' . . > • • • '~• I

' . '

1. J l"DSO~ P. G.-\LLO\L\ y -t-- g CRTO;-.; Gt· YLEFl"SS 2. R1CI-l.\RD G.-\RI>INER :>· \VALTER HARRINGTOX J. FREI) G.-\RRISOX ()_ LOL"IS HARRISON

I. CORNELIA HENDERSON 4. GEORGE H. JOHNSTON 2. JAMEs vv. HEY 5. HUGH KELLY J. CAESAR Houn:RG 6. JOHN T. KENNEY r. Roy KELI>E1.: ➔• JOSEPH LEE ') ELIAS Ls\ FoRt;E 5. ARTHCR LEGHOR'.'\ 3- ROBF..RT I J.\ \'EIU\" 6. GEORGE ~f.-\CCON~ELL

I. \YILLLU[ :\IACHESKI -I-- LORTON B. lvlcEwAN 2. ER~EST T. 1TANEY 5. vVrLLIA~I 1'1cKIBBO_:\.'" 3. 1'°EXXETH :-\. ~f:\X\VELL 6. KE'.'l."~ETH :\[ILLSP:\CC;H

r. JOHN C. ~IooRE ...j.. fIERBERT ~I ILLER ? PETER ::\IORAN _-,. ANGELO ~I l'STICO 3. SEX.-\X :\. l\IoRRisnx ti. cr..\RF.xcE o~TERI1

I. TAMES W. PERROTT -+· CoRNELius RosE 2. SAMUEL RICHMA:-; 5. Rov SARVIS 3. CALVIN RILEY 6. EDWARD SHAY

r· '·~.~·· .. ,

I. }A~I ES SHEROW -+· \V1LuA~1 STEWART s~1nH 2. NoRRrs c. s~nTH 5. ED\VIN STANDRING J. \VILLL\M S:\IITH 6. BARTON ADAMS TAYLOR·

I. NORRIS s. THOMPSON 4. EZRA TRAVIS 2. }AMES TIMOTHY 5. WILLIAM J. UNDERHILL 3. WILLIAM TODD 6. PARKER VANAMEE

I. T. FR.\~K V1u:nE:'l;BL"Rtar 2. l-lo:\1ER \Y,\DE 3. :\LEX. \VERSER ➔· WILLI.-\~[ B. J. \VILSON 5. J,\:\IF.S \VOODBVRN

IN FLANDERS FIELDS 105

CAESAR HOLLBERG, 24 years old, one of four sons of 1-f rs. Louise Hollberg in service. Employed at Atlas Roofing Co. ivfember Lutheran Church. Entered 4jth Infantry. Killed in action in France. HAMILTON E. HUTCHINGS, son of Captain and l\Irs. Hamilton Hutchings, First Lieutenant, served in France. Died after conclusion of war. GEORGE H. JOHNSTON, JR., 22 years old, son of George H. Johnston. l\lachin ist by occupation. Employed Alberger Pump & Condenser Co. ~fember of St. 11ary's Church. Killed in action in France. GoRDAN KAEMMERLING, Twenty-third Infantry. Employed Alberger Pump & Condenser Co. Graduate Harvard Engineering School. Promoted to sales department, New York. Enlisted there. Killed in action, Chateau Thierry. HUGH A. KELLY, son of Hugh A. Kelly, member Troop F, 13th Cavalry. Died of influenza in Base Hospital, Brownsville, Texas. Buried in St Patrick's cemetery. RoY KELDER, 26 years old, son of 1fr. and l\Irs. Edgar Kelder, Cottekill, N. Y. Graduate Eastman College. Employed duPont Fabrikoid \Vorks. }[ember Battery A, 136th Artillery, Camp Eustis, Va. Died of pneu monia, Camp Upton. Buried at Stone Ridge. ]oHN T. KENNEY, 20 years old, son of Nir. and 1Irs. l\1artin Kenney. Graduate of St. Patrick's School and Spencerian Business College. l'vfember 1\-Iachine Gun Co., 107th Regiment, St. Patrick's Church, Holy Name Society, Y. M. C. A. Employed at J. W. 11atthews & Co. Killed in action in France. GEORGE KERR, 30 years old, son of Walter Kerr, New York, and grandson of George W. Kerr, for many years president of National Bank of New burgh. Killed by machine gun fire while crossing Ourcq, July 28, 1918. ELIAS LAFORGE, 21 years old, born in Ulster County. Son of H. P. LaForge. l\,I ember Co. G, 156th Depot Battery, St. John's Church. Died of pneu monia in Camp Sevier, South Carolina. ROBERT LAVERTY, 22 years old. Son of Mrs. l\largaret Laverty. l\1ember Co. E, 107th Infantry. Moulder by occupation. Member of Church of the Good Shepherd. Killed in action in France. JosEPH LEE, ward of Capt. and 1\1rs. James M. Heffernan, 5 Liberty Street, Washington Heights. A member of the 104th Field Artillery. Killed in action in France. ARTHUR LEGHORN, 28 years old. Member Co. E, First Regiment. Trans ferred to Co. E, 107th Regiment in Spartanburg. Teamster, employed by L. Argenio. Member of Church of Good Shepherd. Brother of nI rs. :\I ary Walsh. Killed in action in Hindenburg Line fight, Sept. 29, 1918. CuLnERT LYON, born in Newburgh, son of late vVillia1n H. Lyon, served in U. S. Navy as surgeon. At one time was in co1nmand of one of the islan_ds of the Philippines. Death resulted from breakdown suffered in service. \VILLIAM J. lVIACHESKI 28 years old, 128th Infantry. Son of l\fr. and l\1rs. \Villiam lvlacheski, graduate Newburgh Academy and Heffley School, Brooklyn. Comn1issioned in Plattsburg. Killed in action. ERNEST T. l\iANEY, 42 years old, son of l\Iortimer and Marie l\1aney. Veteran of Spanish-American war. Was with Pershing Expedition in l\ilexico. Active in Salvation Army. Member of the Church of the Good Shepherd. In first exped_itionary party to France. Killed in action July 16, 1918. KENNETH lvfAXWELL, son of Rev. Irving l\iiaxwell, pastor Bethlehem Church. Student in Lafayette College. Went to France with Pershing's first contingent. Wounded in action and died in base hospital from injuries. 106 NEWBURGH IN THE WORLD WAR

GEORGE A. 1L.\cCONNELL, Co. A, Tenth N. Y. Infantry. Killed August 29, I9Ii in railroad accident near Baltimore; 32 years old. Son of 1frs. Clarissa 1IacConnell. \Vent with command to ~fexican Border. \Vas rail road man. l\Iember of People's Baptist Church, Edgewood, N. Y. LORTON :McEWEN, 21 years old, born in 1Iiddletown. Son of 1-Ir. and 1irs. John :McEwen. Student, Columbia Dnfrersity. At close of tenn en tered Newburgh Shipyards. Entered navy. Died in naval hospital, Baltimore. \VrLLIA:\I nicKrnnoN, 29 years old. Joined Co. E, First Regiment. Trans ferred to :\fachine Gun Co.~ ro7th Regiment. r.fachinist, employed Cold well-\Vilcox Co. :Member First Presbyterian Church, Leonard Steamer, Orange Athletic Club. Killed in action. HERBERT S. 11rLLER. 27 years old, son of 1fr. and :Mrs. John 1filler. ~{ember of Co. E, 107th Infantry. Killed in action, August r9, 19r8. 1-fember of Lutheran Church. Employed by J. \V. i\fatthews & Co. KENNETH R. :MrLLSPAUGH, Lieut. Seventh Engineers, son of the late Thomas 1f illspaugh. Junior Warden, Newburgh Lodge, No. 309, F. and A. M. i\1ember of the First Baptist Church. Killed in action. ]oHN CRA WFORn 1-looRE, 29 years old, son of l\fr. and 11rs. \Villiam 1foore, nati\'e of Glasg-ow; came to Newburgh in 19()6; employed Newburgh Bleachery; working on the Anchor Line at the outbreak of war; enlisted in the English army at Southampton in 19r4; went with the Second Hampshires. Severely wounded about April 2I, 1915 with first line troops on the Gallipoli Peninsula, Dardanelles offensive; died in British hospital in Cairo; received 19r4 British decoration and Gallipoli medal. FETER 11oRAN, 51 years old, Sergeant-Major Sixth Infantry. Born in New burgh, son of Mr. and l\.1rs. Dominick :Moran. Entered Spanish War, 18g8, served in Philippine Rebellion, Boxer Uprising, China, Mexican Expedition, First Contingent A. E. F. ( Pershing's Own Regiment), offered commission, but declined. Died in Germany with Army of Occupation. SF.NAN A. l\.loRRISON, son of Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Morrison, New Windsor. Died in France of wounds received in action. Body returned to America and interred in Calvary cemetery, New Windsor.

ANGELO 1'1usnco, 25 years old. Member Co. L, First Regiment, later Co. L1 Iojth. Son of Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Mustico. Employed duPont Fabri koid \Yorks. Member St. Patrick's Church. Killed in action in France. CLARENCE J. OSTERHOUDT, 21 years old, son of Jerry Osterhoudt, Cornwall. l\lember of l'vlethodist Episcopal Church. Bookkeeper 0. W. Railroad. !\f ember :Headquarters Co., 107th Regiment. Died from illness in France. JAMES W. PERROTT, son of :Mr. and l\frs. R. vV. Perrott of Barnstead, N. H.t nath-e of Newburgh, nephew of John J. and Edward Perrott. l\femher of Church of the Good Shepherd. l\Iember U. S. N. Medical Corps. Attached to Battleship Alabama. Died on hospital ship, Mercy. Buried· in Woodlawn. SAMUEL RICHMAN_, 28 years old, son of 1Ir. and l\frs. Jacob Richman. l\fember Battery B, 147th Field Artillery. 1fember Congregation B'Nai Israel. Served three years in navy prior to war. Died in hospital in France. CALVIN RILEY, 25 years old, son of 1virs. T. J. Daly. Wagoner Supply Co. Born at East Coldenham, 345th Infantry Supply Co. Employed Holden Paper :Mill. Died in Hospital No. 43, Grivres, France, from wounds received in action. CoRNELIUS RosE, 28 years old. Son of l\Ir. and 1\-Irs. James Rose of Walden. Born in Kerhonksen. Employed at Borden Condensery, Walden. Joined IN FLANDERS FIELDS 107

Co. L, First Regiment, later Co. L, 107th Regiment. Killed in action Sept. 29, 1918 in Hindenburg Line battle. Rov R. SARVIS~ son of :Mrs. C. N. Brennan. Formerly member of Co. E, First Regiment, but transferred to 57th Pioneers. ?viember Columbian Hose. Died from influenza. GEORGE F. SCHIRCK, Co. A, 302nd Inf., 24 years old. Employed by Armour Co. here and later at \Vaterbury, Conn., where he enlisted. Killed in action, July 23, 1918. EDWARD SHAY, 22 years old. Son of Edward Shay. Employed duPont Fabri koid \Vorks. ~I ember Church of Good Shepherd. Joined Co. E, First Regiment at New Paltz. Transferred to 107th Regiment. Killed in action Sept. 29, 1918. JAMES VINCENT SHEROW, 30 years old. Son of Frank an1 Ellen Harrigan Sherow of \Vappingers Falls. Employed S. Stroock & Co. Felt 1fil!s. 11ember of Church of Sacred Heart, Newburgh. ~!ember Co. E, 325th Infantry. Killed in action in Argonne Forest, October II, 1918. NORRIS C. SMITH, 21, son of 1-Ir. and ?vfrs. William Smith. Entered 78th Lancashire Fusilliers at outbreak of the war and served with British to October 9, 1917. Killed in action. \VILLIA1£ SMITH, Sergeant regular army. Stationed in Philippines at out break of war. Died in 11anilla, May, 1918. \VILLIAM STEWART SMITH, 27 years old. Son of ?vlrs. Katherine Smith. Born in Newburgh. Employed Ferry Hat Shop. Member of St. Pat rick's Church. Died in Camp Meade, Maryland of influenza. __ EnwIN STANDRING,, 22 years old, son of Benjamin Standring. Employed hy Western Electric Co., New York. Joined Seventh Regiment. Later Corporal Co. C, 107th Regiment. Member of Church of the Good Shep herd. Killed in action. }Aeon TAMBOER, 21 years old, son of Jacob and Nellie Tamboer. Left New• burgh with selects of September 22, 1918. Member of Church of Good Shepherd. Cook by occupation. Died of influenza in Camp Meade, Maryland. BARTON ADAMS TAYLOR, 21 years old. Son of Mr. and 11rs. Fred M. Taylor. Assistant Manager, Academy of iv1usic. Born in Newburgh. Graduate of Newburgh Free Academy. Member of First Presbyterian Church. Died of influenza, Great Lakes Na val Station. NORRIS THOMPSON, grandson of Mrs. Mary Smith, 418 Broadway, 35 years old. Entered British service. Was wounded at Vimy Ridge. Recovered and went back into service and received British decoration. Killed in action, May 15, 1918. }AMES S. TIMOTHY, 80th Co., Sixth Regiment, U. S. Marines. Born in Nashville, Tenn. Son of ?vfr. and Mrs. P. H. Timothy. Educated at St. Mary's College, Emmettsburg, Md., Vanderbilt College, Catholic University, Washington; Army and Navy College, Washington. Em ployed at Du Pont Fabrikoid Works. Entered Plattsburg. Assigned to :Marines. Recommended for Distinguished Service Cross. Killed in action, Belleau Wood, June 14, 1918. \V1LLIAM TODD, 23 years old. Son of Mr. and Mrs. William Todd. Mason by occupation. Member of Co. L, First Regiment; later Co. L, 107th Regiment. ivfember of United Presbyterian Church. Killed in action. September 29, 1918. EzRA TRAVIS, 26 years old. Son of Joseph Travis. Member of Co. E, 107th Regiment. Employed by S. M. Bull. Member of M. E. Church. Killed in action, October I, 1918. }AMES W. UNDERHILL, son of late Henry Underhill, clerk. Left Newburgh with selects of June 26, 1918. Died of influenza, Camp Upton, Oct. 26, 1918. Buried in Woodlawn. 108 NEWBURGH IN THE WORLD WAR

PARKER VANAMEE, born in !\fiddletown. Son of i\fr. and 1frs. \Villiam Vanamee. Graduate of Trinity College. Engaged with newspaper work, Newburgh Daily News. ~fember of St. George! s Church. Entered Gen eral Theological Seminary and ordained minister in Episcopal Church Commissioned First Lieutenant in Plattsburg. Killed in action in St. 1Iihiel sector. T. FRANK VREDENBCRGH, Battery B, 16th Field Artillery, 19 years old. Son of 1Ir. and ~frs. Frank Vredenburgh. Born in Newburgh. Electrician, employed by Hewitt & \Varden. nlember of the Good Shepherd Church and the Boy Scouts. Killed in accident at Fort Sheridan, Ill. Ho:\fER \\~ADE, 26 years old. Son of ~Ir. and 1Irs. \Villiam H. \Vade. Fol lowing school days entered drug business. Employed in ?i.Ierritt drug store. \Vent to Helena, .\Iont., and entered army there. l\Iember of Co . .\f. 305th Infantry. l\Iember of ).f oulton :\Iemorial Church. Kille<.1. in action. Cited by Commander. .:\LEX. \VERNER. Son of John \Verner; grandson of Alex. Hectus. 25 years old. Plumber by trade. Born in Newburgh. Educated in St. Patrick's School. .\I ember of 3o8th Infantry. Killed in action. \VII.LIAM B. J. \VrLsoN, member of Co. L, First Regiment. Transferred to Co. L, ro7th, in Spartanburgh. Resided in Glenham, N. Y. Killed in action in France. }A:\fES \VooIJBURN, 28 years old. Son of ?\fr. and l\Irs. 1L A. \Voodburn. Brother of City Councilman J os.eph vVoodburn, who was also in service. ?vfember of N e\,\;-b1trgh ,_V\{fwelmefl, Hudson River Lodge, F. & A. M., Highland Lodge,:~.t,.. 0. ~O. _F ... Employed by Joseph McClughan & Bro. Vv ent with selects .,oj Feb. 12, 1918. ::\I ember of Co. C, 307th Infantry. Killed in action. .______.J

1. DR. J.\:\lE:-- l)o:\'m·.\::-,;, \\"ith Red Cross in St•n·ia. Later with 27th l)iL > 1)1~. LEox Con-:. \\"ith Siberian E.xpediti()tl. 3. Cnr,o~EL R():-iet>E Co:\'KLI:\', l)irectcd Draft in \"ew Yllrk City. -+· C.\ I'T. \ \" 1LL!.\ :-.1 LEu::-.: .\!{ll ::'\ Il'ULL. In Chargt' of Eng:ineering- l. nit. Office of Director of Storage. Purchase and Traftic l)i\· .. General Staff. :i• :\I.\JOR \\'. Jo11x:--Tox ~lcK.\Y, Second in Command. Port of lla,-re, France. 6. C.\PT. C. IL H.\ZZo:\"I. In Command Range Finding Hy Sound. A. E. F. 7. REY. FR.\'.'."K :\lt·RTFELDT. In Charge l•:aglc Ilut. London. X. RE,·. C . .-\. Ro:-;:-;, In Charge of "Y" \\"ork in England. 9. DR. Ct·LnEin LYo'.'.". :\ledical Officer F. S. Xaq.· (Deceased).

