Index Locorum

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-68721-9 — Oratory and Political Career in the Late Roman Republic Henriette van der Blom Index More Information

Index locorum

[Anonymous] De offi ciis Rhetorica ad Herennium , 26 2.49– 50, 28 – 29 Appian De oratore , 5 , 31 Bellum Civile 3.214, 103 – 05 1.22, 90 – 91 In Catilinam , 186 2.1, 150 4.7– 11, 165 – 66 In Pisonem , 191 – 94 Cassius Dio 1– 2, 181 – 82 36.25- 36a, 124 14, 185 – 88 38.5.4, 132 29, 189 – 90 Censorinus 72– 4, 193 – 94 DN In Verrem 14.2, 29 1.45, 121 Char. letter to Cornelius Nepos (Suetonius Diuus 101, 1, 76 Iulius 55.2), 148 313, 18 (GL I.240, 16), 75 Orator Cicero 233, 76 ad Atticum Philippics 1.14.1- 4 (SB 14), 132 – 28 2.78, 260 1.14.5 (SB 14), 222 – 23 3.27, 5.21, 267 – 68 1.18.7 (SB 18), 220 – 21 12.14– 15, 198 – 200 2.21.3 (SB 41), 134 – 35 13.22– 48, 275 4.18.4 (SB 92), 230 – 31 Post reditum in Senatu 7.8.5 (SB 131), 256 17, 186 14.10.1 (SB 364), 265 Pro Fonteio ad familiares 39, 85 – 86 2.18.2 (SB 115), 250 Pro Milone 8.1.3 (SB 77), 113 – 14 65– 6, 141 – 40 8.8.9 (SB 84), 133 Pro Murena 15.5.1 (SB 111), 237 – 38 13, 215 Brutus , 5 Pro Sestio 125– 6, 69 21, 46 , 186, 25 , 42 74, 137 – 38 239, 116 , 107, 135 252– 61, 148 – 49 Tusculanae Disputationes De divinatione 3.48, 86 – 87 1.36, 2.62, 89 Coelius Antipater 1.56, 78 fr. 49 FRHist , 78 De inventione , 26 De legibus Diodorus Siculus 3.20, 90 – 91 37.9, 90 – 91

363

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-68721-9 — Oratory and Political Career in the Late Roman Republic Henriette van der Blom Index More Information

364 Index locorum

Festus 25.4, 124 Gloss. Lat . 47.7, 132 IV.310, 84 , 87 – 88 54.1, 129 – 30 57.9, 133 Gellius Tiberius Gracchus Noctes Atticae 8.7, 88 – 89 1.7.6, 85 Prisc. 1.23.1- 2, 11 GL II.513, 16, 80 4.16.8, 154 – 55 5.13.6, 156 – 57 Quintilian 9.14.16- 17, 87 – 88 Institutio Oratoria , 20 , 26 10.3.3, 96 – 98 3.8.49- 50, 118 – 19 11.13.1- 3, 84 5.13.2- 4, 28 13.3.5., 158 – 59 10.1.114, 150 – 51 15.12.1- 2, 76 10.2.25, 150 11.1.36, 118 Iul. rufi n. RhL Sallust p. 40, 23, 156 – 57 Bellum Catilinae 51– 52, 186 – 87 Julius Caesar Historiae Bellum Ciuile 4.42, 121 1.4.1, 240 – 41 5.16– 20, 124 Schol. Bob. Orosius 81St., 98 6.6.4, 129 – 30 Suetonius De grammaticis Pliny the Elder 7, 150

Historia Naturalis De rhetoribus 7.99, 128 – 29 1, 120 Plutarch Diuus Iulius , 150 Caesar 6.1 , 160 – 62 3.1- 2, 151 22.2, 172 Cato Minor 55, 151 – 52 1.3, 204 – 05 55.1, 146 – 47 4.3, 209 55.2, 148 17.5- 6, 212 84 . 1 – 2 , 265 21, 215 26.5 , 218 41.5– 6, 226 – 27 Tacitus 45.4, 231 Annales 47.1, 232 13.3, 151 51.1– 5, 227 – 28 Dialogus de oratoribus Gaius Gracchus 28.4- 6, 149 2– 3, 76 36.6– 7, 1 5.3, 91 8.1, 93 – 94 Valerius Maximus Marcus Antonius 8.9.3, 155 2.8, 253 Velleius Paterculus 40.8, 251 2.31, 124 Pompeius 2.49.3, 240

Subject index

Aelius Stilo, L. (ghostwriter), 119 contional speeches, 256 , 260 , 262 , 264 , Aemilius Lepidus, M. (triumvir), 251 , 264 , 267 – 68 , 271 – 72 , 276 – 77 274 , 275 funeral speech over Caesar, 264 – 67 Aemilius Lepidus, Mam. (cos. 77 BC ), 158 military, 272 , 273 , 274 , 275 – 76 Aemilius Paullus, L. (cos. 50 BC ), 197 and family exempla , 49 Aemilius Scaurus, M. (cos. 115 BC ) forensic speeches, 254 – 55 autobiography, 17 hostis , 200 , 269 Aemilius Scaurus, M. (pr. 56 BC ), 229 legate under Caesar in Gaul, 250 , 255 Africa, 175 , 236 Lupercalia 44 BC , 263 Alba, 273 magister equitum , 259 Alps, the, 275 magister luperci Iulii , 263 Amazons, 172 marriage with Fulvia political tactic, 259 Ampius Balbus, T. (pr. 59 BC ), 119 , 136 military career as factor for political ancestry and political career, 46 – 49 success, 279 Ancus Marcius, 160 networks as factor for political success, 255 , Annaeus Lucanus, M. 261 , 278 on Pompeius, 116 on Octavian’s ancestry, 48 Annaeus Seneca, L. (the Younger) oratory on Pompeius, 116 choice to use oratory against Cicero, 271 Annius Milo, T. (pr. 55 BC ), 136 , 139 , 233 – 34 , declamation practices, 251 254 , 259 education in, 249 – 53 Antidotus (Stoic, teacher of Cato), 207 e ff ect on his career, 256 – 57 , 278 Antipater the Tyrian (Stoic, teacher of e ff ective speaker, 249 , 273 – 74 Cato), 207 not considered good orator, 44 Antonia (wife of Marcus Antonius), 262 persuasive, 251 , 277 – 78 Antonius Gnipho, M., 150 powerful, 256 Antonius Hybrida, C. (cos. 63 BC ), 153 skill, 277 Antonius, M. (cos. 99 BC ), 12 , 250 style, 250 , 253 , 275 , 277 Antonius, M. (triumvir), 6 , 9 , 248 – 79 testimonia of his, 248 – 54 activities after the Ides of March, 198 uneven distribution between oratorical ancestry as factor for political success, settings, 277 255 , 278 use of to promote career, 279 auctioning off Pompeius’ assets 47- 45 in Plutarch, 15 BC , 259 – 61 popularity with the people augur, 250 , 255 from funeral speech over Caesar, 265 career choices, 261 tapping into Clodius’, 254 – 55 , 259 articulation of, 254 – 55 , 265 – 66 praefectus equitum , 250 charisma as factor for political success, 278 – 79 proconsulship, 274 – 77 consulship, 261 – 74 public persona, 273 as reward for good service to Caesar, quaestorship, 250 259 , 261 canvass for, 254 – 55

