GEOARCHAEOLOGY of BYBLOS, TYRE, SIDON and BEIRUT Nicolas Carayon · Nick Marriner · Christophe Morhange*
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Rivista di Studi Fenici 1 2011_Impaginato 30/06/12 14:52 Pagina 45 GEOARCHAEOLOGY OF BYBLOS, TYRE, SIDON AND BEIRUT Nicolas Carayon · Nick Marriner · Christophe Morhange* Abstract: Recent geoarchaeological work at Byblos, Tyre, Sidon and Beirut has looked to marry geoscience techniques (coring, geomorphological mapping, bio-sedimentological studies) with archaeology, to better understand where, when and how the cities’ ancient harbours have evolved. Not only have these data contributed to a historical and archaeological reinterpretation of Lebanon’s harbour environments, but they have also provided new insights into seaport systems and infrastructure for the wider Canaan, Phoenician and Punic spheres. In this paper, we sum- marise the geoarchaeological results from these four sites, placing particular emphasis on previ- ously unpublished archaeological data. Keywords: Ancient Ports; Phoenicia; Geomorphology; Tyre; Sidon; Byblos; Beirut. Byblos the chronostratigraphy demonstrates that the northern port was also relatively exposed ix cores were undertaken at Byblos (Fig. to swell and wind dynamics during antiquity. S 1), two in the northern harbour and four The southern bay was open to offshore influ- in the bay of El-Skhiny.1 The elucidated ences and only its northern flank was rela- chronostratigraphy has shed new light on a tively sheltered from high-energy sea states. number of questions posed by H. Frost dur- Relative to present, the coastline lay further ing the 1960-70s.2 New work has demonstrat- inland during antiquity and progradation of ed that the ancient city of Byblos possessed the coastline, through sediment supply from two harbours: the present port, just to the local wadis, began around 1300-1200 years BP. north of the tell in a creek that favoured the Today, the topography has been significantly beaching of small vessels, and the bay of El- disturbed due to the illegal extraction of sand Skhiny, south of the tell, open to the influence allied with the construction of numerous of the wind and swell and bordered by a tourist amenities. sandy beach. The islet of Jeziret el-Jasmine, in From a geomorphological perspective, the the northern angle of the bay, faces the ancient harbour system of Byblos comprises mouth of wadi Qassouba and affords greater two harbours separated either side of the ar- protection to this area of the bay. chaeological tell: to the north an exposed No rapid shift in sedimentological facies is pocket beach and, to the south, a large marine attested in the northern or southern bays’ bay (~550-m wide) with a small offshore islet. sedimentary records, demonstrating that Byblos was the most important harbour of these basins were probably never endowed the Levantine coastline during the Bronze with artificial harbourworks, such as moles, Age and its spatial organisation is typical of destined to protect the waterbody. Indeed, this period, namely a series of simple juxta- * Nicolas Carayon: CNRS UMR 5140 – Montpel- CEREGE UMR 6635 – Aix-Marseille Université, Aix- lier-Lattes (France); [email protected]. Nick en-Provence (France); [email protected]. Marriner: CNRS CEREGE UMR 6635 – Aix- Marseille Université, Aix-en-Provence (France); 1 Stefaniuk et al. 2005. [email protected]. Cristophe Morhange: CNRS 2 Frost 1973b; Frost – Morhange 2000. RStFen, xxxix, 1 · 2011 Rivista di Studi Fenici 1 2011_Impaginato 30/06/12 14:52 Pagina 46 46 nicolas carayon · nick marriner · christophe morhange trade network, particularly the trade of cedar with Egypt, described in the 11th century BC in the account of Wenamon.4 In this text, an Egyptian envoy, Wenamon, arrived in Byblos looking to buy cedar wood. He installed his tent in the harbour where he met the Giblite king and negotiated the merchandise. It is re- counted that the wood was cut in the moun- tain and stocked on a beach outside the city until the boats loaded and exported them to Egypt. It is hypothesized that Wenamon set anchor in the northern harbour and that the stocking and charging of the logs took place on the beaches of El-Skhiny.5 Tyre 25 cores were undertaken at Tyre (Fig. 2), centred on four geographical areas: (1) the northern harbour; (2) the “southern” har- bour; (3) the tombolo; and (4) the coastline of Palaeo-Tyre.6 In addition, underwater ar- chaeological surveys in the area known as the “southern harbour” were also undertaken.7 The results of this underwater study have Fig. 1. Simplified geomorphology of the Byblos coast (Carayon 2008). looked to reconcile some unresolved ques- tions relating to the work of E. Renan,8 A. Poidebard9 and H. Frost.10 The ancient configuration of the northern posed harbours.3 This model is also attested port has been reconstructed. The basin was at Batroun, Tell Sukas, and Akzib. The use of approximately 50% larger in antiquity