The Phylogeny of Fossil Whip Spiders Russell J
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Biogeography of the Caribbean Cyrtognatha Spiders Klemen Čandek1,6,7, Ingi Agnarsson2,4, Greta J
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Biogeography of the Caribbean Cyrtognatha spiders Klemen Čandek1,6,7, Ingi Agnarsson2,4, Greta J. Binford3 & Matjaž Kuntner 1,4,5,6 Island systems provide excellent arenas to test evolutionary hypotheses pertaining to gene fow and Received: 23 July 2018 diversifcation of dispersal-limited organisms. Here we focus on an orbweaver spider genus Cyrtognatha Accepted: 1 November 2018 (Tetragnathidae) from the Caribbean, with the aims to reconstruct its evolutionary history, examine Published: xx xx xxxx its biogeographic history in the archipelago, and to estimate the timing and route of Caribbean colonization. Specifcally, we test if Cyrtognatha biogeographic history is consistent with an ancient vicariant scenario (the GAARlandia landbridge hypothesis) or overwater dispersal. We reconstructed a species level phylogeny based on one mitochondrial (COI) and one nuclear (28S) marker. We then used this topology to constrain a time-calibrated mtDNA phylogeny, for subsequent biogeographical analyses in BioGeoBEARS of over 100 originally sampled Cyrtognatha individuals, using models with and without a founder event parameter. Our results suggest a radiation of Caribbean Cyrtognatha, containing 11 to 14 species that are exclusively single island endemics. Although biogeographic reconstructions cannot refute a vicariant origin of the Caribbean clade, possibly an artifact of sparse outgroup availability, they indicate timing of colonization that is much too recent for GAARlandia to have played a role. Instead, an overwater colonization to the Caribbean in mid-Miocene better explains the data. From Hispaniola, Cyrtognatha subsequently dispersed to, and diversifed on, the other islands of the Greater, and Lesser Antilles. Within the constraints of our island system and data, a model that omits the founder event parameter from biogeographic analysis is less suitable than the equivalent model with a founder event. -
Opiliones, Palpatores, Caddoidea)
Shear, W. A. 1975 . The opilionid family Caddidae in North America, with notes on species from othe r regions (Opiliones, Palpatores, Caddoidea) . J. Arachnol . 2:65-88 . THE OPILIONID FAMILY CADDIDAE IN NORTH AMERICA, WITH NOTES ON SPECIES FROM OTHER REGION S (OPILIONES, PALPATORES, CADDOIDEA ) William A . Shear Biology Departmen t Hampden-Sydney, College Hampden-Sydney, Virginia 23943 ABSTRACT Species belonging to the opilionid genera Caddo, Acropsopilio, Austropsopilio and Cadella are herein considered to constitute the family Caddidae . The subfamily Caddinae contains the genu s Caddo ; the other genera are placed in the subfamily Acropsopilioninae. It is suggested that the palpatorid Opiliones be grouped in three superfamilies : Caddoidea (including the family Caddidae) , Phalangioidea (including the families Phalangiidae, Liobunidae, Neopilionidae and Sclerosomatidae ) and Troguloidea (including the families Trogulidae, Nemostomatidae, Ischyropsalidae an d Sabaconidae). North American members of the Caddidae are discussed in detail, and a new species , Caddo pepperella, is described . The North American caddids appear to be mostly parthenogenetic, an d C. pepperella is very likely a neotenic isolate of C. agilis. Illustrations and taxonomic notes ar e provided for the majority of the exotic species of the family . INTRODUCTION Considerable confusion has surrounded the taxonomy of the order Opiliones in North America, since the early work of the prolific Nathan Banks, who described many of ou r species in the last decade of the 1800's and the first few years of this century. For many species, no additional descriptive material has been published following the original de- scriptions, most of which were brief and concentrated on such characters as color and body proportions . -
2017 AAS Abstracts