365

366 Subject index

Antonius, M. (triumvir) (cont.) Asinius Pollio, C. rapport with soldiers, 251 , 272 , 277 – 78 prosecutions, 31 relationship with Clodius, 254 – 55 as source, 16 , 266 rhetorical exercises, 120 Athenodorus (Stoic, teacher of Cato), 207 senatorial speeches, 256 – 57 , 260 – 62 , 263 – 64 , Athens, 274 267 , 268 – 71 , 273 audience speeches contional, 33 , 36 – 37 against anti- Caesarians and Cicero 2 and public profi les, 286 – 87 , 288 October 44 BC , 271 – 72 Augustus, 131 , 175 against Cicero 19 September 44 BC , emulating Pompeius’ recusatio and 252 , 269 – 71 dissimulatio , 141 , 282 against Dolabella 44 BC , 261 – 62 impact on reception of Caesar’s against Dolabella 45 BC , 260 – 61 oratory, 151 – 52 against Pompeius December 50 BC , 256 when C. Julius Caesar Octavianus, 199 , 251 , attack on Cicero 1 September 44 268 , 271 , 272 , 274 , 276 BC , 268 – 69 Aurelius Cotta, C. (cos. 75 BC ), 155 contio after the murder of Caesar, 264 Aurelius Orestes, L., 76 contio after the murder of Cicero 43 BC , 276 – 77 Basilica Porcia, 210 contio July 44 BC , 268 Brando, Marlon, 266 contio March 45 BC , 260 Brundisium, 272 funeral speech over Caesar, 248 , 264 – 67 e ff ects of, 265 – 66 Caecilius Metellus Celer, Q. (cos. 60 BC ), 171 inspiration to others, 265 Caecilius Metellus Nepos, Q. (cos. 57 BC ), 166 , later reception of, 264 – 67 167 , 213 , 217 , 218 in January 49 BC , 257 – 58 Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica, Q., 257 on keeping an army near Rome 44 BC , Caelius Rufus, M. (pr. 48 BC ), 113 , 125 , 267 – 68 , 275 133 , 259 military contio after Mutina 43 BC , 275 – 76 Caesulenus, L. ‘accusator ’ (RE 1), 31 military contio November 44 BC , 273 Calpurnia (daughter of Piso Caesoninus, wife of military contiones autumn 44 BC , 272 Caesar), 196 on provincial allotments November 44 Calpurnius Bestia, L. (tr. pl. 62 BC ), 166 BC , 273 Calpurnius Bibulus, M. (cos. 59 BC ), 170 , 172 , possible fragments, 267 – 68 173 , 174 , 232 possible speeches as magister equitum , 259 political networks, 55 prosecution of Milo 52 BC , 254 – 55 produced by Caesar in contio 59 BC , 171 in senate after the murder of request for supplication 50 BC , 237 – 40 Caesar, 263 – 64 Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus, L., 2 , 6 , 9 , in senate January 49 BC , 256 – 57 181 – 203 in senate to abolish offi ce of dictator , 267 in altercatio , 41 study trip abroad, 250 ancestry, 47 tribunate, 197 , 250 , 255 , 256 – 59 ancestry as factor for political success, 181 – 82 , triumvirate, 274 – 77 183 – 84 , 201 , 202 use of contio , 34 attacking Cicero’s post- exile use of religion for political purposes, 260 , self- presentation, 193 261 – 62 , 263 average politician, arguably an, 182 , 203 wealth as factor for political success, 255 , 278 career choices, 189 , 202 Apollonius Molon, 150 articulation of, 190 Appian censorship, 196 – 97 on Caesar’s oratory, 150 on Cicero’s poetry, 192 , 193 – 94 on Piso’s oratory, 198 , 200 – 01 consulship, 183 , 185 – 90 as source, 17 – 18 election to, 184 , 223 Ariobarzanes, 237 contio Ariovistus, 175 shunning, 202 Asia, 172 , 174 contional speeches, 185 – 88

