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Home , Muscular system

MUSCULAR AND SKELETAL SYSTEMS

CFE 3272V

CLOSED CAPTIONED NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY 1994 Grade Levels: 5-10 20 minutes DESCRIPTION A strong, healthy body moves freely and rapidly in its daily activities, thanks to its team of 206 and 600 muscles. Clear graphics and close-up photography of model and actual bones and muscles help illustrate this complex interdependence of systems. Couples many scientific and common names of bones and muscles with related visuals. THE HUMAN BODY SERIES. INSTRUCTIONAL GOALS · To associate scientific names of some bones and muscles with their locations in the human body. · To explore the mechanics of human movement. · To illustrate the relationship of the skeletal and muscular systems. · To identify the number and arrangement of bones in the hands and feet which allow for dexterity and weight-bearing ability. · To emphasize that bones and muscles can be strengthened with proper diet and exercise. BEFORE SHOWING 1. Read the CAPTION SCRIPT to determine unfamiliar vocabulary and language concepts. 2. Review the overall appearance of the human by showing a model. Discuss the appendicular and axial . 3. Display a poster of the muscular system for use during and after the video. 4. Pretest viewers in a general discussion of bones and muscles to determine on which facts to focus in the video.

1 DURING SHOWING 1. View the video more than once, with one showing uninterrupted. 2. Pause after every grouping of bones. Feel those bones for identification and movement. Also refer to the skeletal model. 3. Pause after demonstration of contracting and relaxing muscles. Tighten or contract arm and leg muscles. Discuss. AFTER SHOWING Discussion Items and Questions 1. Explain the process of fossilization. Discuss why bones are the last part of the body to decay. 2. What are the scientific names for the bones in the middle , commonly called the hammer, anvil, and stirrup? a. Research how these bones are related to deafness. b. Research if these three bones are components in the of other animals. 3. What happens to the body in ? Why are some bones unable to move? What other body systems are involved? 4. The video states that more than half of a human’s bones are in the hands and feet. a. Is this true for any other species of animal? b. How is the function of human hands different than that of feet? 5. Identify dangers of muscle overuse. 6. What makes teeth different from bones? 7. Name two differences between the skeletons of a man and a woman. Determine if the muscular systems are different between the two. 8. Name a variety of jobs that require strenuous activity of the hands, the feet, or the spine. Discuss some common injuries of each.

2 9. What are the major organs of the human body? a. Which bones protect them? b. Is it easier to repair damaged body organs or the bones that protect them? 10. Discuss the variety of muscle types. Guess which muscles in the body are typically used most. Check references to determine accuracy. a. What is the difference between a and a ligament? Where are they found on the body? How are they related to ? b. How are the chemicals and stimulated? What happens if one or both are deficient? How does aging affect these chemicals? 11. Find the names of the three types of joints. Discuss why each is best suited for its particular location in the body. 12. Compare the frailty and strength of the neck . a. Describe the role of the in relation to the . b. Discuss why breaking the neck causes such rapid death. Name predatory animals that break the necks of their prey. c. Explain why an infant is unable to hold up its head. Demonstrate the development and relationship of the axis and atlas. d. Describe how the neck assists the to rotate. 13. Contrast voluntary and involuntary muscles. Determine why the human body has both. Applications and Activities 1. Using a tabletop model skeleton, vertically cover one half of it with “muscles” created from oil-based modeling clay. a. Refer to texts for accuracy of size and placement. b. Make muscles appear striated.

3 2. Purchase a beef soup bone and a poultry drumstick from a grocery store. a. Examine how is connected. Identify and touch . Compare with pictures of human muscle tissue and bones. b. Using an electric knife, make a crosscut and examine the inside and spongy bone under a microscope. c. Sketch or photograph a bone, then manually break it. Observe the break and glue it together according to the photograph. 3. Make a fossil using plaster and chicken or beef bones. Carefully place the bones in half-dry plaster and remove later. 4. Write or call a local hospital and ask for several x- rays of broken bones. Ask for descriptions of the breaks and bone names. a. For each x-ray, decide what is necessary to set it properly. b. Write or call the hospital again, thank them for their help, and share project results. 5. Produce a video on muscle building. Include footage of particular exercises and name the muscles used for each. 6. Create a health poster encouraging proper care of bones and muscles. Mention what improper care or poor posture can cause. 7. Demonstrate the correct position to lift a heavy package. Explain the dangers of lifting and carrying incorrectly. 8. Conduct a morning aerobics class. Analyze how specific exercises contribute to healthy bones and muscles. 9. Conduct an experiment about bones. Using three similar turkey thigh or drumstick bones, set each one in a jar filled with tap water, thick sugar water, or water and dissolved tablets. a. Keep the bones immersed in the water and refill when needed.

