List of Participants and Biographies

TECHNICAL CONSULTATION MEETING 23-25 January 2012, FAO, Roma, Italy

“Assessing the Potential of Insects as Food and Feed in assuring Food Security”

List of participants and biographies

List of Participants

PARTICIPANT COUNTRY ORGANISATION TYPE CONTACT Prof. Monica [email protected] 1 Ayieko Kenya Bondo, university College Centre de Recherche pour [email protected] Ir. Séverin la Gestion de la 2 Tchibozo Bénin Biodiversité (CRGB) [email protected] Department of Prof. Dr. Martin Biodiversity 3 Potgieter South Africa University of Limpopo Department of Human [email protected] Nutrition, University of 4 Dr. Nanna Roos Denmark Copenhagen Departamento de [email protected] Dr. Julieta Ramos Zoología, Instituto de am.mx 5 Elorduy Blásquez Mexico Biología, U.N.A.M. Dr. Florence USA, Univ. of Wisconsin - [email protected] 6 Dunkel Montana Madison The Research Institute of [email protected] Dr. Prof. Ying China, Resource Insects, Chinese 7 Feng Yunnan Academy of Forestry Biosciences Research [email protected] Assoc. Prof. Alan Division, Department of 8 Louey Yen Australia Primary Industries Entomology Division, [email protected] Dr. Yupa Faculty of Agriculture, 9 Hanboonsong Thailand Khon Kaen University Instituto Universitario [email protected] CIBIO - Centro Iberoamericano de la Biodiversidad, Dpto de Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales, 10 Prof. Santos Rojo Spain Universidad de Alicante. Prof. Dr. [email protected] Parimalendu Department of Zoology, 11 Haldar India Visva-Bharati University The [email protected] 12 Margot Calis Netherlands Insect breeder KRECA vof Università degli Studi di [email protected] Prof. Maurizio Padova, 13 Guido Paoletti Italy Dipartimento di Biologia Assist. Prof. [email protected] Jintana Yhoung- Institute of Nutrition, 14 Aree Thailand Mahidol University 2

Departamento de Ciências [email protected] Dr. Eraldo Biológicas, Universidade Meideros Costa Estadual de Feira de 15 Neto Brasil Santana [email protected] 16 Antoine Hubert France Private sector: Ynsect Tilemachos.GOUMPERIS@efsa. europa.eu; [email protected] Tilemachos a.eu 17 Goumperis Italy EFSA: Emerging risk unit ICIPE:African Insect [email protected] Prof. Christian Science for Food and 18 Borgemeister Kenya Health Laboratory of [email protected] BEc., MSc. Dennis The Entomology, Wageningen 19 Oonincx Netherlands university Prof. Dr.Sc. & Department of Agriculture [email protected] PhD Jørgen and Ecology, University of Eilenberg Copenhagen, Faculty of 20 Denmark Life Sciences Assoc. Prof. PhD Department of Agriculture [email protected] Annette Bruun and Ecology, University of Jensen Copenhagen, Faculty of 21 Denmark Life Sciences Ernest Private sector, Organic [email protected] 22 Papadoyianis USA Nutrition Mr. Xavier Private sector, Organic [email protected] 23 Cherch USA Nutrition Christophe Private sector, ACTIA [email protected] Cotillon (Alimentation, Agric- 24 France Pêche & Biotechnologie) Dr. Oliver Private sector, Saria Bio- [email protected] 25 Schneider Germany industries Dr.-Ing. Johannes Private sector, Global [email protected] Paul Schlebusch Applied Science & m Technology, Mars Petcare 26 Germany Mars GmbH Dr. Silvia CRA (Council of Research [email protected] Cappellozza and Experiments in Agriculture). Apiculture and Sericulture Unit of 27 Italy Bologna, Padua seat Dr. Ir. Walter The [email protected] 28 Jansen Netherlands Private sector, Jagran Ir. Marleen Vrij The [email protected] 29 Netherlands Private sector, ZETADEC Francisco Javier [email protected] Gutiérrez Private sector, Centro 30 Pecharromán Spain tecnológico CARTIF 31 Marian Peters The Private sector, VENIK [email protected]

Netherlands communication [email protected]; The [email protected] 32 Karel Bolckmans Netherlands Private sector, Koppert [email protected] 33 David Drew South Africa Private sector, AgriProtein Prof.Dr. Nonaka [email protected] 34 Kenichi Japan Rykkio University, Japan Dr. Gillian OIE (World Organisation [email protected] 35 Elizabeth Mylrea France for Animal Health) PhD Student in [email protected] North Biochemistry and 36 Dr. Aaron Dossey America Molecular Biology Student Food-Design [email protected] Polytechnic university of 37 Giulia Tacchini Italy Milan Senior Forestry Officer, [email protected] FAO Regional Office for 38 Patrick Durst FAORAP Asia and the Pacific Robert Van [email protected] 39 Otterdijk FAO Agro-Industry Officer Senior Food Standards [email protected] Officer, Codex 40 Tom Heilandt FAO, WHO Alimentarius Diedelinde [email protected] 41 Persijn FAO Nutrition Intern Ruth [email protected] 42 Charrondiere FAO Nutrition Officer [email protected] 43 Mark Smulders FAO Senior Economist Khaled [email protected] 44 Alrouechdi FAO Agricultural Officer, IPM [email protected] 45 Bill Garthwaite FAO Legal Specialist [email protected] 46 Graham Hamley FAO Legal Specialist Food Safety Assessment [email protected] 47 Marisa Caipo FAO Officer [email protected] 48 Jeff Farber FAO Food Safety Officer Maria [email protected] 49 DeCristofaro FAO Communication Officer [email protected] 50 Pauline Quierzy FAO EMPRESS Food Safety 51 Matthias Halwart FAO Senior Aquaculture Officer [email protected]

[email protected] 52 Harinder Makkar FAO Animal Production Officer Forestry Officer, Forest [email protected] conservation service, 53 Edgar Kaeslin FAO wildlife and CBD

Tropical entomologist, [email protected] 54 Arnold van Huis WUR Laboratory of entomology Food Technologist, [email protected] 55 Harmke Klunder WUR Wageningen university Senior Forestry Officer, [email protected] 56 Paul Vantomme FAO Non-wood-forest products [email protected] 57 Esther Mertens FAO Forestry Intern

Biographies

INDEX

3. Ayieko, M. 4. Bolckmans, K. 5. Borgemeister, C. 6. Bruun, A.J. 7. Calis, M. 8. Cherch, X.T. 9. Costa Neto, E. 10. Cotillon, C. 11. Dossey, A. 12. Drew, D. 13. Dunkel, F. 14. Durst, P. 15. Eilenberg, J. 16. Feng, Y. 17. Goumperis, T. 18. Guiterrez, F.J. 19. Hanboonsong, Y. 20. Heilandt, T. 21. Hubert, A. 22. Van Huis, A. 23. Jansen, W. 24. Klunder, H. 25. Makkar, H. 26. Mertens, E. 27. Mylrea, G.E. 28. Nonaka, K. 29. Oonincx, D. 30. Otterdijk, R. 31. Paoletti, M. 32. Parimalendu, H 33. Papadoyianis, E. 34. Peters, M. 35. Potgieter, M. 36. Ramos-Eolorduy, J. 37. Rojo, S. 38. Roos, N. 39. Scapelloza, S. 40. Schlebusch, J. 41. Schneider, O. 42. Smulders, M. 43. Tacchini, G. 44. Tchibozo, S. 45. Vantomme, P. 46. Vrij, M. 47. Yen, A.L.

48. Yhoung-Aree, J.

Prof. Monica A. Ayieko- a Consumer Economist- is an Associate Professor at the School of Agriculture, Food Security and Biodiversity, Bondo University College. She is the current Director of Quality Assurance at the College. She holds a Ph.D. degree in Family and Consumer Economics from University of Illinois. She served with the Kenya Ministry of Agriculture as household extension worker in Coast, North Eastern, and Nyanza provinces between 1974 and 1983. She also has experience working with both international and local NGOs and serves in several community boards of governors. Her current research work is mainly on edible insects.

Prof Ayieko started working with edible insects in 2002 when she realized that there were a lot of edible insects in her village yet people were not keen on using then as human food. Few families collect insects from the natural habitats whenever the long and short rainy seasons set in. Even though, it is mainly children and women from poor homes who collect edible insects. Few other people collect lake flies and black Formicidae ants for their medicinal values. To begin her work on entomophagy, Ayieko used her own meager salary to collect different species of edible insects. She talked to the elderly villagers and gathered more information about the species. She has since regularly collected edible insects for her own family consumption. Apart from the few experiments she did on cooking methods in her own kitchen, she obtained more information from various publications. Getting funds to research on edible insects was not readily forthcoming but eventually the barrier was overcome and obtained her first funding in 2005. After the firsts survey on consumption of edible insects, she quickly noted that many people would like to eat the insects but are not attracted by how the insects look on plates. With the limited laboratory resources at her university and by seeking help from other institutions with conventional food analysis technology, Ayieko has done basic nutritional analysis of edible winged termites (Macrotermes species), lake flies (Chironomus and Chaoborus), longhorn grasshoppers (Ruspolia differens), black formicidae ants (Carebara vidua Smith) which are readily available within the Lake Victoria region. To respond to the wishes of the general consumers, Ayieko has attempted to work on processed products of termites and lake flies and successfully formulated biscuits, crackers, muffins, meatloaf and sausages. The products have been patented in Kenya pending product refinement for the consumer market. To overcome the tedious problem of collecting the insects, she has constructed and tested improved rural technology for collection of termites and lake flies. Since her consistent research on edible insects, Ayieko has received modest research funds from RPSUD, NCST, VicRes. She has presented several papers on edible insects at internal, regional and local conferences and published several papers on the same in referred journals. Her ultimate goal is to be able to rear selected edible insects to promote consumption of the same as an alternative healthy source of human food nutrients in Africa.

Karel Bolckmans is the Director of Global R&D and Production at Koppert BV in the Netherlands. He holds a degree of Master of Agricultural Sciences from the K.U. Leuven in Belgium (1985- 1991). He has worked his entire career in the biological control industry, starting at the Belgian company Biobest. After having been an international market development manager and business development manager for a few years, he became responsible for the production of bumblebees and beneficial insects at Biobest. In 1997 Karel moved to Australia to work for the company Bugs for Bugs in Mundubbera, Queensland, where he reorganized the insectary and trained a new insectary manager. In 1998 he moved to the Dutch company Koppert BV in the Netherlands where he is leading the research and development of new invertebrate biological control agents and the production department. Since November last year, Karel is also responsible for the R&D and production of microbial biological control agents at Koppert. Karel is passionate about biological control and about mass-rearing insects and mites. He is fascinated by innovation and creative thinking and lead the development of a new breakthrough technology for mass-rearing phytoseiid predatory mites. He has been actively involved in organizing the conferences of the AMRQC working group (Arthropod Mass-Rearing and Quality Control) of the International Biological Control Organization (IOBC). At the last AMRQC meeting at the IAEA facilities in Vienna in 2010, he organized a symposium about mass-rearing insects for food and feed.

Koppert BV was founded in 1967 and is the pioneer of commercial mass-rearing of beneficial insects and mites for biological control. Its headquarters are in the Netherlands. With a turnover of nearly 100 million Euro and local subsidiaries in 25 countries, Koppert is the world-wide market leader in the development, production and marketing of beneficial insects and mites for biological control and of bumblebees for pollination.