Subject index 367

courts possible speech in aftermath of Caesar’s shunning, 202 murder, 198 disappearance from sources 54- 50 BC , in senate 50- 49 BC , 197 – 98 195 , 196 – 97 in senate on Cicero’s recall 58 BC , 189 – 90 Epicurean beliefs, 182 , 187 – 88 , 189 , 191 , wealth as factor for political success, 184 197 , 201 – 02 Calpurnius Piso Frugi, C. (Cicero’s executor of Caesar’s will, 198 son- in- law), 188 and family exempla , 49 Calpurnius Piso Frugi, L. (cos. 133 BC ), 85 forensic speeches, 195 – 96 Calpurnius Piso, C. (cos. 67 BC ), 166 independent of Caesar, 198 Calpurnius Piso, Cn. (RE 69) lobbied for support of Cicero in 58 prosecutor of Manilius Crispus, 117 BC , 188 – 89 Campania, 175 , 272 mainly senatorial orator, 40 Campus Martius, 229 misericordia and crudelitas , 186 – 88 Cannutius, Ti. (tr. pl. 44 BC ), 271 networks as factor for political success, 182 Capitol, 162 , 185 oratorical battle with Cicero, 191 – 95 Carneades, 65 oratorical skill Carthage/ Junonia, 99 , 100 arguments on moral and legal Cassius Dio principles, 193 – 94 on Pompeius, 116 communicating view, 188 – 89 as source, 17 – 18 rebutting Cicero’s attack, 194 – 95 speeches in, 124 – 25 , 132 – 34 of saying little, 188 Cassius Longinus, C. (cos. desig. 41 BC ), 256 oratory Charisius e ff ect, 199 – 200 as source, 19 as factor for political success, 182 – 83 charisma impact of Philodemus’ views on rhetoric and elections, 60 – 61 on, 184 and political career, 59 – 63 not considered good orator, 44 Cimbri, 162 relationship between career and, 202 Claudius Marcellus, C. (cos. 49 BC ), 236 style, 199 Claudius Marcellus, C. (cos. 50 BC ), 236 testimonia of his, 181 – 82 Claudius Marcellus, M. (cos. 51 BC ), 198 , 236 pamphlet against Cicero, 194 – 95 Claudius Pulcher, App. (cos. 143 BC ), 74 preferring senate for political Claudius Pulcher, App. (cos. 54 BC ), 196 , advancement, 202 197 , 254 proconsulship in Macedonia, 190 – 91 Clodius Pulcher, P. (aed. 56 BC ), 9 , 135 , 136 , 138 , criticism of, 192 139 , 168 , 217 , 223 not seeking triumph, 190 – 91 , 192 political battle with Cicero, 185 – 86 public persona, projection of, 201 – 02 relationship with Marcus Antonius, 254 relationship with Caesar, 196 – 98 , 200 Clodius, Sex. (rhetor ), 252 , 270 impact of, 184 contio , 3 – 4 senate, preference for operating through, 181 access to, 33 – 35 senatorial envoy to Antonius 43 BC , 201 audience, 33 , 288 senatorial speeches, 189 – 90 , 191 – 94 , 197 – 200 contional speech, 36 – 38 sources to his career and oratory, 182 convenors, 35 speeches and counter-contiones , 98 – 100 against Antonius 1 August 44 BC , function of, 34 , 35 198 – 200 , 269 funeral speech, 38 against Cicero 55 BC , 191 – 94 for woman, 161 – 62 in Clodius’ contio 58 BC , 185 – 88 as indicator of politicians’ use of oratory for defence of Scaurus 54 BC , 195 – 96 career promotion, 44 mentioning M. Marcellus in senate 46 invitation to speak at, 8 BC , 197 – 98 as locus for oratory, 33 – 38 overview, 182 – 83 locus for political contests, 99 – 100 possible speech for Antonius January 43 preparation and unpredictability, 34 , 54 , BC , 200 – 01 85 , 100

368 Subject index

contio (cont.) factors for political success, 46 speaking mainly voluntary, 43 ancestry, 46 – 49 and tribunate, 35 – 36 availability and changeability, 63 Cornelia (Caesar’s wife), 160 Caesar, 178 – 80 Cornelia (mother of the Gracchi) Cato, 242 – 43 in Gaius Gracchus’ oratory, 89 , 103 – 04 compared, 63 – 66 involvement in politics, 83 Gaius Gracchus, 108 – 12 upbringing of her sons, 73 intangible factors, charisma, 59 – 63 Cornelius Balbus, L. (cos. suff . 40 BC ), 55 , 136 Marcus Antonius, 278 – 79 Cornelius Cinna, L. (cos. 87- 84 BC ), 155 , 158 military career, 55 – 59 Cornelius Dolabella, Cn. (cos. 81 BC ), 153 no internal hierarchy between factors, 285 Cornelius Dolabella, P. (cos. 44 BC ), 261 – 62 and oratory, 65 – 66 Cornelius Lentulus Crus, L. (cos. 49 BC ), 256 patronage and networks, 52 – 55 Cornelius Lentulus Sura, P., 49 Piso Caesoninus, 201 – 03 Cornelius Lentulus, P. (cos. 162 BC ), 49 Pompeius, 143 – 45 Cornelius Nepos, 148 public profi le- building most important of all, Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus, P., 75 285 , 286 – 87 Cornelius Scipio Africanus, P., 73 wealth, 50 – 52 Cornelius Sulla Felix, L., 155 , 158 , 162 , 175 Fannius, C. (cos. 122 BC ), 93 , 101 , 108 autobiography, 17 Favonius, M. (aed. 52 BC ), 231 , 243 as charismatic, 60 Festus Cornelius Tacitus, P. source of oratory, 76 on Caesar’s language, 149 free speech, 149 on oratory in the Republic, 19 Fregellae (Latin colony) courts revolt of (125 BC ), 95 defence F u fi us Calenus, L. (cos. 47 BC ), 201 few career advocates, 32 Fulvia (wife of Marcus Antonius), 259 , 260 , 278 as locus for oratory, 26 – 33 Fulvius Flaccus, M. (cos. 125 BC ), 49 , 87 , 93 , 95 , as locus for self- promotion, 27 , 32 99 , 104 , 108 prosecution death of, 103 alternative to tribunate in 70s BC , 31 Furius Camillus, M., 229 choice of prosecution or defence, 28 – 29 criminal trial, 30 Gabinius, A. (cos. 58 BC ), 185 , 229 , 250 risk of odium , 31 possibly speaking for Pompeius’ command prosecutors, 27 – 29 against pirates, 124 young prosecutors, 29 – 32 speeches, 185 speaking voluntary, 43 Gaul, 174 , 227 , 255 , 273 Curiatus Maternus, 2 , 3 , 19 Gellius, Aulus Cyprus, 223 , 224 , 225 , 243 as source, 12 , 19 , 20 governors and generals, 57 Decius the Samnite, 164 Greece, 250 Domitius Ahenobarbus, L. (cos. 54 BC ), 173 , 224 , 250 , 255 Herculaneum, 184 election to consulship, 228 Hirtius, A. (cos. 43 BC ), 120 , 275 political networks, 55 author of Anti- Cato , 204 Hispania, 225 Epidius, M. (rhetor ), 252 Hispania Ulterior, 160 , 169 , 174 , 221 homines militares , 58 Fabius Quintilianus, M. homines noui , 58 , 285 – 86 Institutio Oratoria , 20 Hortensius Hortalus, Q. on Caesar’s oratory, 150 as defence advocate, 32 on oratory in the Republic, 19 forensic career unusual, 281 on Pompeius, 118 on Pompeius’ use of ghostwriter, 118 – 20 Illyria, 174 as source, 19 imagines , 162

