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Dd. Muscular System Anatomy

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Dd. Muscular System Anatomy 2. Control of Body Openings and Passages Muscular System ring-like sphincter muscles around eyelids, The Muscular System consists of about 700 muscle pupils, mouth, urethra, anus organs that are typically attached to bones across a joint to produce all voluntary usually also associated with involuntary internal sphincters movements eg. anal, urethral sphincters the design and integration of our muscles is the 3. Posture & Stability result of millions of years of evolutionary pressures sustained partial contractions eg. new analyses (2004) indicate that the the anatomy and at any moment most of our muscles are probably at physiology of humans became adapted toward distance least partially contracted running and spear throwing about 2 M years ago resists gravity, prevents unwanted running was perhaps an adaptation for hunting à running movements prey to exhaustion a well conditioned human can run 5 miles or more as good 4. Communication as wild dogs, zebras, anteloes and wildebeasts facial expression, hand gestures, body it would also allow us to compete with dogs and hyenas for widely dispersed carcasses language, writing, speech eg. humans are the only primates who can launch a spear or 5. Control of Body Temperature rock overhand with speed, force, and precision all other primates throw underarm with poor aim muscles comprise 40-50% of body mass General Functions of Muscular System: metabolism requires lots of energy (ATP) for movement 1. movement ~25% = energy of movement ~75% = heat energy voluntary – skeletal muscles skeletal muscles generate up to 85% of our Biol 2401: Anatomy & Physiology I: Muscular System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2016.3 1 Biol 2401: Anatomy & Physiology I: Muscular System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2016.3 2 body heat individual cells = endomysium fascicles = perimysium Muscle Organs: whole organ = epimysium almost 700 muscle organs in body epimysium also called deep fascia as distinct from superficial fascia of skin each limb is operated by over 50 muscles not very tough and strong yet flexible, very elastic including many stabilizer muscles àcollagen fibers mostly muscle organs range from extremely small to broad very strong, rarely separated from bone or muscle flat sheets extends beyond muscle and attaches muscle to muscle organs consists of several kinds of tissue: bone or to other muscles 1. fibrous connective tissue (between each end is body of muscle) 2. nervous tissue 3. muscle tissue tough strap = tendon (=sinews) 1. Fibrous Connective Tissue broad sheet = aponeurosis Fascia (=sheets of fibrous connective tissue) are found between the skin and muscles and surrounding muscle tissue tendons are continuous with periosteum of bones superficial fascia lies beneath the skin elastic recoil of tendons increases power of deep fascia below this is part of muscle organ muscle (eg kangaroos and jumping animals) forms continuous sheath (series elastic tendons are often surrounded by tendon sheath components) of tissue from endomysium to of synovial membrane bone matrix àfluid lubricates tendons to reduce friction arranged in overlapping layers: also are synovial sacs = bursae Biol 2401: Anatomy & Physiology I: Muscular System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2016.3 3 Biol 2401: Anatomy & Physiology I: Muscular System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2016.3 4 scattered between tendons and muscles NT crosses synapse to trigger contraction wherever ther is lots of friction and tension (30-40 M ACh receptors/motor end plate) 2. Nervous Tissue binding opens channelsà creates action potential almost all muscles in the body are under direct or 3. Muscle Tissue indirect control of the CNS, esp skeletal muscles close to half of body consists of muscle tissue skeletal muscles are innervated by elongated cells, spindle shaped, up to 1 ft long somatic motor neurons (voluntary) = muscle fibers skeletal muscles will not contract without very little matrix, instead embedded in framework stimulation of fibrous connective tissue each motor neuron branches into 200 or so highly contractile and elastic synaptic knobs (within a motor end plate) muscle cells stop dividing at birth (# fixed at birth) each muscle cell in innervated by only one motor àbut each cell can expand greatly in volume neuron development is affected by sex hormones each neuron typically innervates ~200 muscle cells à males’ muscles respond better than females’ to exercise connection between neuron and muscle cell there are three kinds of muscle tissue: = neuromuscular junction at motor end plate 1. striated: most abundant, voluntary most attached to two or more bones not a direct connection, synapse or gap across a joint neurotransmitter, Acetylcholine, is released Biol 2401: Anatomy & Physiology I: Muscular System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2016.3 5 Biol 