Newburghers ir, Special Service

ANY" important assignn1en ts ,vere given to N e,vburghers in M connection ,vith the ,var and the purpose of this chapter is to give some idea of the varied tasks which fell to the lot of some of them. In instances these are con1paratively well kno,vn ; in others fe,v in Newburgh have even heard of them. In either event ho,vever they will form an interesting feature in dicative of scope of Newburgh activities in the ,vorld struggle. 1'hus to F. D. Huntington, son of the venerable pastor of the Church of the Corner Stone, ,vas entrusted the work of building the cantonment for the American aviation forces in France. He had been engaged in important construction work in England and in South America, and was specially qualified to handle ex peditiously an undertaking of this sort. The work involved the erection of a power house and 50 buildings for various purposes. Prominent also in construction work here and in France was Captain vVilliam Leonard Nicoll of New Windsor, who was commissioned First Lieutenant, Ordnance Department, Dec. 10. 1917, and who was assigned to superintend the construction of the Edgewood Arsenal at Edgewood, Maryland. In June 1918 he was promoted to the rank of captain in the Division of Pur chase, Storage and Traffic, General Staff. Still later he was given charge of the Engineering Unit of the office of Director of Storage and Purchase, Purchase, Storage and Traffic Division of the General Staff, the work of which included the laying out and designing and the letting out of contracts for all mechanical and freight handling equipment for the storage operations of the Army in the United States. In connection with this he was elected chairman of the comn1ittee on standardization of electric trucks, tractors, trailers and similar n1achinery, together with all conveying 1nachinery, such as gravity rollers, oilers, shirJ unloaders, etc. Through the efforts and loyal work of this departn1ent the large port terminals in Boston, New York, Charleston, Norfolk, and New Orleans were equipped with necessary apparatus for tl:e efficient_ and quick handling of all goods to be shipped over seas. This also included the same type of "\\"Ork for the existing piers ,vhich were taken over by the Army and also the inland ,varehouses in Schenectady, New Cumberland and Columbus. This department had service men .. Nho visited the various term iaals to instruct in the proper handling of equipment and to give attention to any repairs or service which might be required in the operations of the various machines. Before the Armistice this type of work was turned over to the department for overseas 110 NEWBURGH IN THE WORLD WAR as well as in the United States, and follo,ving the ,var, Capt. Nicoll ,vas for a considerable time engaged in reconstruction ,vork in France. Saved the Selective Service In New York Having read how the selective service was handled in N e,v burgh and how smoothly it operated, the attention of the reader is called to an article in the N e,v York Sun of Sept. 16, 1917, which tells how the work broke down in N e,v York and was rescued at the last moment by a native of N e,vburgh, Deputy Attorney General Roscoe S. Conkling. The article is by Frazier Hunt and he says in part: "The big thing is that when Mr. Conkling was 33 years, 4 months and 28 days old he was suddenly ordered to go down to New York from Albany and perform a task that would have made Hercules in his palmiest days throw up his hands. "Assigned from the Attorney-General's Office to the over worked Adjutant-General's department Mr. Conkling had no more than got comfortably seated in a fine large soft-seated swivel chair than the order came to slip down to New York and do the impossible. "Everything was wrong with the draft in this city. There was no esprit de corps. Scores of board members has resigned, hundreds of others knew nothing about their duties and practi cally every one of the 18g local boards was at a standstill. Lists had not been made out nor had registration cards been copied ii~ duplicate. Practically nothing had been done since the regis-• tration of June 5. "Remen1ber that this was on the evening of July 12 and that at 9 o'clock on the morning of July 20 the great national human lottery was to begin at Washington. Less than eight days to accomplish a magic that five weeks had failed even to start. "Immediately upon arriving in the city Mr. Conkling with his faithful Hunter, found office quarters in the suite of the Mayor's Committee on National Defense, and in one wild jump lit over his head in work. The first thing to do was to plant at least one active man on each local board. But even this seemed almost impossible. "Telegrams and telephone calls and messages of all kinds to the board members evoked practically no response. They simply refused to enthuse over their tasks. Many of the boards had not turned their hands to the big job of getting ready their long lists containing all the names of the men who had regis tered. And there was no way of getting at them and impressing them with the absolute necessity of doing their work and mak ing them realize that the drawing of names in Washington could not take place until these lists were in the mail. · "On the Saturday nig-ht of the week of his arrival Mr. Conkling left his office, a little before 10 o'clock, a thoroughly NEWBURGHERS IN SPECIAL SERVICE Ill discouraged man. He had failed, New York, to her everlasting disgrace and chagrin, ,vould hold up the whole country on the draft lottery. "All the way up to the hotel and while he was undressing for bed he fought with himself, searching for the thousandth time for some solution of the problem. His hand was on the Eght switch when he caught his answer. In a second he had grabbed the telephone and was calling for Spring 3100 and demanding the officer in charge. In a half minute he had Police Captain Helwig on the wire. "'Do you want to do something big for America and New York City?' he questioned eagerly. 'Do you want to save the draft situation? I'm Conkling of the Adjutant-General's office in charge of the work here in the city, and if you can't help us ,ve're lost.' " 'Shoot,' answered Capt. Helwig, 'you bet I want to help America-and New York City; just name it.' "'I'll be over in an hour. Wait.' "In ten minutes Conkling had dressed and was boarding a taxi for his temporary offices. In an hour he had gathered up the data that he needed and had reached Police Headquarters. " 'We'll find exactly what local board districts are in every police district in the city and we'll 'phone each station a list of all the board members located in its precinct with their ad dresses,' Mr. Conkling said, as he described his precious plan to Captain Helwig. 'And we'll give orders to hold this information for further instructions.' · "Immediately Helwig put a big squad of men at work fixing the lists for each police station and started the grind of calling up each police captain and giving him the names and addresses of all the members of the local boards in his precinct. At 4 c,'clock that morning Conkling called acting Commissioner Godley out of bed at his home and asked him if he would sanction an order to have patrolmen in each station call per sonally on all draft members and direct them to call up the Adjutant-General at Worth 2635. "With the Commissioner's 0. K. the order flashed to all the police captains and before 5 o'clock scores of uniformed patrol n1en had started out to awaken board members to their duty. And it did the trick and saved New York. It gave the touch of serious authority and the element of mystery that was needed to arouse the men. "At 7 o'clock that morning Mr. Conkling called up his as sistant and told him what he had done and asked him to go at once to the offices and prepare to meet the rush of telephone calls. Arriving at the rooms of the Mayor's Committee at a little after 8, Mr. Hunter found the door locked and barred, but the buzzing of the switchboard showed him that there was no 112 NEWBURGH IN THE WORLD WAR time to ,vaste. So in true Conkling style he broke down the door and jumped on the job. "Before 9 o'clock that Sunday morning irr. Conkling had finished the police end and ,vas in the office and had his coat off. At 7 o'clock he had asked telephone headquarters to instruct all exchanges ,vhat the number of his office ,vas, so that if any of the sleepy board members had forgotten it they could simply ask for the Adjutant-General office. "All day long and far into the night the tvvo men kept right at the job of ans,vering the calls of the board members, explain ing \vhat had to be done, enthusing them, ironing out difficulties, begging, threatening. "Before Mr. Conkling went to his hotel that night every board had responded and he had the additional satisfaction of knowing that every one of the 189 was at "\\'Ork at last. By Monday night fully half of the boards had mailed their serial lists to Washington and the duplicates of the registration cards to Albany. Friends, relatives, ,vives, sons, office clerks, volun teers of all kinds and descriptions had been enlisted, and boards that had not turned a hand before, worked straight through, with hardly a break for sleep, until the big job was done. Of course a few boards had realized the seriousness of their jobs and did not need prodding and begging. "On Tuesday night Conkling was able to ,vire vVashington through Albany that the job was 75 per cent completed. Qp Wednesday night he wired that the city was 'substantially done,' and on Thursday night at 6 :20 he reported to vVashington, 'New York City is ready.' "Seven days and two hours after Conkling arrived, the first and longest lap of the race was finished and won. The next morning at 9 o'clock the great drawing of master numbers started at Washington. And New York was ready." Mr. Conkling had been commissioned a First Lieutenant of Infantry in the reserve corps. Following the work in N e,v York he was made a Major and executive officer of the Provost Marshal, Gen. Crowder. Later he was made Lieut. Colonel, also n1ade chief of the classification division for the Provost Marshal's Division. At a public dinner held in the Waldorf Astoria after the arn1istice, Col. Conkling ,vas personally thanked by th~ Secretary of War and the Reports of the Attorney-General for 1917 recites: "The National Selective Service Act passed by Congress in the early part of 1917 imposed on the Governor and Adjutant General of the State the performance of serious duties. As a result I was requested to detail a Deputy to supervise the actual work of the local draft boards of New York City. I sent Deputy Attorney-General Roscoe S. Conkling to New York, where he devoted all his time for several weeks to the task of inaugurating and supervising the conscription of men for the national armies. NEWBURGHERS IN SPECIAL SERVICE 113 To his intelligence and faithfulness is due in a large measure the highly satisfactory results which were attained in the first Selective Draft in N e,v York City. Locating Guns by Sound Charles B. Bazzoni, a grandson of L. J. Bazzoni, who will be remembered by many old N e,vburghers as the pr9prietor of a carriage factory founded here in 1848 and subsequently housed in the building no,v used as the City Hall, was sent to England in 1915 by the University of Pennsylvania to carry out scientific research work. \\7hile there he became acquainted with the secrets of the British methods of locating artillery by sound. \tVhen General Pershing came to England, Dr. Bazzoni volun teered his services to the American Army in connection with this Sound Ranging work and was immediately commissioned and attached to the Intelligence Division of the General Staff. His first duty was to inspect the various types of sound ranging devices in use on the French and British fronts in order to decide the type of apparatus best suited to be used by our army. The World War differed from previous wars mainly in the tremendous development of artillery fire. Every movement was prepared for and accompanied by artillery demonstrations on an unprecedented scale. It was consequently of primary import ance for the army authorities to know accurately the locations and movements of the enemy artillery. The achievements of the art of camouflage and the frequent fogs combined to render the collection of this information so difficult that new methods of detection became necessary. Of these new methods that of sound ranging in which the enemy piece was located from measurements of the time interval in the arrival of the gun report at a series of observing stations was the most successful. 1'he unique importance of this service lay in the fact that under conditions of low visibility it was the sole source of information on artillery activity. Sound ranging ,vas originated by the French in 1915, and ,vas developed by the French and specially by the British in 1916 and 1917, until remarkable precision of location could be ob tained under favorable weather conditions. In 1917 four distinct systems were in use in the French army and one in the British. All of these methods were semi-automatic and employed ap paratus and procedures of very considerable complexity. The most extren1e precautions had been taken to keep the methods secret so that up to 1918 the German sound ranging procedures were, compared to those of the Allies, crude in the extreme. Sound ranging furnished, therefore, almost the only instance of a scientific service in which the Allies were superior to the Germans. Dr. Bazzoni spent the summer and fall of 1917 with the French and British armies, _visiting actually all parts of the front 114 NEWBURGH IN THE WORLD WAR from Switzerland to the North Sea. During this period he was involved in the fighting around Paschendael, in front of Ypres, and in the early stages of the first Cambrai offensive. As a re sult of his investigations, of the sound ranging systems, he reported to the Chief of Staff strongly in favor of the apparatus and methods of the British and, on the strength of this report the British system ,vas formally adopted. During the ,vinter of '17-'18 Captain Bazzoni trained ~ special group of Engineers in the science of sound ranging, being the first instructor to hold classes in the Engineer School at Langres, France. In February 1918 when the First Division took over the first section of front assigned to the Americans he iustalled the first American sound ranging section between the Bois Jury and the Etang Vargevaux. As our army took over more and more front to the right and left of this primary posi tion, new sound ranging groups were sent up until finally six sections comprising about 500 men and 40 officers were in the field. Captain Bazzoni remained in full command of all these sections selecting their positions and controlling their operation and movements. He was designated the officer in command of sound ranging in the field. The instruments and observation posts of these sections were well up in the front lines or even in a few cases in front of the front lines as held at night so that the work was full of excitement. During one raid for example the wire lines of No. I Section were cut more than 1,200 times by shell fragments. Captain Bazzoni was continuously under shell fire day and night from the end of February up to the date of the Armistice. 'rhroughout this time the American sections gave a service which drew unqualified praise from the experienced French and British officers vvho observed or worked "'rith them. The army records show that during periods extending over weeks when the visibility was low more than 8o% of all information relating to enemy artillery activity was furnished by these sections. After the advance over the St. Mihiel salient Captain Bazzoni carried through an extensive survey of the captured gun positions and compared their actual locations with the loca tions reported by the various information agencies. This report had a special value in establishing a higher order of accuracy for sound ranging locations than had previously been ascribed to them. It ,vas found that gun locations could be dependen on to within 25 yards at distances between six and eight miles. During this advance, records were also established in speed of moving sections. Since some of the sections had out 50 to 6o miles of wire weighing from 5 to 7 tons, rapid movement de manded a high degree of specialized co-ordination. After the Armistice Captain Bazzoni was sent to England on a service of investigation and returned home thence to the lYnited States, a~riving here in March 1919 after an absence of NEWBURGHERS IN SPECIAL SERVICE 115 nearly four years, 22 months of which were spent on active service in France. In recognition of his services he received a special citation "for conspicuous and meritorious services" from General Pershing, decoration Officer de la Academie of the Insti tute of France from the French, and the British Military Cross, a decoration a\varded only for service under fire, conferred by Sir Douglas Haig. Aided In Saving Belgrade Dr. James C. Donovan went abroad with the Red Cross before America entered into the war. The European War Number of the American Red Cross ~1agazine in October 1914, says: "Thirty-three American surgeons were carefully selected by Major Robert U. Patterson, United States Army Medical Corps, Chief of the Medical Bureau of the American Red Cross, to accompany the first European Relief expeditions of the Red Cross. They were distributed among eleven hospital units with three surgeons for each unit. Of these units, one went to Servia. Dr. Edward W. Ryan being in charge with Dr. Donovan as his first assistant and Dr. William P. Ahearn, second assistant." Of the service of this unit in Servia, let Madame Slavko Grouitch speak. Mme. Grouitch was formerly Miss Mabel Dunlop of West Virginia. Her husband became the Servian Minister to England and later was the Servian Under-Secretary of Foreign Affairs. In this country on Jan. 31, 1915, Mme. Grouitch gave an interview in The New York Times in which she said: "When the American Red Cross Unit under Dr. Edward Ryan arrived I was anxious to have it given the best post in the country, which was the hospital in Belgrade. The government however did not think the mission should be exposed to danger and raised objections. I learned that the members of the mission wanted to go to the front. I tried to get it assigned to Kra gouyevats, the arsenal town where my own mission was and T ,vas so sure that this would be done that I went ahead and engaged a house for it. Two days before the mission was to go there I was told that for strategic reasons it was preferable that the American unit should go to another place on the side lines "'·here there were convalescent and chronic patients such as surgeons hate in war time. "I appealed to my husband but he said I must take the n1ission where I was told to go and it was assigned to Vallijevo. I felt the Americans ought to go to Belgrade and I pointed out to the head of the medical staff that the presence of an American mission there might save the hospital and perhaps the city. He said it would be an ideal arrangement but dangerous and it would not be right to expose those who had come to our aid to such risk as an assignment to Belgrade involved. Then I saw 116 NEWBURGH IN THE WORLD WAR Gen. 1Iishich, ,vho "·as second in rank on the General Staff and ,vho ,vas in command of the arn1y that drove out the Austrians later. I told him the presence of an ~.\n1erican flag in Belgrade might prevent the horrors of another Chabatz, the to,vn that ,vas absolutely ,viped out. He referred n1e to the Cro,vn Prince. The latter too, objected to exposing volunteer nurses from neutral country to danger but finally gave his consent. "So the A.n1erican unit ,vas taken to Belgrade on a special train and there the big hospital ,,·ith its allied institution con taining 6oo ,,·ounded * * * ,vas turned o,·er to Dr. Ryan. * * * You should ha,·e seen his delight and that of Dr. Donovan ,vhen they opened their cases of instrun1en ts. * * * They ,,ran the confidence of the older men immediately by snatching order out of the complete chaos that existed, ,vhen they arrived. * * * I believe that Dr. Ryan actually sa,·ed Belgrade from destruc tion." Following his service in Servia and ·when it seemed that America, sooner or later ,vould get in the ,var, Dr. Donovan returned to America and \vent out to France with the Twenty seventh Division, serving ,vith that organization through the v1ar. Fighting the Bolsheviki The war experience of Dr. Leon C. Cote was probably the most unique of any N e,vburgher in the service. On March 20. 1918, Dr. Cote went from the Army Medical School in Wash ington to Camp Custer and later to Camp Mills and on July 21 sailed for England ,vith the 337th Field Hospital, attached to the Sc:th Division. Part of the division ,vent to France and another tt~ Russia. This latter was the little understood, little heard of expedition ,vhich left even those who participated in it, in son1e tbing akin to wonder. Gen. Pershing deals with it briefly in his report saying: "It was the opinion of the Supreme \tVar Council that Allied troops should be sent to co-operate ,vith the Russians either at l\1urmank or Archangel against the Bolshevist forces, and the British Government through its An1bassador in \Vashington urged American participation in this undertaking. On July 23, the vVar Department directed the dispatch of three battalions of Infantry and three con1panies of Engineers to join the Allied expedition." Dr. Cote was in the hospital detachn1ent which made the trip. Leaving N e,vcastle, England, on August 26, they went through the Arctic and White Sea, arriving at Archangel Sept. 3. The expedition penetrated 300 miles following the Dvina River and the small American contingent was spread over a front of 450 miles. From September 1918 until May 1919, long after the Armistice, there were numerous minor engagements in which the Americans had 82 killed. NEWBURGHERS IN SPECIAL SERVICE 117 Among other places visited ,vas the summer hon1e of the Czar at Berezneki. In this section the expedition spent the "·inter, the ,veather being intensely cold, the thermometer fall ing on qccasions to 54 degrees belo,v zero, Fahrenheit. The preservation of lines of comn1unication over the long route to A.rchangel in this extremely cold ,veather ,vas accomplished ,with ponies and the transportation of the sick and ,,rounded ,va5 attended ,vith much suffering. The ground ,vas covered ,vith sno,v and in their attacks the Bolsheviki advanced under a cover made up of sheets thrown o\·er boughs, which disguised their advance very effectively. Dr. Cote remained ,vith this expedition until June 15, 1919. During this time he ,vas in charge of the care of 1,314 patients, and in spite of all of the conditions the mortality ,vas conspicuously Io,v. One of Dr. Cote's souvenirs of the trip is an autographed copy of the history of the expedition (The History of the Amer ican Expedition Fighting the Bolsheviki) by Lieut. Harry H. l\lead, 339th U. S. I., who wrote in it: ''To my dear comrade, Leon Cote-who in the hour of peril and suffering during the North Russian expedition, so nobly attended the ,vounds of our injured, the ills of the invalid and \vhose cheerful spirit and courageous hand guided back many of our brave comrades from the shadow land of death, with my kindest regards." Speed Won the War Speed won the war according to the estimates of the best judges and one of the big elements was the speed with which the American troops and American supplies were sent to Europe. One of the great ports of France during the conflict was that of I-I avre and acting as Assistant Superintendent there, was Major \V. Johnston McKay. Major McKay was more than 50 years old when he tendered his services to the government. He was first sent to Madison Barracks, commissioned as a captain, and placed in charge of the clothing and equipn1ent there. He was then sent to N evres in France to Advance Depot No. I, the first back of the lines, where he assisted in organizing the distribu tion of clothing and equipment. He then went to Ettreta-a hospital town in France with a British hospital, conducted by an American unit, to organize the work there. Conspicuous suc cess attending his efforts he was then sent to Havre, ,vhere he remained for 13 months. Brest handled most of the soldiers, but many others were landed in Havre. At the latter seaport supplies, principally, ,vere landed. The district included that from Cherbourg to Boulogne and along the Seine to Rauen. Capt. McKay, who ,vas later made a Major, was next in command to Major Mc Donald, and was in charge of the outside area. Fully 500,000 troops and supplies valued at more than $100,000,000 were 118 NEWBURGH IN THE WORLD WAR landed. 11ajor afcKay's task ,vas to co-ordinate British, Belgian, ~French and .A.. merican activities in the district. Havre ,vas temp orarily the Belgian capital. It is of record that at the time the Americans took hold the record for unloading ships in this port ,vas 300 tons daily. Their operations raised this to an average of goo tons daily. For his "exceptionally conspicuous and mer itorious service" l\Iajor l\IcKay ,v-as t,Yice cited by Gen. Pershing. In the Famous 'Eagle Hut' 11 any N e,vburgh boys ,vhose training and course to the front during the ,var took them to England ,vill remember ,vith keen delight the Eagle Hut in London through ,vhich, in a strange land, many of them short of funds-for the U. S. A. did not pay large salaries to its men in khaki-they had many hours of pleasure. \Vhat may not be kno,vn is that in this wide spread service of N e,vburghers, one of their o,vn townsmen was the general secretary of the Hut, the Rev. Frank Wooley 11 urtfeld t, son of Mr. and Mrs. E. l\L 1\1 urtfeld t. After a period of service with the Y. 1:1. C. A. in Camp Upton, 11r. 1'1 urtfeldt was transferred to the Eagle Hut in London. He served as General Secretary from l\1arch 1918 to 11ay 1919. 'fhis work ,vas the best known of all the work over seas. It was the largest hut in the war zone, covering an area of thirty-five thousand square feet in the middle of the Strand-a specially ,vonderful location. There was a daily average of over six thousand men in and out of the Hut, men of all the Allied Armies, and it \Vas interesting to see Australians, Canadians, I~ritish, with a few French and Belgians using the Hut, together ,vith its rightful owners, the American boys. Anywhere fron1 three to seven thousand meals were served each day at cost. And there ·were t,vo hundred beds with fresh linen every day. The Hut was never closed; in fact the key of the door was thrown away when the Hut opened in the summer of 1917. The whole work was carried on only by the volunteer help of the An1ericans of London. There were eight hundred women

