DOCSLIB.ORG

Klamath Tribal Water Quality Consortium. 2018

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Klamath Tribal Water Quality Consortium. 2018 Upper Klamath Basin Nonpoint Source Pollution Assessment and Management Program Plan Klamath Tribal Water Quality Consortium September 2018 YUROK TRIBE KARUK TRIBE HOOPA VALLEY TRIBE RESIGHINI QUARTZ VALLEY INDIAN RANCHERIA RESERVATION Upper Klamath Basin Nonpoint Source Pollution Assessment and Management Program Plan Klamath Tribal Water Quality Consortium Prepared with assistance from: Riverbend Sciences and Kier Associates September 2018 Recommended citation: Klamath Tribal Water Quality Consortium. 2018. Upper Klamath Basin Nonpoint Source Pollution Assessment and Management Program Plan. 78p. Upper Klamath Basin Nonpoint Source Pollution Assessment and Management Program Plan TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ................................................................................................................................................................... ii List of Figures ........................................................................................................................................................................ iv List of Tables.......................................................................................................................................................................... iv 1 Overview ........................................................................................................................................................................ 1 2 Introduction................................................................................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Project Area ............................................................................................................................................................... 3 2.1.1 Incorporation by Reference of Consortium Member Tribes’ NPS Plans ......................................................... 3 2.2 Tribes Involved .......................................................................................................................................................... 5 2.2.1 The Klamath Tribal Water Quality Consortium ............................................................................................... 5 2.2.2 Yurok Tribe ...................................................................................................................................................... 5 2.2.3 Hoopa Valley Tribe .......................................................................................................................................... 6 2.2.4 Quartz Valley Indian Reservation .................................................................................................................... 7 2.2.5 Karuk Tribe ...................................................................................................................................................... 8 2.2.6 Resighini Rancheria .......................................................................................................................................... 8 2.3 Goals and Objectives ................................................................................................................................................. 8 2.4 Public Participation and Governmental Coordination ................................................................................................ 8 3 Methodology .................................................................................................................................................................. 9 3.1 Data Sources .............................................................................................................................................................. 9 3.2 Previous Assessments .............................................................................................................................................. 12 4 Land Use Summary .................................................................................................................................................... 12 4.1 Climate ..................................................................................................................................................................... 12 4.2 Waterbodies and Hydrology .................................................................................................................................... 13 4.3 Fisheries ................................................................................................................................................................... 13 4.4 Sub-basins ................................................................................................................................................................ 14 4.4.1 Williamson River............................................................................................................................................ 14 4.4.2 Sprague River (Including Sycan River) .......................................................................................................... 14 4.4.3 Wood River and Other Tributaries to Upper Klamath Lake ........................................................................... 14 4.4.4 Upper Klamath Lake Including Agency Lake ................................................................................................ 14 4.4.5 Link River, Lake Ewuana, Keno Reservoir, and Lower Klamath Lake (Link Dam To Keno Dam) .............. 15 4.4.6 Hydroelectric Reach (Keno Dam to Iron Gate Dam) ..................................................................................... 16 4.4.7 Lost River (Not Included in NPS Project Area) ............................................................................................. 16 4.5 Dams and Diversions ............................................................................................................................................... 17 4.6 Land Use and Ownership ......................................................................................................................................... 