2401: Anatomy & Physiology I: Muscular System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2016.3 6 all organs of the muscular system are made muscle fiber of striated muscle tissues all skeletal muscles receive ~1.25 liter of 2. smooth: internal organs; arranged in two or blood/min at rest (~1/4th total blood supply) more layers eg circular and longitudinal during heavy exercise they can use up to 11.6 produce several kinds of movements: liters/min (>3/4th ‘s of all blood) eg. peristalsis increased demand for oxygen and glucose =slow wavelike contractions that are used to push materials down a “tube” within the body Muscle Compartments eg. segmentation =a mixing motion made by smooth muscle lining the digestive tract muscles of the limbs are arranged into tightly packed “compartments” eg. sphincters =involuntary (reflex) control over various internal fascia surround and enclose the muscles, nerves and body openings blood vessels within each compartment 3. cardiac: heart only if the blood vessels within a compartment are main movement is: damaged blood and tissue fluid accumulate systole/diastole à fascia prevent swelling and relief of pressure =coordinated contraction and relaxation of the chambers of the heart à blood vessels and nerves are compressed and Blood Supply to Muscles obstructed our voluntary muscles have a rich blood supply to if pressure persists for >2-4 hrs nerves begin bring needed oxygen and energy molecules to the to die cells endomysium is full of capillaries that reach every Biol 2401: Anatomy & Physiology I: Muscular System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2016.3 7 Biol 2401: Anatomy & Physiology I: Muscular System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2016.3 8 intrinsic muscles are entirely contained within a particular region (both origin and insertion) Some Basic Principles of extrinsic muscles has its origin in place different Voluntary Muscle Function than insertion 1. Bones act as levers and pivots (fulcrums) eg. some muscles that move fingers 2. Muscles can only pull not push most skeletal muscles are arranged in bundles with ends attached to two different bones any movement requires coordination of several muscles muscles pull across joints to produce movement eg. opposing pairs Each muscle must attach to at least two eg. functional groups different bones on opposite sides of an articulation: prime mover synergist (including fixators) origin – proximal, less mobile point of attachment antagonists body – most muscle fibers grouped here 3. Kinds of body movements: insertion – distal and more mobile point of attachment the synovial joints of the body each allow specific kinds of voluntary movements, *Usually the body of the muscle that moves a such as: part does not lie over the part it moves flexion/extension Intramuscular Injections: muscles with thick bellies commonly used when drug must be = decrease vs increase angle absorbed more slowly or is given in large doses (inc. hyperextension (beyond anatomical position) eg. deltoid, gluteus medius, vastus lateralis supination/pronation = rotate outward vs inward intrinsic vs extrinsic muscles: Biol 2401: Anatomy & Physiology I: Muscular System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2016.3 9 Biol 2401: Anatomy & Physiology I: Muscular System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2016.3 10 adduction/abduction = toward vs away from median origin and insertion (sternocleidomastoid) levator/depressor = produces upward vs downward movement number of origins (biceps, triceps) rotation/circumduction = pivot vs describe cone shape (deltoid, trapezius) eversion/inversion = turns sole outward vs inward action (flexors, extensors) dorsiflexion/plantarflexion = toes up vs toes down flexes foot vs extends foot at ankle joint other kinds of muscle movements: tensor = makes body part more rigid sphincter =decreases size of opening (orbicularis); voluntary or smooth muscles 4. Skeletal muscle are named in several ways: direction of muscle fibers (rectus, transverse, oblique) location (temporalis, orbicularis oris) size (maximus, minimus) Biol 2401: Anatomy & Physiology I: Muscular System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2016.3 11 Biol 2401: Anatomy & Physiology I: Muscular System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2016.3 12 flexes fingers flexor digitorum Examples of extends fingers extensor digitorum Human Muscle Groups: E. Muscles that move thigh Muscles of the Appendages abduct/adduct abduct thigh tensor fascia latae A. Muscles that move the pectoral girdle adduct thigh adductor longus adductor magnus levate/depress gracilis levates & depresses scapula trapezius flex/extend depresses scapula latissimus dorsi flexors sartorius several movements of scapula pectoralis major rectus femoris tensor fascia latae B. Muscles that move the upper arm extensors gluteus maximus biceps femoris adduct/abduct semitendinosus abduct arm deltoid semimembranosus adduct arm pectoralis major latissimus
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