\\1 ho served in the canteen and seventy-eight business tnen, and fifteen "~{" Secretaries. And it was more than co-operation that these devoted people gave,-it was themselves. It was their ,var work and as has been said, they "loved it like a baby." The ne,vs stand by the door was loaded with every Ameri can n1agazine fit to read. Nearby was the ticket office with tickets and trips to all places ,vorth seeing in London, and a "Y" guide to go along-"Party for the Tower leaves in fifteen n1inutes." The corner that adjoined contained the desk of the Hospitality Secretary ,vho ahvays had tickets for sports and dance and shows, and invitations for ".veek-ends and dinners in London homes. Beyond were glowing fireplaces and corners with easy chairs aplenty and in a far corner a little lady in a rocking chair, NEWBURGHERS IN SPECIAL SERVICE 119 ,vith a table, a fe,v ,voman's knicknacks and a ,vork basket. "1fother's Corner. Do you ,vant a button se,ved on, or any mending done?" says the sign above. "If so, the lady here will giadly do it for you free of charge." And once a sailor boy, who \\·anted to talk ,vith her cut a button off so that he could have an excuse. Across the \vay ,vas a huge "Flag-Your-Home To\vn 1fap", ,vhere the boys stuck a flag in their home towns until the map ,vhich occupied one entire side of a room was literally covered ,vith flags. There ,vere of course billiard tables, telephones, ,vriting desks, business offices ,vhere you could ex change your money, a soda fountain, a shop with every thing a man needed, a "Quiet Room", a theatre ,vith moving pictures or concerts or amateur plays or addresses every afternoon and evening, and services on Sunday. The Canteen was especially attractive with fresh flo,vers on every table, and the griddle cake baker, and good meals at anywhere from eighteen cents to thirty-five cents. Following is a bit of testimony that will tell more than any description of the work accomplished. It is a poem by Martin Dykema, of the U. S. S. Piqua: "Dear folks who run the Eagle Hut These lines I send to you To thank you most sincerely .. In behalf of the Piqua's crew. "We had a wonderful time while there And we think that London's grand But the place \Ve all liked the best Was the Hut upon the Strand. "It was very nice of you indeed To take us all around, To show us all the interesting things They have in London Town. "\Ve sure enjoyed your movie plays And oh, that old Jazz Band It made us feel that we were back Somewhere in Yankee Land. "It was nice to sleep in the Dixie room Or sit in a big old leather chair To read a book by the warm fireside Or talk to the people there. "vVhen you take down this dear old hut And all of your work here ends I am sure you will find it hard to do For you've made a million friends. 120 NEWBURGH IN THE WORLD WAR "Good-bye, good luck, to all you folks l\Iay ,ve meet again some day \Ve ,von't forget the Eagle Hut Or the ,vork of the Y. l\I. C. A." In Charge of 'Y' Work In England Rev. C. A. Ross, a native of N e,vburgh and a son of the late Capt. George 11. Ross, ,vas placed in charge of "Y" ,vork in England. A London dispatch published Jan. 26, 1918: "The Rev. C. A. Ross, assistant to Dr. S. Parkes Cadman at the Central Congregational Church, Brooklyn, has been delivering an address over here in Great Britain, entitled "The American Y. 1\-1. C. A. in Action." l\,fr. Ross avers that the "action" referred to is general and not peculiar to him, but his friends say he symbolizes action. Anyway, he's been working fifteen hours a day, jumping by train from Bristol, to Plymouth, Cardiff and other \Velsh points directing the affairs of the 'Y' in the south1.vest point of England and vVales. 1'Ir. Ross is ,vhat is kno,vn as an "Area Chief-which is a very co1nforting title upon ,vhich to hang a great deal of work. He is responsible for the personnel and all the activities in his area. "Like n1any another traveler Mr. Ross had a bit of a thrill ia getting over here to go to work. The trip over from New York via I-Ialifax had been serene up until one day out of their European port. On a Sunday afternoon the convoy ,vas attacked by sub1narines. The busy destroyers with their depth bombs drove off the subs after the attack had last 20 minutes. The attack was resumed at 7 :30. Again the depth bombs were used and this time with fatal effect. Mr. Ross personally saw one sub come up, turn over, and go down. Later it was officially reported that two submarines ,vere destroyed with their crevvs. 1\1 r. Ross started in his 'Y' work at Van Cortlandt Park, New York, ,vhere among- 'his' boys were son1e fron1 the Second Brig ade of the Sixth Division. He n1ade n1any talks to the boys there and, of course, was known by n1any whon1 he didn't per sonally kno,v. "Not long ago, speaking at the Guild Hall at Plyn1outh, England, a Brooklyn boy can1e up after the meeting. The boy ,vas from Mr. Ross' own church and had also bet:n ,vith hin1 at Van Cortlandt Park. At another time ,vhen some of the wounded soldiers of the 27th and 30th Divisions were sent to the Bristol Royal Infirmary, n1any of the 27th boys ,vere from New 'York and Brooklyn and knew him. They had a good tin1e talk ing over old times and old scenes with the Brooklyn 'Y' man. "Mr. Ross' activities have for the most part been with the navy and men of the mercantile marine, although there were a few army air camps in his area. In his area are many points of real 'Y' activity, most of which will remain longer than anything else in Great Britain. Under his supervision he has at Plymouth NEWBURGHERS IN SPECIAL SERVICE 121 the nlayflo,ver Officers' Inn, the Octagon Hut for enlisted men do,vnto,vn, the hut for n1en of the naval base on the Royal Vic torian Docks. At Cardiff there is a big hut at 56 Queen Street, the \ Vilson Inn for officers, and a hut and canteen on High Street. .A.t other points on the Bristol Channel, there are also acti,·ities. A ne,v hut has just been opened at Barry. There is a hut at Ne,vport and the 'Y' looking for suitable places at Penarth and S,vansea. "Both the English and the vVelsh people have taken quite a fancy to the hustling young person ,vho kno,vs ho,v to combine diplomacy and business acumen and he has been called upon repeatedly to preach and deliver lectures." The Liberty Loan

ILLI.A.1I G. SHEPHERD, the \var correspondent, who W ,vas serving on the Eastern front ,vhen the Russian up heaval eliminated the land of the Czar from the conflict, and opened up a ne,v problem for the ,vorld, ,vhich is yet far from solution, visited N e,vburgh in l\Iarch, 1918, soon after his return from the East and addressed a large meeting in the Academy of 11usic in support of the Red Cross. He strongly urged support for the army, support in the ,vay of providing the funds for carrying on and support for those \velfare movements ,vhich had for their objects the comfort, contentment and ,vell being of those ,vith the colors. He explained that the Russian disaster ,vas not due to the ,veakness of the Russian army. Neither ,vas it due to the strength of the enemy. The forces that in the early days of the ,var had risen to unexpected heights and swept down into Galicia ,vere still able to do great things. The trouble was not ,vith thern. The trouble was with "the folk back home." It was "back home" that the nation collapsed, not on the firing line. The men at the front did not get the sup port they needed. The news they were getting from home was not encouraging, the materials they required were not advanced and then can1e the revolution with all of the ills which have since attended it and ,vhich have affected the world. 11 he lesson obviously was that those who were left in the comfort and security of their homes should make every sacrifice necessary for those actually engaged. How well this lesson \Vas learned in Newburgh n1ay be judged from the fact that the total subscriptions for the Liberty Loans exceeded the quota of the city by 20 per cent and throughout the war every campaign of welfare work was oversubscribed. The Liberty Loans are no,v a matter of history. Our angle of looking at then1 no,v is quite different from that at the time ,vhen they confronted us. vVe no,v see in them a profitable in vestment in themselves. vVe see also that they brought about a habit of thrift ,vhich is still in effect and is ,vorking to the tremendous advantage of thousands. At the outset, Newburgh ,vorkers appealed to in support of the Liberty Loans could, in the main, make only one response. They could not buy the bonds outright. The effort appealed to their patriotism of course. They wanted to help. They were willing to give, but funds ,vere lacking. Employers met this situation by such ar rangements as enabled their organizations to purchase on the installment plan with payments as Io,v as a dollar a week on a bond, the payments being deducted ,veekly from their wages. LIBERTY LOAN LEADERS 1. \Va\LTER H. \VHITEHILL. Chairman Third, Fourth and Victory Loans. 2. JosEPH STROOCK, County Chairman. 3. C. D. Ron1NSON, Chairman First and Second Loans. -t-- FmnIER GovERNOR B. B. ODELL, ExecutiYe Committee. :,. HARRY J. H :\OK, ExecutiYe Committee. 6. DE\VrTT E. :\IcK1NSTRY, Executiye Committee. 7. CHARLES vV. U. SNEED, Subscriptions. 8. FREDERICK vV. \\TILSON. ExecutiYe Committee.

THE LIBERTY LOAN 123 The Building & Loan Association, through its president, vV. J. \Vygant and its secreta:y Le~rand yV. Pe!lett also arrange~ an installment plan. This rule 1n the 1ndustr1es ,vas almost un1- yersally follo,ved. It became part of the system deYeloped by the Liberty Loan Committee-a system so perfected that before the close of the ,var, the loans became almost a matter of routine. The loans therefore taught the first element of thrift. The ,vorkers learned that the proper method ,vas to "save first and spend after,yard." For the most part they had sought "to save ,vhat ,vas left" and never had had anything left. \Vith the n1onev for their bonds deducted first, they made the balance do, regarding it at first as a patriotic contribution to the war. Later they came to see that their patriotism would have its own re ward, for they found themselves with savings such as had not been regarded as possible. One effect of this has been found since in the institution of thrift clubs in the banks and in many of the establishments of the city through which huge sums have been saved. Nor is this the only actual good which the loans accom plished. In many places the war brought a mushroom growth a sudden expansion, an inflation which seemed to know no limits. These were the munition towns. The sudden close of the war brought a collapse which was most menacing. Places which were without munition factories on the other hand, suf fered ,vhile the war was in progress unless as in Newburgh some wise precaution averted. Walter H. Whitehill was a member of the Liberty Loan comn1ittee, and became its chairman after the second loan, for ·which he was 1nade campaig-n manager. He was always in terested and early in the war made a study of the whole situa tion, the results of which he brought to .the Liberty Loan cam paigns. Only a short time before, it will be recalled, "Business as usual" was a slogan much heard. While America was head ing for the strife there was considerable effort directed to the idea of "business as usual". The survey by Mr. Whitehill con vinced him that nothing of this kind could prevail after America had entered. In the first address which he gave for the First Liberty Loan, De vVitt E. McKinstry, also speaking, he told his auditors that they must forget 'the former slogan. "Business as usual" was no longer a possibility. The business of the nation must be turned to winning the war. He told manufacturers that whatever their line, effort must be made to get into war work and he outlined what conditions would be, a forecast which de veloped exactly as he made it. He pointed out that communities like Newburgh would be depopulated unless they turned to war effort. He said that working organizations would be so broken up that the close of the war would find them unable to resume on a peace time basis. He warned that restrictions on non essentials were inevitable and that the workers would most cer- 124 NEWBURGH IN THE WORLD WAR tainly go "·here the high prices pre,·ailed. \\-ith \\·ar ,vork on, n1anufacturers could be prepared to drop this production \\·hen need for it had passed and resutne \Yith old organizations sub stantially intact. N e,,·burgh took this adYice ,Yith the result that it prospered during the \\·ar, and during the ti111e of de pression suffered less than n1any places. So n1uch for the effects of the Liberty I~oans aside fron1 their patriotic impulses and from the material support they gaYe the ,var. The \\·inner never has need of explanations. These are for those only "·ho fail or ,vho apparently fail. Looking at the bald record, it n1ight appear that N e,vburgh had failed on the first loan, for its quota ,,·ill be found recorded as $r,62r,ooo, and its subscriptions at $1,207,000. This demands an explanation, though by no means an apology. In vie\v of ,vhat happened that subscription ,vas a real accomplishment. \Vhen the loan \Vas announced, the national goal ,vas fixed at $2,000/X)0,000. Nothing \vas said of a definite sum to be raised here. No one ever heard of a quota or an allotment until the campaign ,vas far advanced. The supposition by everyone ,vas that to raise the needed money, a sum equivalent to $20 per capita should be secured. That meant a total of $6oo,ooo for Newburgh. The sum seemed staggering in those days, but en ergies ,vere turned to raising it. All plans ,vere made with that total in vie,v, but on May 26, 1917, the word came that N cw burgh \Vas expected to give, not $6oo,ooo, but $r,621,ooo, more than t,vo and a half times the figure which was being striven for. This sudden disarrangement of plans was received ,vith something akin to consternation, but those in charge increased their effort and by the time the loan was con1pleted, had made a sho,ving, which under ·the conditions ,vas one of the remarkable accon1plishn1ents of the war. There was also another factor. Bond buying in Newburgh had been confined to a limited fe,v, and most of those in a position to buy largely, had their con nections ,vith N e,v York financial houses and arranged with them for the bonds ,vith no thought of local quotas \vhich had not been stressed. The situation ,vas saved somewhat by the action of Joseph Stroock, chairn1an of the Orange County loan con1mi ttee, Benjamin B. Odell, Frank V. Burton and others \vith interests outside of the city, who directed that a substantial portion of the subscriptions of these interests should be credited to New burgh. Ho,vever, n1any thousands of dollars ,vent from Nevi burghers to be credited else,vhere, in spite of which the total was run to n1ore than double the an1ount sought for in the beginning -but as the quota was finally announced not a perfect success. As the future developed perhaps it ,vas just as well that it was so. This seeming failure was thereafter a stimulus in each war effort as it came. N ewburghers never liked to hear very much about the first loan, but they never forgot it. It remained a cc,nstant spectre-a fly in the ointment. The thought was ahvays THE LIBERTY LOAN 125 in mind that the apparent failure must be atoned for and never repeated. One of the results ,vas that in nothing else ,vas there e\·er a chance of failure. The succeeding loans ,vere so far over subscribed that the total ,vas in excess of the ,vhole sum asked here and all of the funds for Yarious ,var purposes ,vere over subscribed as ,Yell. A. feature ,vhich ,vas begun in the first loan and later on highly de,~eioped ,vas the subscription by organizations v~hich took portions of their treasuries for this purpose. N e,vburgh Lodge of 11oose led in this ,vith a subscription of $400. The example proved very contagious. The other fraternal societies quickly follo,ved ,vith the result that practically all of them now have a considerable portion of their funds invested in govern ment securities. It is ,vorthy of note that ,vhile for the first loan the supposed quota of $6oo,OCX) was regarded as a tremendous figure for such a city as N e,vburgh, the second which was for a sum four times that an1ount occasioned no pessimism. Such \Vas the progress of ,var education and such was the decision of residents that follo,ving the exan1ple of the young men of the city, it was uni versally agreed that any :financial sacrifice needed must be made. Already the city had demonstrated that its youth was ready and fit to fight and no place of the size of Newburgh had so many men in the field. All along as the campaign of education was carried on, the burden of it all was that the men with the colors must have everything needed if they were to "carry on". For the first t\vo loans, Charles D. Robinson was the chair man, but for the third asked to be relieved and was succeeded by :Mr. \Vhitehill and a finance committee was formed consisting of De \Vitt E. l\1cKinstry, President of the I-Iighland National Bank; Frank \V. Mapes, President of the National Bank of N e,vbnrgh ; Charles D. Robinson, President of the Quassaick National Bank; Henry 1\1. Leonard, President of the Columbus Trust Co., and Charles W. U. Sneed. All of the banks without exception placed substantial subscriptions at the beginning of each loan and offered and provided most substantial assistance on n1ost liberal tern1s to all ,vho desired to subscribe and with that support, success ,vas made assured. On October 3, 1917 the committee was called together by Chairman Robinson for the second loan. Conditions were now very different from those which had marked the first effort. It ,vas kno,vn definitely just what was expected of Newburgh. It ,vas known too that the war situation was such that no one must falter. The meeting was held in the Palatine Hotel, Mr. Robin son presiding and Mr. Whitehill acting as secretary. Several ad?resses were made, touching on various phases of the cam paign. Joseph Stroock in a brief talk said it was folly to think that N cwburgh could not take care of its quota. "The ground here"~ 126 NEWBURGH IN THE WORLD WAR he said, "has not even been scratched." He declared that there "'as "plenty of money in N e,vburgh", and added that "the ,vork ingmen had put over the first loan and others ,vould have to take care of this one". The meeting ,vas about to adjourn ,vhen Frederick \\r. \Yilson proposed that a can,rass be made of those present. "It is better for us to say 'Come on' ", he said, "than to sav 'Go on.' Let us see ,vhat ,ve can do ourselves." ., A. current ne,vspaper report said that ,vhat follo,ved ex ceeded the ,vildest expectations of those present and this did not exaggerate the situation. One member of the committee after another arose to subscribe. This continued for half an hour and at the end of that time 1Ir. \Vhitehill announced, "\Ve have a total of $1,140.500. Nearly half of our allotment." The list of subscriptions at that meeting is \\~orth preserva tion and it is here appended.