4 b. After approximately two weeks, remove the bones and compare. c. Test breakage of each and draw conclusions. d. Discuss results. 10. Invite the track or football coach to speak about injuries related to strenuous use of muscles. Include questions about overexertion and first aid. 11. Look at the bone structure of prehistoric humans and note differences in the modern . Hypothesize what caused these changes. 12. Research the effects of steroids on muscle tissue. Discuss the controversy of steroid use by athletes. COMMUNICATION SKILLS 1. Find the meaning of these prefixes: meta-, osteo-, myo-. Give examples of words related to bones or muscles. 2. Role-play a scene between a hearing doctor and a patient who is deaf or hard of hearing at a clinic. Assume the patient is in need of help due to an injury. Practice speechreading the following sentences: a. “You have a slight fracture.” b. “How did you land when you fell?” c. “Tell me when it hurts.” d. “You broke your arm.” e. “You pulled a muscle.” WEBSITE Explore the Internet to discover sites related to this topic. Check the CFV website for related information. (http://www.cfv.org).

5 CAPTION SCRIPT Following are the captions as they appear on the video. Teachers are encouraged to read the script prior to viewing the video for pertinent vocabulary, to discover language patterns within the captions, or to determine content for introduction or review. Enlarged copies may be given to students as a language exercise.

(male narrator) and a hard covering Like all of us, called the cranium,

Jim and Sharon depend which encloses on strong, healthy bodies the brain. that enable them The spinal column, to take part or backbone, in their daily activities. consists of segmented bones called vertebrae. And, like us, The spinal column they seldom stop to think about how remarkable, forms the central support for the body how complex and durable their bodies are. and protects the spinal cord and its . We owe our strength and flexibility, The cage, our very ability together with the breastbone, to remain upright and move, or , to our bones forms the chest. and muscles. Attached The adult human body to the breastbone is made up by the collarbones, of 206 bones, or, , which together and the shoulder bones, with more than 600 muscles, or scapulae, support our bodies, are the arms. give us shape, The long bone of the arm and enable us to move. is the ,

The bones of the skull which connects include the facial bones at the elbow

6 to the ligaments, and . and There are many parts of the forearm. that have to cooperate.

These bones extend It is perhaps only when to the wrist, they no longer function, joining the hand. as a result of injury or disease, At the bottom of the spinal column that we start to wonder about how they actually work. is the , The human skeleton where the legs attach. is divided The body's longest into two principal parts: and strongest bone the axial skeleton is the thigh bone, or . and the appendicular skeleton.

At the knee , The axial, or central, skeleton the femur joins the , is composed of the bones of the skull, spine, and chest. the larger, stronger bone of the lower leg. The appendicular skeleton

The smaller bone-- consists of the bones the -- of the shoulder with the tibia, and pelvis girdle forms the ankle joint and of the upper extremities-- at the foot. the arms 26 bones in each foot, and the hands-- together with the 27 bones and the lower extremities-- in each hand and wrist, the legs and feet. make up more than half of the body's 206 bones. The spine is a vertical column Every day we use our body's bones and muscles composed of 33 vertebrae. without even thinking Together about how they work. with soft intervertebral disks

Yet the smallest movement that absorb shock depends on the body's team and prevent bones of bone, muscle, joints, from rubbing against each other, 7 the vertebrae create the eyes, a powerful but flexible column. parts of the ear,

When linked together, and the facial bones. the arched vertebrae The facial bones create form the channel a person's unique features. through which Rigid bones are capable the spinal cord passes. of fluid movement

The vertebrae because of movable joints... at the bottom the places where bones form the coccyx are held together and the sacrum. by strong connective tissues They support called ligaments. the five lumbar vertebrae. Here, we see The 12 thoracic vertebrae a knee joint, are linked to the , where ligaments and the 7 cervical vertebrae connect the femur form the neck. to the tibia. The cervical vertebra at the top of the spine The ends of the bone at each joint is called the atlas. are coated It supports with a smooth surface the skull's weight made of cartilage, and pivots on the second cervical vertebra, seen glistening on this femur. called the axis. The shoulder girdle The axis has a projection consists of two shoulder blades, that fits into the opening in the atlas vertebra. or scapulae,

This enables the atlas each of which connects to rotate, to a collarbone, allowing us or . to turn our head. The scapula The 29 bones of the skull joins the humerus-- include the cranium, the long bone which encloses of the upper arm-- and protects the brain, at the shoulder joint, 8 the most mobile joint The 26 bones in the body. of the foot

The other end are similar of the humerus to those of the hand connects but are constructed less at the elbow joint for precise movement with the bones and more for weight-bearing of the forearm: and locomotion. the radius The bones of the foot and the ulna. are arranged At the wrist, the radius in the shape of an arch-- joins the carpal, an effective or wrist bones weight-bearing construction. of the hand. When walking and jumping, The rest of the hand tendons and ligaments consists that bind the foot bones of the five . allow a degree of give Each of these supports the fingers and thumb. and, with the arch,

Fingers have three bones, provide spring and lift or phalanges, for movement. while the thumb The largest joint has only two phalanges. in the body

