Italian Unification and German Unification, 1815–1871

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Italian Unification and German Unification, 1815–1871

Italian Unication and German Unication, 1815–1871 Italian Unication and German Unication, 1815–1871 Use the labels below to match with the specic areas of the maps provided on the previous page (labels may appear on more than one map). General Labels Cities 1. Berlin 2. Bologna 3. Bremen 4. Breslau 5. Cologne 6. Danzig 7. Florence 8. Genoa 9. Hamburg 10. Königsberg 11. Leipzig 12. Messina 13. Milan 14. Munich 15. Naples 16. Palermo 17. Ravenna 18. Rome 19. St. Petersburg 20. Turin 21. Venice 22. Vienna 23. Villafranca 24. Warsaw Battles and Attacks 1. 1871: Prussians besiege and occupy Paris 2. Calatami 1860 3. Casteldardo 1860 4. Magenta 1859 5. Milazzo 1860 6. Sadowa 1866 7. Sedan 1870 8. Solferino 1859 9. Volturno 1860 Countries and States 1. ALSACE-LORRAINE 2. AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN EMPIRE 3. BADEN 4. BAVARIA 5. BELGIUM 6. BRANDENBURG 7. BREMEN 8. DENMARK 9. EAST PRUSSIA 10. FRANCE 11. GERMAN EMPIRE/GERMANY 12. GRAND DUCHY OF HESSE 13. HANOVER 14. HOHENZOLLERN 15. HOLSTEIN 16. ITALY 17. KINGDOM OF PIEDMONT-SARDINIA 18. KINGDOM OF THE TWO SICILIES 19. LOMBARDY 20. LUX. 21. MECKLENBURG 22. MODENA 23. MONACO 24. NETHERLANDS 25. NICE 26. NORWAY 27. OTTOMAN EMPIRE 28. PALATINATE OF HESSE 29. PAPAL STATES 30. PARMA 31. PATRIMONY OF ST. PETER 32. PIEDMONT 33. POLAND 34. POMERANIA 35. POSEN 36. RUSSIAN EMPIRE 37. SAVOY 38. SAXONY 39. SCHLESWIG 40. SILESIA 41. SWEDEN 42. SWITZERLAND 43. THURINGIAN STATES 44. TUSCANY 45. VENETIA 46. WEST PRUSSIA 47. WESTPHALIA 48. WÜRTTEMBURG Geographical Features 1. CORSICA 2. SARDINIA 3. SICILY Water 1. ADRIATIC SEA 2. BALTIC SEA 3. MEDITERRANEAN SEA 4. NORTH SEA Other Labels 1. CZECHS Legend Labels Italy Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, 1815 Ceded by Austria, 1859 Ceded to France, 1860 United with Piedmont, 1860 Ceded by Austria, 1866 Occupied by Italy, 1870 Battle Germany Prussia 1815 Territory added to Prussia, 1815–1866 Territory added to Prussia/German Empire, 1871 Attack on Denmark, 1864 Attack on Austria, 1866 Attack on France, 1870–1871 Border of German Empire, 1871.

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Timeline / Before 1800 to After 1930 / ITALY
Timeline / Before 1800 to After 1930 / ITALY Date Country Theme 1800 - 1814 Italy Cities And Urban Spaces In the Napoleonic age, monumental architecture is intended to celebrate the glory of the new regime. An example of that is the Foro Bonaparte, in the area around the Sforza’s Castle in Milan (a project by Giovanni Antonio Antolini). 1800s - 1850s Italy Travelling The “Grand Tour” falls out of vogue; it used to be a period of educational travel, popular among the European aristocrats in the 17th and 18th centuries. Its primary destination was Italy. In the second half of the 19th century, vanguard artists no longer looked at Roman antiquities and Renaissance for inspiration. 1807 - 1837 Italy Cities And Urban Spaces In Milan, Luigi Cagnola completes the construction of the Arch of Peace, started during the Napoleonic age and inspired by the Arc du Carrousel in Paris. The stunning architectures of the Napoleonic age use arches, obelisks and allegorical groups of Roman and French classical inspiration. 1809 Italy Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion Giacomo Leopardi (1798–1837), philosopher, scholar and one of the greatest Italian poets of all times, writes his first poem. 1815 - 1816 Italy Rediscovering The Past Antonio Canova, acting on behalf of Pope Pio VII, recovers from France several pieces of art belonging to the Papal States, which had been brought to Paris by Napoleon, including the Villa Borghese’s archaeological collection. 1815 - 1860 Italy Political Context Italian “Risorgimento” (movement for national unification). 1815 Italy Political Context The Congress of Vienna decides the restoration of pre-Napoleonic monarchies: Kingdom of Sardinia (Piedmont, Genoa, Sardinia); Kingdom of Two Sicilies (Southern Italy and Sicily), the Papal States (part of Central Italy), Grand Duchy of Tuscany and other smaller states.
