845500FM.qxd 8/19/08 7:17 PM Page i Medical Terminology made IncrediblyIncredibly® EaEasy!sy! 845500FM.qxd 8/19/08 7:17 PM Page ii Staff The clinical treatments described and recommended in this pub- lication are based on research and consultation with nursing, Executive Publisher medical, and legal authorities. To the best of our knowledge, these procedures reflect currently accepted practice. Neverthe- Judith A. Schilling McCann, RN, MSN less, they can’t be considered absolute and universal recom- Editorial Director mendations. For individual applications, all recommendations David Moreau must be considered in light of the patient’s clinical condition and, before administration of new or infrequently used drugs, in light Clinical Director of the latest package-insert information. The authors and pub- Joan M. Robinson, RN, MSN lisher disclaim any responsibility for any adverse effects result- Art Director ing from the suggested procedures, from any undetected errors, or from the reader’s misunderstanding of the text. Mary Ludwicki Electronic Project Manager © 2009 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. All rights reserved. This John Macalino book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any Senior Managing Editor means—electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or other- Jaime Stockslager Buss, MSPH, ELS wise—without prior written permission of the publisher, except Clinical Project Manager for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews and testing and evaluation materials provided by the publisher to in- Lorraine M. Hallowell, RN, BSN, RVS structors whose schools have adopted its accompanying text- Editors book. Printed in the United States of America. For information, Karen Comerford, Liz Schaeffer write Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 323 Norristown Road, Suite 200, Ambler, PA 19002-2756. Copy Editor Dorothy Terry MedTermIE3010608 Designer Georg W. Purvis IV Illustrator Bot Roda Digital Composition Services Diane Paluba (manager), Joyce Rossi Biletz, Donna S. Morris Associate Manufacturing Manager Beth J. Welsh Editorial Assistants Karen J. Kirk, Jeri O’Shea, Linda K. Ruhf Indexer Barbara Hodgson Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Medical terminology made incredibly easy!. — 3rd ed. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Medicine. — Terminology. 2. Medical sciences. — Terminology. I. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. [DNLM: 1. Terminology as Topic. W 15 M4887 2009] R123.M394 2009 610.1'4--dc22 ISBN-13: 978-0-7817-8845-8 (alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-7817-8845-5 (alk. paper) 2008011400 845500FM.qxd 8/19/08 7:17 PM Page iii Contents Contributors and consultants iv Not another boring foreword v 1 Key concepts of medical terminology 1 2 Body structure 19 3 Skeletal system 41 4 Muscular system 69 5 Integumentary system 91 6 Cardiovascular system 117 7 Respiratory system 143 8 Gastrointestinal system 171 9 Urinary system 197 10 Reproductive system 219 11 Maternal health 243 12 Neurologic system 267 13 Endocrine system 299 14 Blood and lymphatic system 319 15 Sensory system 339 16 Pharmacology 359 17 Mental health 385 Selected references 405 Index 406 iii 845500FM.qxd 8/19/08 7:17 PM Page iv Contributors and consultants Helen Christina Ballestas, RN, MSN, Julia Anne Isen, RN, BS, MSN, FNP-C Donna Scemons, RN, MSN, FNP-C, CRRN, PHD[C] FNP-C Primary Care CNS, CWOCN Nursing Faculty University of California, San Francisco Nurse Practitioner New York Institute of Technology Healthcare Systems, Inc. Old Westbury Hope Siddons Knight, RN, BSN Castaic, Calif. Nursing Faculty Kim Davis, MSN Redlands Community College Marilyn D. Sellers, APRN, BC, MSN ICU Nurse Manager El Reno, Okla. FNP – Behavioral Science/Mental Health Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center VA Medical Center Charleston, S.C. Megan McClintock, RN, BSN Hampton, Va. Nursing Faculty Vivian C. Gamblian, RN, MSN Redlands Community College Connie K. Smith, RN, MS Nursing Faculty El Reno, Okla. Clinical Education Coordinator Baylor University Memorial Hospital of Union County Louise Herrington School of Nursing Aaron Pack, RN, BSN Marysville, Ohio Dallas, Tex. Nursing Informatics Specialist Redlands Community College Jennifer K. Sofie, APRN, MSN Donna Headrick, RN, MSN, FNP El Reno, Okla. Adjunct Assistant Professor & Nurse Taft Community College Practitioner Advanced Cosmetic Dermatology Noel C. Piano, RN, MS Montana State University Bakersfield, Calif. Instructor/Coordinator Bozeman Lafayette School of Practical Nursing Shelley Huffstutler-Hawkins, DSN, Williamsburg, Va. Benita Walton-Moss, APRN, BC, DNS APRN-BC, FNP, GNP, FAANP Adjunct Faculty Associate Professor Post Doctoral Fellow Thomas Nelson Community College Johns Hopkins University School of University of North Carolina – Chapel Hill Hampton, Va. Nursing School of Nursing Baltimore, Md. Angela R. Roughley, RN