2017 AAS Abstracts The American Arachnological Society 41st Annual Meeting July 24-28, 2017 Quéretaro, Juriquilla Fernando Álvarez Padilla Meeting Abstracts ( * denotes participation in student competition) Abstracts of keynote speakers are listed first in order of presentation, followed by other abstracts in alphabetical order by first author. Underlined indicates presenting author, *indicates presentation in student competition. Only students with an * are in the competition. MAPPING THE VARIATION IN SPIDER BODY COLOURATION FROM AN INSECT PERSPECTIVE Ajuria-Ibarra, H. 1 Tapia-McClung, H. 2 & D. Rao 1 1. INBIOTECA, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México. 2. Laboratorio Nacional de Informática Avanzada, A.C., Xalapa, Veracruz, México. Colour variation is frequently observed in orb web spiders. Such variation can impact fitness by affecting the way spiders are perceived by relevant observers such as prey (i.e. by resembling flower signals as visual lures) and predators (i.e. by disrupting search image formation). Verrucosa arenata is an orb-weaving spider that presents colour variation in a conspicuous triangular pattern on the dorsal part of the abdomen. This pattern has predominantly white or yellow colouration, but also reflects light in the UV part of the spectrum. We quantified colour variation in V. arenata from images obtained using a full spectrum digital camera. We obtained cone catch quanta and calculated chromatic and achromatic contrasts for the visual systems of Drosophila melanogaster and Apis mellifera. Cluster analyses of the colours of the triangular patch resulted in the formation of six and three statistically different groups in the colour space of D. melanogaster and A. mellifera, respectively. Thus, no continuous colour variation was found. -
Amblypygids : Model Organisms for the Study of Arthropod Navigation
PERSPECTIVE published: 08 March 2016 doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00047 Amblypygids: Model Organisms for the Study of Arthropod Navigation Mechanisms in Complex Environments? Daniel D. Wiegmann 1,2*, Eileen A. Hebets 3, Wulfila Gronenberg 4, Jacob M. Graving 1 and Verner P. Bingman 2,5 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA, 2 J.P. Scott Center for Neuroscience, Mind and Behavior, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA, 3 School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA, 4 Department of Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA, 5 Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA Navigation is an ideal behavioral model for the study of sensory system integration and the neural substrates associated with complex behavior. For this broader purpose, however, it may be profitable to develop new model systems that are both tractable and sufficiently complex to ensure that information derived from a single sensory modality and path integration are inadequate to locate a goal. Here, we discuss some recent discoveries related to navigation by Edited by: amblypygids, nocturnal arachnids that inhabit the tropics and sub-tropics. Nocturnal Marie Dacke, Lund University, Sweden displacement experiments under the cover of a tropical rainforest reveal that these Reviewed by: animals possess navigational abilities that are reminiscent, albeit on a smaller Uwe Homberg, spatial scale, of true-navigating vertebrates. Specialized legs, called antenniform Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany legs, which possess hundreds of olfactory and tactile sensory hairs, and vision Keram Pfeiffer, appear to be involved. These animals also have enormous mushroom bodies, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany higher-order brain regions that, in insects, integrate contextual cues and may *Correspondence: be involved in spatial memory. -
Introduction to Arthropod Groups What Is Entomology?
Entomology 340 Introduction to Arthropod Groups What is Entomology? The study of insects (and their near relatives). Species Diversity PLANTS INSECTS OTHER ANIMALS OTHER ARTHROPODS How many kinds of insects are there in the world? • 1,000,0001,000,000 speciesspecies knownknown Possibly 3,000,000 unidentified species Insects & Relatives 100,000 species in N America 1,000 in a typical backyard Mostly beneficial or harmless Pollination Food for birds and fish Produce honey, wax, shellac, silk Less than 3% are pests Destroy food crops, ornamentals Attack humans and pets Transmit disease Classification of Japanese Beetle Kingdom Animalia Phylum Arthropoda Class Insecta Order Coleoptera Family Scarabaeidae Genus Popillia Species japonica Arthropoda (jointed foot) Arachnida -Spiders, Ticks, Mites, Scorpions Xiphosura -Horseshoe crabs Crustacea -Sowbugs, Pillbugs, Crabs, Shrimp Diplopoda - Millipedes Chilopoda - Centipedes Symphyla - Symphylans Insecta - Insects Shared Characteristics of Phylum Arthropoda - Segmented bodies are arranged into regions, called tagmata (in insects = head, thorax, abdomen). - Paired appendages (e.g., legs, antennae) are jointed. - Posess chitinous exoskeletion that must be shed during growth. - Have bilateral symmetry. - Nervous system is ventral (belly) and the circulatory system is open and dorsal (back). Arthropod Groups Mouthpart characteristics are divided arthropods into two large groups •Chelicerates (Scissors-like) •Mandibulates (Pliers-like) Arthropod Groups Chelicerate Arachnida -Spiders, -