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The Unification of Italy and Germany
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The Unification of Italy
New Dorp High School Social Studies Department AP Global Mr. Hubbs & Mrs. Zoleo The Unification of Italy While nationalism destroyed empires, it also built nations. Italy was one of the countries to form from the territories of the crumbling empires. After the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Austria ruled the Italian provinces of Venetia and Lombardy in the north, and several small states. In the south, the Spanish Bourbon family ruled the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Nevertheless, between 1815 and 1848, increasing numbers of Italians were no longer content to live under foreign rulers. Amid growing discontent, two leaders appeared—one was idealistic, the other practical. They had different personalities and pursued different goals. But each contributed to the Unification of Italy. The Movement for Unity Begins In 1832, an idealistic 26-year-old Italian named Guiseppe Mazzini organized a nationalist group called, Young Italy. Similarly, youth were the leaders and custodians of the nineteenth century nationalist movements. The Napoleonic Wars were lead principally by younger men. Napoleon was 35 years of age when crowned Emperor. As nationalism spread across Europe the pattern continued. People over 40 were excluded from Mazzini's organization. During the violent year of 1848, revolts broke out in eight states on the Italian Peninsula. Mazzini briefly headed a republican government in Rome. He believed that nation-states were the best hope for social justice, democracy, and peace in Europe. However, the 1848 rebellions failed in Italy as they did elsewhere in Europe. The foreign rulers of the Italian states drove Mazzini and other nationalist leaders into exile.
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declared war on Austria, in alliance with the Papal States and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, and attacked the weakened Austria in her Italian possessions. embarked to Sicily to conquer the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, ruled by the But Piedmontese Army was defeated by Radetzky; Charles Albert abdicated Bourbons. Garibaldi gathered 1.089 volunteers: they were poorly armed in favor of his son Victor Emmanuel, who signed the peace treaty on 6th with dated muskets and were dressed in a minimalist uniform consisting of August 1849. Austria reoccupied Northern Italy. Sardinia wasn’t able to beat red shirts and grey trousers. On 5th May they seized two steamships, which Austria alone, so it had to look for an alliance with European powers. they renamed Il Piemonte and Il Lombardo, at Quarto, near Genoa. On 11th May they landed at Marsala, on the westernmost point of Sicily; on 15th they Room 8 defeated Neapolitan troops at Calatafimi, than they conquered Palermo on PALAZZO MORIGGIA the 29th , after three days of violent clashes. Following the victory at Milazzo (29th May) they were able to control all the island. The last battle took MUSEO DEL RISORGIMENTO THE DECADE OF PREPARATION 1849-1859 place on 1st October at Volturno, where twenty-one thousand Garibaldini The Decade of Preparation 1849-1859 (Decennio defeated thirty thousand Bourbons soldiers. The feat was a success: Naples di Preparazione) took place during the last years of and Sicily were annexed to the Kingdom of Sardinia by a plebiscite. MODERN AND CONTEMPORARY HISTORY LABORATORY Risorgimento, ended in 1861 with the proclamation CIVIC HISTORICAL COLLECTION of the Kingdom of Italy, guided by Vittorio Emanuele Room 13-14 II.