Professor Christian Borgemeister worked from 1992 to 1997 at the Benin Station of the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) on biological and integrated control of an invasive post-harvest pest in Africa. From 1998 to 2005 he held various faculty positions as an entomologist at the Universities of Hannover and Giessen in Germany. In May 2005 he became the 3rd Director General of the International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe) in Nairobi, Kenya. He has published widely (>100 peer-reviewed publications) on various aspects of entomology, ranging from biological control and IPM to entomopathology and medical entomology.

International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology - icipe icipe is a tropical organization with a tropical agenda. But why study insects? Insects pose a great risk to food production, often causing the loss of entire crops and destroying about half of all harvested food in storage. The 'old' tropical vector-borne diseases of malaria, dengue, kala-azar and the like are making a dramatic comeback, and frightening new ones are emerging. Livestock succumb in their millions to insect- and tick-borne diseases, resulting in loss of milk, meat and traction power. Underlying all of these issues is the fundamental poverty of most tropical countries and inability to harness their natural resources for themselves. Established in Kenya in 1970, icipe's founders recognized that the mainly developing countries in the tropics had special problems that were not being adequately addressed by scientists and organizations in the North. Furthermore, there was a serious lack of indigenous expertise to resolve these problems. It should come as no surprise therefore that icipe's objectives for this millennium are essentially the same as they were four decades ago: (i) to help ensure food security and better health for humankind and its livestock; (ii) to protect the environment; and (iii) to conserve and make better use of natural resources. icipe's mission is to help alleviate poverty, ensure food security and improve the overall health status of peoples of the tropics by developing and extending management tools and strategies for harmful and useful arthropods, while preserving the natural resource base through research and capacity building. To achieve its mission, icipe has specific objectives in each of the 4-H research areas of human, animal, plant and environmental health. icipe will continue to develop, introduce and adapt new tools and strategies for arthropod management that are environmentally safe, affordable, appropriate, socially acceptable and applicable by the target end-users, with full community participation.

Assoc. Prof. PhD Annette Bruun Jensen has >12 y research experience in managed insects (honeybees) and pest insects, insect pathology and biodiversity of fungal entomopathogens. The research covers basic aspects (natural occurrence, population structure, host specificity, phylogeny/taxonomy). She has been consortium member or principal investigator in several national and international projects. She is teaching on several courses in insects, and plans to launch a new university course “Human benefits of wild and domesticated insects” where edible insects will be a topic. She is vice chair for WG 2 (Pest and Pathogens) in COST action “COLOSS “(prevention of honeybee Colony LOSSes).

Research Group ‘Insect Pathology and Biological Control”, University of Copenhagen University of Copenhagen was founded 1479 and is among the most prestigious European universities. The Faculty of Life Sciences harbors a range of research and teaching related to sustainable agriculture, food production and processing, and human well fare related to nature and managed ecosystems. The faculty offers several well attended international courses at MSc and PhD level, including a course in biological control (this year 10 nationalities are represented). Department of Agriculture and Ecology pays attention to sustainable crop production, including management of pests insects and protection of beneficial insects. The latter group includes honey bees. The research group Insect Pathology and Biological Control was established 20 years ago and focus on insect pathogenic fungi. The team consists of one full professor, three associate professors and five PhD students. We are among the leading international teams in insect pathology and have published many studies on the natural occurrence of insect pathogens among wild and domesticated insects, population interactions Our methods include prevalence sampling, molecular characterization and pathobiology. Furthermore, we study infection biology and co-evolution between pathogen and host. On the applied side our research includes biological control using microorganisms and insects as well as management of disease outbreaks in domesticated insects and laboratory cultures of insects. Current grants include INBIOSOIL (new EU project on biocontrol), IMBICONT (Bilateral collaboration Brazil-Denmark on biocontrol), Centre for Social Evolution (national centre of excellence studying fundamental aspects of social insects like honey bees and ants).

Margot Calis-Oosterwaal started breeding crickets (Acheta domesticus) in 1976 as life food for reptiles and birds. Margot is one of the founders of Kreca and for 30 years she was responsible for the breeding and sales. The company has now been taken over by her two daughters. As an insect breeder she is involved in programs related to entomophagy. She is the secretary of VENIK (Dutch Insect Farmers’ Association).

Kreca VOF After nine months of research, the Dutch public health service gave permission to start an official insect breeding company in 1981: ‘Kreca VOF’. Margot’s husband, joined the company in 1986. He is the creator of the rearing systems and responsible for technical issues. After a few years, they started to rear other insect species, such as the yellow mealworm, the superworm and the lesser mealworm. The two youngest daughters became partners in the business in 2008, with the intention to take over the business from their parents. Both are responsible for rearing and sales. Kreca now rears 14 species of insects, being distributed all over Europe, either alive, frozen or freeze dried. In 2008 ’Kreca VOF’ decided to create a new business, ‘Kreca organic food bv’, of which the main business is to supply insects for human consumption. VENIK With the foundation of Venik (the Dutch Insect farmers association) in 2008, the production and sale of edible insects in the Netherlands started. However, the barrier of consumer acceptance asks for a long-term strategy. Venik is now broadening their scoop to insects for food, feed and pharma. Venik takes several actions in designing the future for insects as food through lobbying, developing business scenarios, and road mapping. Venik is building a network at the national and international level with market parties, knowledge institutions and (non) governmental organisations. It has contacts with policy makers, politicians and the food safety authority. Venik also provides information on edible insects for educational purposes to professionals, consumers and the media. In the last few years, Venik initiated several projects dealing with among others legislation, quality standards, market development in the supply chain (‘InsectCentre’, official start in April 2012). Venik builds a knowledge base for acceptation and technical innovations at three levels: 1) fundamental substantiation of insects as a protein replacer and techniques to automate; 2 validation into applied knowledge; and 3) doing practical experiments.

Mr. Xavier T. Cherch is a Consultant/Vice President of Organic Nutrition, with over 57 years of experience inventing, developing, and marketing products. He has held senior management positions in numerous public and private companies in a broad range of industries, and holds several patents. Over the last sixteen years, he has devoted most of his time to the aquaculture industry and to the production of a sustainable protein replacement using insects. His efforts have been concentrated on logistics, facility and equipment designs, regulating and controlling environmental conditions, automating process control systems and refining production protocols. Mr. Cherch is the co-inventor of the patent pending Aqua-Sphere® and Ento-Protein®.

Organic Nutrition Industries, LLC - Early in 2006, Mr. Cherch and Ernest Papadoyianis began investigating utilizing mass produced insects as a food source in their aquaculture operations. Following almost two years of successful research which included feeding trials on hybrid striped bass and accompanying taste testing, the commercialization process on the Black Soldier Fly, Hermetia illucens, Organic Nutrition (ONI) was founded in August 2009 to develop a sustainable, integrated agri- business focused on the production of high quality protein meal. Mr. Cherch has served as a Consultant/Vice President of Organic Nutrition since its formation. Since that time, ONI has successfully developed the procedures, methodologies, and equipment to mass produce and process insects. The unique process utilizes organic pre-consumption food waste as feedstock for the mass production of insects to be processed into high protein meal for fish and livestock diets. In addition, the integrated operations also produce hydroponic produce, soil amendments and processing by- products for sale into different industries. The production model produces “zero waste” by integrating animal and plant production where the by-products or waste from one species become the input for another. ONI operates a two acre facility in Boynton Beach, FL USA as a large scale pilot facility. The Company has focused on developing scalable, modular technology and process control systems to maximize production and efficiency, while reducing labor. Mr. Cherch designed and supervised the construction of ONI’s two acre research facilities which incorporates climate controlled and automated feedstock reception and processing areas; specialized breeding facilities; production facilities; a series of specially designed and manufactured production tanks as well as a quality control laboratory. Mr. Cherch also was and continues to be instrumental in securing long-term feedstock contracts and developing the logistics and process control systems to transport and handle that feedstock. Mr. Cherch supervises all proprietary automation design, equipment engineering, product marketing, IP development, facility design, and is currently developing plans for a large scale commercial operation capable of producing in excess of 6000tonnes of Ento-Protein® annually.

Dr. Eraldo Medeiros Costa Neto – Graduated as Biologist. He has obtained his master degree in Environment and Development with a research on development and sustainability of fishing communities of Bahia State (1998). He conducted Ph.D. in Ecology and Natural Resources at Federal University of São Carlos (2003) and a Postdoctoral at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (2005). He has been, since 1995, Professor of Ethnobiology at the Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (UEFS); he lectured courses in several universities in Brazil and abroad. He is a member (founder) of the Brazilian Society of Ethnobiology and Ethnoecology and of the Latin American Society of Ethnobiology (president). He published >90 scientific papers in national and international journals and 7 books, among them “Antropoentomofagia: insetos na alimentação humana” (2011). He has experience in the field of ecology, with emphasis on Applied Ecology, acting on the following topics: ethnoentomology, entomophagy, ethnozoology, traditional knowledge, traditional medicine, and zootherapy.

Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana The UEFS is a public, national, educational research university, established in 1976 by Federal Law. UEFS is consolidated both in excellence and quality, as it comes to be one of the most important Educational Institutions of the country through hard work and quality that is developed by faculties, staff and students, and that has been reversed in academic-scientific credibility. Currently, UEFS has 27 regular undergraduate courses in various fields of knowledge. In order to educate and train new professionals UEFS has several graduate courses, offering six Masters and three PhDs, among them Sustainable Development, and Biotechnology. The Laboratory of Ethnobiology is comprised of three PhDs who have been working within the scope of Ethnosciences, especially ethnozoology (and its subdisciplines) and ethnoecology. In regard to anthropoentomophagy, we record how people interact with insects, which species is consumed, and the socio-cultural aspects related to this phenomenon.

Christophe Cotillon is a senior Food engineer working for the support of research capacity building in food sector. When he joined ACTIA, he started his career by managing national research projects for the benefit of ACTIA centres. At present, Christophe Cotillon is the Deputy Manager of ACTIA, responsible of European affairs and International Cooperation. With a long and wide experience in technology transfer, dissemination and communication to industry especially SMEs, he is involved as coordinator or partner in more than 15 European projects and also in international cooperation programmes targeting research and development capacity building in Northern African Countries (Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco and Egypt) and South America (Brazil, Chile). Christophe Cotillon has been interviewed several times about opportunities of insects in food sector.

ACTIA – Association de Coordination Technique pour l’Industrie Agroalimentaire ACTIA is a non-profit organization, created upon the joint initiative of the French Ministry of Agriculture and the French Ministry of Research in 1983, and grouping today 28 technical private and non profit centers providing services to French industrial companies in food and drink sector. With over 1200 skilled food technologists, and a total budget of 100 Millions of Euros, the 28 technical centres, members of ACTIA, have developed an international knowledge and expertise on all sectors of food industry and all technologies providing services to more than 75% of French food and drink companies. ACTIA Centres activities consist mainly in research and technology transfer for the companies they are supporting to better solve their problems and stimulate innovation. Due to the large covering of ACTIA network regarding French food and drinks companies, ACTIA is a good experienced partner, ensuring technology and knowledge transfer to companies, especially SMEs. ACTIA association is providing many services to its member technical centres aiming to increase their research and development capacity in order to maintain a high quality of services provided to industrial companies. ACTIA can support industry to use insects in food and feed products.