18 4.6.1 National Wildlife Refuges .............................................................................................................................. 21 4.6.2 Forestry ........................................................................................................................................................... 21 4.6.3 Agriculture ...................................................................................................................................................... 21 4.6.4 Urban .............................................................................................................................................................. 21 5 Water Quality Summary ............................................................................................................................................ 22 5.1 Synthesis of Upper Klamath Basin Water Quality Impairments and Links to NPS Pollution ................................. 22 5.2 Phosphorus ............................................................................................................................................................... 23 5.3 Nitrogen ................................................................................................................................................................... 25 5.4 Dissolved Oxygen and pH ....................................................................................................................................... 25 5.5 Temperature ............................................................................................................................................................. 26 5.6 Cyanobacterial toxins ............................................................................................................................................... 26 5.7 Sediment .................................................................................................................................................................. 27 6 Results .......................................................................................................................................................................... 27 6.1 Beneficial Uses ........................................................................................................................................................ 27 6.2 Water Quality Limited Waters ................................................................................................................................. 30 6.3 Attribution of Impairments to NPS pollution for Each Sub-basin ........................................................................... 31 7 Discussion .................................................................................................................................................................... 32 8 Selection of Best Management Practices ................................................................................................................... 32 8.1 Core Participants ...................................................................................................................................................... 32 8.2 Public Participation and Governmental Coordination .............................................................................................. 34 9 Existing NPS Control Programs ...............................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Frequently Asked Questions
    Frequently Asked Questions Why are we doing this project? The City of Klamath Falls is working to upgrade the Spring Street Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) due to its aging infrastructure and the need to meet new, stricter treatment standards. The project is an important, long-term investment for the community. The City has operated the Spring Street STP since 1958, serving Klamath Falls for over 60 years. Many of the plant’s parts are original since their installation in the 1950s. As repairs are becoming necessary due to age, it is more cost-efficient to replace them entirely them than to repair them. A comprehensive upgrade is a smart investment in the plant, avoiding short-term, quick-fix solutions that add up in the long run. What benefits will this project provide to the City of Klamath Falls? The City’s Wastewater Division provides services to approximately 21,000 city residents and Klamath Basin area customers, cleaning an average 2.2 million gallons of wastewater per day from over 7,400 service connections. These upgrades will provide the following benefits to this process and to the community: • Improved health, safety, and welfare of the public. • Reliable, robust treatment with sufficient process and equipment redundancy (allowing the plant to stay operational while routine maintenance and repairs occur), and operator-friendly facilities. • Energy efficiency, which will result in additional funding from the Energy Trust of Oregon and reduced power bills. • Reduction in operation and maintenance costs due to the elimination of two existing processes: primary clarification and digestion. Along with being a smart long-term investment, the upgrades will help keep the City in compliance with Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) regulations and protect the area’s natural resources such as Lake Ewauna, the headwaters of the Klamath River where the treated wastewater is discharged.
    [Show full text]
  • Klamath River Hydroelectric Settlement Agreement Interim Measure 15
