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Las Reinas Faraón Durante El Reino Antiguo-Medio

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Las Reinas Faraón Durante El Reino Antiguo-Medio LAS REINAS FARAÓN DURANTE EL REINO ANTIGUO-MEDIO. Dra. Ana María Vázquez Hoys Departamento Hª Antigua UNED Curso”Las Reinas faraón. Mujeres con poder en el Egipto faraónico” VIERNES 8 ABRIL 2014 16,30-19 Centro Asociado a la UNED. Palma de Mallorca !Muchas gracias En primer lugar, al Centro Asociado de las islas Baleares Y a su Director, por volver a invitarme a estar con ustedes -Y también al Profesor D. Luis Tudela -al personal administrativo -y a todos los alumnos que se interesan por nuestras enseñanzas. Espero que una vez más les gusten temas que les voy a presentar y ya saben que estoy a su disposición para tratar de contestar a las preguntas que quieran hacerme al final de cada conferencia. Las reinas- faraón durante el Reino Antiguo y Medio. 2 Sumario.I 1. INTRODUCCIÓN. Egipto. Dónde, cuándo 12. 1.Neithotep, reina-regente. y cómo. D.I. 2. Los gobernantes tradicionales. 13.2.Meritneith, la primera.D.I. 3. Coronas y títulos 14.3.Khenthaus I.D.IV-V 4. Titulatura real y atributos. 15.4.Khenthaus II (2458 a 5.La igualdad jurídica. 2438 a. C. ), D.V. 6. Condición social. 16.5.Ankhesenpepy II,D.VI 7.Mujeres y profesiones. 17.6.Nitocris. D.VI, h. 2184- 8.Educación. 2181 a. C. 9.Religión y moral. 18.7.Sobeknefrure.D.XII 10.Periodización . 11.Las mujeres faraón de los reinos Antiguo y Medio. Las Reinas-Farón durante el Reino Antiguo y Medio. 3 BIBLIOGRAFIA J. Tyldesley, Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt, Thames&Hudson 2006 Aidan Dodson & Dyan Hilton: The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egyp. Thames and Hudson 2004 Rosanna Pirelli: The Queens of Ancient Egypt (Treasures of Ancient Egypt), Hardbound 2010 Las reinas- faraón durante el Reino Antiguo y Medio. 4 BIBLIOGRAFIA.II Historia del Mundo Antiguo, vol.I Próximo Oriente, y II ( II: Egipto, fenicios, Israel, Irán) ,Editorial Sanz y Torres, Madrid 2004, ISBN 84-96094-29-4, ... Las reinas- faraón durante el Reino Antiguo y Medio. 5 LA HISTORIA EGIPCIA Las reinas- faraón durante el Reino Antiguo y Medio. 6 INTRODUCCIÓN. Egipto. Dónde, cuando y cómo. Egipto- I. Dónde. Alto y Bajo Egipto. Las reinas- faraón durante el Reino Antiguo y Medio. 7 INTRODUCCIÓN. Egipto. Dónde, cuándo y cómo. Egipto II.Cuándo. Manetón y las Dinastías Manetón fue un sacerdote e historiador egipcio de expresión griega. Nació en Sebennitos (actualmente Samannud) en el siglo III a. C. Manetón vivió durante el reinado de Ptolomeo I y Ptolomeo II. Compuso la Aigyptíaka (‘Historia de Egipto’), en la que organizó la cronología de su larga historia en forma de dinastías desde los tiempos míticos hasta la conquista de Alejandro Magno. Esta división ha sido generalmente aceptada por la Egiptología moderna. La obra se ha conservado a través de las citas de otros escritores antiguos como Flavio Josefo (siglo I), Sexto Julio Africano (siglo III) y Jorge Sincelo (Siglo VIII o IX). No hay fuentes que indiquen las fechas del nacimiento y muerte de Manetón, pero su obra se asocia frecuentemente a los reinados de Ptolomeo I Sóter (323-283 a. C.) y Ptolomeo II Filadelfo (285-246 a. C.). En el Papiro Hibeh, datado en 240 o 241 a. C., se menciona a un Manetón y, si se trata del mismo personaje, habría vivido también durante el reinado de Ptolomeo III Evergetes (246-222 a. C.) Las reinas- faraón durante el Reino Antiguo y Medio. 8 Egipto II.Cuándo. Periodización de la historia de Egipto. Falta de unanimidad. Las reinas- faraón durante el Reino Antiguo y Medio. 9 Los gobernantes tradicionales. Coronas y títulos 1) El Rey Los antiguos egipcios usaban varias palabras para referirse al gobernante. En algunos casos, el significado exacto de una de esas palabras o su relación con otra similar es desconocida. La palabra más común que le nombra es nsw, (NESUB) usualmente abreviado . El término nsw es abreviado de nj-sw.t, "el que pertenece a la caña / el de la caña", con la caña como símbolo heráldico del Alto Egipto. Esta palabra se traduce como "Rey del Alto Egipto", aunque su contexto frecuentemente favorece su traducción más corta: "Rey". Las reinas- faraón durante el Reino Antiguo y Medio. 10 Titulatura real y atributos Aunque el orden cambió a lo largo de la historia, la sucesión canónica de la titulatura real final fue la siguiente: "Horus" o ḥr, "las dos señoras" o nbty, El Cetro Nejej (flagelo), "Horus de oro" o ḥr-nb, “ el Cetro Heka (cayado) y rey del Alto y Bajo Egipto" o njswt-bjtj , nombre el Nemes. de trono o praenomen. Nsw (sw) "Rey del Alto Egipto+ Rey del Bajo Egipto” e "hijo de Ra" o sȝ rˁ. Faraón Casa grande Per-aa LOS ATRIBUTOS ERAN La barba postiza, utilizada por los faraones en las grandes ocasiones por su identificación una vez más con Osiris, considerado el primer gran monarca egipcio, y que era representado con una gran barba similar a la que llevaban sus sucesores. El Uraeus y el buitre: La Cobra, animal característico de la diosa Uadyet, patrona del Bajo Egipto. El buitre era el animal característico de la diosa Nekhbet, patrona del Alto Egipto. Así, las Dos Señoras representaban la unificación de las Dos Tierras en el ser del faraón. Cola de toro o de león, que remarcaba la potencia creadora del monarca. Las reinas- faraón durante el Reino Antiguo y Medio. 