Dr. Aaron T. Dossey received his B.S. in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Cum Laude) from Oklahoma State University in 2001. He attended graduate school at the University of Florida, where he received his Ph.D. in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in 2006. Since then, he has pursued his life-long passion of studying insects – their chemistry, biochemistry, behavior, and applications which may be derived from understanding these fascinating creatures. He recently founded All Things Bugs LLC. He company’s first project will be funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation to develop an insect based food product to treat malnutrition in children.

All Things Bugs LLC All Things Bugs was founded with the mission of “Capitalizing on Low-Crawling Fruit from Insect- Based Innovation”. The over arching goal of my research is to utilize the chemical and biological diversity which exists among arthropods for a host of applications including drug discovery, identifying new insect repellents and how insects might contribute to a more sustainable human food supply. There are roughly 1,000,000 named species of insects and estimates of 4,000,000- 30,000,000 that exist on earth. However, Class Insecta, the largest and most diverse group of organisms on the planet, is one of the least explored with regard to the field of drug discovery (Natural Product Reports, Dossey, 2010). The research program I began in 2006 emerged from my life-long passion for entomology and understanding the biochemical and evolutionary mechanisms that underlie natural processes. This research has led to award winning publications as well as speaking engagements at meetings and institutions. For example, one publication was awarded the Jack Beal Award for “Best Paper in the Journal of Natural Products” for 2007. More recently in December 2010, another of my articles was given the “Editor’s Choice Award” from the Entomological Society of America for “Best Article in Annals of the Entomological Society of America” at the society’s annual conference. In addition to my interests in insect chemistry I believe that there is substantial potential for insects to become the sustainable livestock of the future and to help combat world hunger and malnutrition. In 2011 I was notified that the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation is interested in funding my grant proposal titled “Good Bugs: Sustainable Food for Malnutrition in Children”. As the human population grows, it is ever more important to sustain rather than increase our levels of consumption and harvesting materials from the planet and its ecosphere. The United Nations expects the population to grow to more than 9 billion people by 2050. Because of this, it is important to find ways to carry out our livelihoods which do not continue adding harmful materials to our environment, demolishing limited and ever dwindling habitat or abusing natural ecosystems or other valuable natural resources. Insects possess a number of features which make them attractive targets for exploration as a more sustainable food source. I believe that the development of insects as a sustainable food source represents a tremendous opportunity with substantial ‘low- crawling fruit’ yet to be explored.

David J W Drew Managing Director AgriProtein

David is an international entrepreneur, marketer and technologist. He ran the European operations of WordXChange before joining MCI as Marketing Director, then lead their Euro-Asia mergers and acquisitions team. In 2003 he cofounded the Dialogue Group creating Africa’s largest outsourcer, in 2007 with over three thousand employees it floated on the stock exchange. In 2010, Nasdaq listed Globecomm, acquired the satellite communications business David started four years earlier. His latest business is AgriProtein - developing sustainable solutions for world protein. A graduate of the European Business School, David is passionate about technology, the environment and travel - he received the Financial Times technology prize for innovation in 2000, and presents on the Travel Channel. He lives in Cape Town with three fantastic four-year-old boys and one great lady.

AgriProtein is a privately funded SME, which for three years has been researching the potential of industrialisation of nutrient recycling on a ‘vast’ scale. Working in partnership with the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, the team have developed ground-breaking production technology which allows a high quality animal feed to be made from abattoir waste.

Through years of research, two core paths now form the basis of the engineering and production design – Blood input – Musca Domestica (house fly) species.

The facility has grown from laboratory bench through farm shed to mini plant, where the engineering alternatives are now being finalised in production trials. AgriProtein has an ambitious target of building a 100 tonne a day larval output plant, and is just breaking ground on a step facility, which will increase current daily capacity from 100 to 1,000 kgs. This represents our key shift from scientific to production orientation.

AgriProtein has used dried larvae meal in large scale animal trials and demonstrated and published the outstanding results of it’s performance as a substitute for fishmeal in chicken diets. Detailed analysis of yield, weight gain, toxicity, gizzard erosion, organ stress and even taste and appearance was reported.

To broaden the pack of quality animal trials, (AgriProtein’s own and others), the company is now two thirds of the way through an eight month programme examining house fly larvae protein as part of the core diet of farm reared abalone.

In parallel with the core business focus of blood recycling through houseflies, AgriProtein will start in January 2012 investigating the potential to use Black Soldier Flies as a way of solving health issues in African pit latrines. Working with the Bill and Melinda Gates foundation through sanitation ventures, the eighteen month programme will develop the apparatus and know how to enable local entrepreneurs to profit from larvae production using human faeces.

AgriProtein is a for profit business operating an open-source philosophy, we share findings with those who reciprocate with their interest and knowledge, so that we may jointly, faster, find a sustainable way to feed our seven billion brothers and sisters, and next billion offspring.

Florence Vaccarello Dunkel Dr. Dunkel is a tenured Associate Professor of Entomology in the Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University (MSU)-Bozeman with Ph.D., M.S., and B.S. from University of Wisconsin- Madison. Her research focuses on plant-based natural products for insect management, particularly related to postharvest ecosystems worldwide. Current projects include exploration of Montana wheat varietal resistance to postharvest insects; use of plant-based products with entomopathogenic fungi for management of insects; and use of natural products in the holistic management of malaria in West African (Malian) villages. Food insects and an insect feast have been part of her curriculum in Entomology for 24 years after a tasty introduction to sautéed brown locusts while working in Rwanda. Combining her science with her gourmet cuisine skills, she has prepared insect feasts throughout the US. In 1995, her former UW professor, Dr. Gene DeFoliart, invited her to take the editorship of The Food Insects Newsletter. She is the current editor of The Food Insects Newsletter www.foodinsectsnewsletter.org and has appeared in a variety of media including the Discovery Channel, Hard Copy, the BBC, and The New Yorker. Dunkel has served on several journal editorial boards, including the American Entomologist, and other administrative posts, such as head of the MSU Entomology Research Laboratory (1988-1992). She received national, regional, and university awards for her research, teaching, and service. These include: Montana State University 2009 President's Award for Excellence in Service Learning; The Andersons Multistate NC-213 Research Award for Outstanding Research Accomplishments in Management of Grain Quality and Security in World Markets 2004; Pacific Branch of Entomological Society of America (ESA); Teaching Excellence Award and nominee of branch for National ESA Teaching Award in Entomology, 1996 and 1994; Charles Lindbergh Grant Award in Anthropology for combining "Traditional Wisdom and Modern Technology" 1992; Lawrence University, Appleton, Wisconsin, Distinguished Achievement Award 1989; US National Academy of Sciences Visiting Scholar Award to People's Republic of China 1981. Websites summarizing Dunkel’s research, teaching, and service are: http://www.montana.edu/mali and www.plantsciences.montana.edu/facultyorstaff/faculty/dunkel/dunkel.html

Patrick B. Durst, FAO Senior Forestry Officer (Asia and the Pacific), has worked with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations since 1994, coordinating and supporting FAO’s forestry activities in the Asia- Pacific region. Prior to joining FAO, he worked with the USDA Forest Service in various positions, mostly with focus on Asia and Near East programs. He began his international professional career as a U.S. Peace Corps Volunteer, working as an agroforestry extension officer in the Philippines from 1978 to 1980. He was the lead organizer for the workshop on edible insects, convened in Chiang Mai, Thailand, in 2008, and editor of the publication, Forest insects as food: humans bite back.

FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok Thailand

The FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (FAO/RAP) is one of six regional offices of FAO worldwide. FAO/RAP serves 44 member countries in the Asia-Pacific region, from Afghanistan to the South Pacific island countries. FAO focuses on five Regional Strategic Priority Areas in Asia and the Pacific, namely: a) strengthening food and nutritional security; b) fostering agricultural production and rural development; c) enhancing equitable, productive and sustainable natural resource management and utilization; d) improving capacity to respond to food and agricultural threats and emergencies; and e) coping with the impact of climate change on agriculture and food and nutritional security. To advance these objectives, FAO/RAP monitors trends and conducts analyses, builds capacity and provides technical support, provides policy assistance and advice, builds partnerships and alliances, facilitates information and knowledge exchange, and develops international agreements and guidelines. The FAO/RAP Natural Resources and Environment Group encompasses support activities in the fields of forestry, fisheries, land, water, and climate change.

Prof. Dr.Sc. & PhD Jørgen Eilenberg has more than 25 years experience with insect pathogens, both fundamental aspects and applied aspects, with focus on fungi and bacteria. He has chaired several major projects on these issues, including international collaboration both within EU and abroad. He is teaching an international course in biocontrol at University of Copenhagen and has supervised MSc and PhD students since 25 years. He is in 2012 nominated and elected president for Society of Invertebrate Pathology and is member of the leader team at department level. He has organized several public disseminations (lectures, articles) on entomophagy.

Dr. Prof. Ying FENG began her research career in Research Institute of Resource Insects (RIRI), Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF) in 1982, has engaged in edible and medicinal insect research, insect cell culture and natural product research.

Established in 1955 and subordinated to Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF), Research Institute of Resource Insects (RIRI) located in Kunming city, Yunnan province and is the only national forest research institute in southwest China. RIRI mainly carries on application-based and basic research work related to resources insects, economic plants, micro-organism, vegetation restoration and ecological reconstruction. It is also responsible for developing high technology and for industrialization of peculiar biological resources. Research, exploitation and utilization of Resource insects are one of main study objects in RIRI. Research insect kinds include industrial material insects (such as lac insects, white wax scale insect, gallnut aphids, cochineal), environmental insects, pollination insects, edible and medicinal insects, ornamental insects (butterflies). Research contents relate to biology, ecology, molecule biology, Chemistry, usage, processing of insect materials, mass rearing, artificial cultivation, host plants and others. The research group that Dr. Ying FENG belong to has studied edible insects for many years, published 20 research papers and 2 books related edible insects. The group has investigated edible insects in southwest China related to culture, common kinds, stage for eating, using methods, collected more than 100 specimens of edible and medicinal insects. The biological characters of some species are studied. The nutrition constituents of 30 species were analyzed and evaluated. We also study extracting methods of protein, amino acids, chitin, fat, polysaccharides from insects and their chemical property. The group has achieved some research projects related edible insects, funded by Chinese Academy of Forestry, the applied basic research foundation of Yunnan Province. The project investigation of nationality edible insects in Yunnan and evaluation of edible insect utilization obtained award of natural science from Yunnan province government in 2002. Now the research group is studying the project funded by State Forestry Administration, China. The object of this project is to investigate edible and medicinal insects in Yunnan, collect specimen, analyze and compare edible insect protein and other nutritious elements, analyze insect medicinal contents.

Tilemachos Goumperis is a chemist with additional studies in food science and technology. He worked in the field of food safety and quality in the food industry from 2002 to 2008. From 2008 onwards, he works at the European Food Safety Authority as a scientific officer of the Emerging Risks unit. One of the subjects he works on is to explore the use of trade data for the identification of emerging risks in food and feed. He also coordinates the EFSA’s stakeholder consultative group on emerging risks that brings together experts from the food/feed chain, including producers, farmers, traders and consumers.