Howard Associate Professor of Natural History and Curator Of
INGI AGNARSSON PH.D. Howard Associate Professor of Natural History and Curator of Invertebrates, Department of Biology, University of Vermont, 109 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, VT 05405-0086 E-mail: [email protected]; Web: http://theridiidae.com/ and http://www.islandbiogeography.org/; Phone: (+1) 802-656-0460 CURRICULUM VITAE SUMMARY PhD: 2004. #Pubs: 138. G-Scholar-H: 42; i10: 103; citations: 6173. New species: 74. Grants: >$2,500,000. PERSONAL Born: Reykjavík, Iceland, 11 January 1971 Citizenship: Icelandic Languages: (speak/read) – Icelandic, English, Spanish; (read) – Danish; (basic) – German PREPARATION University of Akron, Akron, 2007-2008, Postdoctoral researcher. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, 2005-2007, Postdoctoral researcher. George Washington University, Washington DC, 1998-2004, Ph.D. The University of Iceland, Reykjavík, 1992-1995, B.Sc. PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATIONS University of Vermont, Burlington. 2016-present, Associate Professor. University of Vermont, Burlington, 2012-2016, Assistant Professor. University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, 2008-2012, Assistant Professor. National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, 2004-2007, 2010- present. Research Associate. Hubei University, Wuhan, China. Adjunct Professor. 2016-present. Icelandic Institute of Natural History, Reykjavík, 1995-1998. Researcher (Icelandic invertebrates). Institute of Biology, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, 1993-1994. Research Assistant (rocky shore ecology). GRANTS Institute of Museum and Library Services (MA-30-19-0642-19), 2019-2021, co-PI ($222,010). Museums for America Award for infrastructure and staff salaries. National Geographic Society (WW-203R-17), 2017-2020, PI ($30,000). Caribbean Caves as biodiversity drivers and natural units for conservation. National Science Foundation (IOS-1656460), 2017-2021: one of four PIs (total award $903,385 thereof $128,259 to UVM). -
Giant Whip Scorpion Mastigoproctus Giganteus Giganteus (Lucas, 1835) (Arachnida: Thelyphonida (=Uropygi): Thelyphonidae) 1 William H
EENY493 Giant Whip Scorpion Mastigoproctus giganteus giganteus (Lucas, 1835) (Arachnida: Thelyphonida (=Uropygi): Thelyphonidae) 1 William H. Kern and Ralph E. Mitchell2 Introduction shrimp can deliver to an unsuspecting finger during sorting of the shrimp from the by-catch. The only whip scorpion found in the United States is the giant whip scorpion, Mastigoproctus giganteus giganteus (Lucas). The giant whip scorpion is also known as the ‘vinegaroon’ or ‘grampus’ in some local regions where they occur. To encounter a giant whip scorpion for the first time can be an alarming experience! What seems like a miniature monster from a horror movie is really a fairly benign creature. While called a scorpion, this arachnid has neither the venom-filled stinger found in scorpions nor the venomous bite found in some spiders. One very distinct and curious feature of whip scorpions is its long thin caudal appendage, which is directly related to their common name “whip-scorpion.” The common name ‘vinegaroon’ is related to their ability to give off a spray of concentrated (85%) acetic acid from the base of the whip-like tail. This produces that tell-tale vinegar-like scent. The common name ‘grampus’ may be related to the mantis shrimp, also called the grampus. The mantis shrimp Figure 1. The giant whip scorpion or ‘vingaroon’, Mastigoproctus is a marine crustacean that can deliver a painful wound giganteus giganteus (Lucas). Credits: R. Mitchell, UF/IFAS with its mantis-like, raptorial front legs. Often captured with shrimp during coastal trawling, shrimpers dislike this creature because of the lightning fast slashing cut mantis 1. -