Registered Nurse – Critical Care Unit Deaconess Hospital Oklahoma City, Okla. iv 845500FM.qxd 8/19/08 7:17 PM Page v Not another boring foreword If you’re like me, you’re too busy caring for your patients to have the time to wade through a foreword that uses pretentious terms and umpteen dull paragraphs to get to the point. So let’s cut right to the chase! Here’s why this book is so terrific: It will teach you all the important things you need to know about medical terminology. (And it will leave out all the fluff that wastes your time.) It will help you remember what you’ve learned. It will make you smile as it enhances your knowledge and skills. Don’t believe me? Try these recurring logos on for size: Pump up your pronunciation—charts at the beginning of each chapter that help you “talk to the walk” by sounding out the most difficult terms Anatomically speaking—anatomic images that bring you face to face with the structures you’re trying to pronounce Beyond the dictionary—sidebars on the origins of words, which can help you remember and dissect their meanings The real world—tidbits on more informal terminology that you may hear used in daily practice. v 845500FM.qxd 8/19/08 7:17 PM Page vi vi FOREWORD See? I told you! And that’s not all. Look for me and my friends in the margins throughout this book. We’ll be there to explain key concepts, provide important care reminders, and offer reassurance. Oh, and if you don’t mind, we’ll be spicing up the pages with a bit of humor along the way, to teach and entertain in a way that no other resource can. I hope you find this book helpful. Best of luck throughout your career! Joy 845501.qxd 8/19/08 4:01 PM Page 1 1 Key conceptsHealth of assessment medical terminology Just the facts In this chapter, you’ll learn: ♦ dissection of medical terms ♦ meaning determination of medical terms using roots, prefixes, and suffixes. Dissecting medical terms Because many medical terms derive from Greek and Latin, learning medical terminology is like learning a new language. Understanding these terms can be easier if you Deciphering know how to analyze key elements and identify word as- medical sociations. terminology requires Take it apart deduction, my dear Watson. Most medical terms are a combination of two or more parts. If you can successfully interpret each part, you can usually grasp the essential meaning of the word. Thus, in- terpreting the meaning of a medical term requires knowl- edge of common medical roots, prefixes, and suffixes. Root it out A root is the essential component of a word. Many med- ical roots signify a disease, procedure, or body part. Some roots appear at the beginning of a word, whereas others appear after a prefix, before a suffix, or between a prefix and a suffix. In addition, two or more roots may be combined to form a word, as in cardi-o-pulmonary and cardi-o-vascular. The letter o is the most commonly used combining vowel. Here are some examples of roots used in different positions: 845501.qxd 8/19/08 4:01 PM Page 2 2 KEY CONCEPTS OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY • a root at the beginning of a word—angioedema (angi is a root that means vessel) • a root in the middle of a word—encephalic (cephal is a root that means head) • a root at the end of a word—scleroderma (derm is a root that means skin) If you can • a combination of roots—phototherapy (photo is a understand the building blocks, then root that means light; therapy is a root that means treat- you’ll have the ment). foundation for learning even the In the beginning most complicated A prefix consists of one or more letters attached to the medical terminology. beginning of a root. Many prefixes used for medical terms are also applied to standard English vocabulary. To deter- mine the meaning of a prefix in a medical term, consider a familiar word that begins with the same prefix. For example, the prefix anti- has the same meaning—against—in both antislavery and antihistamine, literally against slavery and against histamine (the compound that produces allergic reactions). At last A suffix is one or more letters attached to the end of a root. When a suffix begins with a consonant, a combining vowel, such as o, is placed before the suffix. Common use of suffixes in medical ter- minology includes adding a -y to a word to de- note a procedure, such as gastroscopy, which means endoscopic examination of the stomach. Similarly, adding -ly to a word denotes an act or process; for example, splenomegaly, which means the abnormal enlargement of the spleen. Break it down; build it up With a bit of practice, you’ll quickly discover how easy it can be to interpret the parts of a medical term and then combine them to identify the term’s meaning. For example, in acrocyanosis, the root acr (extremities) and the vowel o are combined with the root cyan (blue) and the suf- fix -osis (condition) to form a term that means a condition characterized by blue extremities.