Newburgh Savings Bank .. $ 500,000 Newburgh Lumber Co ... . 5,000 Highland National Bank.. 125,000 Samuel L. Stewart ...... 3,000 Stroock 11il1s ...... I00,000 Fred Stern ...... 3,000 Joseph Stroock ...... 50,000 ~f rs. R. H. Cathcart ...... 2,500 T. F. Balfe ...... 50,000 Sol Cohen ...... 2,CX>O Quassaick National Bank .. 25.000 Samuel E. Shipp...... 2,000 Columbus Trust Co ...... 25,000 William D. Bagshaw ...... 2,000 National Bank of N'burgh 25,000 D. E. McKinstry ...... 2,000 Cleveland & \VhitehilI Co .. 25,000 Judge A. H. F. Seeger ... . 2,000 ~Jiss Laura Balfe ...... 20,000 Frank W. Mapes ...... 2,000 l\1rs. C. Del\1ott...... 20,000 B. Bryant Odell ...... 2,000 Newburgh Bleachery ...... 20,000 S. Carlis]e Goodrich ...... 2,000 John Schoonmaker & Son. I 5,000 J. I-I. Flanagan, Jr ...... 2,000 P. Delany & Co ...... I0,000 Frank W. Doxey ...... 2,000 Tur] Iron & Car Co ...... I0,000 Charles D. Robinson ...... I,500 11 rs. J oscph Stroock ...... I0,000 I\1rs. Sol Cohen ...... I ,000 Joscph Turl ...... 10,000 A. R. Beal ...... 1,000 R. H. Cathcart...... 5,000 ]. B. Scott...... I,000 John Schoonmaker & Son's Michael Tighe ...... I,000 Employees ...... 5,000 John G. Collingwood ...... 1,000 Lawson Hardware Co.. . . . 5.000 Charles H. Hanford ...... 1,000 W. F. Cassedy...... 5,000 Benjamin E. Smyth ...... 1,000 Steven Stroock ...... 5,000 l\1rs. Samuel St~wart .. . 1,000 Newburgh News Co...... 5,000 L. Dr. \V. S. Gleason ...... 1,000 Dr. C. E. Townsend...... 5,000 C. C. Bourne...... 5,000 J. D. Wilson ...... I,000 i\.1rs. L. H. Townsend ... . Harrison & Gore...... 5,000 500 John Bull...... 5,000 Sweet-Orr & Co. Employees 5,000 $r,140,500 \Vhile the con1mittee ,vas yet engaged in the formulation of its plans, other subscriptions ,vere received, bringing the total to $I ,476,500. 'rhese included the follo"ving: National Bank of N'burgh $ I00,000 John Aspinwall ...... I0,000 B. B. Odell Interests ...... 75,000 H. N. Bain ...... I0,000 Stroock Co. Employees .. . 30,000 Hon. C. F. Brown ...... I0,000 Columbus Trust Co ...... 25,000 Coldwell Lawn l\1nwer Co. 10,000 F. W. Senff ...... 25,000 Coldwell-Wilcox Co ...... 5,000 Mrs. F. D. Hitch ...... Z0,000 l\,f. H. Hirschberg ...... 5,000 American Bobbinet Co ... . I0,000 l\1rs. Jova, Roseton ...... 5,000 THE LIBERTY LOAN 127

Bertram Stroock ...... 5,000 Reid & Gorman ...... 1,000 The Turl Iron & Car Co .. 3,750 1Iichael F. Rogers ...... I,000 R. E. Burger ...... 3,000 Thomas Sayre ...... I,000 \V. R. Perkins & Co ...... 2,000 l\f rs. l\'1. J. Dwyer ...... 500 George Odell ...... 2,000 John L. Sloan ...... 500 H. B. Odell ...... 1,500 R. J. \Vait ...... 500 ~f. J. Dwyer ...... 1,500 H. C. vVilliams ...... 500 D. \V. Esmond ...... I,000 l\frs. Agnes Dyke ...... 500 Fred Herman ...... I,000 \V. \Vygant ...... John T. Howell ...... I,000 J. 500 Charles Clapper ...... 250 Sarah B. Hurd ...... I,000 l\liss Clara Odell ...... I,000 A. L. J. ~liller ...... I,000 $1,476,500 The report of the executive committee ,vas for a complete soliciting organization ,vhich should visit every home in the city and ,vas as f ollo\vs : Campaign l\Ianager, \.Valter H. vVhitehill. Con1mittees and Captains: Balm ville, Ralph Tompkins; N e,v \ Vindsor, \\T. Cook Belknap; Factories, Walter H. vVhite hill; Granges, Samuel L. Stewart; Large Prospects, Samuel V. Schoonmaker; Insurance, etc., Michael T. Donohue; Churches, Rev. J. Lewis Hartsock. City Committees: H. B. Odell, Captain; Lieutenants, Dr. W. A. Small, John E. Drew, Fred G. Buss, Tames H. Y. Kidd; Charles \V: U. Sneed, Captain; S. Carlisle Goodrich, Francis J. Gorman, C. Gilbert Calyer, Ralph Whitehill, Lieutenants; Fred Stern, Captain; Michael J. Dwyer, B. Bryant Odell, LeGrand W. Pellett, R. \V. Spencer and Walter S. Carvey, Lieutenants. Th us officered, numerous teams were made and the cam paign progressed in an active, systematic manner. vVithin 20 days, the $2,000,000 n1ark ,vas passed, and on October 24th, the city ,vent "over the top", the first city in the New York Federal Reserve District to reach its quota. The attainn1ent of this goal ,vas not sufficient. The vvord was passed around that the city n1ust give a su1n sufficient to con1pensate for the deficiency in the first loan. It was apparent also that the field had not yet been covered. So the tea1ns pressed on and by October 26, the third n1illion had been reached. The former deficiency had been eli1ninatecl, but the teams kept going a11d the can1paign closed ,vith a total of $3,350,000, nearly a million more than had been asked for. · In April of r9r8, the third loan was called for, the quota be ing $1,598,000, a slight reduction from the figure of the first loan. The executive committee then constituted, which acted until the close of the war, included the following: \Valter H. \Vhitehill, Chairman; S. Carlisle Goodrich, Chairman of publicity; Charles W. U. Sneed, Chairman of subscriptions. George B. Alexander ( Coldenham) F. N. Bain T. V. \V. Anthony Thomas F. Balfe John Aspinwall E. W. Barnes ( 1Iiddle Hope) W. D. Bagshaw S. R. Barnett 128 NEWBURGH IN THE WORLD W' AR A. R. Beal Dr. John T. Howell T. R. Beal Frank A. Hovsradt \Villiam C. Belknap Harry Hurd~ \Vilbur R. Benedict (Leptondale) \Villiam Innis (Orange Lake) E. C. Bennett Dr. F. A. Jacobson \V. L. Berkwitz Henry J. }ova (Roseton) E. \V. Bigler Frederick H. Keefe C. C. Bourne J. H. Y. Kidd H. D. Buck Henry Kohl R. E. Burger James D. Lacey Frank \T. Burton Andrew L. Leicht Peter Cantline H. j\f. Leonard \Villiam F. Cassedy \V. L. Litchfield R. Harry Cathcart F. \V. 11apes Thomas F. Chadwick George \V. 1Iartin ( Savilton) \V. C. Chambers Robert :Martin Sol Cohen D. E. ~fcKinstry John G. Collingwood Hiram ~Ierritt Edward J. Collins Clarence :Miller John R. Cornell James j\f ill er John B Corwin A. L. J. l\i!iller Roy P. Curtis John \V. V. 1vlilliken WiIIiam J. Cushing (Vails Gate) Michael 1'Ioses H. A. Daniel B. B. Odell John V. Delaney H. B. Odell Thomas C. Desmo:1d B. Bryant Odell Thomas J. Diamond H. R. Odell James N. Dickey John J. Peake D. C. Dominick George C. Peck W. S. Doran L. W. Pellett Archibald Dorman \V. R. Perkins James J. Dougherty James A. P. Ramsdell Edward P. Dunphy Mark Reeks Frank Drury Charles D. Robinson M. J. Dwyer Elmer E. Roosa ]. E. Easman E. C. Ross IL Epstein S. V. Schoonmaker ]. ]. Flanagan ]. B. Scott William E. Flanagan A. H. F. Seeger A. J. Fowler F. W. Senff G. W. Gerow (l\1eadowbrook) S. E. Shipp Hugh Gibson John L. Sloan Alex. Goldberg Wil1iam L. Smith S. C. Goodrich C. W. U. Sneed E. E. Gore Roy '\V. Spencer Francis J. Gorman Fred Stern P. F. Greaney (New \Vindsor) Samuel L. Stewart Thomas F. Gunning Thomas W. Stewart B. Egbert Gurney Charles J. Stones George F. Hall B. A. Stroock Charles H. Hanford Joseph Stroock Harry J. Haon Fred l\I. Taylor A. W. Harkness Dr. E. C. Thompson Alex. Henderson J. R. Thompson R. H. Hibbard 1vfichael Tighe (Town Newburgh) S. J. Hilton Frank \V. Tompkins L. G. Hoffmann Ralph S. Tompkins ( Balmville) A. F. Holden Dr. C. E. Townsend G. E. Howard Joseph H. Turi THE LIBERTY LOAN 129

D. H. \Varren \Valter H. \Vhitehill E. B. \Veed Frederick \V. \Vilson George S. \Veller \Vith the experience of the second loan in mind this ,vas approached ,vith certain confidence. No doubt ,vas entertained or success, but everyone ,vorked as though the task \Vere to be difficult. In the former loans valuable aid in the matter of sub scriptions had been gi,·en by Frank \V. Burton of Balmville, a n1ember of the firm of Burton Bros. & Co.~ of N e,v York. His brother, John Ho,ves Burton, interested in the national cam paign for the loans at this time, designed what was known as an ''honor flag". His idea \Vas adopted by the national committee and these flags \vere given to cities and villages as rapidly as the quota of the place in question \Vas reached. X e,vburgh ,vas urged to strive for one of these flags and there ,vas a general determination to qualify. On the eve of the campaign, as before, the committee was called together and once again the experiment ,vas tried of seeing '\vhat the committee itself ,vould do." As before, it met the call, subscribing an even larger an1ount than at the previous record-breaking meeting. This time the subscriptions of the meeting alone totalled $1,370,- 450. Before noon of the following day, and less than 16 hours fro1n the opening of the campaign, the city had oversubscribed, and this wire was sent to the Secretary of the Treasury: "N cw burgh's allotn1ent oversubscribed-Sixteen hundred thousand in 16 hours" and on Oct. 12 brought the following letter from Ar thur 11. Anderson, Director of Distribution for the Second Federal District: "The Liberty Loan Committee for the Second Federal Re serve District of N e\v York takes pleasure in advising you that ~ e\vburgh was the first community in this district with a popu lation over 25,000 to be awarded an honor flag for the Third Liberty Loan Can1paign. It was also the first community in Orange County to receive this a,vard. 1-1his is certainly fine ,vork and ,ve feel sure that it will prove an inspiration to the other large cities in this Federal Reserve District of New York." 1v1r. Burton, the originator of the flag idea also sent a tele gram of congratulation to S. Carlisle Goodrich, chairman of the publicity comn1ittee, and on the same day, as the climax of a Liberty Loan parade in \vhich 10,000 persons participated, the flag \Vas proudly raised to the peak of the staff at the City Hall. The fourth loan had for its allotment $3,197,6oo, a sum one third in excess of the highest figure heretofore asked. On Sep tember 27, 1918, l\tlr. v\lhitehill again called together the com mittee and announced the opening. As before, the taking of subscriptions ,vas begun, and the party was canvassed. In just 30 minutes, a total of $1,676,850 was recorded. This was a sum greater than the total asked for the first or third loans and more than one-half of the quota for the loan then under way. Follo,v- 130 NEWBURGH IN THE WORLD WAR ing the procedure already established the ,vork ,vas pressed on and before the conclusion of the campaign, passed the alloted figure \vith son1ething to spare. A policy had been adopted here of making the loan as general as possible. Heads of families ,vere asked to haYe subscriptions in the names of the individual members of the fan1ily. The result ,,·as later announced offi cially from the District headquarters that N e,vburgh led all of the district in the proportionate number of individual subscrib ers. On N e,vburgh's list of persons ,vho had taken bonds ,vere r 1,258 names. 'fhe \var \\·as o,0 er in 1919 \.vhen the \Tictory Loan ,vas called but N e\vburgh ha,·ing- contracted the habit of buying bonds con tinued it. The quota \Yas $2,398,roo and the subscription $J,IOO,OOO. The complete figures ,vill be sho,vn in the follo,ving table: Quota Subscription Deficit Surplus First Loan .... $ r ,62 r ,ooo $ r ,207,Soo $413,200 ...... Second Loan . . 2,400,000 3,350,000 ...... $ 950,000 1'hird Loan . . . I ,598,000 2,6oo,ooo ...... I ,002,000 Fourth l,oan. . . 3,197,600 3,225,250 ...... 27,650 \rictory Loan.. 2,398,100 3,120,000 ...... 721,900

Totals .... $rr,2r4,700 $13,503,050 $413,200 $ 2,701,550 Total subscription ...... $13,503,050 Total quota ...... 11,214,700

Subscribed over quota ...... $ 2,288,350 In 1923, N ewburgh's assessed valuation on real estate ,vhich represented about 90 per cent of its actual value ,vas approxi mately $26,000,000. It ,vill be seen therefore that during the ,var the city absorbed a sun1 in Liberty bonds equal to about 50 per cent. of the value of all of the real estate in the city. If the beginning of the \var found tlre city unaccustomed to bond sales, the close found it ,vell inf orn1ed, a fact ,vhich local com n1ercial enterprises of sound standing have found to their ad vantage in bond issues since. Throughout the campaigns the publicity clement had been a mighty factor in education. l\1r. \,\1hitehill appointed a con1n1ittee on publicity consisting of S. Carlisle Goodrich, chairman; Harry J. Haon, Frederick \V. \\Tilson, Frederick H. Keefe, Thomas F. Gunning, A. R. Beal, Ed,vard P. Dunphy, and \Villiam L. Berk,vitz. Publicity "·as accomplished by a variety of methods. 1Ir. \\1hitehill advising ,vith the committee outlined the specific pur poses: "There are t\vo chief considerations", he said. "\Ve desire first to pass the allotment asked of us. This accomplished, ,ve desire it to represent as many of our residents as possible. vVe want the interest and the subscriptions as general as they can THE LIBERTY LOAN 131 be n1ade. To create this interest so that the subscriptions ,vill follo,v is the special duty of this con1mittee." There is the "·hole story. Except for the Liberty Loan posters and a nominal appro priation ,vhich ,vas provided, this committee ,vas placed on its o,,·n resources and those afforded by a patriotic public and yet the \\·ork ,vas perhaps the most easily accomplished of any ,var effort because of the ,vonderful co-operation accorded it. The city ,vas placarded ,vith Liberty Loan posters, the Boy Scouts vol un tee ring for th is purpose, as they had for every effort ,vhere their services could be used. Demonstrations of all kinds, in cluding huge parades and meetings ,vere staged. Aviators dropped messages from the clouds. Numerous novelty stunts ,vere employed. The Four 1finute !\fen ,vere organized, serving not only for the loans but for all ,var purposes. The theatres and the theatrical profession gave ,vonderful co-operation, and through the press and these other agencies the message of America ,vas carried to every home. Throughout the war the policy of the government was transmitted to the people most largely through the newspapers. In N e,vburgh this information ,vas given over a long period ex clusively by The N e,vs, that being the only publication in the city. During the earlier stares of the war, The Newburgh J curnal, published by former Governor Benjamin B. Odell, gave splendid service, but it was during this period that The News purchased the Journal and for a time was the only paper here. Later the Newburgh American was started by William L. Berk ,vitz, and it too gave liberally of its space. It is a fact however, that throughout the war reliance was placed upon The News because throughout, that newspaper and its organization sub ordinated everything to such service as would contribute to the ,vinning of the war. By the direction of Frederick W. vVilson, its editor, the ne\vspaper vv·as always at the disposal of those in the various ,var efforts and matter ,vhich involved material and tnoral support of those with the colors had the right of way. Full advantage of this latitude ,vas taken in the Liberty Loans, and the publicity ,vas specially used in the direction of the great Liberty Loan parades ,vhich were held. These were the province of Harry Haori of the DuPont Febrikoid works, ,Yhose organizing genius in the plant was well turned to the prosecution of vvar movements, particularly those calling for public demonstrations, Probably no N ewburgher gave more varied or more valued service than he in all of the undertakings. The Liberty Loan parades are ,vorthy of extended mention as indicating in themselves the rapid growth of the war spirit and the success of the committee which was charged with awak ening general pubnc interest in the loans. For the first effort the parade included only the State Guard troops, the Chamber of Commerce, the employes of the Fabrikoid Works and the 132 NEWBURGH IN THE WORLD WAR employes of The N e,vs. These ,vith Collins' Band 1narched through the streets, the "·hole co!:1mn having perhaps 500 n1en. Compare this ,vith the parade Y. hich featured the Third Loan in April, rgr8, hereinafter described. The methods en1ployed being typical of ,vhat follo,ved, space "·ill be taken here to tell in detail ho,v it ,vas accomplished. Through the papers, Captain Haon announced that the parade ,vould be held on 1-\pril r3. Organizations ,vere urged to make their preparations and to report to the committee if they in tended to parade. There ,vere no general meetings of those ,vho ,vould take part. Each organization ,vas supposed to make its o,vn arrangements under general rules promulgated and then told to ,vatch the papers for final orders. This order as it appeared in The N e,vs on the eve of the parade ,vas as follo\vs: ORDERS FOR THE LOYALTY PARADE To THE PARADERS AND THE PuBuc: The Loyalty and Liberty Loan Parade has gone to proportions far be yond original expectations. The time for preparation has been very short, and the organization is for that reason imperfect. It will be necessary there fore to rely on the good sense and co-operation of everyone to the end that there shall he the smallest con fusion. Rules have bern adopted which, if understood and followed by the p:!raders and the public will permit the carrying out of the program smoothly, and all are urged to carry out the letter and the spirit of these rules. REGULATION OF AUTO PARKING Rroaclway, east of Dubois street, is to he kept clear of automobiles. There shall he no parking of machines on either side of the street, between Colden street and Dubois street. There shall be no parking of automobiles or other vehicles on Colden or Water streets. :Machines may be parked on both sides of Broadway, west of Dubois street, but machines shall keep close to the curb, and shall not be two or more abreast. IN LINE AT 3:30; START AT 4 The parade will start at 4 o'clock, the military leading. Each organiza tion intending to parade shall be in its allotted place by 3 :30. There will be no waiting in order to give tardy organizations opportunity to form. FORlVIA TION OF TEN DIVISIONS The formation will be by divisions of which there will be 10, as follows: l\f ilitary, Firemen, Civic and Commercial, Red Cross, including the schools a5 Junior Re

' '

l•:\IJ>LOYl•:S 01: JOI!\' sc1100:-:.\L\KFR & so~ This (;roup l;igured L;q-gely in E\'ery l>e111011strati1)11 Held Throughout the \\'ar

THE RED CROSS ll\ THI·. PE.\CE P ..\RADE Xewhnrgh Chapter, :\Iarshaled hy Col. Joseph ).f. Dickey, Passing the Broadway School. Novemhrr 11. 191~•. -\rmistice DaY.