11 La igualdad jurídica Se supone que legalmente existía una teórica igualdad jurídica entre hombres y mujeres, que se irá limitando con el tiempo, a medida que se vayan produciendo nuevas invasiones. Las mujers no necesitaban de un tutor legal, ya que podían vender, comprar o emprender acciones legales. En este sentido, encontramos el himno a la diosa Isis, que se encuentra recogido en el papiro de Oxyrhinco, siglo II a.C: “Eres la dueña de la tierra [...] tú has dado un poder a las mujeres igual al de los hombres”). Las mujeres podían disponer de su patrimonio y tener su propio negocio. De igual modo, podían decidir como dividir sus bienes entre sus descendientes. Divorcio y matrimonio eran cuestiones privadas. El divorcio podía ser solicitado por cualquiera de los cónyuges, por motivos tan amplios como el adulterio, la esterilidad e incluso la fealdad de la esposa. Si previamente se habían delimitado los bienes de los dos cónyuges en el contrato privado realizado por un escriba, ella podía recuperar los suyos, y si no poseía nada, siempre podía volver con sus padres. La s reinas-faraón durante el Reino Antiguo y Medio. 12 Condición social • Lo que se sabe acerca de los derechos de las mujeres en el Antiguo Egipto deriva de los documentos relativos a las mujeres de las clases altas. Las mujeres campesinas a menudo eran siervas de los ricos en ocupaciones como nodrizas, parteras, músicos, cantantes, bailarinas, y tareas domésticas tales como la panadería, El egipcio de aquel tiempo reconoce a la mujer, no como igual al hombre, pero sí como su complemento. Este respeto se expresa claramente tanto en la teología como en la moral que se consolida en el II milenio a.C. conviviendo con los judíos, pero es bastante difícil determinar su grado de aplicación en la vida cotidiana de los egipcios. elaboración de cerveza y otras tareas similares. Las plañideras eran contratadas para los funerales. Era posible, en cierta medida, escalar la estructura social y mujeres de todas las clases sociales lograban convertirse en sacerdotisas. • Las mujeres también gozaban de la condición social derivada de sus maridos o por parentesco, y desempeñaron un rol especial en la protección de los privilegios que acompañaban a los títulos. A las mujeres de la familia real y sus acompañantes se le otorgaban innumerables títulos. La esposa principal del faraón se llamaba "La esposa del dios" y "Gran Esposa Real". Las hijas del faraón nunca fueron dadas en matrimonio a cambio de princesas extranjeras. Las reinas- faraón durante el Reino Antiguo y Medio. 13 Mujeres y profesiones • . • La mujer estaba excluida de la mayor parte de los talleres, de modo que no fabricaba joyas o cerámica y no participaba en la pesca, la caza, las actividades militares, ni en la carnicería. • Músicos y bailarinas: muchas de ellas eran esclavas. • Tejedoras • Campesinas: En la cosecha, según se ve en el arte de las capillas, ella traía comida o refresco a los hombres que trabajaban, pero no segaba. La cosecha era el momento más duro del año agrícola, cuando se necesitaba la mayor cantidad de gente para recoger toda la cosecha de los campos lo más rápido posible. • No obstante es posible que el arte haya excluido a las mujeres de la cosecha y otros trabajos por razones religiosas, pero es algo que se ignora. • Sirvientas y molineras. • Plañideras: Eran mujeres a las que se pagaba para que acompañasen • al cortejo fúnebre, al que precedían danzando, llorando y lamentándose, en recuerdo del difunto. Se purificaban previamente masticando natrón, y se perfumaban con incienso; vestían totalmente de blanco o azul y usaban pelucas rizadas de las que se arrancaban los • cabellos. También eran llamadas “Cantoras de la diosa Hathor” • Funcionarias: Excepto en el Imperio Nuevo donde toda la “función pública” fue atendida por varones, las mujeres ocuparon puestos de escriba en diferentes categorías de la administración del Estado. Entre las mujeres que fueron funcionarias de alto rango, se puede citar a Nebet, una visir de la Dinastía VI. No obstante, encontrar una mujer con tal responsabilidad era extremadamente raro, y será necesario aguardar a la Dinastía XXVI • para encontrar la misma situación. • Sacerdotisas: Al servicio de distintos dioses y diosas: Amón, Hathor ..
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