    Klamath River Hydroelectric Settlement Agreement Interim Measure 15: Final 2019 Water Quality Monitoring Study Plan Prepared: January 16, 2019 KHSA IM15 2019 STUDY PLAN Table of Contents 1. Introduction and Overview ............................................................................................. 1 2. Objectives ....................................................................................................................... 3 3. Monitoring Components ................................................................................................. 4 3.1 Public Health Monitoring of Cyanobacteria and Toxins .......................................... 4 3.2 Baseline Water Quality Monitoring of the Klamath River ....................................... 4 4. Quality Assurance, Data Management, and Dissemination ............................................ 5 4.1 KHSA Program Quality Assurance Strategy for 2019 ............................................. 5 5. Sampling Constituents and Frequency............................................................................ 7 5.1 Public Health Monitoring of Cyanobacteria and Toxins .......................................... 7 5.2 Comprehensive Baseline Water Quality Monitoring of the Klamath River ............. 9 6.0 References ................................................................................................................... 13 List of Figures Figure 1. 2019 KHSA IM 15 monitoring stations .............................................................. 2 List of Tables
    [Show full text]
  • Indian Country Welcome To
    Travel Guide To OREGON Indian Country Welcome to OREGON Indian Country he members of Oregon’s nine federally recognized Ttribes and Travel Oregon invite you to explore our diverse cultures in what is today the state of Oregon. Hundreds of centuries before Lewis & Clark laid eyes on the Pacific Ocean, native peoples lived here – they explored; hunted, gathered and fished; passed along the ancestral ways and observed the ancient rites. The many tribes that once called this land home developed distinct lifestyles and traditions that were passed down generation to generation. Today these traditions are still practiced by our people, and visitors have a special opportunity to experience our unique cultures and distinct histories – a rare glimpse of ancient civilizations that have survived since the beginning of time. You’ll also discover that our rich heritage is being honored alongside new enterprises and technologies that will carry our people forward for centuries to come. The following pages highlight a few of the many attractions available on and around our tribal centers. We encourage you to visit our award-winning native museums and heritage centers and to experience our powwows and cultural events. (You can learn more about scheduled powwows at www.traveloregon.com/powwow.) We hope you’ll also take time to appreciate the natural wonders that make Oregon such an enchanting place to visit – the same mountains, coastline, rivers and valleys that have always provided for our people. Few places in the world offer such a diversity of landscapes, wildlife and culture within such a short drive. Many visitors may choose to visit all nine of Oregon’s federally recognized tribes.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Allocation in the Klamath Reclamation Project (Oregon State
    Oregon State University Extension Service Special Report 1037 December 2002 Water Allocation in the Klamath Reclamation Project, 2001: An Assessment of Natural Resource, Economic, Social, and Institutional Issues with a Focus on the Upper Klamath Basin William S. Braunworth, Jr. Assistant Extension Agriculture Program Leader Oregon State University Teresa Welch Publications Editor Oregon State University Ron Hathaway Extension agriculture faculty, Klamath County Oregon State University Authors William Boggess, department head, Department of William K. Jaeger, associate professor of agricul- Agricultural and Resource Economics, Oregon tural and resource economics and Extension State University agricultural and resource policy specialist, Oregon State University William S. Braunworth, Jr., assistant Extension agricultural program leader, Oregon State Robert L. Jarvis, professor of fisheries and University wildlife, Oregon State University Susan Burke, researcher, Department of Agricul- Denise Lach, codirector, Center for Water and tural and Resource Economics, Oregon State Environmental Sustainability, Oregon State University University Harry L. Carlson, superintendent/farm advisor, Kerry Locke, Extension agriculture faculty, University of California Intermountain Research Klamath County, Oregon State University and Extension Center Jeff Manning, graduate student, Department of Patty Case, Extension family and community Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University development faculty, Klamath County, Oregon Reed Marbut, Oregon Water Resources
    [Show full text]
  • Project Nos. 2082-062 and 14803-000
    162 FERC ¶ 61,236 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION Before Commissioners: Kevin J. McIntyre, Chairman; Cheryl A. LaFleur, Neil Chatterjee, Robert F. Powelson, and Richard Glick. PacifiCorp Project Nos. 2082-062 and 14803-000 ORDER AMENDING LICENSE AND DEFERRING CONSIDERATION OF TRANSFER APPLICATION (Issued March 15, 2018) On September 23, 2016, and supplemented on March 1, June 23, December 1, and December 4, 2017, PacifiCorp, licensee for the Klamath Hydroelectric Project No. 2082,1 together with the Klamath River Renewal Corporation (Renewal Corporation), filed an application to amend and partially transfer the project license from PacifiCorp to the Renewal Corporation. Specifically, PacifiCorp and the Renewal Corporation propose that PacifiCorp’s existing license be amended to administratively remove four developments, create and administratively place the four developments into a new license for the Lower Klamath Project No. 14803, and transfer the Lower Klamath Project No. 14803 license to the Renewal Corporation. For the reasons discussed below, we grant the application to amend the project license, and defer our decision on the proposed partial license transfer. I. Background The 169-megawatt (MW) Klamath Project is located primarily on the Klamath River in Klamath County, Oregon and Siskiyou County, California and includes federal lands administered by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) and U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM). The project consists of eight developments: seven developments with hydroelectric generation and one non-generating development. From upstream to downstream, the eight developments are the East Side, West Side, Keno (non-generating), J.C. Boyle, Copco No. 1, Copco No.
