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Il Caso Studio Di Una Specie Bandiera, La Testuggine Palustre Siciliana Emys Trinacris (Testudines, Emydidae)

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Il Caso Studio Di Una Specie Bandiera, La Testuggine Palustre Siciliana Emys Trinacris (Testudines, Emydidae) Scuola Dottorale di Ateneo Graduate School Dottorato di ricerca in Scienze Ambientali Ciclo XXIX Anno di discussione 2017 Sfide nella gestione degli ecosistemi d’acqua dolce: il caso studio di una specie bandiera, la testuggine palustre siciliana Emys trinacris (Testudines, Emydidae) SETTORE SCIENTIFICO DISCIPLINARE DI AFFERENZA: BIO/05 Tesi di Dottorato di Dario OTTONELLO, matricola 956094 Coordinatore del Dottorato Tutore del Dottorando Prof. Gabriele CAPODAGLIO Prof. Stefano MALAVASI Co-tutore del Dottorando Marco A. L. ZUFFI, PhD 1 Riassunto. Uno dei compiti cardine delle aree protette è quello di “applicare metodi di gestione o di restauro ambientale idonei a realizzare un'integrazione tra uomo e ambiente naturale” (L. 394/1991). Le scelte gestionali sono però spesso controverse e necessitano nella maggior parte dei casi di una visione a medio-lungo termine che è molte volte frenata da fattori contingenti. Una delle strategie che si possono adottare è quella di focalizzare l’attenzione su specie che per particolari caratteristiche empatiche o normative possono facilitare l’ottenimento di fondi (specie bandiera) e/o che permettono la realizzazione di interventi di miglioramento o di gestione degli habitat che a cascata portano benefici a numerose altre specie (specie ombrello). La presenza di una specie carismatica, l’endemica testuggine palustre siciliana, unita agli interventi gestionali intrapresi dall’Ente gestore e a diversi fattori di pressione, tra tutti le specie aliene e l’agricoltura intensiva, rendono la Riserva Naturale Integrale del “Lago Preola e Gorghi Tondi” un ottimo caso studio, per valutare come i vari elementi possono avere un’influenza singolarmente o in sinergia sulle dinamiche che governano una popolazione di una specie animale. I risultati hanno evidenziato differenze significative a livello di vari aspetti della bio-ecologia della specie fra fasi stagionali differenti e fra siti. In particolare, è stato messo in evidenza come l’aumento di naturalità e della disponibilità di habitat acquatici verificatesi nell’ultimo decennio siano stati elementi decisamente favorevoli alla specie, sebbene la permanenza di alcuni fattori limitanti abbia generato risposte differenti tra i siti. Sono state infatti osservate differenze interessanti nell’ecologia trofica e nell’ampiezza di nicchia della specie fra siti con abbondanti popolazioni ittiche alloctone e siti privi di pesci. Questo ha permesso di dimostrare come la diversa comunità biologica influenzata dalla presenza di specie alloctone possa influire sulla struttura dell’ecosistema e di riflesso sulle caratteristiche della specie oggetto di studio, con particolare impatto sia a livello di popolazione sia a livello individuale. Questi risultati possono fornire importanti informazioni e indicazioni per la strategia di gestione della Riserva naturale indagata e per la gestione di aree naturali con simili caratteristiche ambientali, ai fini di migliorare non solo lo status di conservazione di Emys trinacris ma anche la qualità degli habitat in cui essa vive. Parole chiave: Emys trinacris, gestione delle aree protette, specie aliene invasive, dinamiche di popolazione, Population Viability Analysis 2 Abstract. One of the key tasks of the protected areas is to "apply management methods or environmental restoration suitable for achieving integration between man and natural environment" (Law 394/1991). However, management decisions are often controversial and require in most cases a medium to long-term vision that is often hampered by contingent factors. A winning strategy is to focus attention on a particular species both for its empathic characteristics that facilitate the obtaining of funds (flagship species) both for its biological characteristics that allow the implementation of improvement measures that can bring benefits to many other species (umbrella species). The presence of a charismatic species, the endemic Sicilian pond turtle, combined with management actions and different pressures, including alien species and intensive agriculture, make the Natural Reserve "Lake Preola - Gorghi Tondi "an excellent case study to assess how the various elements can have an impact on the biology, ecology and dynamics of the population. The results showed significant differences in various aspects of the bio-ecology of the species between seasons and sites. In particular, it was shown how the increase of naturalness and of the aquatic habitats surface occurred in the last decade have been very favorable elements, although the persistence of some limiting factors has generated different responses between sites. In fact, interesting differences were observed in the ecology and in the trophic niche breadth of the species between sites with abundant non-native fish and sites without fish. This allowed to demonstrate how the presence of non-native species affects ecosystem structure and biological communities with aftermaths on the studied species, with particular impact both at population level both at individual level. These results can provide important information and recomendations for the management strategy of the nature reserve and for the management of natural areas with similar environmental characteristics, in order to improve not only the conservation status of Sicilian pond turtle but also the quality of the habitats where it lives. Keywords: Emys trinacris, protected areas management, invasive alien species, population dynamics, Population Viability Analysis 3 Le tartarughe potrebbero raccontare delle strade più di quanto non potrebbero le lepri Kahlil Gibran ―– Sabbia e spuma, 1926 4 Indice 1. Introduzione......................................................................................................................................6 1.1 Area di studio...........................................................................................................................10 1.2 Tassonomia, distribuzione, ecologia e biologia di Emys trinacris...........................................27 2. Analisi spaziale e temporale: evoluzione delle zone umide nell'ultimo ventennio........................36 2.1 Materiali e metodi....................................................................................................................37 2.3 Risultati....................................................................................................................................39 2.4 Discussione..............................................................................................................................47 3. Parametri demografici, biologici ed ecologici della popolazione di Emys trinacris......................49 3.1 Stima e dinamica di popolazione, morfometria e accrescimento............................................49 3.1.1 Materiali e Metodi............................................................................................................50 3.1.2 Risultati............................................................................................................................60 3.1.3 Discussione......................................................................................................................89 3.2 Ecologia trofica........................................................................................................................97 3.2.1 Materiali e Metodi............................................................................................................98 3.2.2 Risultati..........................................................................................................................101 3.2.3 Discussione.....................................................................................................................110 3.3 Allometria e biologia riproduttiva..........................................................................................114 3.3.1 Materiali e Metodi..........................................................................................................115 3.3.2 Risultati..........................................................................................................................120 3.3.3 Discussione....................................................................................................................126 4. Population Viability Analysis e Sensitivity Analysis.....................................................................128 4.1 Materiali e Metodi.................................................................................................................129 4.2 Risultati..................................................................................................................................138 4.3 Discussione............................................................................................................................146 5. Conclusioni...................................................................................................................................148 6. Bibliografia...................................................................................................................................156 5 1. Introduzione Uno dei compiti cardine delle aree protette è quello di “applicare metodi di gestione o di restauro ambientale idonei a realizzare un'integrazione tra uomo e ambiente naturale” (L. 394/1991). Le scelte gestionali sono però spesso controverse e necessitano nella maggior parte dei casi di una visione a medio-lungo termine che è molte volte frenata da fattori contingenti legati
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