Emerging Risks Unit, European Food Safety Authority The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) is the keystone of European Union (EU) risk assessment regarding food and feed safety. In close collaboration with national authorities and in open consultation with its stakeholders, EFSA provides independent scientific advice and clear communication on existing and emerging risks. The Emerging Risks Unit is responsible for establishing procedures to monitor, collect and analyze information and data in order to identify emerging risks in the field of food and feed safety with a view to their prevention. In the course of the identification of new trends in food/feed production, the use of insects, particularly their potential use in animal feed was flagged up as a future issue in the EU. From a food/feed safety point of view there is the potential for exposure to both farm animals, and so indirectly, humans, to both new hazards and/or increased exposure to known hazards. In order to identify potential risks, a better understanding of the insect species that may be exploited and also their farming and processing is required.

Francisco Javier Gutiérrez (Industrial Chemist) has worked from 1998 on the isolation of natural products and the recovery of high added value products from wastes and vegetables aimed at food and feed uses. Main task has been focus on the starting up of analysis methods, prototype designing (from lab scale to pilot plant scale and industrial scale). From 2007 has been involved in the research of new aquaculture feed ingredients of different origin (animal, vegetal and microbial). Currently, he is working in the development of new downstream fractionation techniques for protein and other high-added products. He is also acting as technology consultant for food companies and corporations.

CARTIF Foundation is a leading Spanish Applied Research Centre in terms of R&D and technology transfer activities. Nowadays, CARTIF is formed by 190 people, mainly engineers, scientists and senior researchers, 120 of them permanent full-time staff. CARTIF activity has an important international dimension and it accounts with partners in all EU-27 countries, the non-EU Mediterranean ones and Latin America. CARTIF has 9 technical Divisions supported by 7 Departments that ensure CARTIF projects’ quality. Chemical Processes Area is enclosed in the Agro- food Division. This area focuses mainly on the development of new processes, the isolation of new substances with a high added value and definition of bioprocess (i.e Solid state fermentation). It deals with several separation unit operations such as cooking extrusion, supercritical extraction, falling film evaporation, spray drying, steam distillation membrane and electrolytic separation systems. The Chemical Processes Laboratory research activity is focused in different research lines: -Development of new quality control technologies in the food industry -Design of new processes and products in food and feed industry -Extraction of natural products. Identification of new feed ingredients -Biorefinery (Biofuels and biomaterials) -Solid and liquid fermentation process design

The main interest of the Chemical Processes Area of CARTIF is the use of insects is derived from the great potential of use in aqua-feed manufacturing. The special requirement of fish nutrition can be described as a diet based in a high content in protein and fat, and a low content in carbohydrates (especially low fiber content). In this sense, insects could be addressed a as potential commodity to be used instead of other products such as fishmeal. Further than this, there is a strong interest in other fractions derived from insects that could have a strong potential for agro-food industry such as fat fraction and polysaccharides obtained from exoskeleton.

Dr. Yupa Hanboonsong is an associate professor of entomology, at the Division of Entomology, Khon Kaen University, Thailand. With a background in insect systematics and molecular genetics, she has been conducting research in economic entomology to address the region and country problems, including projects in sugarcane white leaf disease management, effect of climate change on insect pests, and insects use as an environmental assessment tool. She has conducted several projects on edible insects, dealing with diversity of edible insects in Thailand, with support from the Biodiversity Research of Thailand (1998-2002), a survey on current status of farming and collection of edible insects in Thailand (assigned by the FAO Asia - Pacific, 2011) and an ongoing FAO edible insect project in Lao PDR.

Khon Kaen University (KKU), a comprehensive university, is the largest public university of the Northeast of Thailand, and is recognized as the leader in new innovations in teaching, learning and research in the region. Currently KKU has almost 45,000 students and nearly 10,000 staff members. The Entomology Division is under the management of the Faculty of Agriculture which is one of the first faculties that existed since the establishment of the university in 1964. This Division carries out teaching and research activities on useful insects, industrial insects and insect pests to find their effects related to agricultural systems, management and conservations of insect biodiversity. The Entomology Division, KKU pioneered edible insect farming and is one of only three universities in Thailand to conduct research and offer undergraduate and graduate studies in entomology.

FAO

Tom Heilandt Senior Food Standards Officer, Codex Alimentarius Commission, Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Rome, Italy

Tom Heilandt joined the Secretariat of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe in Geneva in 1994 assisting working on the European and world-wide regulations and recommendations on the transport of dangerous goods and perishable produce. In 1998 he was appointed Secretary of the UNECE Working Party on Agricultural Standards. Since 2005 he works in the Codex Secretariat as Senior Officer and is responsible for communication and publication as well as the Codex Committees on Food Labeling and the Coordinating Committee for the Near East.

About Codex Alimentarius C O D E X A L I M E N T A R I U S is about safe, good food for everyone - everywhere. The Codex Alimentarius Commission is the worlds’ food standards body established by FAO and WHO in 1963 with the main objectives of protecting the health of consumers and ensuring fair trade practices in the food trade.

International food trade has existed for thousands of years but until not too long ago food was mainly produced, sold and consumed locally. Over the last century the amount of food traded internationally has grown exponentially, and a quantity and variety of food never before possible travels the globe today. The C O D E X A L I M E N T A R I U S international food standards, guidelines and codes of practice contribute to the safety, quality and fairness of this international food trade. Consumers can trust the safety and quality of the food products they buy and importers can trust that the food they ordered will be in accordance with their specifications.

Public concerns about food safety issues are often placing Codex at the centre of global debates. Biotechnology, pesticides, food additives and contaminants are some of the issues discussed in Codex meetings. Codex standards are based on the best available science assisted by independent international risk assessment bodies or ad-hoc consultations organized by FAO and WHO. While being recommendations for voluntary application by members, Codex standards serve in many cases as a basis for national legislation.

The reference made to Codex food safety standards in the World Trade Organizations' Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary measures (SPS Agreement) means that Codex has far reaching implications for resolving trade disputes. WTO members that wish to apply stricter food safety measures than those set by Codex may be required to justify these measures scientifically.

Being an active member of Codex helps countries to compete in sophisticated world markets - and to improve food safety for their own population. At the same time exporters know what importers demand, and importers are protected from substandard shipments.

Since its beginnings in 1963, the Codex system has evolved in an open, transparent and inclusive way to meet emerging challenges. Presently the Commission has 185 Members - 184 Member Countries and 1 Member Organization (EU) and 204 Observers.

Antoine Hubert is R&D Director and founder associate of YNSECT. Antoine degreed in agronomy and life science in Rennes and Paris. From 2005 to2007, Antoine worked on various missions around the world, in West Indies and New Zealand, on water and soil pollution issues for CIRAD and SCION. In 2007, he joined an oil & gas leader company, as a waste management and life cycle assessment analyst. Antoine became scientific director at ALTRAN RESEARCH at the end of 2010. He leads large-scale projects about green chemistry and material recycling. He also gives lectures at AgroParisTech and Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University In 2007, Antoine launched voluntary association Worgamic, with the mission to improve food sustainability and life cycle assessment in agri-business. In 2011, he co-founded two companies : ORGANEO, a consulting firm in the field of organic waste management, and YNSECT, an industrial company developing insect rearing and transformation technologies for the animal feeding market.

Ynsect goal is to develop insect protein industry in France. Ynsect aims to optimize insect rearing and transformation technologies, in line with its values and the environmental affinity of its members. Ynsect currently works on two common species found in France: Acheta Domesticus and Tenebrio molitor.

Its research focuses on: –Demonstrating the technical feasibility of large-scale insect rearing & transformation technologies –Demonstrating the sustainable value of insects over other animal proteins

As a dependent industrial actor in an emerging market, Ynsect aims to release its first insect protein flour by 2015.

Prof.Dr.Ir. Arnold van Huis worked from 1974 to 1979 in Nicaragua for FAO on IPM in foodgrains. From 1982 to 1985 he coordinated from Niger a regional crop protection training project for eight Sahelian countries. From 1985 onwards he works as tropical entomologist at Wageningen University, the Netherlands, and has been responsible for a number of IPM projects in the tropics. He currently coordinates an interdisciplinary project in Benin, Ghana and Mali entitled “Convergence of Sciences”. He also coordinates a project in the Netherlands called “Sustainable Production of Insect Proteins”. He serves as a consultant to FAO on edible insects.

Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University Wageningen University is part of Wageningen UR (University & Research centre). The mission of Wageningen UR is: "To explore the potential of nature to improve the quality of life." Globally Wageningen UR works with knowledge of nature and natural processes, within the domain of ‘healthy food and living environment’ to continually improve the quality of life. The organization contributes to the current challenges of this time, such as the availability of enough healthy and safe food, dealing with climate change and developing sustainable energy supplies. The Laboratory of Entomology is part of the Plant Sciences Group of WUR. The group carries out fundamental and applied research related to the biology of insects. Its mission is to unravel the ecology of interactions between insects and other community members by combining ecological studies (population and community levels) with investigations of the underlying mechanisms (subcellular to individual levels). Integrated pest, vector and disease management strategies are being developed in both developed and developing countries. The Chair group has an outstanding reputation in multitrophic interactions, biological control, malaria vector research, and entomophagy. The chair group draws worldwide attention to the issue of entomophagy. Prof.Dr.Ir. A. van Huis coordinates the programme “Sustainable production of insect proteins for human consumption” (SUPRO2) (2010- 2013), funded by the Ministry of Economic Affairs, Agriculture and Innovation. The objective is to explore the potential of the sustainable production of edible insects and insect derived products, in particular proteins, as a reliable and high quality food source with a lower negative environmental impact than conventional meat production. Within the programme there are three projects: 1) Production of edible insects from side streams (Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University); 2.) Separation and purification of proteins from insects (Wageningen UR Food and Biobased Research); 3) Characterization and functional properties of protein fractions from insects and ways to tailor them (Department of Product Design and Quality, Wageningen University).

Dr. Ir. Walter L. Jansen obtained MSc in Animal Science from Wageningen University in The Netherlands (1989) with two theses: one in Tropical Animal Production and the other in Animal Nutrition and obtained his PhD in Veterinary Nutrition (2001) at the Veterinary Faculty in Utrecht, The Netherlands. Walter started (1992) Jagran BV, a consultancy firm in animal husbandry. The main clients are large companies in the financial and farming industry. Walter is very well informed about start-ups, as he was chair of a branch organization for over 1000 Young Enterprises. Walter has a strong track record in claim management and risk control for the agricultural industry.

The primary objective of Jagran BV is to be a specialist in animal production and how to maintain healthy animals in their environment. The themes which are being worked on are biodiversity, animal feed, animal health and welfare. The knowledge covers the fields of nutrition and care, behavior, immunology and diseases of animals, but also the production of feed, management of grasslands, the construction of animal quarters and general innovation in animal farming. As part of the latter, Jagran started in 2009 to build up a professional insect breeding business on an industrial scale. Set up as a lean “Network Company” with working name JAMO the business will valorise organic waste with insects into a sustainable source for proteins, special (non-) food ingredients and medications to the benefit of People, Planet and Profit. By first converting tons of organic waste into nutritious insect meal as an alternative to fish meal, JAMO will not only generate high value as a business but also help to solve ‘The World Protein Challenge’ in a sustainable way. JAMO will bring together the best in class expertise, experience and market knowhow necessary to realize this total new innovative business. For that purpose JAMO is establishing several strategic partnerships with key players in various relevant parts of the value chain among which: waste collection and treatment players, installation design and feed/food technology companies and sales and distribution channel partners.