    [Show full text]
  • KLAMATH HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT [FERC No
    KLAMATH HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT [FERC No. 2082] REQUEST FOR DETERMINATION OF ELIGIBILITY Copco No. 1, c1915 PacifiCorp Archives Photo for PacifiCorp, Portland, OR Prepared by George Kramer, M.S., HP Preservation Specialist Under contract to CH2M-Hill Corvallis, OR October 2003 App E-6E DOE 1_Cover.doc DETERMINATION OF ELIGIBILITY FOR THE NATIONAL REGISTER Property Name: KLAMATH HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT Date of Construction: 1903-1958 Address: N/A County: Klamath, Oregon Siskiyou, California Original Use: Hydroelectric Generation Current Use: Hydroelectric Generation Style: Utilitarian/Industrial Theme: Commerce/Industrial _____________________________________________________________________________________ PRIMARY SIGNIFICANCE: The resources of the Klamath Hydroelectric Project were built between 1903 and 1958 by the California Oregon Power Company and its various pioneer predecessors and are now owned and operated by PacifiCorp under Federal Energy Regulatory License No. 2082. The resources of the project are strongly associated with the early development of electricity in the southern Oregon and northern California region and played a significant role in the area’s economy both directly, as a part of a regionally-significant, locally-owned and operated, private utility, and indirectly, through the role that increased electrical capacity played in the expansion of the timber, agriculture, and recreation industries during the first six decades of the 20th century. The Klamath Hydroelectric Project is considered regionally significant and eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion “A” for its association with the industrial and economic development of southern Oregon and northern California. [See Statement of Significance, Page 19] Copco No. 1, Dam and Gatehouse, 2002 In my opinion, the property ___ meets ___ does not meet the criteria for listing in the National Register of Historic Places.
    [Show full text]
  • Yurok Final Brief
    Case 3:16-cv-06863-WHO Document 107 Filed 03/23/18 Page 1 of 22 JEFFREY H. WOOD, Acting Assistant Attorney General 1 Environment & Natural Resources Division 2 SETH M. BARSKY, Chief S. JAY GOVINDAN, Assistant Chief 3 ROBERT P. WILLIAMS, Sr. Trial Attorney KAITLYN POIRIER, Trial Attorney 4 U.S. Department of Justice 5 Environment & Natural Resources Division Wildlife & Marine Resources Section 6 Ben Franklin Station, P.O. Box 7611 7 Washington, D.C. 20044-7611 Tel: 202-307-6623; Fax: 202-305-0275 8 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] 9 10 Attorneys for Federal Defendants 11 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 12 FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 13 SAN FRANCISCO DIVISION 14 YUROK TRIBE, et al., ) 15 Case No. 3:16-cv-06863-WHO ) 16 Plaintiff, ) ) 17 FEDERAL DEFENDANTS’ RESPONSE v. ) TO DEFENDANT-INTERVENORS’ 18 ) MOTION FOR RELIEF FROM U.S. BUREAU OF RECLAMATION, et al., ) JUDGMENT AND/OR STAY OF 19 ) ENFORCEMENT (ECF No. 101) Defendants, ) 20 ) 21 and ) ) 22 KLAMATH WATER USERS ) ASSOCIATION, et al., ) 23 ) 24 Defendant-Intervenors. ) 25 26 27 28 1 Federal Defendants’ Response to Intervenors’ Motion for Relief 3:16-cv-6863-WHO Case 3:16-cv-06863-WHO Document 107 Filed 03/23/18 Page 2 of 22 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 2 I. INTRODUCTION 3 3 II. FACTUAL BACKGROUND 5 4 A. Hydrologic Conditions In Water Year 2018 5 5 B. 2013 Biological Opinion Requirements for Suckers 5 6 III. DISCUSSION 7 7 A. Given Hydrologic Conditions, Guidance Measures 1 8 and 4 Cannot Both Be Implemented As They Were Designed Without Impermissibly Interfering With 9 Conditions Necessary to Protect Endangered Suckers 7 10 1.