Subject index 369

inquiry into followers of Ti. Gracchus, sententiae , 148 , 172 132 BC , 74 uis , 150 , 156 – 57 , 160 – 61 intangible factors, charisma oratorical style, 148 – 51 , 152 , 154 – 55 , 156 – 57 , and elections, 60 – 61 159 , 160 – 61 , 164 , 172 , 175 – 77 and political career, 59 – 63 and political background, 149 oratory Jugurtha, 162 boosting public appeal, 179 Julia (Caesar’s aunt), 160 considered good orator, 44 , 146 – 47 , Julia (daughter of Caesar, wife of Pompeius), 196 148 , 150 – 51 Julius Caesar Strabo, C. (aed. 90 BC ), 153 to launch political career, 153 – 56 Julius Caesar, C., 3 , 6 , 9 , 11 , 146 – 80 relationship between career and, 147 , 151 , aedileship, 162 , 163 167 , 170 , 177 , 180 in altercatio , 41 testimonia of his, 147 – 53 ancestry as factor for political success, 178 use of, 156 – 57 , 177 author of Anti- Cato , 204 pamphlet, written against Cato’s attack, 227 career choices, 26 , 146 – 47 , 151 , 152 – 56 , 167 , pontifex maximus , 164 , 179 – 80 169 , 174 – 75 , 178 popularity with the people, 168 , 169 on Cato’s repulsa 52 BC , 240 – 41 appropriating that of others, challenging political norms, 168 124 , 162 , 163 charisma as factor for political success, 179 factor for career advances, 171 – 72 charismatic, 60 , 62 giving electoral advantage, 163 choice of oratorical setting, 43 potential oratorical rival to Cicero, claim to regal descent, 160 – 61 146 – 47 , 151 at Clodius’ contio 58 BC , 185 powerful political fi gure, 20 commentarii as indication of rhetorical praetorship, 164 , 167 – 69 ability, 176 – 77 producing Bibulus in contio , 171 consulship, 170 – 74 producing Pompeius and Crassus in electoral canvass for, 169 – 70 , 221 – 22 contio , 171 contional speeches, 147 , 158 – 59 , producing Vettius in contio , 173 170 – 71 , 172 – 73 promoter of the people’s interests, 146 – 47 , funeral speeches, 147 – 48 , 160 – 62 , 169 158 – 67 , 179 military, 148 , 175 – 77 prosecution of Dolabella, 29 , 33 , 146 De Analogia , 148 , 149 public persona, 169 – 70 dominating attractive commands, attention to, 168 – 69 , 177 – 78 , 227 58 , 174 – 75 quaestorship, 159 – 62 emulating Pompeius, 282 relationship with Piso Caesoninus, 196 – 97 and family exempla , 49 impact of, 184 forensic speeches, 147 , 153 – 57 , 163 – 64 , 166 senatorial debate on his demands January 49 Lupercalia 44 BC , 263 BC , 256 – 57 and Marius’ memory, 162 senatorial speeches, 147 , 152 , 164 – 66 , military career, 174 – 75 , 178 167 – 68 , 172 military career as factor for political as source, 16 success, 178 – 79 speeches military tribunate, 156 for agrarian bills 59 BC , 171 network with Crassus and Pompeius, 54 , 131 , for the Bithynians, 156 – 57 132 – 35 , 169 – 70 , 171 canvassing in pontifi cal election?, 164 networks as factor for political success, in Catilinarian debate 63 BC , 39 , 178 , 179 164 – 66 , 177 not blamed for Cicero’s exile, 192 circulation of written versions of, 154 , 159 , not tribune, 36 160 , 164 , 173 , 177 in Plutarch, 15 at Clodius’ sacrilege trial?, 168 – 69 on Pompeius, 116 as consul, 170 – 74 oratorical skill contio challenging Catulus 62 BC , 167 argument, 155 , 156 – 57 contio to move people against elegance, 148 , 160 – 61 Bibulus, 172 – 73

370 Subject index

Julius Caesar, C., (cont.) dominating attractive commands, 58 defence of Decius the Samnite, 164 forensic career unusual, 281 funeral speech for aunt Julia, 160 – 62 , 177 as impromptu orator, 123 funeral speech for wife Cornelia, 160 – 62 military career, 57 for the lex Plautia 70 BC , 158 – 59 network with Pompeius and Caesar, 54 , 131 , against Memmius and Ahenobarbus, 173 132 – 35 , 169 – 70 , 171 for Metellus’ proposal concerning Pompeius on, 121 Pompeius 62 BC , 167 – 68 speaking in Caesar’s contio in 59 BC , 132 , 171 no normal speeches after 58 BC , 176 Licinius Lucullus, L., 123 overlaps between speeches for Bithynians Licinius Macer Calvus, C., 31 and lex Plautia , 159 Licinius Murena, L. (cos. 62 BC ), 206 , 208 for Pompeius’ command against Livius Drusus, M. (tr. pl. 122 BC ), 35 , 81 Mithridates?, 163 , 177 drawing contional audience away from Gaius for Pompeius’ pirate command?, 163 , 177 Gracchus, 99 possible prosecution of Piso 63 BC , 166 Livius, T. Pro Quinto Metello , 152 as source, 16 , 17 prosecution of Antonius Hybrida, 153 Lutatius Catulus, Q. (cos. 102 BC ), 161 prosecution of Dolabella, 153 – 56 autobiography, 17 in senate 59 BC , 172 Lutatius Catulus, Q. (cos. 78 BC ), 167 , 211 stirring up people, 217 possibly speaking against Pompeius’ study trip to Rhodes, 150 command against pirates, 124 against Sullani, 212 Lutatius Catulus, Q. (interlocutor), 103 support in 50– 49 BC , 197 – 98 supporting Pompeius, 163 , 167 – 68 M. Fabius Gallus taking bills directly to contio , 171 author of Cato , 204 taking public positions with broad Macedonia, 190 , 211 , 273 appeal as factor for political Macedonian legions, 272 success, 179 Manilius Crispus use of religion for political defended by Pompeius?, 117 purposes, 179 – 80 Manius Otacilius Pitholaus (rhetoric teacher of Venus Genetrix, temple to, 52 Pompeius), 118 wealth as factor for political success, 178 Manlius Torquatus, L. (cos. 65 BC ) wide-ranging use of oratorical settings, 44 altercatio with Piso Caesoninus 55 working for victims of Sulla’s BC , 192 proscriptions, 163 Marcius Philippus, L. (cos. 56 BC ) Julius Caesar, L. senatorial envoy to Antonius 43 BC , 201 and family exempla , 4 8 – 4 9 Marius, C., 2 , 6 – 7 , 167 , 170 Junius Brutus Albinus, D., 273 , 275 as homo nouus , 59 Junius Brutus, M. (cos. desig. 41 BC ) Honos and Virtus , temple to, 52 author of Cato , 204 imago displayed at Julia’s funeral, 162 Junius Brutus, M. ‘accusator ’ (RE 50), 31 as tribune, 36 Junius Pennus, M., 75 , 95 Matius, C. (RE 1), 271 Jupiter Capitolinus, temple of, 167 Max Weber on charisma, 60 Laelius, C., 75 Memmius, C. (pr. 58 BC ), 173 Lentulus Marcellinus, Cn. (cos. 56 BC ), 135 Messius, C. (tr. pl. 57 BC ), 139 Licinius Crassus, C. (tr. pl. 145 BC ), 91 military career Licinius Crassus, L. and political career, 52 – 55 prosecution of Carbo, 30 military tribunate, 56 speaking populariter , 108 Minucius Rufus, M. (tr. pl. 121 BC ), 102 Licinius Crassus, L. (interlocutor), 103 Minucius Th ermus, Q., tr. pl. 62 BC , 250 Licinius Crassus, M. Mithridates, 123 and charisma, 62 Munatius Plancus, L. (cos. 42 BC ), 264 at Clodius’ contio 58 BC , 185 Munatius Plancus, T. (tr. pl. 52 BC ), 140