THE LIBERTY LOAN 133 PLACING OF FLOATS IN PARADE Organizations haying floats may parade these ,vith the organization, but where a float is used without a marching delegation, such float should join with the Float and Automobile Di,·ision, which forms on Carpenter avenue . .\n automobile which has been decorated, and filled with passengers in ordinary costume, may not properly be regarded as a float. For the purpose of the parade, a float may be denned as a decorated ,·ehicle, upon which is represented some historical incident, historical characters, some industry, or persons in costume representing s0me sentiment connected ,vith the war. It is important to regard this because automobiles which do not comply with this regulation must parade with the automobile section, and must not mingle with the marchers. l\IASSING OF BANDS AT CLOSE A feature to be attempted is the ·'i\Iassed Band" formation, which will mark the dispersal of the parade. It is purposed to mass the bands which will participate into one gigantic band of possibly 400 mt.:sicians, who will parade down Broadway, under the leadership of John T. Collins, the whole organization playing Sousa's ''Stars and Stripes Forever." To carry out this successfully will require the co-operation of everyone and the following rules should govern. COUNTER-MARCH IN BROADWAY The line of march toward its conclusion will bring the column to the corner of Broa

Young !\fen's Christian Association, Paul A. Danielson, Secretary Three Floats Canteen Committee, for Service for Soldi~rs Boy Scouts of America, of Newburgh Boy Scouts of America, of Highland Falls Prudential Life Insurance !\Jen Newburgh \Vheelmen FOURTH DIVISION Red Cross and Junior Red Cross Division-Forms on Lander Street, right resting on Broadway George Hall, nlarshal Aides-R. Dewitt :Morrison, Snyder J. Gage, \Villiam H. Doty, Ira C. 1,finard, \1/illiam H. Kelly, Georre Atwood, 1-Iiss Bayles, A. J. Hutchison and W. B. Sanxay 1farlborough Band Newburgh Chapter, Red Cross Cornwall War Relief and Red Cross Student Nurses' Society 1viid

In the parade rnore than 10,000 persons participated. It \Vas the largest demonstration of any kind ever staged in N e,vburgh up to that tin1e and the marvel of it \Yas that so faithfully and so perfectly ,vere the orders carried out that there ,vas not the slightest confusion. It ,,·ill be no ne,vs to the 10,000 \vho marched in that parade or to the other thousands \vho vie,ved it, but the assertion that this great body of men and ,vomen moved exactly on time ,vithout even an instant's delay may seem in credible to those for ,vhom this \Vork is specially intended, but that ,,·as the fact. The parade ,vas scheduled to start at 4 o'clock. The head of the column ,,·as on Grand street at Broad,vay, Captain Haon and his comn1ittee being in an auton1obile at the head of the line. .A.s the hands on the clock in the Columbus Trust Co. building neared the hour of four, Capt. Haon raised his hand and ,\·hen an instant later the bell in Union Church rang, he brought do,vn his arm quickly ,vith the command, "Forward, 1'1arch", and the column ,vas under way. All of ½·hich might be very un i 111 portan t under other conditions, but is extreme! y significant in illustrating the discipline of the public, the unity of thought and action and the universal desire to do everything humanly pos sible for the successful prosecution of the \Var. '"fhe "n1assed band" feature, vvhich closed the event had been tried in many places and almost uniformly n1arked with failure. In this parade this feature, as every other, ,vas carried out exactly as planned ,vithout halt or delay any,vhere. In view of the statement that only nominal funds were piaccd at the disposal of the committee, how a parade of this n1agnitude could be staged, might occasion question. Here again the public spirit of residents was de1nonstrated. Organizations Yicd ,vith one another in preparing features, but instead of depending on the central con1n1ittee to supply funds, the organ izations supplied the n1oney themselves. The controlling thought ,vith each one was that the loans were necessary to finance the n1en ,vho \Vere winning the war. This ,vas the task of the folk at hotne, and no N eYvburgh boy in trench or can1p or braving the snbn1arine lurking on the seas ever had cause to feel that the home to,vn folk were not supporting hin1. Some of the stunts arra1:iged by Mr. Goodrich and his asso ciates ,vere quite remarkable. One of these was the "fire" on 1\pril 20, 1919 in support of the Victory Loan. It ,vas the evening of Easter Sunday. Shortly before 9 o'clock, an alarm ,vas sounded from Box 32, Grand and Second Streets. The skies ,vere lighted ,vith a bright reflection which might have come from the Palatine Hotel, the Court House, St. George's Church, the American Reformed Church, the City Club, the Knights of Columbus building or any of the others in that vicinity. From all sections of the city persons flocked to the point indicated. Sin1ultaneously, the members of Hudson River Commandery, 138 NEWBURGH IN THE WORLD WAR Knights Templ~r, ~vith Col!ins' Ban1, ,vho had be~n attending the Easter service 1n the First Baptist Church arrn·ed, in that vicinity. All of the fire apparatus of the city had responded to the call and soon there ,vere 5,000 persons on the ground. 1'hen it ,vas discoyered that the fire ,vas all in iron con tainers, arranged for the occasion by Capt. Haon, and a Victory Loan meeting ,vas announced by Assemblyman \Villiam F. Brush, ,vho introduced Col. Raphael A. Egan, but lately re turned fron1 France, ,vho made an address urging subscriptions. ·'\Vhile \Ve ,vere in France", said he, '\ve ,vatched ,vith loyal pride the ,vay you hon1e folk \Yere doing your bit, for ,ve had the ne,vspapers, and ,ve over there ,vere as proud of you as you have sho,vn yourselves proud of us." 1\nother big demonstration staged here by l\{r. Goodrich "·as the coming of the Liberty Ball and the Liberty Coach. This "·as used in the Third Loan. The Liberty Ball \vas a monster sphere ,vhich had been rolled across the state, advertising the loan. 1'he coach had accon1panied the ball to Poughkeepsie,. ,vhcre they had been separated, the idea being to send the ball down on the east side of the river and the coach on the west. .~ e,vburgh, ho\vever, ,vanted both and received them. 11rs. vV. S. Gleason, when it ,vas learned the separation had been made, arranged, through her brother, vVarren J. Hoysradt of the state publicity comn1ittee to have the ball come here as well, and it ,-vas dragged through the streets by the Boy Scouts. The French band was another feature of the campaigns, and at another time a train la

"Report of John J. Peake, Postmaster. The Welfare Groups ''A ND behold. a certain Ia,yyer stood up and ten1pted Him saying. ·~raster, ,vhat shall I do to inherit eternal life?' He said unto Him, '\Vhat is ,vritten in the Ia,v? Ho,v rea

IJ·~_\l)ERS I~ RFD CROSS .-\CTIVITIES

1. ~IRS. C . .-\. \\._\Ll>Rox, \"ice-Chairman. ) ~IRS. \\". ST.\::\"T0)1' Gu:.bo.x . .-\ssuciate. 3. ~lib. ]. nR.\I>LEY Scorr. \\"omen's \York. -+· :i lRs. C. E. Towx sE.xn. Surgical Dressings. :,- ~ rISS .-\x )." .\ EGc\ X. Home Sen·icc. 6. ~frss CR.\)."I>.\LL, Se,Ying. 1 . ~Iiss CIL\D\\"ICK. \Vomen's \Vork. 8. ~r RS. LEG HOR:\", Shipping. (). ~[1ss \\"R1c;11T. Specialties.

THE WELFARE GROUPS 141 is a mission for the Red Cross, \vhich has survived even the ter rors of this ,vorld holocaust and ,vhich ,vhen n1en at length laid do,vn their arms carried the \vork of mercy even to one time enemies. It is a far cry in the ,vork of the Red Cross from rSSr ,vhen Clara Barton instituted the moven1ent in An1erica, to the organization ,vhich \Vas found at the close of the \\r orld \Var and ,vhich in N e,vburgh alone then numbered r r ,542 adults and more than 3,000 children. .As late as rgo3, according to '"Ameri cana", the membership in the National Red Cross \Vas but 298 in embers. As in other respects, Ne,vburgh looked into the future in the matter of the Red Cross. 1"'he subject of forming a chapter here ,vas seriously considered as early as the fall of r9r6, ,vhen N-eafie Adams, representing the national body while in N e\v burgh on a visit ,vas questioned concerning a local body. In February, 1917, the city having already sent troops into the na tional service in guarding the aqueduct, it \\Tas again discussed, the first urging being made by l\lliss l\Iargaret Gillies, nurse for the Anti-Tuberculosis Society, who asked Dr. vV. Stanton Gleason if he did not think the time near when Newburgh should organize. Dr. Gleason, -a member of tJ1e U. S. l\1edical Reserve replied that it was not merely near; it .was definitely at hand and he took immediate steps to ~

•Report of Mrs. Helen van Buren. THE WELFARE GROUPS 151 essary to sustain the Association, ,vas to come from, other than the men1bers' monthly dues of 25 cents; but people heard of the effort and gaYe unsolicited. The association has a record of never having begged for money during all its five years of ,vork. During the first year of organization the association became the local con1mittee for the American Fund for French \Vounded ,vith 1\frs. van Buren as representative chairman. The ,York ho,Yever ,vas not limited to France, and at different times help ,vas sent to Serbia, Italy, England and, after the United States entered the ,var, to our o,vn American soldiers, both in l~ospita1s and camps. And so this ,vork, commenced at the ce ginning of the ,var, ,vhich aimed to give help to a fevv hundred of the gallant defenders and suffering people of stricken France, succeeded beyond the ambitious dreams of the most sanguine ,vorker. Clothing, food, gifts, letters of sympathy sho,ving the spiritual help America vvas giving to France and her Allies, 1net ,vith a quick and warm response of gratitude from across the seas. \Vhen America entered the war the association became at once a purely local, almost personal enterprise, overshado,.ved by the great national organizations which had sprung into being, a~ it ,vere, over night, and which it was the duty of the whole people to sustain by work and by money. It was at once realized that the Association could no longer count on unsolicited aid. The n1embers stood ready to join and work for the national organ izations, but one and all felt that its own work must continue at the same time, and that, as a committee for the American Fund for French Wounded, with a sure road open to France, it should not sever the close personal relations it had established during its three years work. It was quickly determined that the only possible means of continuing the work would be to earn the money necessary for its support. To further this end, the Old Homestead Tea Room in Cornwall was rented, each Branch of the association taking charge of the running of the Tea Room for one day a week, one day being known as Newburgh Day, one Firthcliffe Day, etc .. \Vhile some of the women were cooking and serving meals and "'ashing dishes in one end of the old house, in the other end they were se,ving, sorting, and packing cases destined for France. The year proved successful in every way. It is interesting to compare the totals of each successive year, always bearing in mind, that at no time did the Association have a membership of over 200 who paid the monthly dues of 25 cents. Jan. 1st, 1916, the first report was handed in showing the follo,ving results: Dues and donations, $348.02; Articles of clothing and supplies shipped to France, 3,094. Jan., 1917, dues. and donations, $1,053.22; articles shipped, I 1, l 18. Jan., 1918, $4.209.74 dues and donations; articles shipped 23,673. This. 152 NEWBURGH IN THE WORLD WAR an1ount included 8,108 surgical dressings and r,864 pounds of food. The money donated included $r,6oo donated by l\Ir. and l\I rs. Pulsifer and members of their family to purchase an am bulance for the A1nerican .A.mbulance Drivers in France. Jan. 1919, $4,568.29 donated and earned through the Tea Room; articles shipped, rog,281. 1~hese articles included a Yaluable gift of clothing and crutches, donated by the late Francis Bannerman, through the Association for Belgium and France. The gift ,vas accom p2nied by a large sum of money sent to Belgium by 1vlr. Banner n1an to supply the Belgian ,vomen ,vith \Vork in cutting over the military coats included in his donation. This money ,vas not sent through the association and is only mentioned here in tribute to the memory of one of America's most loyal patriots. During the summer of 1919 the association gave an extra period of \vork in order to endo,v a bed in the Children's Hospital to be built at Rheims, a final gift of the American Fund for French \Vounded in France. ~fhe sun1 necessary to endow the bed in perpetuity was $6,000.00. 11 hrough the Homestead Tea Room and Exchange, special entertainments and voluntary contributions, the amount "'·as realized ,vithin four months. Contributions came from many other townships in the County and the bed is endowed in n1emory of the Orange County men who died in service during the ,var. The Canteen Committee Conspicuous in the ,velfarc work done in Newburgh was that of the Newburgh-Cornwall Canteen Committee. This was organized by Mrs. Harriet E. \Vinne, ,vho becan1e known as "1~he Little I\Iother of the Soldiers". At the close of the war it is probable she ,vas known to more soldiers than any woman in the United States. Her n1ail from them was something extra ordinary. The \\'Ork was begun first in an effort to do something for those boys of the state guard ,vho ,vere given the irksome task of caring for the N e,v York Aqueduct, and to the selects on their departure. Later on during the severe ,veather it was directed also to the men on the n1otor truck trains, hundreds of which passed through the city and finally it ,vas directed to the troop trains on the railroads. Corn,vall ,vas the point ,vhere n1ost of the trains stopped and the Canteen Committee made a rule of supplying the 1nen ,vith refreshments. During the months of great troop n1ovements, the Canteen provided coffee and other refreshments for an average of I ,500 men daily, the service being ,vholy ,vithout cost to the soldiers. There ,vere single days when as many as 7,000 men were served. \\'hen ,vord was received in N e"Tburg-h of the coming of a troop train to Corn,vall, the Canteen members rushed for their cars, 1'IRS. HARRIET C. vVINNE Organizer and Director of the Newburgh Canteen Committee

THE WELFARE GROUPS 153 broke the speed Ia,vs in getting to Corrnvall, there to give the men hot coffee or iced tea at their option, cigarettes, chocolates and che,ving gum. \Vhere luncheons ,vere required these ,vere al so provided. They also supplied the soldiers '\vith stamped postcards and organized a band of boys, kno,vn as "The 11ail Squad" to collect the cards and letters thro,vn by soldiers from passing trains. On the arrival of the trains, cards bearing the f ollo,ving ,vere passed through the trains:

NEWBURGH-CORNWALL CANTEEN COMMITTEE The N e\vburgh-Corn,vall Canteen Committee has been organized for the purpose of performing whatever service any of its members may do for the men in the service of the United States, who may be passing through our towns. If you ,vear the uniform of the United States and are in need of any kind of service, the committee invites you to speak of it and 1f at all possible, it will be done. The committee greets you and wishes you God speed in your fight for hum an freedom. (MRS.) H~RRIET. C. WINNE, Y. M. C. A., N.ewburgh. N. Y.

'fhe men on the troop trains and in the motor convoys accepted these services ·eagerly, and the young women perforn1ed all sorts of services. It was necessary at times to get medical or dental service and local professional men gave of their time \\'ithout cost. Letters were written to the folk at home, articles of endless variety were purchased, comfort kits were secured ,vhen lacking, fresh drinking water ,vas provided for the cars and a myriad of small tasks performed. Of the valu~ of this service there is testimony from the let ters of the soldiers themselves and from mothers in far off places. Herewith are given a few of the letters taken at random from hundreds of similar missives: Coleridge, N eh., Jan. 13, 1919. Dear l\1rs. \tVinne :-My husband wrote me how much of a mother you were to him and ho,v you doctored him up and took him in to give him a good bed, etc., when he was sick, and I thank you with all my heart for your kindness to him and many other soldiers who so need a kind word to cheer them up on their ,vay. He also sent a clipping from the paper, telling how your town treated his company on New Year's. Oh, it is good to know the boys had such a good time and that there are such people as you must be, for believe me, my husband never forgets 154 NEWBURGH IN THE WORLD WAR your kindness and that of l\Iiss Pulis ,vho cared for him. Again thanking you, and ,vith kindest regard. Sincerely, 11RS. A. G. CISNEY.

Camp Funston, Kansas, Feb. 9, 1919. Dear l\fajor :-I ,vould have ,vritten you sooner to let you kno,v \\·hen ,ve ,vould be back to N e,vburgh to enjoy more of your hospitality, but no doubt you have long kno,vn that ,ve ha,·e been sent back to Funston to be demobilized. \Vhen I think of you and the great ,vork you and your daughter have done, it makes me feel that I should have started my letter "Dear ~!other", for you have been a mother to us and ha\·e sho,vn a mother's love to hundreds of boys from almost every state. Indeed, 1Irs. \Vinne, because you have been ,villing to ,vork even beyond your strength and share a true mother's love, N e,vburgh ,vill long be remembered and hold a place of respect and honor in the hearts of men in all parts of our country. Very sincerely, A. BOYD CREAMER.