    [Show full text]
  • KLAMATH NEWS the Indicator Species
    Page 1, Klamath News 2010 KLAMATH NEWS THE OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE KLAMATH TRIBES: KLAMATH, MODOC, AND YAHOOSKIN TREATY OF 1864 Winema Charley Mogenkaskit Lalo Schonchin Captain Jack Volume 35, Issue 1 The Klamath Tribes, P.O. Box 436, Chiloquin, OR 97624 1ST QTR. ISSUE 2019 1-800-524-9787 or (541) 783-2219 Website: www.klamathtribes.org JANUARY-MARCH Tucked away in a corner of Oregon... There is a Tribe, With extraordinary people... Doing monumental work to Save an Indigenous Species from Extinction! Nowhere else in the World (The c'waam) - The Lost River Sucker The Cleaner's of the Water ... If the fish die, the People Die. The Indicator Species THE KLAMATH TRIBES AQUATICS PROGRAM The Klamath Tribes P.O. Box 436 PRESORTED FIRST-CLASS MAIL Chiloquin, OR 97624 The Klamath Tribes Aquatic Program is within the Natural Resources U.S. POSTAGE PAID Department and employs 18 permanent staff and a few seasonal in- CHILOQUIN, OR terns and temporary workers. The program is housed at the Research ADDRESS SERVICE REQUESTED PERMIT NO. 4 Station located four miles east of Chiloquin, Oregon at the historic Braymill site. In 1988, the Research Station began as a small research hatchery and fish rearing ponds located across the road from the cur- rent Research Station along the Sprague River. At that time, the entire Natural Resources Program included only five full time employees including Don Gentry, Craig Bienz, Jacob Kann, Larry Dunsmoor, Elwood (Cisco) Miller, and a couple of seasonal technicians. Currently, the Research Station consists of two large buildings and parking lot.
    [Show full text]
  • Change There Can Be No Breakthroughs, Without Breakthroughs There Changecan Be No Future
    Page 1, Klamath News 2010 KLAMATH NEWS THE OFFICIAL Publication OF THE KLAMath TRIBES: KLAMath, MODOC, AND YAHOOSKIN Treaty OF 1864 Winema Charley Mogenkaskit Lalo Schonchin Captain Jack Volume 26, Issue 4 The Klamath Tribes, P.O. Box 436, Chiloquin, OR 97624 JUNE 2010 1-800-524-9787 or (541) 783-2219 Website: www.klamathtribes.org New Klamath Tribal Council takes office MEET OUR LEADERS , the 2010-2013 newly elected The Klamath Tribes PRESORTED Klamath Tribal Council, who took office on Thursday, P.O. Box 436 FIRST-CLASS MAIL Chiloquin, OR 97624 U.S. POSTAGE PAID May 13, following the swear-in ceremony at the Tribal CHILOQUIN, OR Administration building in Chiloquin, Oregon. PERMIT NO. 4 Front Row Left to Right: Charles E. Kimbol, Sr., GeorGene Nelson, Don Gentry, Gary ADDRESS SERVICE REQUESTED Frost, Brandi Decker. Back Row Left to Right: Jeff Mitchell, Bert Lawvor Sr., Frank Summers, Shawn L. Jackson, and Torina Case. Without change there can be no breakthroughs, Without breakthroughs there Changecan be no future... Welcome to the Future! Page 2, Klamath News 2010 The Klamath News is a Tribal Government Publication of the Swear-in Ceremony for Tribal Council Klamath Tribes, (the Klamath, Modoc, and Yahooskin Band of Snake Indians). * Distribution: Publications are distributed at the end of the month, or as fund- ing allows. * Deadline: Information submitted for publication must be received by the 15th of each month- (for the following month’s publication). * Submissions: Submissions should be typed and not exceed 500 words. Submissions must include the author’s signature, address and phone number.
    [Show full text]
  • Klamath Echoes
    KLAMATH ECHOES '· "' ., , . Sanctioned by Klamath County Historical Society NUMBER 11 lo&t of the Oregon Stoge Compony cooche& stored ot the west end of Klamoth Avenue, Klomoth Foils, in the foil of 1908. - Priell Photo OLD STAGECOACH WHEEL Old sragc:coach whcd all cuvered wich dusr, Spokes weather beaten, iron work all rust, Your travels are over, I know how you feel, Old age has us hobbled, Old Stagecoach Wheel. Together in youth, our range rhe wide west, Each day a rough road, each night glad to rest. In the evening of I ife, my thoughts often steal To those days long ago, Old Stagecoach Wheel. You sang of your travels, a tale of the road, The rocks and the sand, the weight of the load. How dry were your axles, your voice would reveal, And l answered your cry, Old Stagecoach Wheel. At Beswick Hotel we listened, as evening grew still, You told of your coming from old Topsy Hill. Arrival at change stations and every meal, Depended on you, Old Stagecoach Wheel. Sometimes we gathered when days work was done, Told of the day's struggles under boi ling hot sun. White resting our horses, and talking a big deal, We leaned on you, Old Stagecoach Wheel. Final meeting of the Oregon • California stages on their last run over the Siskiyou Mountains on December 17th, 1887 near the summit. -Courtesy Siskiyou County Museum DEDICATION Wtdtdicatuhis, tht 11thimuofKLAMATH ECHOES to tht mtmory ofall Pionur Klamath Country Stagt and uam Frtight drivm, eht •Knights of tht Wbip," 1863- 1909. To you whost courag( ltd you through triaLs and hard­ ships, fought and won.