Harmke Klunder graduated in Food technology (BSc.) and Food Safety (MSc.) at Wageningen University, with her thesis in Food Microbiology on ‘Processing and safety aspects of the use of edible insects in fermented food products’. In 2009 she wrote together with three fellow international students the winning proposal for a global competition called ‘Developing Solutions for Developing Countries’ organized by the IFT (Institute of Food technologists) in Anaheim USA, with 'SOR-MITE, a cereal (sorghum) product enriched with termite protein’. She worked in 2010 during an internship for six months in the ‘Edible Insect Project’ at FAO-Laos. Currently she works with the company M. Ruig en Zonen B.V. in the Netherlands, who markets the VENIK produced freeze dried insects for human consumption. Besides she works at Wageningen University at the Laboratory of Entomology and prepares several projects/initiatives related to edible insects as food and feed. She also participates in the project ‘Flying Food’, an initiative of a Dutch consortium (TNO, VENIK, ICCOO) that intends to launch in Kenya small-scale rearing of edible insects and to develop a market for locally produced nutritious insects.

FAO

Harinder P.S. Makkar (FAO) Before joining FAO, Rome, Italy in 2010 Harinder P.S. Makkar was Mercator Professor and International Project Coordinator of a Sino-German Project on ‘Fuel and Feed for Tomorrow’ at University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany. This project developed approaches for preparation and detoxification of protein isolates and protein-rich meals and their utilization as livestock and aqua feeds (http://jatropha.uni-hohenheim.de). Harinder has published over 250 research papers and 8 books. He obtained Masters Degree from India, PhD Degree from U.K. and Dr. Habilitation from Germany. He has also worked for International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna for 7 years. He has acted as expert consultant for a number of international organizations and has been honored with Honorary Professorship by Universities in China and Mongolia. He has been a fellow of Commonwealth Association, UK; Humboldt Foundation, Germany; and Japanese Society for the promotion of Science, Japan.

Livestock Production Systems Branch (AGAS) of Animal Production and Health Division, FAO. Animal Nutrition Programme of AGAS aims to increase livestock productivity using sustainable animal diets and feeding strategies, while conserving the environment, biodiversity and natural resources. Harinder works on animal feed and feeding issues of relevance to developing countries. The Programme focuses on: i) use of locally available feed resources, ii) enlargement of feed resource base through identification of novel feeds, iii) increase in nutrient use efficiency in animal food chains by good feeding and management practices, iv) decrease in food-feed-fuel competition v) enhancement of the capacity to analyze feed resources reliably and prepare balanced rations, and vi) gather, analyze and synthesize information related to feeds and feeding systems to foster formulation of sound policies and guidelines. Some of the recently completed and ongoing activities are: with the aims to enhance feed resource base and prevent biodiversity erosion, harvest local knowledge to identify novel feed resources that are adapted to harsh environment conditions; identify opportunities and challenges in using coproducts of the biofuel industry as livestock and aqua feeds; enhance nutritional value of crop residues from food-feed crops by biotechnology- and nuclear-based approaches; increase nutrient utilization in animal food chains, decrease environmental pollutants from livestock agriculture and increase income of farmers by innovative- yet-simple techniques; assess impact of animal nutrition on animal welfare; integrate quality control approaches in feed analysis laboratories; develop guidelines for establishing feed analysis laboratories and national feed inventories; produce an e-module on feeding management on dairy farms in the tropics; map world feeding systems; and at FAO update animal feed resource information system (AFRIS) and at country level develop databases for feed availability, feeding systems, and chemical composition and nutritional value of feeds. The AGAS’s Animal Nutrition Programme has linkages with FAO’s other working areas: Bioenergy, Biotechnology and Climate change.

FAO

Ir. Esther Mertens – Graduated in Bio-engineer Sciences with a master in Environmental Technology at the Catholic University of Leuven in 2011. For her final work she did research on the resilience of anaerobic ponds of waste water treatment systems in changing environmental conditions in Paraguay. In September 2011 she started her work at FAO Headquarters to support in the meeting “Assessing the Potential of Insects for Feed and Food Security” and therefore in collecting and processing information for the upcoming FAO publication in the “Non-Wood Forest Series”.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations-Non Wood Forest Products Programme Established in 1991 at FAO’s HQ Forestry Department, the promotion and development of non-wood forest products (NWFP) is to contribute to sustainable management of the world's forests, to conserve their biodiversity, and to improve income generation and food security for forest dependent people. For approximately 2.5 billion people, mainly in Africa, Asia and Latin America, eating insects is part of their common diets, in a similar way as eating meat or fish. The majority of insects consumption is based on gathering insects in the wild, mainly in forests.

FAO’s Forestry Department is taking steps in drawing attention to this valuable food source, such as mapping worldwide expertise and activities in this field, supporting publications and organizing meetings, and by outlining the opportunities of insects as a viable source of protein. In the developing world, a re-evaluation of the food resource is required, while in the western world processing technology needs to be developed in order to make it an acceptable food item.

Dr Gillian Mylrea BVSc., PhD is Deputy Head of the International Trade Department, World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), Paris, France. The Trade Department’s mission is to promote the OIE's mandate for the sanitary safety of international trade in terrestrial and aquatic animals and their products through updating the Terrestrial Animal Health Code and Aquatic Animal Health Codes, and to promote the OIE's mandates for animal welfare and animal production food safety. She is the OIE contact point for issues related to aquatic animals and animal production food safety. She has been working at the OIE in the International Trade Department since late 2007 when she moved to France from New Zealand.

The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) The OIE is the intergovernmental organization responsible for improving animal health worldwide, both terrestrial animals (mammals, birds and bees) and aquatic animals (amphibians, crustaceans, molluscs and fish). It is recognized as a reference organization by the World Trade Organization (WTO) and has a total of 178 Member Countries. The OIE maintains permanent relations with 45 other international and regional organisations and has Regional and sub-regional Offices on every continent.

The OIE Objectives are to: 1. Ensure transparency in the global animal disease situation. Each Member Country undertakes to report the animal diseases that it detects on its territory. The OIE then disseminates the information to other countries, which can take the necessary preventive action. This information also includes diseases transmissible to humans and intentional introduction of pathogens. 2. Collect, analyse and disseminate veterinary scientific information. The OIE collects and analyses the latest scientific information on animal disease control. 3. Encourage international solidarity in the control of animal diseases. The OIE provides technical support to Member Countries requesting assistance with animal disease control and eradication operations, including diseases transmissible to humans. 4. Safeguard world trade by publishing health standards for international trade in animals and animal products. The OIE develops normative documents relating to rules that Member Countries can use to protect themselves from the introduction of diseases and pathogens, without setting up unjustified sanitary barriers. The main normative works produced by the OIE are: the Terrestrial and Aquatic Animal Health Codes, the Terrestrial and Aquatic Diagnostic Manuals. 5. Improve the legal framework and resources of national Veterinary Services. The OIE considers the Veterinary Services as a Global Public Good. The OIE PVS Pathway is a global programme for the sustainable improvement of a country's Veterinary Services' compliance with OIE standards on the quality of Veterinary Services. 6. To provide a better guarantee of food of animal origin and to promote animal welfare. The OIE works in close collaboration with the Codex Alimentarius Commission to ensure food safety ‘from farm to fork’. The OIE's standard-setting activities in this field focus on eliminating potential hazards existing at the production (farm) level that could be a source of risk for consumers. As a mark of the close relationship between animal health and animal welfare, the OIE has become the leading international organization for animal welfare.

Prof.Dr.Nonaka kenichi worked as a geographer at Hokkaido University, Nagoya University, and Mie University in Japan conducting on the study of the cultural use of natural resources and the environmental cognition related human-nature relationship in South- east Asia, Southern Africa and Japan since 1991. From 2003, he belonged to the Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kyoto, Japan, coordinating the project of eco-history study in South-east Asia conducted on the field survey in Lao PDR, Thailand and Southern China. From 2007 onwards he works as a professor of geography at Rikkyo University, Japan. He serves as a consultant to Japanese Wasp Keepers Association.

Department of cultural ecology, Rikkyo University Department of cultural ecology is a part of collage of Art, Rikkyo University. We are focusing on the study of human-nature relationship from the view of human and social sciences such as geography, anthropology. The joint project entitled a geographical study of local subsistence and cultural adaptation to the environment by analysis of micro-nutrition and minerals intake through livelihoods for sustainable development has been coordinated by Prof. Nonaka since 2010. Diversified natural food resource-use and subsistence activities related with health have been investigated in remote areas of Lao PD, Papua New Guinea and other countries. He promotes projects on cultural resource use in areas from coasts to mountains. In 2010, Living with wasps: A give-and-take relationship with nature - A new, yet traditional coexistence – was conducted at COP10 in Nagoya, Japan with Japanese Wasp Keepers Association. Various events and workshops such as University of Entomophagy, New cuisines of Vespula, was performed for promoting entomophagy.

BEc., MSc. Dennis Oonincx, completed his bachelor degree in Management, Economy and law in 2001. During his MSc, which he obtained in 2008, he studied animal nutrition, focusing on the chemical composition of a number of insects. In 2008, he started his PhD at the Laboratory of Entomology at Wageningen University, concentrating on the environmental impact of producing insects as human food and animal feed. This has resulted in the first quantification of greenhouse gas emissions for a selection of insect species.

FAO Mr Robert van Otterdijk (52) is a food technologist, graduated in 1985 from the Wageningen Agricultural University in The Netherlands. He worked first in the Dutch food industry in quality assurance and r&d, after which he joined the Food & Agriculture Organization of the UN in 1989, on projects on post-harvest technology and food technology in Ghana (West Africa) and Tonga (South Pacific). In 1995 he joined a SIDA (Sweden) funded field project in Zambia on production, processing and commercialization of root & tuber crops. When this project was successfully concluded, he returned to the private sector –spices industry, procurement, processing and export of paprika- as a quality assurance manager in Zambia. In 2002 he joined the FAO again, this time as the agro-industry officer of the Regional Office for Africa, based in Accra, Ghana. After six years he moved to FAO Headquarters in Rome, Italy, as an agro-industry officer in the Rural Infrastructure & Agro-Industries Division (AGS). His main responsibilities remained field projects on agro-industrial development in Africa, as well as headquarters based programmes on food loss prevention, agro-processing and quality management. His experience with insects has solely been in sericulture. Since 2010 his main responsibility in AGS has been on the prevention of food losses and food waste. He conducted a study on Global Food Losses and Food Waste, their magnitudes, causes and remedies. He co-organized with the private food packaging industry an international congress entitled ‘Save Food’ in May 2011 in Düsseldorf, Germany. Both the studies and congress attracted such a high world-wide attention and interest, that for the current biennium 2012-13 the prevention of food losses and food waste has become one of the main programmes within FAO.

Prof. Maurizio G. Paoletti Degree in Natural Science (Padova, 1973); International Master in Human Ecology (Padova, 1979). Specialization in Biological Control (University of California, Berkeley, 1983). Research Activities: Zoology, Ecology, Agroecology, Biodiversity assessment. He was visiting professor at Ohio State University (1987), Cornell University (1992), Colorado State University at Boulder (1999), and at La Trobe and Melbourne Universities, AU (2005-2006). He taught at the Fry University of Brussels, the University of Helsinki, Sofia, Budapest and Beijing. His research in Italy and the tropics (Venezuela, Ecuador, China, Australia) has dealt with soil zoology, agro ecology and biodiverity assessment, development of semi domesticated crops and mini-livestock. He is author of 270 scientific papers and 23 edited books. He has I.F.280 and S.C.I. 1650. He has been leader of European Commission research projects (TEMPUS, STD, AIR, ALFA). He is currently working on international projects o biodiversity bio indicators in Australia and Europe and in a project assessing mini-livestock in Amazon.