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Italian Unification 1858
Italian Unification 1858 - 1870 Since the time of the middle ages, Italy has been a collection of provinces, early to mid 1800s – Italy was ruled by Austria and the Pope. Major Obstacles to Unification • Austrian Rule – Austria controlled major portions of Italy and had no wish to give them up. • The Pope – The Pope ruled the Papal States in central Italy; a strong national government would threaten church ownership of the lands. GIUSEPPE’S • GIUSEPPE MAZZINI – founded Young Italy, “The Soul of Italian Unification” (secret society - called for the unity of Italy under a representative government) – Mazzini stirs up revolts in several cities that are quickly put down – Mazzini flees to France, and then later to Switzerland – He continues to promote unification with his writings • GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI – worked with Mazzini (1830s) – 1848 – leads troops in the North against Austria, failed – 1849 – attacks Rome in the hopes of setting up a more liberal government; take away some of the power of the Pope – Garibaldi goes into hiding to protect his freedom Cavour & Emmanuel II CAMILLO DI CAVOUR – believes in constitutional monarchy and industrial growth • 1852 – movement gains new life • RISORGIMENTO – reawakening • Through the newspaper, stirs up anti – Austrian feeling, pushes for northern states to unite 1852 – KING VICTOR EMMANUEL II of Sardinia and Piedmont, names CAVOUR Prime Minister • While in Piedmont – encouraged building of factories and railroads increased trade with other nations • Built it up to win territory from Austria Dealing with the Austrians CAVOUR moves 1st against the Austrians • Arranges secret alliance w/France, then provoked war against Austria • Austria invades Piedmont, French aid the Italians • War ends in July 1859 – Piedmont receives the northern Italian state of Lombardy, previously controlled by Austria.
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Unification of Italy.Indd
CHAPTER 1 KEY TERMS Risorgimento Translated, Italy in the early nineteenth century the word means ‘reawakening’. As a historical term it has been used to describe the development of a INTRODUCTION national identity, a national sentiment, an awareness In September 1870, the troops of King Victor Emmanuel among Italians of a common II of Italy entered Rome. Italian unifi cation, the bringing culture. It should not be used together diff erent states of the Italian peninsula under one to describe any movement for national unifi cation, because government, was complete. Th e Risorgimento, the there wasn’t one. reawakening of Italy, had reached its climax. However, the creation of the new Italian state was neither inevitable nor had it been planned. Although Italian unifi cation had KEY PEOPLE taken place, there was little enthusiasm for the new state Victor Emmanuel II among the Italian people. In 1861, an Italian politician (1820–78) was the king of named Massimo d’Azeglio remarked to Victor Emmanuel: Piedmont from 1849 to 1861 ‘Sir, we have made Italy. Now we must make Italians.’ Th e and fi rst king of Italy from story of what follows is of how Italy was made, but it is 1861 to his death in 1878. He reigned as a constitutional also a story of division and the failure to ‘make Italians’. monarch, bound by the Statuto which was granted by his father Charles Albert in THE STATES OF THE PENINSULA 1848. He made a number of important decisions in his Towards the end of the eighteenth century the peninsula of reign, such as the appointment of Count Camillo Cavour as Italy was home to a number of states.
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Of Italy Unification
63522_CoverX_Layout 1 3/11/11 10:11 AM Page 1 Ambassador A Publication of the National Italian American Foundation Vol. 22, No. 3 I Spring 2011 I www.niaf.org The Unification of Italy @ LY a t I Celebrating Italy’s 150th Anniversary History of Italian Unity Made Easier On Becoming Italian Appreciation: Joseph R. Cerrell ington, DC 20009-5501 DC ington, Wash 1860 19th Street NW Street 19th 1860 NIAF 63522_Cover_Layout 1 3/9/11 10:03 AM Page 2 FIAT is a registered trademark of Fiat Group Marketing & Corporate Communication S.p.A., used under license by Chrysler Group LLC. 63522_TextX_NIAF Amb 17.4c 3/11/11 10:22 AM Page 1 AmbassadorA Publication of the National Italian American Foundation Vol. 22, No. 3 I www.niaf.org Features Events Celebrating Italy’s 150th Anniversary On March 17, 1861, Italy became one nation after almost a half century of struggle called il Risorgimento. Italy@150 celebrates Italy’s 150th anniversary through- out the United States with events that are turning 2011 into an “Italian year.” Foreword by Giulio Terzi di Sant’Agata, Ambassador of Italy to the United States C O N T E N T S La Dolce DC From Pond Scum to Power Crop 17 The Nation’s Capital is brush- 37 That light-green algae may ing up on its Italian this spring look like pond scum to you, O F and summer with a citywide but to California entrepreneur festival of exhibitions, theater Guido Radaelli, it's a wonder productions and activities that crop that has the potential to are just the ticket for observing power our future and feed the Italy’s 150th anniversary.