Subject index 371

Mutina, 251 , 252 , 275 part of communication complex, 289 Mytilene (hometown of Th eophanes), 125 part of public communication complex, 125 – 26 , 288 – 89 networks and patronage public profi le communicated through, 282 , in the army, 56 – 57 286 – 87 , 288 – 89 communication channels for, 53 – 54 and public offi ce, 280 – 81 and political career, 52 – 55 reinforcing other factors for political political networks, 54 – 55 success, 66 Nicomedes, 156 reputation as orator, 42 nobiles , 285 – 86 dependent on oratorical volunteering, 281 – 82 Octavius, Cn. (cos. 165 BC ), 51 uses of, 42 Octavius, M. (tr. pl. 133 BC ), 83 rhetorical education, 26 – 27 , 37 Opimius, L. (cos. 121 BC ), 103 , 104 senatorial oratory diffi cult to avoid for senators, 281 altercatio , 41 frequency of speaking, 40 Asiatic style, 150 short- term versus long- term eff ects, 177 Attic style, 150 ‘sound bites’, 130 , 169 audience sources forensic, 27 testimonia , 1 3 – 1 4 and career, 4 – 7 , 280 – 89 as sources, 9 – 10 , 11 – 21 early career choices, 280 fragments, 13 varieties, 9 , 280 transmission, 12 – 13 , 133 central role in politics, 3 , 271 style changed role in triumviral period, 274 contional style, 36 – 38 and charisma, 62 forensic style, 27 choice of setting, 43 – 45 popularis style, 105 – 08 choice of speaking, 4 , 280 senatorial style, 40 – 41 circulation of written versions of speeches, 154 sententiae , 40 variation between versions, 186 ouatio , 57 contional not necessary for political career, 281 Parthians, 57 , 58 , 239 , 262 opportunity for building up public patronage and networks persona, 281 and political career, 52 – 55 development, 65 people, the Roman people, populus Romanus and elections, 8 , 48 , 236 popularity with, 57 , 77 and factors for political success, 65 – 66 role in judging orator’s reputation, 42 family exempla in, 48 – 49 role in politics, 3 – 4 fi libustering Petreius, M., 58 precedents and imitators, 221 Pharsalus, 175 forensic Philodemus, 184 not necessary for political career, 281 Placentia, 175 forensic route to political career, 280 Plautius (tr. pl. 70 BC ), 158 funeral speech, 38 Plinius Secundus, C. (the Elder), 12 ghostwriting, 118 – 20 , 137 , 253 Plinius Secundus, C. (the Younger) giving competitive edge, 288 – 89 on Gaius Gracchus’ oratory, 70 good and bad orators, 5 , 282 Plutarch in imperial period misrepresenting Cato, 245 – 46 oratory as symbol of free speech, 19– 20 on Cato’s oratory, 226 – 28 oratorical reputation, 43 on Cato’s physical appearance, 228 – 29 oratorical skills on Cato’s Stoicism, 245 a necessity for political success, 2 , 19 , on character of individuals, 14 – 15 282 , 289 on charisma, 62 orator or speaker, 4 , 5 on Marcus Antonius’ oratory, 251 , 253