University of Padova, Department of Biology, lab ECOLOGY of Biodiversity and Sustainability Padova University is one of the oldest universities in the world. Its Department of Biology is one of the most important in Italy. Our unit, Lab ECOLOGY of Biodiversity and Sustainability devoted 25 years to research on mini-livestock (small animals as edible resource in the Amazon (Venezuela, Ecuador, Brasil, Peru), Europe, China, Vietnam, United States, Australia, Papua New Guinea. Three edited volumes, 29 scientific papers and one video have been so far published.

The research and priorities of our unit are: Recover local knowledge with a focus on tropical areas; Assess the sustainability of local collection and tending of edible invertebrates and potential medium large-scale operations; Study nutritional properties (components) and risks (pollutants, anti-feedents, allergens); Research chitin digestion and human chitinases genes variability. Chitinases and parasitic pathologies; Model medium and large scale operations for environmental, economic feasibility, social acceptance, culinary preparations propositions; Build and assess a number of operations overtime in different socioeconomic situations and countries; To ensure continuous monitoring.

Dipartimento di Biologia Università di Padova via U. Bassi, 58/b 35121 Padova, Italy tel. 0039-049-8276304/5 fax 0039-049-8276300/8072213 e-mail: [email protected] web page: http://www.bio.unipd.it/agroecology/

Prof. Dr. Parimalendu Haldar worked as a staff member in the Zoological Survey of India from 1974 to 1984 where he conducted a number of research work with Orthopteran taxonomy and ecology. Since 1984 he is working as a faculty member in the Zoology department of Visva-Bharati University, India. During this period he has supervised various research projects funded by the University Grants Commission, Department of Science and Technology and Ministry of Environment and Forests. Currently he is supervising two UGC funded projects “Evaluation of bio-resource value of insects” and “Carp culture on the basis of insect feed.”

Entomology Research Unit, Dept of Zoology, Visva-Bharati University The Entomology Research Unit is a part of the Zoology Department (Center of Advanced study) that deals with different ecological, biological and environmental aspects of insects. The thrust area of this unit is to explore the potential value of insects, especially orthopterans as an alternative protein supplement for livestock. In this regard this research unit has combined biodiversity, biology, ecology, and biochemistry of insects with feed formulation and feeding trial of fish and poultry. As the head of the Entomology Research Unit, Prof. Dr. Parimalendu Haldar is currently supervising two UGC funded projects “Evaluation of bio-resource value of insects” which is focused on poultry industry, and “Carp culture on the basis of insect feed” which is focusing on the fisheries industry. Among the major findings results of nutritional value revealed that all the acridid species are nutritious, and for a constant supply to formulate food their mass production is needed. However, it is essential to find out which acridid species is suitable for mass culture and which food plant is most suitable for them. Feeding trial on fishes revealed that the diets having 25% and 50% of fish meal replaced by acridid meal were as good as the control diet having 100% fish meal for the experimental fish species. Experiments revealed that acridids could be a potential meal that successfully replaces the conventional fishmeal. Quite satisfactory results were obtained in the experiments with Japanese quail (Cotornix japonica japonica), where different growth parameters were found to be very high in the formulated diet having 50% of fish meal replaced by Oxya meal. Moreover fecundity was also significantly higher than the others including the control groups. The research group promotes the concept of establishing “acridid farms” where suitable acridid species will be produced in mass scale. This huge nutritionally rich mass of acridid tissues could be easily and constantly provided to the feed developers to formulate supplementary feed for the consumption of human and other livestock. Moreover, if the concept of “acridids as alternative food source” is popularized it could lower the rate of overexploitation of fish meal. Consequently the demand: supply ratio of the fish meal could come down, resulting a lower market price of the fish meal also. Lastly, acridid farms would also open new avenues of employment.

Ernest D. Papadoyianis. Mr. Papadoyianis is the President of Organic Nutrition, an integrated agri- business which utilizes recycled organic waste as feedstock for mass insect production for sustainable protein meal. He has been an active figure in the U.S. aquaculture industry for more than three decades as an entrepreneur, executive, and developer. He is a co-inventor of the patent-pending Aqua- Sphere® technology, and proprietary Ento-Protein®. From 1998 to 2009, Mr. Papadoyianis was the President, Chairman and CEO of Neptune Industries, Inc., a U.S. public aquaculture and sustainable technology company. Mr. Papadoyianis has a BS degree from Union College, and an MS Degree from Northeastern University.

Organic Nutrition Industries, LLC

Mr. Ernest Papadoyianis has been involved in insect protein research for more than six years and integrated aquaculture for more than 35 years. As a sustainable solution to the protein bottleneck in the aquaculture industry, Mr. Papadoyianis initiated applied research at Mississippi State University in 2007 to identify species selection for Ento-Protein®. Following almost two years of successful research which included feeding trials on hybrid striped bass and accompanying taste testing, the commercialization process on the Black Soldier Fly, Hermetia illucens, began.

Organic Nutrition (ONI) was founded in August 2009 to develop a sustainable, integrated agri- business focused on the production of high quality protein meal. Mr. Papadoyianis has served as a Consultant/President of Organic Nutrition since its formation. Since that time, ONI has successfully developed the procedures, methodologies, and equipment to mass produce and process insects. The unique process utilizes organic pre-consumption food waste as feedstock for the mass production of insects to be processed into high protein meal for fish and livestock diets. In addition, the integrated operations also produce hydroponic produce, soil amendments and processing by-products for sale into different industries. The production model produces “zero waste” by integrating animal and plant production where the by-products or waste from one species become the input for another. ONI operates a two acre facility in Boynton Beach, FL USA as a large scale pilot facility. The Company has focused on developing scalable, modular technology and process control systems to maximize production and efficiency, while reducing labor. Mr. Papadoyianis coordinates the research team in broodstock nutrition and genetic selection, oviposition, artificial breeding, egg development and hatching efficiency, larval survival and nutrition, production tank design, feedstock processing and distribution, mass balance strategies, harvesting and processing, etc. The primary goal of the pilot operations has been to assess the economic viability of large-scale commercial production. Toward that end, research has evolved toward perfecting and maximizing FCR’s, survival, and oviposition and hatch rate efficiency. Plant automation and process control systems will play a major role in the economics of insect mass production.

In late 2011, Mr. Papadoyianis began the process of preparing feed ingredient petitions with the Food & Drug Administration and AAFCO. Additional feeding trials, toxicology and feed safety data are being amassed for such submissions.

FAO

Diedelinde Persijn studied Biomedical Science and did her master in ‘Nutrition and Metabolism’ at the University of Ghent, Belgium. She is working on the food composition database of fruits and edible insects in AGNDA, FAO with U. Ruth Charrondiere, who is working as a nutritionist since 9 years in FAO on food composition, biodiversity and exposure assessment.

Food composition, FAO INFOODS and FAO are currently promoting food biodiversity and the collection of compositional and food consumption data at variety, cultivar and breed level, as well as data on wild and underutilized foods. Through this approach, it is hoped that food biodiversity will be mainstreamed in nutrition programmes and policies.

Marian Peters studied in the Netherlands domestic science. From 1988 to 2004 she worked as policymaker in employment projects, and at the department of Economic, Environmental and Agricultural Affairs in the Province of North Holland. From 2005 onwards she develops projects, such as ‘innovations with insects’. She lobbies in collaboration with insect farmers and Wageningen University to get insects on the Dutch and EU policy agenda dealing with sustainable food. She initiated partnerships, such as the foundation of Bugs Originals and Venik (Dutch Insect farmers association). She is coordinator of Venik, societal coordinator of “Sustainable production of insect proteins for human consumption” (SUPRO2) at Wageningen University, strategic coordinator of the ‘InsectCentre’, and project manager of ‘Bugs Originals’.

Dutch Insect farmers association (Venik) With the foundation of the Venik (the Dutch Insect farmers association) in 2008 the Netherlands became an innovative insect branch, which was previously invisible and fragmented. Venik was founded by a group of Dutch insect farmers who intent to broaden their market in selling insects for human consumption. Insects as food are a good source of protein with opportunities in the face of a growing demand of sustainable and nutritious food, however the barrier of acceptance asks for a long-term strategy. Insect farmers are now broadening their scoop to insects for food, feed and pharma. Venik is taking action to ‘prepare the ground’ for an innovative branch. Venik takes several actions in designing the future for insects as food through lobbying, developing scenarios, and road mapping. Venik is building a network at national and international level with market parties, knowledge institutions and (non) governmental organizations, has contacts with responsible policy makers, politicians and the food safety authority. Venik also provides information on edible insects for educational purposes to professionals, consumers and the media. In the last few years Venik managed to build a project organization with several projects for example on legislation, quality standards, market development in the supply chain (‘InsectCentre’, official start in April 2012). Venik builds a knowledge backbone for acceptation and technical innovations at three levels: 1) fundamental substantiation of insects as a protein replacer and techniques for scaling; 2) validation into applied knowledge; and 3) doing practical experiments.

Prof. Dr. Martin Potgieter is an employee of the Department of Biodiversity at the University of Limpopo in South Africa. His research areas include, amongst other, ecological studies centered on the ecology and ecosystem services of the Colophospermum mopane veld in southern Africa. He is currently the project manager of the Environmental and Education Centre at the University of Limpopo. The aim of this centre is to educate and inform school learners on the intricacies of the savanna ecosystem.

The Department of Biodiversity (University of Limpopo) is located in the northern part of South Africa’s savanna ecosystem and consists of the disciplines Botany and Zoology. Research is centered on a diversified field of study related to the savanna ecosystem. The mission of the Department of Biodiversity is to convey the characteristics and diversity of savanna fauna and flora to various local communities via research and community engagement programmes. It aims to enhance the understanding of the uniqueness of different groups of organisms, which will lead to an appreciation of the biodiversity encountered in South Africa’s savanna, and ultimately drive the conservation for this ecosystem. The Department carries out fundamental and applied research related to the biology of insects, specifically the mopane worm (Imbrasia belina). In this regard various publications have seen the light and a number of post graduate students have been supervised on mopane worms.

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Dra. Julieta Ramos-Elorduy B. in 1965 was professor at School of Agriculture. In 1967 changed to be Researcher of Institute of Biology at National Autonomous University of México (UNAM), she works on taxonomy of Homoptera. In 1972, she begin to study Edible Insects of Mexico, in 1974 publish “Insects as a Source of Proteins in the Future”, later she realizes systematic studies of edible insects, gathering in those States qualified with bad and very bad nutrition, comprise the four season of the year, always in company of one or plus peasants. To date we have registered 549 species of Edible Insects. In 1984 publish “Edible Insects in Ancient Mexico” and in 1998 publish “Creepy Crawly Cuisine”. In 1993 she found the Ethnobiological Association of Mexico, that remains until now.