N eha,vka, Nebraska, Jan. 8, 1920. 1v1y dear Major :-I am sending my very best of good wishes for 1920. I often wonder about you ladies and the Y. M. C. A. for you fo]ks will never know ho,v many friends you made in your ,vork there. Judging from our o,vn company, for I have received letters from quite a number of the boys, they all speak of Newburgh and how well we were treated there. I was discharged Feb. 16, 1919 and in our great farming country, that is too late to farm for one's self, so I hired out and I ,vill say it is the hardest year's work I ever put in, every thing so high. This year I am farming for n1yself with 30 acres of wheat, 6o of corn, 25 of rye, in addition to the other farm work. I joined the American Legion Jan. 5, 1920 at Post No. I 57, Nebraska, and I am hoping for some good results. I remembered your care of me on N e,v Year's night, just about a year ago, ,vhen I had that trouble with my tooth, and wish again to thank you. \Vith the best of good wishes, A. G. CISNEY, Formerly of Co. E, 10th D. S. T., Camp Funston, Kansas.

vValtham, Mass. Dear 1'1rs. \\'inne :-Your nice letter received and I thank you for sending it to me. I also received one from my son and he spoke of ho,v nice you all were to the boys. They all appre ciate it and so do their mothers. My son was 23 years old, and this is the first time he has been away from home for more than THE WELFARE GROUPS 155 a ,veek at a time, so you see I miss him a great deal. But ,ve all have to send our sons and as you say, I hope he ,vill come back to me, some time. \.Ve all sent him cards on his birthday, but he left Kansas t\vo days before they arrived. It is very nice for us to kno,v that our boys are being looked after on their ,vay, as ,ve can only think and ,vonder about them. I am so glad you ,vrote to me about the Canteen Committee, and I kno,v you ,vomen are doing a great ,vork in ,vinning the ,var. Sincerely, ~IRS. \VALTER \VELLINGTON. Headquarters ro6th Supply Train, Camp lVIills, N. Y., Oct. 19th, 1918. 11 rs. Harriet C. \Vinne, 11ajor, Newburgh Canteen, N e,vburgh, N. Y. 1Iy dear ivfrs. \Vinne :-Your telegram extending greetings to the boys of the Dixie Division, ro6th Supply Train, received and ,ve appreciate the sentiment expressed therein. The boat on ,vhich we were to sail, the "America", sank. a few minutes before ,ve were loaded on her, so our departure was postponed, but we are expecting to leave at any time. The officers and men oi the ro6th Supply Train who have accepted your cordial hos pitality, and that of your co-workers at Newburgh, will never forget them, and will always be grateful. With good wishes, and high esteem, we beg- to remain, ·Very sincerely yours, CARL H. SEALS, Major Comdg. 1o6th Supply Train McGREAGOR SNODGRASS, Capt. 106th Supply Train (Co. A) JULIAN P. SMITH, Capt. 1o6th Supply Train (Co. B) BRISCOE SEALS, Capt. 1o6th Supply Train (Co. C) OLIVER E. TOOMBS, Capt. 7o6th Supply Train (Co. D) JOHN CROvVELL, Capt. 1o6th Supply Train (Co. E) EDGAR L. BRADFORD, Capt. 1o6th Supply Train (Co. F)

Camp Funston, Kansas. Dear Mrs. Winne :-Let me again thank you in behalf of the boys in the service and, more specially, the men of Co. E, 10th D. S. Tr. It is just what you and other workers in the different canteens do, which makes a soldier's life worth living and brings to them the home-like atmosphere and small com forts to ,vhich they were accustomed before answering the call 156 NEWBURGH IN THE WORLD WAR to the colors. And I feel sure that Ne,vburgh and the ladies of the Canteen ,vill ahvays have a \Yarm spot in the hearts of Co. E. \Ve thank you. \Vishing you and the loyal citizens of N e,vLurgh all the 1uck in the ,vorld, I beg to remain, Sincerely, LT. C. S. RAUCK, D. C.

Bethlehem, Pa. n.fy dear Friend :-I have just received the letter \\rhich you "~rote to me Nov. 25 and I am very sorry to inform you that my son, my little soldier boy, passed a,vay Nov. 26 at Otisville. I cannot begin to express my feelings, for he ,vas my only child and ,vhen I gave him, I gave all I had and it seems no,v to me that I have nothing to live for. I always looked forward to the ,var being over so I should have him ,vith me again and once more be happy, but that is all in vain and I must travel all alone 110\V. l\1y dear l\1rs. Winne, I do not know you, but you kne,v my boy and no doubt you found him a cheerful, happy boy, despite his sufferings and he was a patient sufferer until the end came. I was ,vith him and had the consolation of keeping his lips wet. I miss him so much, his cheerful letter every Tuesday, which he never forgot, no matter how badly he felt. I miss him in every thing, for he was all I had. I should be so glad to meet you and if you ever come to Bethlehem, please see me. Sincerely, MRS. ANNAS. YELLIS.

Baltimore, Md., Dec. 13, 1919. 1\1rs. \Vin ne, ~0 Y. 1\1. C. A., N c,vburgh, N. Y. Co. B, 10th M. S. T. leaves for Camp Funston tomorrow. The con1pany. thanks you for all past favors and is sorry can't see you again. RICHARD J. CLYNES, 2nd Lieut. M. T. C.

The selects on their departure \Vere always the care of the Canteen, ,vhich accompanied them to the station, provided re freshments and did other services. Food and soft drinks were placed on the train and they were supplied ,vith cigarettes and stamped postcards. Here is the section of a diary of one of the members: May 25, 12 m.-First cail to Cornwall for troop train. Served cig arettes, coffee, candy and postcards; May 27, 5 :15 a. m.-Call to City Hall. Served coffee and rolls to 85 selects. Marched to station. Same day, 10 :30. Call to serve motor trucks. Same hour. Call to Corn"rall for troop train; May 28, 2 p. m.-Call to .. r_• . ~ §, i .

e~ f ~ I -

THE C:\~TEEX Top Row ( from Left to Right) : :.\I rs. Frances Van Dover, ~Iiss Edith Ode! I ( ::\f rs. :\lhert Kohl), P. A. Danielson, l\Jiss Kathryn Beakes ( :\I rs. Be\·crly St. George Tucker). Second Row: l\Iiss Catherine Graham ( ::\Irs. Arthur ::\lenendez), l\Iiss Louise C. \Vinne (l\'1rs. Ra! f C. Sicweke), .\I iss l\f arie Baldwin ( l\Irs. F. Joscph Burns), 1vliss Ruth ~lcKinstrr ( .\f rs. Hilton Balfe). Third Row: l\liss Ruth Israel, ::\liss Sarah Hunter, ~Iiss Agnes Flack Last Row: ~Irs. 1 fenry F. English, l\Trs. 1 farrict C. \Vinnc, l\Iiss :i\Iargaret Bennett.

From Left to Right: ::\Iiss Josephine Howell, :.\Iiss Louise C. vVinne, l\Iiss Lillian Hawthorne, :.\Iiss Laura Balfe ( l\Jrs. Frederick Whitney), ~Irs. Agnew C. Blanchard, ~Trs. Harriet C. \Vinne. :.\1iss l\Iildred Deyo, :\I iss :.\I argaret Bennett.

THE WELFARE GROUPS 157

Corn,\·all to troop train; l\,fay 29, 3 p. m.-Call to Corn,vall for troop train; l\'Iay 30-1\Iarched in ~1emorial Day parade; June Si 8 p. m.-Served men on 50 motor trucks ,vith ice cream and cigarettes in Y. 11. C. A.; June I I, 8 a. m.-Call to serve motor trucks; June r4, 8 a. n1.-Call for motor trucks; June r6, 10 a. m. -Call to Corn,vall to serve hospital train; 12 noon, call to Corn ,vall to serve troop train; July 15, 8 a. m.-Call to Corn,vall to ser\-e troop trains. Cared for 7,CXX) soldiers during the day; July 22. 5 :30 a. n1.--Call to armory. Refreshments for 190 Eelects; 9 :30-Call to Corn,vall. Refreshments for four big troop trains; Sept. 22-Served breakfast to soldiers and sailors in Y. 11. C. A. ro a. m.-Call to Corn,valI, troop train; 4 p. m.-Another call to Corn,vall, troop train; October, r9r8-Throughout month, served desserts and broths to soldiers in Emergency hospital. ?vfen suffering from influenza. The motor truck trains ,vere the great machines built in the \Vest and forwarded to the coast in numbers varying from 50 to roo. N e,vburgh ,vas on their route and stops were ahvays made here, the trains numbering several each week. N ewburg-h be came a delight for the men. After a long trip in the machines, the prospect of a bath in the Y. 1rI. C. A., hot or cold refresh ments as the season dictated, a chance to sleep in a real bed, and a corps of active folk anxious to make the stop pleasant, was a relaxation truly appreciated. Those who came at or near holi day times were served with turkey dinners, and in instances private homes were opened for their entertainment, Mrs. James G. Graham, Mrs. Snook of New vVindsor and l\frs. E. C. Bennett ,vere among those who thus opened their homes. In addition the Canteen visited Iona Island and arranged entertainments for the 11arines there and also entertained them in N evvburgh. The group also organized the work for the gassed soldiers in the Otisville hospital. Comfort bags to the number of 1 ,ooo vvere secured here for the patients, the Canteen supply ing the materials and Newburgh women volunteers doing the se,ving. The Rotary Club and various local industrial plants ,vere interested in behalf of the Otisville n1en. The employes of the Fabrikoid, Sweet-Orr & Co., Cleveland & Whitehill and the fJ udson Shirt,vaist Factory made weekly contributions of money or comforts. Colored gassed soldiers were brought here for New Year's and entertained by the people of A. M. E. Zion Church. Delicacies ,vere frequently sent to the men in Otisville. To Rannerman's Island, where there was a U. S. Guard, and to Iona Island, the Canteen sent victrolas. records, magazines, etc. For the aqueduct guard the Canteen entertained numerous times and during the influenza epidemic while the boys were in quarantine, an automobile was sent every Saturday evening with home-made pies, cigarettes, jellies, cakes, newspapers, mag-a zines, etc., the ,vomen of the various Newburgh churches baking the pies. At this time, the Aqueduct Guard was composed en- 158 NEWBURGH IN THE WORLD WAR tirely of men from other portions of the state, all of ,Yhom ,vere strangers here. \Vhen the 'flu" hospital "·as opened, the Canteen equipped the kitchen and provided broths, desserts, candy, cig arettes, etc., and as each one ,\·as discharged to the convalescent hospital, he ,vas presented ,vith a filled comfort bag-. Gifts ,vere n1ade to the soldiers in St. Luke's Hospital. A Christmas tree \Yas arranged there and those ,vho could leave the hospital ,vere taken to the Y. l\1. C. A. ,vhere ,vith rgo rrien ,vho had come on a n1otor train, ,,·ere entertained at a Christmas dinner, the turkeys being provided by the N e,vburgh firemen, the l\Iasonic Lodges. Knights of Columbus, Elks, l\Ioose, Automobile Club, City Club and other organizations. Each company of the visiting motor truck men ,vas visited by l\Iiss Pulis, the Visiting Nurse of the city and ,vhere any was found in need of attention it \\·as given. l\fen ,vho required dental ,vork ,vere cared for by Dr. \Villiam l\1iller. Dr. l\1. A. iicQuade looked after the eyes, Dr. C. E. To,vnsend, Dr. Daniel O'Leary, Dr. E. C. Thompson, Dr. John Deyo and other phy sicians giving g-eneral medical treatment, all ,vithout charge. 'The postage bill of the Canteen for the soldiers reached $40 a day. In all $5,150 in money ,vas contributed to the Canteen, ,vhich naturally gives rise to the question, "Ho,v could any such an1ount of ,vork as is recorded here be financed \Vith that sum?" And of course it \Vas not. The Canteen never solicited a cent. It did not have to do so. \Vhatever ,vere its needs, food, vic trolas, books, magazines, etc., there ,vas ahvays someone in New burgh to con1e for,vard ,vith the gift needed. The value of the ,,vork in n1oney could not even be approxitnated. Aside from the 1·. !\f. C. A., the social equipment of St. George's Church was at trie disposal of the young ,vomen for their entertainments and v.-as frequently n1adc use of, ,vithout cost of course. Restaurants ,vhen called upon by the Canteen for help, never n1ade any charges. Druggists fi11ed the prescriptions ,vithout cost. In the various parade, the vVheelmen, the Co111mercial Travelers, Cra,v sha,v en1ployes, the en1ployes of the Betsy Ross Flag Co., and others. carried fla.g-s upon ,vhich considerable sums of n1oney v.·ere thro,vn and the cash ,vas turned over to the Canteen. And "·hen all ,vas over, the Canteen had $250 left, ,vhich ,vas given for the n1emorial bed in the American hospital in Rheims, F\rance. The original n1embers of the Canteen ,vere Mrs. Harriet C. '''inne, i 1Irs. Clarence Ketchatn, l\1:iss Estelle Odell, l\1iss Anita ~f cLean, l\liss Frances Bain, and 1\1:iss Louise C. \rVinne. Those ,vho joined later ,vhen the ,vork grew larger, ,vere the Misses Edith B. Odell, Edith L'eyo, Mildred Deyo, Laura Balfe, Harriet Balfe, Josephine Ho,vell, Kathryn Beakes, J\Iarion Cook, Mary Powell Ramsdell, Sarah Hunter, Harriet Marvel, May Jacobson, Justine \Veston, Elizabeth Scott, Amy Heartfield, Ruhanah THE WELFARE GROUPS 159 Heartfield, l\larie Bald\vin, Helen Belknap, Agnes Flack, Hen rietta Flack, 1\-largaret Bennett, l\largaret Burton, Laura 1'homp son, Catherine Graham, Lillian Ha,vthorne, Natalie \Veed, Ruth Israel, .Angele J ova, l\Irs. Van Dover, 1\-Irs. C. Gilbert Calyer, ~1 rs. George l\1onroe, l\Irs. John l\'1cDo,vell, !virs. N. Deyo Bel knap, l\Irs. \V. \V. J ohonnott, l\Irs. George Field, Jr., l\lrs. George \ V. Burnham, ivirs. Harriet Barkelo,v, .i\Irs. Agnes Blanchard, 1Irs. Henry English, 1virs. S. Carlisle Goodrich, l\Irs. Louis \V. 11 alk, l\Irs. Henry J ova, 1Irs. \V. H. Kelley, l\Irs. Edgar 0. i\Iitchell, l\Irs. J. A.- C. Schultz, l\1rs. l\1altby Shipp, l\frs. \Villiam C. 1Icl(ay, l\Iiss Ruth Ennis, l\liss Addie Pulis, l\Iiss Cornelia R.ankin, I\Iiss Anna D. Betts and 1\-Iiss Lillian Betts. The Mail Squad "l\Iail a letter for a soldier, kid?" was the query ,vhich brought about the organization of the lvlail Squad of the Can teen. As the troop trains passed through N e,vburgh, the sol d:ers ,vould lean from the ,vindo,vs of the train and throw their ho1ne letters to passersby, in the hope they would be picked up and mailed. 'l'his gave to J. VV. Hoffman the idea of forn1ing squads of youngsters to take turns in acting as postmen for the letters, as they ,vere thro,vn out. The youngsters were stationed at each corner of the streets the trains passed and collected all the n1ail, bringing it to the store of 11r. Hoffman, where he sta1nped it and personally mailed it. Like the Canteen, no ap peal vvas made for funds. 'rhe n1oney for the postage was pro vided by voluntary contributions in a jelly jar placed in Mr. lloff1nan's store. And the jar \vas never empty. 11 he children \\'ho served on the con1mittees were: 'feel Murphy, Oliver Oakes, Joe McGeaney, VY alter Hiel, Sheldon Hiel, Robert Hiel, Dan Sarvis, Jean Sarvis, Johnnie Thon1pson, James Fitzpatrick, Mary Jviiller, Margie J\1cGeaney, l\Iary Gilligan, Susie Reid, Ethel Decker, Mary Fitzpatrick, 11 argarct Fitzpatrick, Anna Scott, Margaret Lynn, Mary Korner, 1\lice 1\Iacheski. The children· marched in all parades in honor of departing soldiers, Liberty Loans, etc. They acted in rain or shine, and carried out their work faithfully. The Y. M. C. A. From the day in February, 1917, '\vhen the Newburgh n1ilitia companies \Vere ordered out for Guard duty on the aqueduct until several months after the Armistice, the New burgh Y. 11. C. A. never closed its doors. At all hours of the 24 there ,vas someone of the staff ready to cater to the manifold needs of the soldier boys. First of all, the shower baths of the Y. M. C. A. were the only ones accessible to the boys on the aqueduct. Entire squads 25 or 30 in number, ,vould appear at the desk, all looking for 160 NEWBURGH IN THE WORLD WAR to,,·els and soap and directions as to ,vhere to find the sho,vers. Even before \\·ar ,vas declared n1ore than 3,000 baths had been pro,·ide

• Where quotas are missing it is because none were fixed. Keeping the Home Fires Burning