372 Subject index

Plutarch (cont.) charisma as factor for political success, 144 on Marcus Antonius’ tribunate, 257 – 58 charismatic, 61 on Pompeius, 116 , 122 – 23 choice of contio , 43 as source for oratory, 17 commands against pirates and Mithridates compared with Cicero, 15 obtained through oratory, 124 – 25 as source on Cato, 212 contional speeches, 120 – 22 , 123 , 128 – 30 , speeches in, 132 – 34 132 – 35 , 139 – 40 , 141 political career court activity, 136 – 37 and ancestry, 46 – 49 denounced by Marcus Antonius December career choices, 63 – 64 , 280 50 BC , 256 articulation of crucial, 283 – 84 dominating attractive commands, 58 competition, 52 , 64 eloquentia medius , 117 , 142 – 43 , 145 monumentalising, 64 – 65 eulogised by others, 125 – 26 dependent on public profi le, 282 , 286 – 87 family exempla , 49 early career choices, 280 forensic speeches, 136 – 37 and factors for political success, 63 – 66 hiding true intentions, 113 , 128 , 138 – 39 , 142 forensic career lobbying, 40 , 114 , 141 , 144 choices, 32 – 33 , 280 , 281 marriage- proposal to Cato’s niece, 132 unusual alongside political career, 281 military career, 59 , 142 , 175 and intangible factors, charisma, 59 – 63 military career as factor for political military career, 55 – 59 success, 143 – 44 and military career, 178 network with Crassus and Caesar, 54 , 131 , and patronage and networks, 52 – 55 132 –35 , 169 – 70 , 171 preferred to military career, 55 , 58 , 178 , networks as factor for political success, 143 288 – 89 not blamed for Cicero’s exile, 186 , 192 sought by Italians, 64 operating through others, 138 – 39 and wealth, 50– 52 opposed by Cato, 219 political system oratorical skill challenges of, 283 – 84 of ambiguity, 127 – 28 , 137 – 40 , 144 elite and people, 286 – 87 in self- praise, 114 , 118 , 125 , 128 – 30 , 141 – 42 ideology oratory possible argument for political action, 284 based on auctoritas , 115 – 16 , 136 – 37 valid justifi cation in politics, 284 as factor for political success, 144 , 145 importance of collegiality, 283 not always preferring, 114 innovations by case study fi gures, 285 not considered good orator, 44 , links between senatorial, contional and 132 –35 , 142 – 43 forensic audiences, 288 testimonia of his, 115 – 20 open to newcomers, 285 – 86 timing and functions of, 141 public perception crucial, 286 – 87 use of, 115 , 128 , 132 – 34 , 142 political violence, 218 , 222 in Plutarch, 15 Pollentia, 275 popularity with senators, seeking, 132 Pompeia (wife of Caesar), 168 popularity with the people, 120 – 23 Pompeius Magnus, Cn., 2 , 6 , 9 , 113 – 45 exploited by others, 124 , 136 , 158 , 163 ambition driving force in career, 115 – 18 impact on oratory, 134 – 36 ancestry as factor for political success, 143 powerful political fi gure, 20 appearances as character witness, 33 produced by Caesar in contio 59 BC , 171 attempts to boost oratory, 120 , 131 , 137 proposed recalled to fi ght Catilinarians, 218 bluntness in public oratory, 132 – 34 , 139 – 40 public position and oratorical strategy, 43 , 131 , blushing in public, 116 136 – 37 , 142 career advances through oratory of others, recusatio tactic , 124 , 141 , 142 , 282 141 , 142 – 43 , 145 rhetorical education, training, 118 career change, articulation of, 120 – 22 , 123 , role in negotiations January 49 BC , 256 – 57 132 – 34 , 141 , 142 senatorial speeches, 127 , 132 , 133 , characteristics, 115 – 16 137 – 38 , 141 – 42

Subject index 373

speeches charisma at Ampius Balbus’ trial, 137 as factor for political success, 206 , 243 at Balbus’ trial 56 BC , 136 – 37 uncharismatic, 62 , 206 in Caesar’s contio in 59 BC , 132 – 34 choice of contio , 43 on Caesar’s Gallic command, 133 choice of oratorical setting, 43 in Cicero, 14 consulship on Cicero’s recall 1 January 57 BC , 137 – 38 canvass and repulsa , 229 , 234 – 36 , 240 – 41 in the contio as consul- elect, 120 – 22 contional speeches, 218 – 19 , 222 – 23 , 225 , contio denouncing Milo 52 BC , 139 – 40 227 – 28 , 229 – 31 , 233 – 34 in contio July 59 BC , 134 – 35 education contio speeches of uncertain dates, rhetorical and philosophical, 207 – 08 129 – 30 emulating Cato the Elder, 205 – 06 , 243 on discharge of troops, 122 – 23 and family exempla , 49 about Eastern conquests, 128 – 29 fi libustering, 39 , 169 , 205 , 220 – 23 , 225 , 234 , 242 forensic, 136 – 37 aims of, 244 in 49 BC , 133 inspiration to others, 221 at Libo’s trial 55 BC , 137 forensic speeches, 209 – 11 , 214 – 16 , 229 at Milo’s trial 56 BC , 136 gem portraits of, 231 possible speeches for commands against juror at Milo’s trial 52 BC , 233 pirates and Mithridates, 124 – 25 military career as factor for political upon return from the East, 126 – 28 success, 243 theatre complex, 52 , 130 – 31 military tribunate, 211 transuectio equitum , 122 – 23 networks as factor for political success, 243 triumph 71 BC , 122 obstructionism, 168 , 171 , 218 , 220 – 21 , use of religion for political purposes, 144 225 – 26 , 241 – 42 Venus Victrix, temple to, 52 e ff ect on Cato’s career, 224– 25 wealth as factor for political success, 144 not always obstructionist, 223 Pompeius Rufus, Q. (tr. pl. 52 BC ), 140 oratorical preparation, attention to, 209 Pomponius Atticus, T. oratorical skill Liber Annalis , 106 senatorial and military contional Pomponius, M., 89 oratory, 209 Pomptinus, C. (pr. 63 BC ), 58 , 230 oratorical style, 210 , 215 , 237 – 38 Popillia (mother of Q. Lutatius Catulus), 161 bombastic phrases, 218 , 231 Popillius Laenas, P. (cos. 132 BC ), 74 , 83 , 84 shouting, a populist technique, 223 , 244 popularis , 105 – 08 oratory, 206 – 07 popularity with the people, 57 considered good orator, 44 , 242 Porcius Cato, M. (cos. 195, cens. 184 BC), 9 , 11 , e ff ect of, 219 , 241 12 , 205 , 207 , 210 , 242 , 243 , 253 e ff ect on Cato’s career, 223 – 24 , 225 , speeches 228 , 241 circulation, 13 as factor for electoral success, 236 Porcius Cato, M. (pr. 54 BC ), 3 , 6 , 9 , 204 – 47 as factor for political success, 242 adopting contional style, 37 persuasive, 217 ancestry as factor for political success, physical fi tness, 221 206 , 243 seeking out oratorical occassions, 242 auctoritas of, 206 , 214 , 229 – 30 , 236 – 37 , 243 to silence crowd, 229 – 30 , 233 – 34 in senate, 227 – 28 use of, 209 – 13 , 242 against Caesar, 221 – 22 , 226 – 28 , 234 , physical appearance, 228 – 29 236 , 240 – 41 in Plutarch, 15 career choices, 215 – 16 , 231 , 236 political aims, 244 – 47 articulation of, 218 – 19 , 235 – 36 political networks, 55 character against Pompeius, 218 , 219 impulsive, 214 , 223 , 241 – 42 against Pompeius, Caesar and pragmatic, 205 – 06 , 214 , 217 – 18 , 222 , 226 , Crassus, 223 – 26 , 231 , 232 236 , 237 – 40 , 241 – 42 , 246 – 47 e ff ect of, 228