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She was professor at the Faculty of Sciences of UNAM in Postgraduate area, imparted Insect Physiology, Endocrinology of Insects and Insects Ethology courses. She have accords with various province Universities of Mexico and some of Latin America making projects together and giving courses of Entomology and Edible Insects. As well, with Laboratories or Universities of France, USA and Brazil. We assays some cultures of insects as those of “escamoles”, white agave worm, grasshoppers, Laniifera cyclades, Eucheira socialis, Tenebrio molitor, cockroaches (Periplaneta americana), Pieris rapae and Pieris spp. Besides, she works on Medicinal Insects (212 species recorded), determining some active principles. Also Ecological studies as the number of nests per unity of area, type of nutrition, how many eggs they lays in how much time?, trophophoric fields, biomass obtained. In the ants that produce “escamoles”. Further, she works on Effect of a Laser Beam with different wavelength in insects of stored grains from 4880Å to 6180Å having various dosages, in larvae, pupae and adults of Sitophilus zeamais, Prostephanus truncatus, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Tribolium confusum, T. castanaeum, irradiated with blue light and red light in various dosages, having very good results inside the medium or irradiated alone. Also Insects recycling different organic wastes with different insects species were we measure the degree of survival, biomass obtained and weight. Animal nutrition Insect coming from the recycled wastes were used as food using Tenebrio larvae, flies larvae, roaches larvae, and adults of grasshoppers for Arbor Acres x Vantres chicken, where we measure survival percentage, growth, weight, longitude of poultry and conversion efficiency, the same in hens, pigs, ostriches and fishes, with very good results. Also we did the colour of yolk, using the bug Thasus gigas, colorants, with good results. She have subsidies of PUAL “Recycle of Organic Wastes and their use in animal nutrition”, and DGAPA “Study over the potential use of proteins and colorants of insects for animal nutrition”.

Prof. Santos Rojo is full researcher of Entomology at UA from 2001. He is director of Research Group ”Bionomy, Systematics and Applied Research on Insects”. His research experience is focused on coprophagous, saprophagous and predatory fly species. He starts his experience in captive breeding of flies more than 15 years ago. Dr Rojo has published over 50 refereed journal articles and 2 books. He had been supervisor of 2 PhD theses, and currently supervises 6 PhD students (3 of them, related with captive or mass-rearing will be finished in 2011).Prof. Santos Rojo was the technical coordinator of scientific consortium of European-project LIFE-ECODIPTERA (2006-2009). In this project a pilot plant based on mass rearing of housefly was developed to biodegrade pig manure at semi-industrial scale. He also develops an on-going project since 2010 to obtain mass production of Hermetia illucens (Black Soldier Fly) eggs.

The University of Alicante houses 200 research groups and 15 Research Institutes and generates an annual income of over 192 million euros. It is considered a point of reference for a large amount of companies, linked through technical assistance and technology transfer contracts. The office managed the IPR-Helpdesk project among many others and has a liaison office in Brussels. The University owns an Industrial Experimentation Area and Research Services, including Analytics, pilot plants, laboratories etc. In addition, the UA has the steady aim of gradually shaping one of the best Science Parks in the region of Valencia. Our research group at the UA belongs to the Research Institute CIBIO (Iberoamerican Biodiversity Centre), and academic and research university staff and PhD students constitute the unit members. Our efforts involve academic research and research training. The main goal is to provide new insights on the biodiversity and natural history of fly insects (mainly Diptera) in the Palaearctic region (with special remark on the Mediterranean Basin) but we have expanded our activity to Neotropics and other biogeographical regions. We are mainly focused on empirical research participating in a wide range of applied research and consultancy. This applied research is aimed towards the agriculture, bio-decomposition, mass rearing and forensic entomology, whilst the basic research studies focus on biodiversity, taxonomy and phylogenetic studies.

Dr. Nanna Roos, Associate Professor, MSc, Ph.D. is specialised in the nutritional quality of foods and diets in the context of food in food and nutrition security in developing countries. From 2001 to 2008 she coordinated and conducted research and research capacity building projects with focus on linking aquaculture, fisheries and nutrition in Bangladesh and Cambodia. She has contributed to document the nutritional importance of small indigenous fish species in diets in South East Asia, and to promote production of nutrient dense fish species in small-scale aquaculture in Bangladesh. Since 2008 her research has mainly focused on the nutritional quality of complementary food (‘babyfood’), covering nutrient dense indigenous food (including insects) as well as ‘anti-nutrients’ (such as phytate) for better child growth and health in resource poor populations and in food aid programmes.

The Research Group on Paediatric and International Nutrition, University of Copenhagen The Research Group on Paediatric and International Nutrition (BIG) is a part of Department of Human Nutrition, which was established at The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University (KVL) in 1986. In 2007, KVL was merged with University of Copenhagen. With over 37,000 students and more than 7,000 employees, the University of Copenhagen is the largest institution of research and education in Denmark. The BIG group has established special expertise in performing population-based studies of healthy (in Denmark) and malnourished (in developing countries) infants and children. The studies include both randomised intervention and observational studies, and cover e.g. measures of food intake, growth, body composition (DXA scans; air displacement (‘PeaPot’); stable isotope method), micronutrient status, cardiovascular measures and physical activity. The focus of the research is on the critical ‘1000 days’, the period covering pregnancy and up to two years of age. Nutritional outcome is investigated and evaluated in the context of food and diet as well as infectious and non- infectious disease burden. The overall purpose of our research in developing counties is to contribute to the establishment of scientific basis for nutrition and development programmes. The research in developing countries is based on collaborative research with local partner institutions as well as with international organizations (e.g. WHO, WFP, FAO, Medicin sans Frontiers (MSF), Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN)). Our research is funded by Danida, Danish research councils, EU, private funds etc.). As a part of the research project ‘Alleviating child malnutrition through improved utilisation of indigenous foods – WinFood’, we have developed nutritionally improved ‘babyfoods’ in Cambodia and Kenya. In Cambodia, one ‘WinFood’ product includes the edible spider Haplopelma albostriatum which was found to have high contents of zinc, a crucial nutrient for child growth. In Kenya, a WinFood product include a mix of local edible termite species with high iron content. These WinFood products with spider and termites are being tested in randomized human intervention studies in Cambodia and Kenya (400 children age 6-15 months at each site) using standard food aid products (cord-soya-blends) in control groups.

Dr. Silvia Cappellozza has a 20-year-activity as a sericulture researcher for CRA. She is responsible of CRA-API’s silkworm and mulberry germplasm banks and of the research of the Padua seat. She patented an artificial diet for the silkworm, currently commercialised into several European countries, being as well expert of silkworm rearing and silkworm egg production. She has not had any direct work experience of entomophagy until now but she works with companies producing silkworm larvae as food for reptiles (pet animals). Furthermore, she recently visited an industrial plant in Osaka, where silkworm larvae are produced as a nutraceutical food.

The Agricultural Research Council (CRA) is a National Research Organization which operates under the supervision of the Ministry of Agriculture, with a general scientific competence within the fields of agriculture, agro-industry, food, fishery and forestry. The CRA has been established with the legislative decree n.454/99 and gathers together the experience of 28 Agricultural Research Institutes and their relative 54 peripheral operational units for a total of 82 offices throughout the nation. The distribution of the CRA offices throughout the national territory allows it to widely extend its expertise and proficiency, and to closely operate in conjunction with central administrations, local and regional institutions, companies and various trade, industrial and legal associations. CRA-API is the abbreviation for Honey bee and Silkworm Research Unit of Bologna, which has a detached seat for sericulture in Padua, which preserves two germplasm collections: 1) Bombyx mori (more than 200 strains); 2) Morus sp. (about 50 cultivated varieties).The Padua seat works in several aspects of sericulture, some traditional, others more innovative. In particular, in the last years, on the basis of the patent about artificial diet filed in 2004 by CRA-API, new studies were undertaken especially on the application of sericulture to the bio-medical field. With this perspective a new method for germfree production of silkworm larvae was established, and advances regarding transgenesis in the silkworm were achieved. However, the research developed in the sericultural field regarded also microbiology (particularly diseases interesting the silkworm reared with the artificial diet), biological rearing, silkworm egg preservation for long periods, silkworm larvae for animal feeding (specifically reptiles), development of didactic kits for educational aims. Entomophagy is a completely new field of interest, to which CRA-API can bring interesting contributions because of its staff’s knowledge about rearing of domesticated and wild Lepidopterans and mechanization of rearing, the expertise on artificial diets for the Lepidopterans and control of diseases, the links with silkworm rearers in the national territory and abroad. Furthermore, previous experience in the field of damages caused by pesticides to the silkworm (and other wild Lepidopterans) and honey bee, enables the Padua and Bologna staff in establishing adequate strategies at the practical and legislative level in order to prevent possible problems arising from drift of chemicals to insect producing factories.

Dr.-Ing. Johannes P. Schlebusch, a food process engineer, worked in the P&G fruit juice and logistic business. In Mars petcare since 1994 he held various R&D roles in product and process development. In a global team he is currently working on longer term innovations. His area of expertise covers food technologies with focus on meat, meat by-products and various proteins, aggregation technologies and he has been involved in several patent applications. Since 2008 he serves on the scientific committee of the Research association of the German Food Industry, Bonn, Forschungskreis der Ernährungsindustrie e.V. (FEI), evaluating applied research proposals.

Mars GmbH, Verden, Germany Mars GmbH is an affiliate of Mars Inc., which is a diverse global business, active in six business segments including Petcare, Chocolate, Wrigley, Food, Drinks and Symbioscience. With net sales of more than $30 billion and more than 65,000 associates in 71 countries, the approach to business and the foundation of the Mars culture are The Mars Five Principles of Quality, Responsibility, Mutuality, Efficiency and Freedom. Dr. Schlebusch is interested in the capabilities of insects as “mini-livestock” for the conversion of under-utilized nutrients into safe, nutritious proteins and their properties.

Dr Oliver Schneider works since 2010 as Head of Product Innovation and Product Management for SARIA-Bioindustries. The SARIA Group operates in a range of sectors worldwide. The Group’s companies manufacture quality products for use in human and animal foodstuffs, agriculture, aquaculture, and industrial applications. SARIA also produces new energies and provides services for farming and the food industry. Dr Schneider concluded his MSc degree in Biology at Kiel University, Germany, and continued first his academic career with a second MSc in aquaculture and a PhD at Wageningen University, The Netherlands. After 2 years as project collaborator at Kiel University, he continued as scientific staff member in Wageningen for another 5 years. Then he changed to IMARES and acted there as senior scientist and commercial project coordinator at the aquaculture group. He is (co)author of more than 15 scientific publications and more than 100 scientific contributions.

The SARIA Group operates in a range of sectors worldwide. The Group’s companies manufacture quality products for use in human and animal foodstuffs, agriculture, aquaculture, and industrial applications. SARIA also produces new energies and provides services for farming and the food industry. Some of the SARIA products are by-product based, meaning that products from slaughterhouses, food residuals and others are used as basis of high quality products for the pet food, animal nutrition and other industries. It might be possible to use those substrates as feed for insects, making insect production a truly sustainable production. One of the SARIA core expertise is the rendering of organic material, potentially as well insects, into protein and fat products, separating those and isolating valuable substances from the product insect. This will allow a wide use of insects for various industries such as feed, food and maybe pharmaceutical substances.

FAO

Mr. Mark Smulders is Senior Economist and Programme Coordinator at the Agricultural Development Economics Division (ESA), FAO Rome. Mark has extensive experience in food security policy, analysis and information systems development world-wide and has lived and worked for more than 10 years in Africa. He is currently Team Leader of the FAO corporate objective on “Improved Food Security and Better Nutrition”. He has also contributed to the development of distance learning materials in food security and has taught the subject at Roma Tre University.