than these harbours was totally dependent upon today, diminishing in size due to the infilling the meteorological conditions, whilst the ab- of a natural semi-protected bay, accelerated sence of artificial infrastructures meant that by harbour infrastructure (e.g. enveloping larger vessels could not shore-up at the wa- moles). A rapid shift in sediment facies from terfront. The northern creek was, as it is to- an exposed to a confined environment, dated day, too small for large vessels to access. In- to the Hellenistic period, translates this struc- stead, the latter anchored offshore in the ture. Underwater surveys undertaken by a southern bay when weather permitted whilst team from the University of Perpignan (pro- lighter vessels assured the transit with the gramme ARESMAR) have relocated remains continent. of a late construction today submerged un- Despite its unfavourable harbour context, derwater, consistent with the ancient mole of Byblos was able to play an important role in Tyre’s northern harbour.11 It is important to the eastern Mediterranean’s Bronze Age note that no harbourworks dating from the 3 Carayon 2008. 7 El Amouri et al. 2005. 4 Schipper 2005. 5 Frost 2002. 8 Renan 1864. 9 Poidebard 1939. 6 Marriner 2009; Marriner – Morhange – 10 Frost 1971. Carayon 2008. 11 Castellvi et al. 2007. Rivista di Studi Fenici 1 2011_Impaginato 30/06/12 14:52 Pagina 47 geoarchaeology of byblos, tyre, sidon and beirut 47 Fig. 2. Location of cores and reconstructed limits of Tyre’s ancient northern harbour (Marriner 2009). Phoenician period have been evidenced. The Graeco-Latin sources relating to the siege of relative absence of sediment from this period Tyre by Alexander, must therefore lie else- also evokes considerable dredging operations where. Two sediment cores were extracted that would have removed sediment archives further west (TVIII and TXVI; Fig. 2), in dating from the Phoenician period. proximity to the so-called Tour des Algériens Work undertaken in the southern harbour where E. Renan located the famous southern has clearly shown that the drowned area, harbour, at the foot of the Phoenician city called the “southern harbour” or “Egyptian wall. The sediments reveal a relatively open harbour” after the work of Poidebard, was marine environment, inconsistent with the not a harbour complex. The presence of nu- descriptions of a protected harbour evoked merous land-based structures (walls, quar- by literary sources. ries) suggests that this area corresponds to an urban quarter of the ancient city, protected A number of cores were also taken on the from the sea by an important mole today sub- coastline directly facing the island of Tyre, merged underwater (Fig. 3). These remains where the ancient city of Ushu-Palaeotyre lay. appear to correspond to the last phase of oc- The results attest to a prograding sandy coast- cupation of a polderized area that has yet to line with a natural shallow sand bank be- be dated (perhaps the infilling work attrib- tween the offshore island city and the conti- uted to Hiram 1st in the ancient literature).12 nent by the time of Alexander the Great. A The southern harbour, mentioned by the sublittoral lagoon around the Tyre el-Bass 12 For example Ios. Fla., C. Ap., I 112-113; 116-118. Rivista di Studi Fenici 1 2011_Impaginato 30/06/12 14:52 Pagina 48 48 nicolas carayon · nick marriner · christophe morhange Fig. 3. Plan of archaeological structures on the south part of the Tyrian peninsula (El Amouri et al. 2005). Fig. 4. Reconstructed limits of the ancient island of Tyre in 3000 BP (Marriner 2009). Rivista di Studi Fenici 1 2011_Impaginato 30/06/12 14:52 Pagina 49 geoarchaeology of byblos, tyre, sidon and beirut 49 area has also been elucidated (Fig. 4). This could help to explain the important surface area attributed to Palaeotyre in Pliny the El- der’s descriptions (Nat., V, 17). In sum, Tyre’s port system during Phoeni- cian times comprised a vast outer harbour that exploited the long aeolianite ridge ex- posed during this period and upon which the ancient city lay. These outer harbours operat- ed in tandem with: (1) the northern harbour comprising a semi-protected natural bay (a mole confined the ancient basin at least from the Hellenistic period onwards, possibly earli- er); (2) a southern harbour whose precise lo- cation and geomorphological disposition have yet to be precisely determined; and (3) the beaches of Palaeotyre and its sheltered la- goon. Similar spatial configurations are at- tested at Arwad (Fig. 5), Cadix, Jezirat Fara’un (Red Sea) and at Cerro del Villar, and represent a unique specificity of the Phoeni- cian model.13 Sidon At Sidon, 15 cores were undertaken in collab- oration with the British Museum, ten around the northern harbour and four around the crique ronde.14 Topographic measurements were also made on the island of Zire.15 As at Tyre, the results of the geoarchaeoogical Fig. 5. Simplified map of the Arwad reef, Syria (Carayon 2008).