374 Subject index

Porcius Cato, M. (pr. 54 BC) (cont.) against Milo 52 BC , 233 – 34 popularity with the people, 217 obstructing Caesar’s consular canvass 60 seeking popularity, 212 , 217 – 18 , BC , 221 – 22 219 , 231 – 32 paraphrase of speech in senate 50 in tribunician election, 213 – 14 BC , 237 – 38 portrayed in Catos and Anti- Catos , 204 against Pompeius 62 BC , 219 praetorship, 228 – 31 for Pompeius’ sole consulship 52 canvass and repulsa , 224 – 25 BC , 232 – 33 election, 228 against Pomptinus’ request for praetorship (extraordinary, turned down), 224 triumph, 230 – 31 public persona, 243 possible fragments, 215 , 231 , 232 follower of tradition, 228 – 29 , 230 , 235 – 36 , as presiding praetor over quaestio de 241 – 42 , 245 – 46 repetundis , 229 impact on Cato’s career, 243 – 44 against proposal for Caesar’s consular of incorruptibility, 211 – 12 , 220 – 21 , 224 , canvass in absentia 52 BC , 234 225 , 228 – 29 , 230 , 231 – 32 , 234 – 36 , prosecution of Murena 63 BC , 206 , 214 – 16 241 – 42 , 245 – 46 during quaestorship, 211 as lone warrior, 209 against recall of Pompeius 62 BC , as man of principle, 204 – 05 , 209 – 13 , 214 , 218 – 19 , 230 216 – 17 , 219 , 220 – 21 , 226 , 232 – 34 , against Sullani, 211 – 12 , 242 237 – 40 , 241 – 42 , 245 – 47 against tribunes’ changes to Basilica opponent of dominance, 218 , 219 , 220 , 222 , Porcia, 209 – 11 223 , 234 – 36 , 245 – 46 Stoicism, 205 – 06 , 207 – 09 , 245 protector of res publica , 218 , 219 , 220 , 222 , reception of Cato’s, 245 232 – 34 , 237 – 40 , 241 – 42 , 244 , 245 – 47 theatricality, 206 , 223 , 226 , 231 – 32 , self- sacrifi cial, 219 , 222 , 245 – 46 241 – 42 , 244 as Stoic, 209 , 214 , 228 – 29 , 235 – 36 , 241 – 42 , aims of, 244 – 45 243 , 245 tribunate, 217 – 19 pushing boundaries of tradition, 205 – 06 , 222 election to, 213 – 14 quaestor pro praetore in Cyprus, 223 – 24 use of religion for political purposes, 225 – 26 quaestorship, 211 – 12 vigorous politician and orator, 213 quindecemuir sacris faciundis , 206 , 211 wealth as factor for political success, 206 , 243 rejecting Pompeius’ marriage- proposal, 132 Priscian relationship between formal and as source, 19 informal political infl uence, 206 , public profi le 236 – 37 , 243 – 44 Caesar, 282 – 83 repulsae , 205 , 224 – 25 , 229 , 234 – 37 , 240 – 41 , Cato, 282 – 83 242 , 245 – 46 central to successful political career, as senatorial orator, 41 , 227 – 28 282 , 286 – 87 senatorial speeches, 216 – 19 , 220 , 221 – 22 , 223 , and contional oratory, 281 226 – 28 , 230 – 31 , 232 – 33 , 240 – 41 one or several, 286 – 87 speeches Pompeius, 282 – 83 before civil war 49 BC , 240 – 41 relation to people central, 281 against Caesar’s agrarian bill 59 BC , 222 senatorial and contional, 286 – 87 against Caesar’s killing of German Gaius Gracchus failing to diff erentiate tribes, 227 – 28 between, 287 in Catilinarian debate, 39 , 166 , 206 , senatorial, contional and forensic, 288 216 – 17 , 242 through oratory or not, 43 , 76 circulation of written versions, 216 use of reputation, 42 during civil war, 241 Pupius Piso, M. (cos. 61 BC ), 219 , 222 against consul Pupius Piso 61 BC , 222 – 23 contio speech silencing the crowd, 229 – 30 quaestorship, 57 for grain proposal, 217 – 18 against law on Caesar’s provinces and Rabirius, C., 163 armies, 226 – 27 recusatio , 282 against lex Trebonia 55 BC , 225 repulsa (electoral defeat), 64

Subject index 375

Robertson, G. E., Mark Antony’s Oration over the oratory Body of Caesar, 266 considered great orator, 44 , 71 Romulus, 229 as factor for political success, 111 – 12 Rubicon, 197 preference for, 83 – 84 , 85 , 94 , 104 – 05 Rubrius, C.? (tr. pl. 122 BC ), 99 to promote self, preference for, 77 , 80 , 88 , Rupilius, P. (cos. 132 BC ), 74 108 , 111 – 12 Rutilius Rufus, P. and pamphlet/biblion on Tiberius, 90 autobiography, 17 sources of his, 70 – 72 , 76 in Plutarch, 15 Sallustius Crispus, C. as popularis orator, 71 on Pompeius, 116 popularity with the people, 77 , 79 , 93 – 96 as source, 16 , 17 , 18 – 19 loss of, 100 speeches in, 124 – 25 , 165 public persona as tribune, 140 failure to diff erentiate between diff erent Sarpedon (teacher of Cato), 207 audiences, 287 school of Latin rhetoric, 65 quaestor (126 BC ), 75 , 76 Scribonius Curio, C. (tr. pl. 50 BC ), 197 , 255 , reception and self- presentation, 106 256 , 258 references to brother, 69 , 74 – 75 , 88 – 90 , 98 , Scribonius Libo, L. (cos. 34 BC ), 136 103 – 04 , 109 – 11 Semiramis, 172 senatorial hostility to, 76 – 77 , 87 , 96 Sempronii Gracchi, Ti. and C., 7 , 111 speech fragments, 75 , 76 – 78 , 80 , reception of, 105 8 4 – 8 6 , 8 7 – 8 8 , 9 0 – 9 1 , 9 6 – 9 8 , as revolutionary orators, 65 103 – 05 Sempronius Gracchus, C., 6 , 9 , 11 , 67 – 112 speeches agrarian commission, 74 to the censors and people, 76 – 78 ancestry as factor for political success, 109 – 11 circulation, 13 , 89 career choices, 26 , 63 defence of Vettius, 74 charm/ charisma, 81 – 82 exchange with L. Calpurnius Piso choice of contio , 43 Frugi, 86 – 87 contional audience drawn away, 35 , in favour of re- election to tribunate, 75 98 – 100 in favour of repetundae law, 90 – 91 as contional orator, 37 , 82 , 91 – 92 , 107 fi nal speech, 103 – 05 contional speeches, 71 , 75 , 81 in fi rst tribunate, 81 – 82 audience, 81 – 82 on Gaius’ dream about Tiberius, 78 death of, 49 , 103 against L. Calpurnius Piso Frugi, 85 – 86 energetic, 71 on luxuries, 87 – 88 factors for political success, 108 – 12 against M. Minucius Rufus’ proposal to family background, 73 , 109 – 11 repeal lex Rubria , 102 family exempla , 49 , 78 , 82 – 85 , 88 – 90 , 94 – 95 , against P. Popillius Laenas, 84 – 85 103 – 04 , 109 – 11 against Pennus’ proposal, 75 – 76 , 95 forensic speeches, 74 on Roman mistreatment of allies, innovations in oratorical delivery, 9 6 – 9 8 71 , 91 – 92 speech pro se , 80 innovative in politics, 112 taking down wooden seats at as lawmaker, 71 games, 100 – 01 laws tribunate, fi rst, 80 – 92 agrarian, 88 – 89 , 100 canvass for, 78 – 80 grain distribution, 85 – 87 ideological motivation, 78 Italian proposal, 95 – 96 , 100 legislation related to Tiberius’ legacy, repetundae , 9 0 – 9 1 8 2 – 8 5 , 8 8 – 9 0 military career as factor for political tribunate, second, 92 – 103 success, 109 canvass for, 93 – 95 moving house to Subura, 100 – 01 tribunate, third omens used against him, 102 – 03 canvass for, 101 – 02 oratorical style, 70 , 71 – 72 , 96 – 98 , 103 – 04 wealth and patronage as factors for political popularis , 105 – 08 success, 109