Giulia Tacchini graduate in Industrial Design at the University Politecnico di Milano with the thesis: An hypothesis of compensation of our food system in short-term: “eating insects for a food security an a sustainable future”. The project of the thesis ends with a project, a biscuit made with crickets our for malnourished child. The aim of her view of “food design” is not for an aesthetical feature but for a helpful and functional use. The purpose of this role is to try to have different points of view on what we have every day around us, like food.

The University of Politecino di Milano Born in 1994 at the Politecnico di Milano Degree in Industrial Design, the rst in Italy. The degree course in Industrial Design is characterized by a constant desire to experiment with innovative lines of development that meet the real needs of the market and society. The staff of dedicated teachers in this course are a plurality of cultures, on the one hand the scientific and academic, the other of the professional world of business, that always have made a fundamental contribution to the culture of Italian design. Studying design at the Polytechnic means interacting with a city celebrated as the world capital of design, experienced and driven by characters, who have made the history of design an ideal setting to train young designers, in which to exchange ideas and showcase their projects and products during the great events that enliven the city. The School of Design at the Politecnico di Milano is now the largest international university, both in number of students in both number of teachers, for the formation of product designers, communication, interior design and fashion. The School of Design is active in two locations, Milan and Como, with two brand new campus. Some data that describe the scope: about 5000 students, over 400 teachers and about 400 assistants, tutorials, and experts on the subject of teaching aids.

Ir. Sévérin Tchibozo worked from 1992 to 1995 on banana and cotton pest management in Cameroon and Benin. From 1995 and 2008 he was creating an inventory in forest natural tree pest, aquatic, edible and ethnopharmacological insects biodiversity in Benin, Togo and Ghana. In 2008 he added the edible insects in Guinea Conakry. From 2008 and 2011 he was initiator and coordinator of the project ‘Edible insects of Western and Central French Africa’ on website: LINCAOCNET (Benin, Togo, Niger, Burkina Faso, Mali, Republic of Guinea, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo and Congo-Brazzaville), http://gbif.africamuseum.be/lincaocnet/. He is submitted two projects ‘Contribution of edible insects from Niger and Central African Republic to protein food security in Africa’ and ‘Improved preservation of edible locusts in Niger’. He is currently writing a paper titled ‘The insects to reduce the deficiencies of malnutrition in Africa'.

The Centre de Recherche pour la Gestion de la Biodiversité (CRGB, www.crgbbj.org) is a non profit nongovernmental organization subject to the First of July 1901 Act. The centre was founded July 15, 1996 under the name Centre de Recherche pour la Gestion de la Biodiversité et du Terroir (CERGET). In order to ensure transparency, we left the centre and founded the CRGB in October 2010. It has completed numerous studies of an environmental nature such as fauna and flora inventories, nature conservation and management plans, etc. in many French speaking African countries. Over the years, the centre has accumulated a wealth of experience in entomology, the preservation of cultures, integrated pest management programs, sustainable agriculture and environmental protection. The CRGB cooperates with several African and overseas research and development institutions such as : the French Global Environment Facility (FGEF), the Van Tienhoven Foundation in the Netherlands, the French Foundation for Research on Biodiversity (FRB), South-South Cooperation in Costa Rica, the International Organization of Francophonie (IOF), Agricultural Research for Development (CIRAD), the Pesticides Initiative Programme (PIP) of the Europe-Africa-Caribbean-Pacific Liaison Committee, the International Commission for Food Industries, the Museum National of Natural History in Paris (MNNH) in France, the Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA) in Belgium……………………………..

This year 2012 will achieve a ‘Preliminary survey of possibility of the setting of breeding Orytes spp. larvae : human consumption to reduce the malnutrition and trade in Africa’.

FAO

Paul Vantomme (FAO) is an agricultural engineer and works for FAO since 1978 in forestry projects worldwide. From 1996 he coordinates FAO headquarters’ programme to promote Non-Wood Forest Products. His focus is to enhance the contribution of forests to food security.

Non-Wood Forest Products Programme - FAO Established in 1991 at FAO’s HQ Forestry Department, the promotion and development of non-wood forest products (NWFP) is to contribute to sustainable management of the world's forests, to conserve their biodiversity, and to improve income generation and food security for forest dependent people. For approximately 2.5 billion people, mainly in Africa, Asia and Latin America, eating insects is part of their common diets, in a similar way as eating meat or fish. The majority of insects consumption is based on gathering insects in the wild, mainly in forests. FAO’s Forestry Department is taking steps in drawing attention to this valuable food source, such as mapping worldwide expertise and activities in this field, supporting publications and organizing meetings, and by outlining the opportunities of insects as a viable source of protein. In the developing world, a re-evaluation of the food resource is required, while in the western world processing technology needs to be developed in order to make it an acceptable food item.

Paul Vantomme Senior Forestry Officer, Forest Products and Industries Division. Forestry Department, Food and Agriculture Organization, Roma, Italy. Tel.: ++39 06 570 54730 Fax.: ++39 06 570 55137 email: [email protected] http://www.fao.org/forestry/nwfp/en/

Edible Insects Programme: http://www.fao.org/forestry/65422/en/

Ir. Marleen Vrij studied food technology in Wageningen and joined the R&D department as Feed & Process Technologist of the Trouw Nutrition group in 1989 (BP Nutrition, which became the Nutreco group in 1994). The technological research focussed on raw materials, processes, fishfeed, shrimpfeed, petfood and other animal feeds. A grasp of the subjects of her more than 20 years working career: research in using binders, development of the vacuum absorption method for the production of high fat animalfeed, development of a coating method for active compounds (WO2007100251 Patent). In 2008, Marleen joined the private owned research company Zetadec BV .

Zetadec BV Zetadec is a consultancy and contract R&D organisation for the feed, food and biomass industry and is located in Wageningen (The Netherlands). The strongpoint of Zetadec is its ability to operate on the interface of raw materials on the one hand and (processing) technology on the other hand. The company assists businesses in transforming new ideas into added value products. Zetadec assist in: enhancing performance of existing production lines, conceptualize new product lines for new products, perform lab-scale to full-scale operation tests, formula and recipe development for new products, testing functionality of ingredients for specific purposes. Zetadec has many contacts with suppliers of raw materials and processing equipment. The company has its own laboratory and pilot plant where experiments can be executed, and products and processes be developed. People working in Zetadec are experienced in the field of agglomeration and granulation, pelleting, extrusion and expander technology, coating, dosing and applications of feed additives, quality assessment of granulates and feed pellets (particle size distribution, porosity etc.). Examples of projects which are performed at Zetadec; development of process technology to manufacture controlled release feed formulations, development of highly palatable granulates for horse feed additive, calculations of energy requirement for fishfeed manufacturing line, optimisation of physical quality of pelleted animal by means of laboratory testing (DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) and compression testing) and exploratory data analysis. Besides working in the field of feed processing technology, raw materials and animal feeds, Marleen started in 2009 her own topic regarding the development of insect meal for use in animal feed. Zetadec wants to development together with other partners a chain for the production of insect meal, from insect rearer to insect meal producer. The insect project covers the course of optimalisation of feed for insects to the production of insect meal, and the fractionation of insect meal into various ingredients like protein concentrate, fat/oil and chitin. The production of insect meal should be a lucrative activity for insect rearing companies as well as for producers of insect meal. On laboratory scale insect meal and insect protein concentrate have been produced. At this moment (Sep 2011 to Feb 2012) Marleen is the tutor of an MSc student (Wageningen UR) who is doing research concerning optimal raw materials and protein sources for buffalo worms. Focus is on low cost but high yield performing raw materials.

Associate Professor Alan Louey Yen is an entomologist with a background in Insect taxonomy (psyllids), ecology, survey, threatened species, pest management, ethnoentomology, and entomophagy. He worked at the Museum of Victoria from 1981-2001 and was Senior Curator of Invertebrate Survey and Head Curator of Natural Sciences. He is a joint appointee of the Department of Primary Industries Victoria and La Trobe University in Melbourne (Australia) where he heads research on pest insect surveillance, biocontrol, threatened species, and impacts of pest control on the environment. He currently sits on the Uluru-Kata Tjuta Cultural and Scientific Consultative Committee as the invertebrate expert.

Work related to entomophagy Dr. Alan Louey Yen developed an interest in entomophagy after surveying insects in conjunction with Aboriginal communities in the Western Desert of Central Australia. He is currently working with these communities on documenting edible insects, comparing Aboriginal and western scientific classifications, how they are collected, and determining sustainable harvesting levels of preferred species. The Aboriginal communities wish to exploit edible insects for their own use and also utilise them for ecotourism ventures, and the future development of an edible insect industry, along with intellectual property rights issues, are important agenda issues for these communities. Alan has linked his interest in edible insects with his background in insect conservation and habitat destruction. In Australia, the collecting of edible insects (either for human consumption or as recreational fishing bait) is resulting in over-exploitation and habitat destruction. Consequently determining levels of sustainable harvesting is important, and exploring the potential to farm some of these insects could reduce the pressures on the environment. Funded by an Australian Government Endeavour Executive Award, Alan spent two months based at FAO Asia and the Pacific Headquarters in Bangkok assessing some of the environmental issues associated with edible insects in Thailand, Laos and Cambodia. A report on this study is in preparation. Within his own organisations (Department of Primary Industries Victoria and La Trobe University), Alan has been advocating the development of insects as animal food, especially application to the poultry and the aquaculture industries. He has been on national radio and on national TV promoting human entomophagy and insects as stock feed.

Alan has published the following on entomophagy: Yen, A.L. 2005. Insect and other invertebrate foods of Australian Aborigines. In: Paoletti, M.G. (ed). Ecological implications of minilivestock. Science Publishers, Inc.: Enfield, New Hampshire. Pp. 367-387. Yen, A.L. 2009. Edible insects: traditional knowledge or western phobia? Entomological Research 39:289-298. Yen, A.L. 2009. Entomophagy and insect conservation: some thoughts for digestion. Journal for Insect Conservation 13:667-670. Yen, A.L. 2010. Edible insects and other invertebrates in Australia: future prospects. In: Durst, Patrick B., Dennis V. Johnson, Robin N. Leslie and Kenichi Shono (eds.) 2010. Forest insects as food: humans bite back. Proceedings of a workshop focused on Asia-Pacific resources and their potential for development, 19-21 February 2008, Chiang Mai, Thailand. RAP Publication 2010/02. FAO, Bangkok. P 65-84. Yen, A.L. in press. Edible insects and management of country. Ecological Management & Restoration. Yen, A.L., Hanboonsong, Y. & Van Huis, A. in press. The role of edible insects in human recreation and tourism. In: Lemelin, H. (ed). The Management of Insects in Recreation and Tourism. Cambridge University Press

Assist. Prof. Jintana Yhoung-aree has worked with the Institute of Nutrition at Mahidol University since 1983. Her research interests include food and nutrition system analysis, which involves a community diagnosis using quantitative and qualitative approaches, household food and nutrition security in normal or disaster situations. Her other interests include infant and young child feeding practices (including breastfeeding), food and nutrition behaviors (including edible insects) and food and nutrition policy and program planning, management and evaluation (qualitative and quantitative approaches).

The institute of Nutrition at Mahidol University (INMU) was established in 1977 as a national planning and implementation body of the Thai Government, with the mission of strengthening the National Food and Nutrition Plan. The mission has fulfilled by conducting research at community and laboratory levels, by providing national and international training and education programs and by providing technical services in food and nutrition development. These are embracing a multidisciplinary approach in research, education and training and technical services.