OING over the records of ,var days in N e,vburgh one ,vill G ce in1pressed \\·ith the fact that ,vhen early in the struggle, the official representatives of the city declared for universal service and in various ,vays this attitude of the City Council ,vas confirmed by the people-at-large, it ,vas not sin1ply a gesture. So far as ,vas hun1anly possible, under conditions, there ,vas uni versal serYice. \Vith nearly 2,6oo men and ,vomen actually ,vith the colors, ,vith the Red Cross having more than half of the remaining population on its rolls, ,vith holders of Liberty Bonds i11 every home, and ,vith numerous other ,var activities as have been outlined here, it ,vas difficult to find one not interested in some phase of the ,var \vork. The service however extended quite beyond the activities referred to. In addition to n1en and money, and the support of the men and their comforts, and ,vell being, more ,vas needed. l-'roduction ,vas required, conservation a necessity and the ma chinery for the various ,var efforts at home all made demands on time and purse. Broadly speaking, the great divisions of home folk could be divided into six groups--officialdom, profes sional life, mercantile life, industrial ,vorkers, those engaged in farming production and the children. The professions would include the bar, medicine and kindred professions, the clergy representing the church life, and the ne,vspaper fraternity, which provided in most respects the point of contact bet,veen the governn1ent and the public. It is the purpose here to show ho,v these great divisions n1easured up to their responsibilities. Throughout the ,var the Chamber of Comn1erce was ,vithout any question a governn1ent adjunct. Its organization, its facilities, its resources and its n1en1bership ,vere utilized whenever and in ,vhatevcr 111anner required, quite as a n1atter of course. The Chamber, composed of business and professional n1en dre,v from its men1bership for a11 efforts. The various vvar activities called them fron1 their business and the roster of those ,vho served in the various drives and campaigns ,vould read like the roll of the Chamber, or the business directory of the city. Such regulations as the necessity of the n1on1en t den1anded in the opening and closing of the stores ,vere obeyed ,vithout objection. Child life ,vas as devoted as ,vere adults as has been already indicated in the references to the Junior Red Cross and the \Var Savings stamps and the vari ous aid of the Boy Scouts and another phase, the school gardens will be referred to here. Officially the city was always right. ~1ayor Jonathan D. Wilson, the City Manager Henry \Vilson, LE:\DERS IX \\":\R l·~FFORTS 1. J. IL SunT, County Food .-\dministratllr. 2. EnW.\RD J. COi.LiNS, U. S. Commissioner. in Control of Enemy ~-\liens. 3. Hox. :\. H. F. SEECER. Legal Ach-isory Board. 4. PETER C:\ XTLt XE, Legal :\ch-isory Board. Organizer of N cw I st Regt. :J· \V. Coot~ BEL1'X ,\P, Director Thrift Stamp Sale. 6. H IR,\\L ~ IERRITT, Fuel Administrator for ::.J ewhurgh. 7. H CGH ~lcGcrnE. Deputy Fo0e had to win the war. 1"'hose ,vho studied the situation were· therefore confronted ,vith a problen1 which not only required increased production, but a reduction of waste and n1any retrenchments. This situ ation did not present itself suddenly. It was a developn1ent ,,·hich in a n1easure ,vas reflected by the higher prices. 'These in the1nselves for n1any, demanded care because of lack of funds to n1cet the ne,v prices which the scarcity of food involved. Even before An1erica entered the war, the shortage became apparent. In lvfarch, 1917, the sugar problem ,vas so acute that a n1an in search of sugar for restaurant purposes, visited 25 places ordi c.arily carrying sugar and secured a total of but two pounds. rl'he meat situation also became bad during this month. It ,vas already inevitable that the United States ,vould soon be involved and various agencies to meet the food situation began to func tion. In April, meetings ,vere held in all of the neighboring granges and De\Vitt E. McKinstry explained to the farmers how and what liberal farm credits could be secured without placing liens on crops. A House,vives League was organized with Mrs. 166 NEWBURGH IN THE WORLD WAR \V. Hasbrouck Snyder as the chairn1an. Ep Titus, a progressive 1~o\vn of N e,vburgh farn1er, sensing the coming situation, sent a letter to the league in ,vhich he pointed out that ,vomen them seh·es must do n1uch to help. He ,varned them that tin for canning purposes \\·as scarce and ,vould be scarcer and advised them to use glass and promptly can everything possible, eliminat ing eYery ,vaste. The League offered prizes for Home Gardens. 1~he subject ,vas taken up in the schools and school gardens ,vere forn1ed. ..A.nson J. Fo,vler, one of the trustees giving land for the purpose. City l\Ianager \Vilson called together the residents of the city and the Patriotic Gardens' .A.ssociation \\·as formed, ,vith the Rev. J. Le,vis Hartsock as chairman and S. Carlisle Goodrich as secretary. f\ t the north end, l\frs. George Foster gave a large section of land for this purpose and in N e,v \Vindsor, 1frs. Lucy \Vork He,vitt offered her fine farm. Dr. \Vilson appealed to residents ,vith vacant space to per mit tilling, and hundreds of lots ,vere turned over and ,vere ,vorked. 'fhe prisoners in the county jail ,vere placed in gardens by Under Sheriff Hallock and produced a great an1ount of food stuffs. The Boy Scouts had gardens. Even the little ,vards of the city in the Children's Home had their garden. City Engineer \Villiam J. Blake laid out hundreds of lots and these ,vere ,vorked ,vith most astonishing success during the season. The school gardens by the children of the schools ,verc a conspicuous and most gratifying success. l'vl uch ti1ne and thought ,vas given to conservation methods. 'rhe Housc,vives League, the granges and other org-anizations holding meetings at ,vhich the food situation ,vas discussed in all of its phases. 11eanwhile America had actually entered the fight and prices continued to soar. By April, flour had reached the figure of $16 a barrel, a figure ,vhich never had been ap proached since Civil \Var days. Potatoes were selling for $4 a bushel, a figure not reached in Civil \Var times. Peas, cheese, dried beef and other articles of food ,vere at prices even higher than during the rebellion. All of these things were trifling factors to one looking at the problem in a large ,vay, but they are stressed to indicate ho,v early N e,vburgh appreciated its responsibilities and pre pctred to meet the1n. None of these hundreds of little gardens produced any great an1ount, but their aggregate was no mean thing, and they relieved the situation not a little. Ho,vever the work did not end there. Indeed this ,vas only a beginning. On the farms about the city and throughout Orange County generally, there ,vas every preparation for in creased production and for doing things in a big ,vay, a task the direction of which ,vas placed in the hands of Samuel L. Stewart. Having lost a cousin, ~Archie Graham, with the British, and with t,vo nephews, James H. Case and L. Stewart Gatter in service, his interest was keen. KEEPING THE HOME FIBES BURNING 167 In other departments of this ,vork, attention is called to pioneer activities in N e,vburgh in connection• ,vith the ,var, points upon ,vhich the city led the ,vay, as in sending men into the ser,·ice, in advocating universal service, in the organization of the Red Cross, in ne,v methods of pushing Liberty Bond sa1es and others, and it is interesting to kno,v that in this very im portant, if less srectacular feature of producing food, N e,vburgh through the activities of Ivir. Stev;art and his associates, came into early prominence and commendation. Under the caption "Tracts and Tractors", Financial America of N e,v York, in April, 1917-the month in ,vhich the ,var ,vas begun-said: "\v· e pay $26,000,000 a year for the maintenance of our De partn1en t of Ag-riculture. The Secretary at the head of the de partment is asking Cong-ress to give $25,000,000 more to him to be spent this year. \Vhat ~ecretary Houston ,vants is not more money, but a little more of what vve call 'horse sense'. The De partn1ent of Agriculture is making elaborate preparations to check waste in distribution of farm stuff, but neglecting to do ,,·hat is necessary to increase production. "vVith all due respect to the army of scienti~ts who clutter up the department's quarters in \Vashington, a fevv men in N e,vburg-h, N. Y., are giving more proof of ho,v to act in the present emergency than the Washington people have furnished. "The Chamber of Commerce of N e,vburgh appointed an agricultural committee. This comn1ittee found that the first great problen1 of the farm was labor. It found that machine po,vcr ,vould do far n1ore than muscle power on a farm, so the committee asked the members of the Chamber of Commerce to chip in and buy a tractor, not as a charity, but as a business rnatter. "Various men, among them former Governor Ben_iamin B. Odell, Samuel L. Stewart, A. R. Beal, De Witt E. McI(instry, 'J'hon1as W. Stewart, A. H. F. Seeger, San1uel V. Schoonn1aker, C. Clayton Bourne, Harry Haon, Harrison & Gore and others invested $roo to $200 each in the tractor project and an order ,vas placed at once for a fine big keroc:;ene driven machine. "Ne,vburgh is in Orange County. That tractor is ripping the skin off the country up that way novvadays. One machine like that kerosene driven contraption will do as much work as six n1en and twelve horses. The Chamber of Commerce mem bers are charging Orange County farmers just what it costs to plough the land. That is about $3 an acre. If Orange County had 15 or 20 tractors it would have no farm labor problem. Better than 100 tons of tracts ~ent out by the Agricultural De partment in vVashington is one ton of tractor plowing up a fal low field." Newburgh and vicinity secured other tractors and these were operated. Three of them were given by Ambrose Monell, 168 NEWBURGH IN THE WORLD WAR president of the International Nickel Co., \\·ho had a farm near \Vashington\'ille and farms ,vere ploughed at actual cost. l\Ir. Ste,vart, ,vho ,vas later placed in charge of the grain situation in the county, n1ade a canvass ,vhich sho,ved that despite the tremendous shortage of labor throughout the county, the in crease in grains alone had amounted to 25 per cent,-barley and rye dominating. His investigations led him to kno\v that throughout the country, three per cent. of the grain \Yas lost in threshing methods and on ba~es sin1ilar to those used for the tractors for ploughing attacked the threshing problem. Farm cadets, boys fro1n the cities, and the \Voman's Land _A.rmy, young ,vo1nen ,vho \vorked the fields gave the labor, and as a result Orange County is recorded among those ,vhich facing the country-,vide problem of more production ,vith less help, solved it. l\.fean ,vhilc there \Vere going on de1nonstrations of all sorts relative to the conservation of food. Community kitchens, les sons in thrift and other elen1ents \Vere organized to take advan tage of every product to the full,, to eliminate e\·ery ,vaste and save ,vherever possible: J .. Bradley Scott ,vas made the food administrator for th_e .county and took control of a large problem. I-Jere again \\"as sho,vn initiative for the sugar card system which ,vas put in effect here first, ultimately became the. 1nodel for other communities. . . l\f r. Scott addressing the· N c,vburgh public advanced the conditions and urged ~etrenchn1ent and sacrifice. 'I'he Hoover pledge cards ,vcre distributed through the city, asking for sig natures by vvhich the public ,vould agree to voluntary sacrifice. 'fhe cards sent here were thought to be an1ple in nu111ber for a con11nunity of this size, but such ,vas the spirit of good ,vill, so soundly had the reasons been advanced that the supply of cards speedily ,vas exhausted and lv1r. Scott \\7 as forced to get 111ore. l\lr. Scott had the assistance of Hugh l\1cGuirc, sanitary inspector for the city, who gave efficient service until the out break of the influenza epidc111ic in the late fall of 1918, tnade such den1ands on his tin1e and energy that he ,vas forced to re sign, and Frank H. Young, Secretary of the Chamber of Co111- n,erce ultin1ately took over the ,vork. There is every evidence that those vvho signed the pledge cards observed in a splendid degree, the promise then made. In addition there ,vere the restrictions itnposed by the government ,vhich ,vere rigidly enforced. Specially in the conservation of wheat ,vas the local administration keenly alert. The bread ,vhich was sold was analyzed to ascertain ,vhether or not bakers ,vere using the prescribed amount of ,vheat substitutes. For the great majority there ,~,ras no difficulty. Usually any difficulties resulted fro1n n1isunderstandings. However there ,vere violations, and viola tors ,vere rounded up, given hearings and pen2lized. Several bakers ¥.'ere given an option of paying $2,000 to the RPd Cross L I•:.\ I ) I·: R S l ~ \ \ .. \ R I·: F H ) RT~

l. \ \". l.. ,S \ I IT 11. (' h; l j r 111 :L 11 R 1..' d Cr I l ~ ~ l ) r i \ T. 'T110~.l.\~ !·'. c;l':\:\I:\(;, c·h:tir111a11 L·11ited-l,. 1)f C. a11d R1..'d l'r11~S I )ri,·c:-,;. 3. L1-:(;1n~I> \\". l't-:1.1.ETT. Lih1..-rty l.1):111 l-:~1..·L·t1ti\·1..· C1>111111ittl..'1..·. -+· roll:\'" E. DRE\\', Chain11a11 1:i11:il Rl..'d Cr1\:-~ l{11l1 Call. .\li11ttt1..' .\k11. ~- ·l·'i-:.EDEl{ll'K 11. KEEFE. Lihl..'rty L11a11 P111>li1..·ity C11rnmitt1..'1..'. o. Jo1t'.'\ .\. P1-:.\1,E. Dir1..•l..'t1•r Sak \\';ir Sa\·i11g: .St;11np:-. 1. ( ;E1 >RCE IL I I Y ~ I> :'-1.\ :\". I kpttty F1 >< >cl and Ful'l . \dm in i~trat()r. ~- .\IR~. I•:. C. T11<>\ll'~<>:\. Dir1..'1..·t11r St;1 tv .\lilitary Cl..'11:-u~. I).. \LE.\:. c·()I.E\1.\~. Chairman of :.\linute ).fen.