    [Show full text]
  • View the Klamath Summary Report
    SPECIAL SUPPLEMENT — KLAMATH BASIN GENERAL STREAM ADJUDICATION From the top of a fault formed ridge overlooking the expansive Upper Klamath Lake, the rest of the world seems to fall away. Unbroken blue skies and dry, thin air stretches the horizon impossibly far. To the east, parched buttes roll through deep, green farm-filled valleys. To the west, only the rugged, snow- capped Cascades can rein in the view. The feeling of freedom that defines the American West is alive in this place. Prepared by the Oregon Water Resources Department — October 1999 he Klamath Basin defies the soggy Northwest stereotype. The Cascade TMountains steal the moisture from eastward winds, transforming the damp, green Oregon known to most of the country. Away from the mountainsides, Lodge Pole and Ponderosa Pines supplant the water-dependent firs. The moss-covered logs and thick tangles of plants of the western forests are gone. In their place, reddish- black volcanic rocks speckle hillsides adorned with dusty sage. Sandy pumice soils are exposed to the wind and sun by the sparse ground cover. Everything seems to crack and crumble underfoot. Despite these desert-like conditions, an oasis of lakes, rivers, and marshes teams with wildlife. The remnants of a huge prehistoric lake once provided a cache of resources that allowed the Basin’s earliest human inhabitants to thrive in an otherwise formi- dable environment. Much time has passed and cultures have changed, but the reliance on these same resources has not. For more than 100 years, settlers, homesteaders, and their descendants have defied the desert by transforming vast lakes and marshes into farms and pasture–creating a heritage in the process.
    [Show full text]
  • Tulelake Subbasin Groundwater Core Team
    TULELAKE SUBBASIN GROUNDWATER CORE TEAM CORE TEAM MEMBERS Kraig Beasly Gary Wright, Tulelake Irrigation District Chairperson Kraig Beasly, Tulelake Irrigation District Henry Ebinger, City of Tulelake Tiffany Martinez Clerk of the Core Team Matt Parker , Siskiyou County Tiffany Martinez, Modoc County Tulelake City Hall 591 Main Street, Tulelake, CA 96134 (530) 667-2249 AGENDA FOR WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 17, 2021 1:00 PM Alternate Meeting Locations: 204 South Court Street, Alturas, CA 96101 Pursuant to California Governor Gavin Newsom’s Executive Order N-25-20 & N-29-20 issued on March 12, 2020 and March 17, 2020, relating to the convening of public meetings in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Tulelake Sub Basin Core Team will be enacting social distancing procedures for the Tulelake Sub Basin Core Team Meetings to members of the public and staff. Additionally, members of the Tulelake Sub Basin Core Team are allowed to attend the meeting via teleconference and to participate in the meeting to the same extent as if they were present. To protect the public, staff, and members of the Tulelake Sub Basin Core Team, members of the public are encouraged to participate in the Core Team meetings in the following ways: Join Zoom Meeting https://us02web.zoom.us/j/89927653957?pwd=S3JRaExmeXlwS2xBejVNR1Q0aDN6dz09 Meeting ID: 899 2765 3957 Passcode: 149882 One tap mobile 1-669-900-9128,,89927653957#,,,,*149882# US (San Jose) Public comments can also be e-mailed to [email protected] by 5:00 p.m. on February 16, 2021 to be entered into the record. Page 1 of 3 AGENDA FOR WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 17, 2021 The Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA) established a new structure for managing California’s groundwater resources at a local level by local agencies.
    [Show full text]