Behavioral Roles of the Sexually Dimorphic Structures in the Male Harvestman, Phalangium Opilio (Opiliones, Phalangiidae)
1763 Behavioral roles of the sexually dimorphic structures in the male harvestman, Phalangium opilio (Opiliones, Phalangiidae) Rodrigo H. Willemart, Jean-Pierre Farine, Alfredo V. Peretti, and Pedro Gnaspini Abstract: In various animal species, male sexual dimorphic characters may be used during intrasexual contests as orna- ments to attract females, or to hold them before, during, or after copulation. In the well-known harvestman, Phalangium opilio L., 1758, the behavioral functions of these male sexually dimorphic structures have never been studied in detail. Therefore, in addition to a morphometric study, 21 male contests and 43 sexual interactions were analyzed. Our observa- tions revealed that during contests, the male cheliceral horns form a surface by which the contestants use to push each other face-to-face while rapidly tapping their long pedipalps against the pedipalps of the opponent, occasionally twisting the opponent’s pedipalp. Scanning electron micrographs revealed contact mechanoreceptors on the pedipalp that would de- tect the intensity–frequency of contact with the contender’s pedipalp. Larger males won almost all contests, whereas the loser rapidly fled. During sexual interactions, the longer pedipalps of the male held legs IV of the female, whereas males with shorter pedipalps held the female by legs III. No contact with the male pedipalps and chelicerae by the females was visible before, during, or after copulation. Soon after copulating, males typically bent over the female, positioning their cheliceral horns against the females’s dorsum. Consequently, our data show that the cheliceral horns and the longer pedi- palps of the male seem to play an important role, during both intersexual and intrasexual encountering. -
I.—On the Discovery of a New and Very Perfect Arachnide from The
THE GEOLOGICAL MAGAZINE. No. EXXXVH—SEPTEMBER, 1871. ABTICLES. I.—ON THE DISCOVERT OF A NEW AND VERY PERFECT AHACHNIDE FROM THE IRONSTONE OE THE DUDLEY COAL-FIELD.1 By HENRY WOODWARD, F.G.S., F.Z.S., of the British Museum. (PLATE XL) rilHE "Pennystone Ironstone" Nodules of the Coalbrook-dale Coal- J_ field have long been celebrated for their fossil contents yielding, when split open, impressions of Fern-leaves, fruits of Lepidodendron, King-crabs, and the more rare remains of Insects. Nor have the similar concretions of the Dudley, Manchester, and Glasgow Coal-fields proved less productive; whilst the recent in- vestigations of Messrs. Meek and Worthen in the Coal-measures of Grundy Co., Illinois, U.S., have brought to light an even larger series of new and interesting forms. A short time since I was favoured by receiving from E. Hollier, Esq., of Dudley, a series of these nodules containing examples of Bellinurus trilobitoides, and one specimen, which proved upon examina- tion to be a most beautiful and perfect insect inclosed in the centre of a nodule of clay Ironstone, which, happily, had split at exactly the right spot, and, what is not a little singular, has exposed two entire views—one of the upper or dorsal surface (Plate XI. Pig. 1), the other of the under and ventral aspect (Plate XL Fig. 2)—of the very same insect, each view being as nearly perfect as it is possible to conceive. Turning to " Buckland's Bridgewater Treatise," I at once identified Mr. Hollier's beautiful specimen with an insect figured on pi. -
(Schizomida: Protoschizomidae) from Guerrero, Mexico [Nueva Especie De Agastoschizomus (Schizomida: Protoschizomidae) De Guerrero, México]
Montaño Moreno, Héctor, and Oscar F. Francke. 2009. A new species of Agastoschizomus (Schizomida: Protoschizomidae) from Guerrero, Mexico [Nueva especie de Agastoschizomus (Schizomida: Protoschizomidae) de Guerrero, México]. Texas Memorial Museum Speleological Monographs, 7. Studies on the cave and endogean fauna of North America, V. Pp. 33-36. A NEW SPECIES OF AGASTOSCHIZOMUS (SCHIZOMIDA: PROTOSCHIZOMIDAE) FROM GUERRERO, MEXICO Héctor Montaño Moreno and Oscar F. Francke Colección Nacional de Arácnidos, Instituto de Biologia Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Apto, Postal 70-153, México, D. F. 04510 Email: [email protected], [email protected] Tamaulipas (one). Recently, a juvenile specimen was re- ABSTRACT ported from Guerrero (Armas and Palacios-Vargas, 2006). Agastoschizomus