KEEPING THE HOME FIRES BURNING 169 or facing other difficulties, and they paid. Occasionally a store ,vas ordered closed for a day. The daily evidence sho,ved the general observance of meat kss and ,vheatless days. Grocers, meat dealers and those ,vho handled foodstuffs met frequently and co-operated in every ,vay to bring about the desired results. \Var menus issued became 1nuch sought after and ,vere follo,ved religiously by many. The co-operation of those conducting restaurants was conspicuously good. 11ean,vhile the civil population ,vas suffering or at least being inconYenienced by the fuel shortage. ,vhich ultimately resulted in "heatless days" and "lightless nights". The Garfield order ,vhich required industries to close do,vn for several days and ,vhich else\\Thcre occasioned a storm, ,vas complied with here ,vithout the slightest protest. The regulations ,vhich required stores to close do,vn on given days were accepted as a matter orI' course. During the \var, vValter H. \Vhitehill, ,vhose activities for the Liberty Loan are referred to elsewhere, was also the fuel administrator for Orange County. Hiram Merritt served first as the deputy for Newburgh and later George B. Hyndman was nan1ed. ,.fhe fuel condition was very grave. There were times during the most severe portions of the winter of 1917 and 1918 \\'hen the local yards were absolutely without fuel of any kind. Churches were forced to close. Even so, this brought out an incident worthy of a place in the record. Without coal, the Church of Our Father and the First Baptist Church could not open. In that situation, the Knights of Columbus turned over one floor of their clubhouse to the Unitarians for Sunday service, \,·hile the Baptists ,vere tendered another floor. The Knights were so fortunate as to be connected with the steam service 111aintained by the Central Hudson Gas & Electric station. On the trolley cars, the "skip-stop" plan was put in operation, the c~rs stopping only at lin1ited points. At night, ornamental light ing. advertising sig-ns were eliminated and only the barest illun1i na tion ,vas permitted even on the busiest thorough£ ares. One ,vould dislike to think what would have been the con dition of Newburgh during the fall of 1918, were it not for the ,vonderful community spirit which had been aroused, the unity of thought and action, the common desire to do everything to win the ,var. For there were many reasons in those days for sadness. ,.fhe casualty lists had begun to come in, and daily there was ,vord of Newburgh boys who had fallen in the fight or in the camps. Ninety-seven-an extraordinary number for a town of this size, had given up their lives. Hundreds had been ,vounded, some permanently maimed and crippled. Others had experienced the horrors of German prison camps and the tortures of the German poison gas, and were invalided for life. And to this were added the food shortage_, the fuel shortage 170 NEWBURGH IN THE WORLD WAR and finally the plague itself, for the influenza came here and took a trcn1endous toll, specially among the youth of the city. \ Vhole families ,vere stricken do,vn. St. Luke's Hospital and its staff and ,vorkers did splendid service, but of course the facilities ,vere inadequate to meet the situation. The Elks abandoned their hon1e that it might be turned over to an emergency hospital and u~ed to care for the sick. Industrial plants \Yere stripped oi their help, but still N e,vburgh "carried onH. In a situation "·ell described as desperate, its ,var ,vork ,,·ent ahead, its drives for the ,·arious ,velfare bodies ,vere carried out successfully, its \\·ar loans \vere oversubscribed and in all respects it maintained its record. Honor Flags and the Churches From the City Hall to the .A.cademy of 11usic there ,vas s,vung- during the ,var, the Honor Flag of the City of N e,vburgh, ,vith its nearly 2,6oo stars and throughout, this idea of honor flag ,vas much in evidence. The arrival of the first N e·wburgh boy in France ,vas signalized by a flag in the ,vindo,v of his home bearing the inscription, "A 11an from This House is Serving in France." The idea ,vas quickly extended. Societies and clubs displayed flags, each \vith a star to indicate a man in service. \Vhen the casualties were reported, a gold star indicated that the supreme sacrifice had been made. A silver star was used to indicate those wounded. ~fhc churches specially entered into this and the unfurling of the flags ,vas n1ade the occasion of special services and those ,vith the colors \Vere specially honored. The practice is of in terest in indicating the unanimity of feeling existing-a feeling ,vhich was confined by no denon1inational boundaries or other consideration. One of the most notable days in 1918, in St. Patrick's Church \vas on Sept. 29-when the flag with 300 stars ,vas unveiled, indicating 300 men from that church in the ranks. 'I'here were gold stars then too, but that very day in the Hinden burg line fight, numerous others ,vere added. A parade ,vas organized on Liberty Street and moved to Third Street, thence to Grand and thence to the church. A boy choir under Prof. P. J. Paul sang-. 1'.Iayor Jonathan D. \Vilson, Sr. and City Man ag-er Henry \Vilson represented the city. The parade was headed by the Junior Holy Name Drun1 Corps and seven di visions of the boys follo-\ved. Then came the mothers of the 300 in service, each carrying an honor flag, and finally the Knights of Columbus. The flag ,vas flo,vn from the church to the rectory. The pastor, Rev. Henry O'Carroll ,velcomed those present and announced the speaker of the day, the Right Rev. Monsignor Ch id,vick, who ,vas the chaplain of the Maine when that ship was blo,vn up in Havana Harbor in 1898. Recalling that the day ,vas the feast of St. Michael, Dr. Chidwick said: "It is fitting to have this ceremony today, for even as Michael led the loyal KEEPING THE HOME FIRES BURNING 171 hosts of heaven against the po,vers of darkness and despair, today these boys representing the might of righteousness are using it against the foes of humanity, and all the nations of the \vorld rig-htly look to us for inspiration in the struggle, for ,ve ha,-e realized in our o,vn experiences and in our homes the bless ing God gives to a government of the people, for the people and by the people." On the follo,ving Sunday in the Church of the Good Shep herd, there ,vas a flag unfurled ,vith 250 stars, together ,vith the national emblem and the Crusader's flag commemorating the successes of the Allies in Palestine. The pastor, the Rev. John 11arshall Che,v urged the participation of the members of the church in home ~ervice. He urged also that they ,vrite fre Cluently to those in the service and said that it ,vas his purpose to have printed the records of the men of the church, copies of ,vhich ,vould be sent to them, wherever they might be serving. In addition to other advantages, he said the possession of the list \vould enable the friends to keep track of one another, and possibly lead to meetings abroad which ,vould be cherished. '' Service of this kind", he said, "served to maintain the morale of the men. And whatever is done to maintain that morale is of ,·al ue, for morale is everything. Just now that of our men is high. You can see it in their letters. They would rather be at the front than in the rest camps, they desire to be in action rather than back in places of safety. "You n1ay observe also their confidence that they will come back. 1~his has been termed a form of fatalism, but I disagree with that view. It is rather their way of expressing a belief that Providence is guiding them." l\1r. Chew did have printed the lists referred to and they ,vcre sent to France where they ,vere cherished even beyond the confidence he had expressed. On the san1e day similar services were being held in Grace ~1. E. Church with its flag of 50 stars, t,vo of then1 of gold. The 1nothers of the boys were there and ,vhen the flag was spread, it ,vas found that- each of the stars ,vas veiled. As the pastor, the Rev. George McDonald read the names, some relative of the service man stepped forward and removed the veil. A. C. Smith removed two, for two sons, but l\iirs. Hargreaves, with four sons, in service, Ellis, Frank, James and John was the specially honored of the day. The address for the occasion was delivered by Prof. Shear of Poughkeepsie, who said : "Our men do not go forth to kill, but to defend and uphold our flag that n1eans so much to them and to the nation. Their mission is one of love and loyalty. In marked contrast is the spirit of the Kaiser and his soldiers who have been trained in a school of hate." On Jan. 5, 1919, there was the dedication of the service flag 172 NEWBURGH IN THE WORLD WAR in the United Presbyterian Church. This bore 29 stars, one of gold, for \Villiam Todd had given up his life in France. The Hag ,vas the gift of the Y. P. C. U., of the church, and ,vas pre sented by 1\Iiss Agnes i\IcCullough. It \Yas receiYed by the acting pastor, the Rev. Charles H. 11cClung, and the Rev. A. S. Ste,vart offered the prayer. The flag ,,ras un,·eiled by the Rev. J. G. D. Findley, D. D., for 111any years the pastor of the church and a sur,·ivor of the Civil \\iar. He had but just retired fron1 actiYe duty as pastor and the ne,v pastor ,vhile chosen had not as yet been installed. He gave an affectionate tribute to the dead youth. 11r. 1-fcClung in his address said: "It is in1possible for us individuals to consecrate and dedicate as ,ve ,vould the flag that means so much to us, not only for ,vhat it has meant abroad but because of the spirit of devotion and self-sacrifice it symbolizes-the spirit that has led so many to lay do,vn their lives that truth and justice and righteousness may prevail." In a memorial service in the First Presbyterian Church, the Rev. Dr. Flack eulogized vVilliam ~IcKibbin, v\rillian1 H. Bates and Barton Adams rraylor, members of that church ,vho had given up their lives. A service flag with 54 stars, three of them of gold, was unfurled and 1\1ayor \Vilson was present, reprsent ing the city. In the congregation also were members of C. M. Leonard Steamer Co., and Hudson B. Moore Ca1np of the Spanish \Var Veterans. The address of the occasion ,vas deliv ered by 1\tf ajor William Johnston 11cKay, recently hon1e from France, who in the course of his address said: "Have these young men just entering manhood with all of life before then1, died in vain? Are you going to let the111 believe that they have n1ade the supre1ne sacrifice for a country that does not appreciate them or what they did for it. We are not here to n1ourn for them but to sho,v ,ve appreciate ,vhat they did for us by being willing to live for the principles for which they laid do\vn their young lives." In the 11oul ton 1\-Iemorial Church on Nov. 18, 1918, the honor flag with 58 stars, three of then1 gold, was unveiled ,vith appropriate exercises. A musical progran1 in charge of J\iiss Jennie Nolde ,vas given. 1~he Superintendent of the Schools, Charles U. Johnston, read the Scriptures and the Rev. Sydney 1-\ldrich n1ade the opening prayer. In his sern1011 the pastor, the Rev. A. E. Finn, D. D., said: "\Vhy is not the ¥.rorld today, one vast Belgium of ruin, one bloody Arn1enia of ,voe, one hungry Servia of starvation, one ,vailing Roumania of despair, one chaotic Russia of anarchy? \Vhy? Because these men whose nan1es we would memoralize tonight by the dedication of the flag, together ,vith millions of others were ready to walk through flame and blood, through poisoned atmosphere, through persecution and maltreatment in KEEPING THE HOME FIRES BURNING 173 German prison camps in order that they might make the ,vorld safe for democracy." Services such as these ,vere the rule in the churches. The Medical Profession Ne\vburgh physicians ,vho ,vere in active service include Dr. Ed ,vard C. Thompson, Dr. James Donovan, Dr. Leon Cote, Dr. Bernard Levinson, Dr. Clarence S. Ketcham, Dr. Charles B. Reed, Dr. A. A. \\Testcott, Dr. John \V. 1'fcKeever, and Dr. Theron Smith, and of the allied professions there ,vere in the service, Dr. Fred Smith, and Dr. Samuel Barr, in dentistry, and Dr. F. R. Small and Dr. \Villiam F. Small in optical ,vork. The experiences of Dr. Donovan in Servia and Dr. Cote in Russia have already been outlined. Dr. Thompson volunteered his service in June 1918 at the time ,vhen the ,var looked most gloomy. He asked to be given a few days to set his affairs in order and in October ,vas commissioned a Captain and \Vas di rected to report to Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia, near which was Camp Greenleaf, where there was a training camp for medical officers. The plan there was for a short and intensive course not merely in the medical phases of the war but \Vith a vie,v to familiarizing the army surgeons with all forms of military duty. Dr. Thompson was beyond the draft age and of long expe rience and particularly in surgery and he was soon taken from the school and sent to Chattanooga, where he was engaged as an instructor in n1ilitary surgery. This step he took with much satisfaction since duties of this kind had invariably led to an assignment to an evacuation hospital in France, for which he hoped. However, the armistice intervened and ended the c1nergency. Dr. Charles Reed ·was commissioned in June 1917 and specialized in roentgenology (X-Ray) particularly in its military aspect. He was promoted to a captaincy as an appreciation of his developn1ent of this service. He outfitted the American ambulances with X-Ray outfits, the first of the kind used in France, and further developed the work by devising a dark room arrangement for the ambulances themselves. Dr. Clarence S. I{etcham entered the service 1n 1917 as soon a:; he had completed his hospital interneship. He was sent to Brownsville, Texas, and went to France with Pershing's first contingent. After a year in France he was invalided home with a nervous breakdown. St. Luke's Hospital sent sixteen graduates into the war ser vice, of whom three, Miss Emma Pense, Miss Gladys Code and n-f iss Sadie Germain, served with the British armies; Miss Alida Garrison, Miss Maud Vil oolsey, Miss Sophie Richards, Miss .A.. nna McLernon and Miss Marguerite McCormick served over seas, and the Misses Violet Durkee, Mabel NicGuire, Edith Light, Bessie Mar:vel, Myrtle Porter, Carol Clark, Mary Higgins, 174 NEWBURGH IN THE WORLD WAR 1Iarie Palmer, Grace Davis, and Laura l\IcvVhorter served in the United States. oliss Pense ,vas decorated by King George in person. Other N e,vburgh girls ,vho served as army nurses ,vere I\liss Louise P. Purdy, ,vhose service from October 19r7 to l\f ay 31, 1920, included not only ,vork in the United States and France, but ,vith the .Army of Occupation in Coblenz; she later ,vent to \Valter Reid Hospital, \Vashington; l\fiss Cornelia Hen derson, ,vho ,vas the only N e,vburgh ,voman to die in the United States service; l\Iiss l\Iary Baird, ,vhose brother ,vas a ,var vic tim; l\Iiss Esther Haight, 1'Iiss Nan P. 1Iorgan, tfiss Katherine Flynn and l\Iiss l\Iargaret l\lalloy-a total of 25 ,vho served as nurses. During the influenza epidemic, ,vhen the Esmond property ,vas taken as Field Hospital No. I by the N e,v York National Guard for the care of men guarding the aqueduct, the officers in charge ,vere Nfajor Charles E. To,vnsend and Captain E. C. \Vaterbury. The hospital ,vas maintained from October 4, 1918, to December 20, 1918, the nursing staff including the follo,ving: 1'he 11isses Catherine l\1acAree, l\1adeline Collins, Mina Benoit, Ethel 1\ifcKay, Anna l\'farsh, Vera Morgan, l\1ae Craig, Agnes Gibbs, Hazel Hurlburt, l\1arian Wynne, Bertha Clupter, Georgiana Schwer, Emma Hamill and :tvirs. Josephine Phipps and 11rs. Brundag-e. l\1iss l\1ae Craig, one of the nurses in the hospital, \vas a victim to her devotion to duty. All of the original n1cmbers of Companies E and L were examined for service by Dr. Robert J. Kingston, dean of the profession in N e,vburgh. Summarizing records already given it \vill he recalled that Dr. Gleason organized the Red Cross, and mobilized the profession in the State. Dr. T. J. Burke was one of the comtnittce ,vhich organized the draft registration. Dr. Raymond Miller served as a n1ember of the Executive Board and with Dr. vV. I-Iasbrouck Snyder, Dr. Harry Hoyle, Dr. P. E. Banks and Dr. I-Iarlan A. Page, conducted the examinations of a11 the selects. Dr. To,vnsend was a memter of the Appeals Board for the Ninth J un in the navy and as such ,vas for a time in charge of one of the remote islands of the Philippine group. He had m~de a special study of poisons and in the islands continued this ,vith reference to the treatment of the bites of noxious reptiles. His kno'.-dedge in this respect ,vas of primary importance to the n~_tives there since they ,vere frequently bitten by the jungle reptiles, and he saved n1any lives. On his departure from the islands they presented him ,vith a magnificently je,veled s,vord. I)uring the ,var he exan1ined 28,000 men for the navy. His o,vn health broke do,vn just after the ,var closed and he died Feb. 6, IQ22, at the home of his mother, no,v Mrs. \Vallace Rowe, of \-.: alatie, N. Y. He was buried here, Gallo,vay Post officiating at his funeral. The Bar In War Service The Bar of the city was specially prominent among- the men in active service. \Vhen Companies E and L of the First Regi n,ent went first to the field they took three men to the service: Raphael A. Egan, who was the Captain of Co. E and who later became commander of Co. I of the 107th Infantry and was pro moted to a majority after he had been wounded while acting as 11ajor, leading his battalion into the Hindenburg line fight; James F. Wallace, Lieutenant of Co. L, who later became con spicuous because of his development of rifle instruction, and John F. Greaney, then a Corporal in Co. L, but later Second Lieutenant, serving in France. Within a few days after a state of ,var ,vas declared, J. Townsend Cassedy enrolled in Madison Barracks, was comn1issioned a First Lieutenant in Co. A, 16th Infantry, was in the engagements in the Toul sector, Picardy, Catigny and Soissons. In the last named he was hit by seven 1nachine gun bullets and was under hospital ca_re until August 19. 1919. Henry Hunter sought to enlist in the proposed Roose velt Division, and when this plan was abandoned, enlisted in the Field Artillery as a private. Henry Herman, Elmer H. Lemon, \Villiam J. Lamont, Henry Grusky, 11:aurice Cohen and \Villiam F. Stanton later entered active service. The departure of Companies E and L of the National Guard tnade necessary the formation of ne,v companies and Peter Cantline who had a Captain's commission in the Reserve was assigned to form a new Battalion, which he did and was later commissioned a Major. D. Clinton Dominick was commissioned First Lieutenant in Co. L of the new regiment, and Graham \Vitschief. a First Lieutenant with the Machine Gun Co. N. Deyo Belknap enlisted in Co. L of this regiment and received a ,varrant as Sergeant. J. Bradley Scott organized and was Cap- 176 NEWBURGH IN THE WORLD WAR tain of the Home Guard in \\·hich Charles \ ,-. lL Sneed and 7 Theodore \ • \\t. Anthony.., served . .A..fter the SelectiYe Service ..Act ,vas put into effect, it beca111e necessary for the organization of a Legal ..Advisory Boards throughout the country. On November 24, 19r7, ,by virtue of that Act, the President of the United States de"ignated Hon. i\lbert H. F. Seeger and Russell \Vig-gins. and Peter Cantline, as the legal .Advisory Board for the County of Orange. It ,vas the duty of this board to organize sin1ilar boards throughout the county for the purpose of ad\·ising registrants of the meaning and intent of the Selective Service A.ct and regulations, and to assist them to make full and truthful ans·wers to the question naires, \Yhich ,vere after\\·ard to be signed by each registrant by the local draft boards. rfhe filling out of these questionnaires and the advice to the different registrants, involved a n1ass of \\·ork and consumed hours upon hours of tin1e of the members of the Bar in the various localities. A board ,vas organized in N e,vburgh, and the follo,\·ing n1embers subscribed to the oath of office, and offered their services in response to the request by the President: Alex \V. Coleman, \Valter C. Anthony, Theodore \r. \V. Anthony, R. H. Barnett, Caleb H. Baumes, N. Deyo Bel knap, \Villian1 F. Cassedy, Peter Cantline, Henry \V. Chadeayne, Ed,vard J. Collins, John B Cor,vin, Jacob A. Decker, D. Clinton Dominick, Anson J. Fo,vler, A. lVL Fredericson, Lynn G. Good nough, Reuben II. Hilton, 1-Ienry Hirschberg, lVIichael 1V1oses, \Villia1n J. Lamont, vVillian1 H. 1-Iyndman, Reeve I(ctcham, A. \V. Lent, I-Ienry Kohl, J. Harold McCord, George B. Over hi~.er, Se,var

LAUNCHI?\G OF THE "NE\VBURGH.'' Scene in the Newburgh Shipyards, Labor Day, Sept. 1918, when the first Newburgh built ship was launched. I nscrt shows the ]ate Col. Theodore Roosevelt, one time President of the United States, who deliYered an address. With him is Thomas C. Desmond, President Newburgh Shipyards, Inc.

KEEPING THE HOME FmES BURNING 177 \Vatter H. \Vhitehill, chairman of the Liberty Loan committee, "the aid of The N e\vs ,vas not merely valuable, it ,vas invaluable. 'l'hrough its columns, freely given, it so disseminated the neces sary publicity that it ,vould be almost i1npossible to exaggerate the value of its service." Thomas F. Gunning, chairman of the Red Cross monthly pledge drive, the United \Var drive and the Knights of Columbus drive said: "I regard the publicity given by The N e\vs, the most important phase of our ,vork. I ,vas the chairman in three drives and assisted in all of the others and kno\v what The News did. I ts aid in all \Vas splendid." "The great experiment of the Selective Service", said Col. Dickey, '\vas a success in Ne\vburgh and the most valuable ad junct \Ve had ,vas The Newburgh Daily Ne,vs. From the in ception of the plan to its completion, the highly intelligent, re sourceful and splendid co-operation of The News was most helpful." "I do not kno,v ,vhat Newburgh would have done without the splendid service of The News in so many dtrections", said Capt. Harry Haon, who was the organizing force and inspiring genius of many war efforts. "The News", said Mrs. Harriet \Vinne, "made the Canteen a possibility and its success a cer tc1in ty." 'rhroughout the war The News was the clearing house for information and efforts of all sorts. With a scarcity of help "·hich ,vas so great that the services of women were drafted by the ne\vspaper on the plea of patriotic effort, and with the short age of paper so pressing that the greatest of economy was im perative, 1'he News sacrificed paid advertising to give space to \\'ar effort. Aside from mere newspaper work its services ranged from bringing about the safe return home of a woman caug-ht bet,veen contending armies in Austria, to all kinds of small services for folk at home. It frequently set in motion the arencies for securing inforn1ation of those at the front, when the regular channels failed. The arn1y service began with the Mexican mobilization in Camp \Vhitman. 1~he News n1aintained a daily automobile ser v1ce bet,veen the can1p and the city. It carried newspapers, laundry, delicacies and comforts, filling a machine in both direc tions every day, without any charge. This service was main tained after the soldiers had gone to Peekskill. When the New burgh guardsmen ,vere on aqueduct duty, and throughout their American service, copies of the paper ,vere regularly supplied in the camps. The News carried through the plan to present a city medal to 11:arshal Joffre and raised the money. It also raised the funds for the soldier's relief, the farewell clambake at Orange Lake, the purchase of automobiles for the military companies, the Christmas smokes sent to the camps and the purchase of the ship's bells for the steamer Newburgh. The parades for ~he 178 NEWBURGH IN THE WORLD WAR selects, the Liberty Loans and other demonstrations ,vere or ganized through the use of its columns. It originated an Over ~eas Edition ,vhich contained a resume of home rie,vs for mail ing in letters to those in Europe, maintaining this until the last of the soldiers came home. It started the recruiting of the Orange Blossoms and had 32j names ,vhen it ,vas announced that volunteer organizations ,vould not be accepted. It printed portraits of r ,500 n1en and ,vomen in the service. It printed hundreds of letters from men at the front and received literally hundreds of communications from relatives of soldiers and the men themselves, expressing appreciation of service. So close ,vas its touch ,vith the men at the front and the home folk that it printed N e,vburgh casualties far in advance of the official lists. The preparation of the honor roll is the \\"Ork of the staff of The News maintained throughout the war. 'fhroughout, the policy of The N e,vs ,vas to whole-heartedly aid every war effort and the organization of the paper, specially the business, editorial and reportorial staffs \vas at all times author ized to sacrifice everything in the interests of the war. And as a final service, it should be said that this volume owes whatever of merit it may possess to g-er.erous policy of tte office which placed its voluminous records at the disposal of those interested. War Industries In Newburgh Although as has been pointed out Newburgh had no plants for the manufacture of war munitions and was of the type of towns ,vhich suffered industrially during the war because of the lack of these, the struggle found it industrially enjoying notable prosperity, because employers generally had acted on the sug gestion of Mr. Whitehill referred to earlier and prepared to do war ,vork of one kind or another, and because of the organiza tion here of the Newburgh Shipyards Co., Inc. Aside from other considerations the establishment of this shipyard marked the realization of N e,vburgh's most cherished dream. The city had been a shipyard center from early days and some of the most magnificent craft afloat are the product of its yards, notably that of Thomas S. J\1arvel. But the indus try here had fallen on evil days and it ,vas not until the spring oi 1917 that the announcement was made that the dream ,vas to be realized. The ne,vs ,vas received ,vith considerable skepti cism. Over many years N e,vburgh had recounted the advan tages ,vhich it possessed for such a yard. All of the chanves had been sounded on the statement that some day there would be a ,vonderful development of this kind, and there had been so many disappointed hopes that ,vhen the event finally came, it couid not be believed. \Vhen Thomas C. Desmond said that ,,vithin a fe,v months 2,000 men would be employed it seemed incredible. Later Mr. Desmond raised the forecast to 3,000 men and still there was disbelief. 1fr. Desmond further said that KEEPING THE HOME FIRES BURNING 179

N e,vburgh ,vas in need of more homes and that 200 ne,v apart men ts ,vould be erected. N e,vburgh then thought the limit of credibility had been reached, but ,vithin a very few months, N e,vburgh ,vas to see every promise made by Mr. Desmond ful filled and exceeded. \Vork in the yards ,vas begun on June 9, 1917 and it was soon announced that cargo boats for ,vhich there was pressing need, ,vould be constructed for the government. The prelim inaries ,vere so rapidly advanced that actual work in the con struction of vessels ,vas begun in 11arch, 1918. At the peak up \\"ards of 4,CXX> had employment in the yard and the first 9,000 ton cargo boat ,vas ready for launching on Labor Day, Sept. 3, 1918. The day ,vas one of the most memorable N e,vburgh has ever had. The ,veather was delightful and more than 20,000 per sons witnessed the launching. The yard was thronged and the terraces on \Vashington Heights formed a fine point of vantage from which to view the event. Mrs. Irving T. Bush, wife of one of the owners of the yard was the sponsor for the first vessel, the "Ne,vburgh, of Newburgh, N. Y." Through 1·he News money had been raised for the purchase of the ship's bells and these were presented by Mayor Jonathan D. Wilson. From this fund also there had been purchased

Printed by The Newburgh News Printing and Publishing Co., Newburgh, N. Y.