376 Subject index

Sempronius Gracchus, Ti. Tullius Cicero, M., 2 impact on Gaius Gracchus’ political career, attacked in Marcus Antonius’ speech 1 73 , 78 , 88 – 90 , 94 – 95 , 109 – 11 September 44 BC , 268 – 69 lex agraria , 74 as author of Cato , 204 networks and popular support, 94 Brutus , 43 , 69 – 70 , 125– 6 , 149 , 186 , 289 omens used against him, 102 on Caesar’s oratory, 148 – 50 , 165 – 66 , as orator, 69 172 – 73 , 176 Sempronius Gracchus, Ti. (cos. 177, 163, cens. career, 2 169 BC ), 73 , 89 unrepresentative, 4 , 10 – 11 , 289 senate on Cato’s obstructionism, 220 – 21 and altercationes , 41 on Cato’s oratory, 207 – 08 , 214 – 16 , 222 – 23 , as locus for oratory, 38 – 42 230 – 31 , 233 – 34 lobbying, 40 , 54 on Cato’s Stoicism, 207 – 09 order of speakers in, 38 – 40 playing on Cato’s public image as Stoic, possible speaker in, 38 2 1 5 speaking unavoidable for senior senators, 43 concordia ordinum , 220 transmission of senatorial speeches, 41 – 42 correspondence with Atticus, 54 and unpredictability, 41 as contional orator, 36 Sergius Catilina, L., 49 on contional style, 37 – 38 Servius Pola ‘accusator ’ (RE 5), 31 De Inventione , 65 Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar , 266 as defence advocate, 32 Sthenius of Th ermae, 221 forensic career unusual, 281 Strabo on Gaius Gracchus’ oratory, 69 , 70 , 71 as source, 16 as ghostwriter, 119 , 137 Stratocles of Rhodes (Stoic, teacher of on Marcus Antonius’ oratory, 248 – 49 , 250 , Cato), 207 252 , 256 , 259 , 260 , 261 – 62 , 263 – 64 , Suetonius Tranquillus, C. 265 , 267 – 68 , 269 – 71 on Caesar’s oratorical education, 150 on Marcus Antonius’ tribunate, 257 – 58 on Caesar’s oratory, 146 – 47 , 150 oratorical battle with Piso, 191 – 95 on ghostwriting, 118 – 20 Palatine house, 51 on Pompeius’ rhetorical exercises, 120 on the people deciding orator’s reputation, Sullani, 211 4 2 Sulmo, 258 Philippic speech (second) against Marcus Sulpicius Galba, Ser. (pr. 54 BC ), 230 Antonius, 270 Sulpicius Rufus, Ser. (cos. 51 BC ), 212 on Piso’s oratory, 181 – 82 , 191 – 94 , 198 – 200 election to consulship, 236 credibility, 194 senatorial envoy to Antonius 43 BC , 201 political battle with Clodius, 185 – 86 symbolic capital, 57 on Pompeius’ oratory, 115 , 126 – 28 , 132 , Syria, 172 , 225 , 250 , 255 134 – 36 , 137 – 38 on Pompeius’ political tactics, 139 Tacitus, P. Cornelius popularis style, use of, 106 Dialogus de oratoribus , 1 request for supplication 50 BC , 237 – 40 Tatius, T., 229 on senatorial oratorical style, 40 Teanum Sidicinum, 107 as source, 14 , 16 Terentius (tr. pl. 54 BC ), 230 compared with Plutarch, 15 Terentius Varro, M. speeches as source, 16 against Antonius’ attack September 44 Teutones, 162 BC , 269 Th eophanes, 125 teaching rhetoric, 120 as source, 17 Tibur, 273 Utica, 204 , 241 , 246 Trebonius, C. (cos. 45 BC ), 225 tribunate, 7 , 35 – 36 Valerius Flaccus, L., 58 and contio , 3 5 – 3 6 Valerius Maximus triumph, 57 on Pompeius, 117

Subject index 377

Valerius Nepos, P., 254 Vettius, T., 173 Valerius Triarius, P., 31 Vibius Pansa, C. (cos. 43 BC ), 120 , 275 Velleius Paterculus Villa of the Papyri, 184 on Pompeius, 117 , 123 Venus, 160 wealth Venus Victrix, temple to, 130 from military career, 57 Verres, C., 221 and political career, 50 – 52 Vettius Sabinus political uses of, 50 – 52 Gaius Gracchus’ speech in defence of, 74 sources of, 50