juxtlahuacensis is described from Grutas The objective of this contribution is to describe the first de Juxtlahuaca, Guerrero. It is a troglobite, as are the other four species from a cave in the Sierra Madre Occidental, rep- known species in the genus. This is the first species in this genus resenting the southernmost distribution record for the reported from the Sierra Madre Occidental. family. This is the smallest species in the genus, requir- RESUMEN ing slight revisions to the generic diagnosis. Se describe Agastoschizomus juxtlahuacensis de las Grutas METHODS de Juxtlahuaca, Guerrero. La nueva especie es troglobia, al igual que las cuatro conocidas anteriormente. Es la primera especie de dicho género reportada para la Sierra Madre Occidental. Eight specimens were collected during two visits to the cave, 700 m or more beyond the entrance. The speci- mens were immediately fixed in 80% ethanol. Dissec- INTRODUCTION tions (chelicera and female genital plate) were done un- der a Nikon SMZ-800 stereoscope fitted with a camera Mexico has one of the more diverse schizomid fau- lucida for the illustrations. -
Current Views on Chelicerate Phylogeny —A Tribute to Peter Weygoldt
Current views on chelicerate phylogeny —A tribute to Peter Weygoldt The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Giribet, Gonzalo. 2018. “Current Views on Chelicerate phylogeny— A Tribute to Peter Weygoldt.” Zoologischer Anzeiger 273 (March): 7– 13. doi:10.1016/j.jcz.2018.01.004. Published Version doi:10.1016/j.jcz.2018.01.004 Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:37308630 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Open Access Policy Articles, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#OAP 1 Current views on chelicerate phylogeny—a tribute to Peter Weygoldt 2 3 Gonzalo Giribet 4 5 Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard 6 University, 26 Oxford Street, CamBridge, MA 02138, USA 7 8 Keywords: Arachnida, Chelicerata, Arthropoda, evolution, systematics, phylogeny 9 10 11 ABSTRACT 12 13 Peter Weygoldt pioneered studies of arachnid phylogeny by providing the first synapomorphy 14 scheme to underpin inter-ordinal relationships. Since this seminal worK, arachnid relationships 15 have been evaluated using morphological characters of extant and fossil taxa as well as multiple 16 generations of molecular sequence data. While nearly all datasets agree on the monophyly of 17 Tetrapulmonata, and modern analyses of molecules and novel morphological and genomic data 18 support Arachnopulmonata (a sister group relationship of Scorpiones to Tetrapulmonata), the 19 relationships of the apulmonate arachnid orders remain largely unresolved. -
A Taxonomic Review of the Trapdoor Spider Genus Myrmekiaphila (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Cyrtaucheniidae)
PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY CENTRAL PARK WEST AT 79TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10024 Number 3596, 30 pp., 106 figures December 12, 2007 A Taxonomic Review of the Trapdoor Spider Genus Myrmekiaphila (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Cyrtaucheniidae) JASON E. BOND1 AND NORMAN I. PLATNICK2 ABSTRACT The mygalomorph spider genus Myrmekiaphila comprises 11 species known only from the southeastern United States. The type species, M. foliata Atkinson, is removed from the synonymy of M. fluviatilis (Hentz) and placed as a senior synonym of M. atkinsoni Simon. A neotype is designated for M. fluviatilis and males of the species are described for the first time. Aptostichus flavipes Petrunkevitch is transferred to Myrmekiaphila. Six new species are described: M. coreyi and M. minuta from Florida, M. neilyoungi from Alabama, M. jenkinsi from Tennessee and Kentucky, and M. millerae and M. howelli from Mississippi. INTRODUCTION throughout the southeastern United States (fig. 1), ranging from northern Virginia along The trapdoor spider genus Myrmekiaphila the Appalachian Mountains southward (Cyrtaucheniidae, Euctenizinae) has long re- through West Virginia, Kentucky, North and mained in relative obscurity. Aside from South Carolina, Tennessee, and northern occasional species descriptions, no significant Georgia into the Southeastern Plains and taxonomic work on the group has appeared. Southern Coastal Plain of Alabama, Mis- Members of the genus are widely distributed sissippi, and Florida. The range of the genus 1 Research Associate, Division