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Italian Unification 150 Years Later: a Historical Perspective
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The Unification of Italy 1789 – 1896 Handout
THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY 1789 – 1896 HANDOUT Key Facts & Summary • Also known as Risorgimento, the Italian unification was a political and social movement that consolidated different states of the Italian peninsula into a single state of the Kingdom of Italy in the 19th century. • The process began in 1815, with the Congress of Vienna acting as a detonator, and was completed in 1871 when Rome became the capital. However, the last Italian territories under foreign rule did not join the Kingdom of Italy until 1918, after Italy finally defeated Austria-Hungary in World War I. • As other foreign powers were responsible for the situation of Italy, their very presence motivated Italians to strive for unification, however, Italy’s successful unification, ironically, would not have come to pass without the help of other foreign powers. • The situation of Italy after unification can best be described after the statement of professor Serge Hughes: “Now that we have made Italy, we must make Italians.” • Giuseppe Garibaldi, Giuseppe Mazzini, Count Cavour and Victor Emmanuel II are considered to be “the fathers of the fatherland”. Prologue Italy was first united by Rome in the third century B.C. It remained for over 700 years the de facto extension of the capital of the Roman Republic and Empire. It experienced a privileged status and avoided being converted into a province. Even with the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Italy remained united under the Ostrogothic Kingdom. However, this would later be disputed between the Kingdom of the Lombards and the Eastern Roman Empire. Following the conquest of the Frankish Empire, the title of King of Italy merged with the office of Holy Roman Emperor.
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Introduction: Italy's 150Th Anniversary
Bulletin of Italian Politics Vol. 3, No. 2, 2011, 217-224 Introduction: Italy’s 150 th Anniversary James Walston The American University of Rome As with most political anniversaries, the 150 years of a unified Italian state celebrating the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy in Turin in 1861, meant more for today’s leaders and issues than for the issues that led to unification or those which proceeded from it. On 17 March 2011, it was curious and ironic to watch senior prelates celebrating the anniversary of an event which had been led mainly by masons whom the churchmen abhorred then and still do and for the foundation of a state that the Church refused formally to recognise for almost 70 years. For the anniversary, the Pope himself complimented Italy and claimed that Roman Catholicism has been the glue which had held the country together. All the official participants were also proven republicans celebrating the birth of the new kingdom. The Northern League’s presence in government at the time created further contradictions; an essential component of the Italian government was explicitly working for the breakup of Italy. Their deputies walked out of the Chamber when the national anthem was played while their ministers stayed in the cabinet. Silvio Berlusconi’s reliance on Umberto Bossi and the Northern League for the survival of the coalition meant that the previously non- or anti-nationalistic left wrapped itself in the tricolour, sometimes literally. Left-wing leaders appeared on television talk shows with a tricolour rosette. The anniversary itself was a celebration of a very short moment of the Risorgimento, a process that took a century.
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Nationalism and Archaeology in Italy from Unification to WWII
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Nebraska Anthropologist Anthropology, Department of 2007 The Past Is How We Present It: Nationalism and Archaeology in Italy from Unification ot WWII Andrew P. McFeaters Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/nebanthro Part of the Anthropology Commons McFeaters, Andrew P., "The Past Is How We Present It: Nationalism and Archaeology in Italy from Unification ot WWII" (2007). Nebraska Anthropologist. 33. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/nebanthro/33 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Anthropology, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Nebraska Anthropologist by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. The Past Is How We Present It: Nationalism and Archaeology in Italy from Unification to WWII Andrew P. McF eaters Abstract: Between the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first halfof the twentieth century, Italian archaeology was greatly influenced by nationalism. The political use ofarchaeology by the Italian government can be seen in the years following unification and even more so when Benito Mussolini came to power, determined to make a new Italy modeled after the Roman Empire. He planned to do this by enforcing the adoption ofancient Roman culture, but also by resurrecting the Roman past through various archaeological projects to remind the Italians of their heritage. This goal guaranteed a nationalistic approach to the archaeological record, the effects of which are still visible today, especially in Rome. Despite the fact that large sums ofmoney were poured into the archaeological work of this period, the methods and objectives ensured that only a past that could be sold to the masses was a past worth presenting.
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