The many joints is the knee. and muscles of the hand, It connects the femur, combined or thigh bone, with muscles of the forearm, with the tibia and fibula enable us to move of the lower leg. this specialized structure The knee joint in many different ways. is a hinge joint,

The foot moving in one plane only. is the platform The pelvis on which supports the spine we stand and land. and joins It is designed the lower extremities to support at the hip joints. the weight of the entire body. The back of the pelvis 9 is composed Bone is composed of the sacrum and coccyx. of living cells

With the two that grow and change pelvic bones, with time. they form Bone tissue the pelvic girdle, also contains which protects the urinary inorganic, and reproductive systems. nonliving material,

The female pelvis such as calcium salts, is broad, which help creating make bones hard. a larger opening There is a difference that allows a baby between the bone tissue to pass through. in the inner and outer The 12 ribs sections of bones. are attached Inside to the sternum, is a woven structure or breastbone, called spongy or cancellous bone. by cartilage, Under protecting greater magnification, the , , we see that spongy bone and other chest organs. has a lighter structure--

The bones spikes of bone of the middle ear-- with open spaces The hammer, anvil, between them. and the stirrup-- The hard outer shell are the smallest bones that appears to be solid in the body. is called compact bone. The stirrup is 4 millimeters long. This architecture

The longest bone-- combining spongy the femur-- and compact bone is about provides maximum strength 46 centimeters long with minimum weight. and accounts The spaces for about one-quarter in the spongy bone of a person's height. are filled 10 with , on the front of the arm contract, which has been removed from this spongy bone. drawing the forearm toward the shoulder, Marrow produces red and white blood cells. the opposing tricep or extensor muscles Our bones, joints, and muscles on the back of the arm relax. must be in good working order As you straighten the arm, for us to be able the tricep contracts to sit, stand, walk, run, work, and the bicep relaxes. and play sports. Good coordination of muscles working together Bones cannot move by themselves. is necessary for smooth movements. Some 600 skeletal or voluntary muscles The skeleton and attached muscles attached to the bones by tendons give the body its framework and shape. pull on the bones Several layers of muscles and, by their contractions, are hidden under the skin. create motion. The muscles If we want our muscles directly beneath the skin to work properly, can be seen we must as they contract and relax. keep them moving. Each muscle consists This means everything of bundles of muscle cells, from gentle, everyday activities or fibers. to hard, purposeful training. Under the microscope,

Sharon has found the cells have a banded appearance; that if she trains her muscles, hence the name striated, or striped, muscles. they become stronger. This appearance is caused Skeletal muscles usually work together. by smaller cellular units called , As the bicep or flexor muscles which contract, 11 creating movement. between the myosin,

Our skeletal muscles which is thicker. could not create motion When the muscles lengthen without the nervous system. during relaxation,

The brain sends impulses, the fibers glide apart again or messages, to their original length. through This is a process motor fibers in which chemical energy to the appropriate is transformed muscle groups. into mechanical movement.

These motor nerve fibers One-quarter of the energy our muscles produce branch out inside the muscle, is converted into motion. ending in nerve endings The rest is released called motor end plates. as heat.

When the impulse Using a thermavision camera reaches the nerve ending, that detects heat, a chemical is released we can see how the heat increases locally that makes the muscle fibers contract. across the muscles.

The nerve cells Heat generated can stimulate by muscles functioning many muscle fibers, is circulated or only a few, to contract. throughout the body

This allows us by the blood, great precision helping maintain in our movements. body temperature.

The myofibrils When we get cold, inside the muscle cells it is the muscular contractions are composed we call "shivering" of the chemical proteins that help us keep warm. actin and myosin. Our facial muscles During , enable us to create the actin, an enormous range which is thinner, of expressions. glides in The muscles of the face 12 allow us to open works automatically. and close our eyes, People say chew our food, that most of the muscles and to communicate are controlled with other people. by the will,

In addition but we don't have to the skeletal muscles, to tell individual muscles the body has two what to do other kinds of muscles to carry out every movement. that create movement: The brain deals with movements and . so we don't have to think about them-- Smooth, or involuntary muscles, from everyday activities to more specialized ones. which usually work without conscious control, Muscles and bones operate are exposed the internal organs, to enormous stresses, such as those even during of the digestive system. everyday activities.

The muscular walls And the loads of the are even greater relax and contract when we exercise. to break down food Fortunately, mechanically. the muscles and the skeleton

The heart is made up become more powerful of specialized muscle tissue and durable called cardiac muscle when they are exposed to the right kind of loads. and is our body's most important muscle. That's why exercise is important. The cardiac muscle pumps the blood Our bones, muscles, joints, tendons, and ligaments that carries oxygen and nourishment form a complex system-- out of the heart a system so well-designed to the rest of the body. that we can control it The heart when we want to, 13 but fully capable of functioning smoothly without ever thinking about it.

Funding for purchase and captioning of this video was provided by the U.S. Department of Education:

PH: 1-800-572-5580 (V).

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