INFORMATION TO USERS

This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted.

The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction.

1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity.

2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indisaticn that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame.

3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete.

4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced.

5. PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received.

Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 74-3219

KENNEDY, Peter Edward, 1936- THE LIFE AND PROFESSIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS OF ROBERT JOHN HERMAN KIPHUTH TO YALE AND COMPETITIVE .

The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1973 Education, physical

University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan

© 1973

Peter Edward Kennedy

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. THE LIFE AND PROFESSIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS OF

ROBERT JOHN HERMAN KIPHUTH TO YALE

AND COMPETITIVE SWIMMING

DISSERTATION

Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University

by

Peter Edward Kennedy, A.B., M,A., C.A.S.

*****

The Ohio State University 1973

Reading Committee

Dr. Bruce L. Bennett Approved by Dr. Robert L. Bartels

Dr. Donald Harper

Adviser Department of Physical ACKNOWLEDGS ME NT

By was of acknowledgement, the author wishes to thank Dr. Bruce L. Bennett, Adviser, for his patience, understanding, advice and constructive criticism, and Dr.

Robert L. Bartels and Dr. Donald Harper for sharing their knowledge of competitive swimming. Without the cooperation of DeLaney Kiphuth and Meta Gangwish the study would have been impossible. The writer, moreover, is grateful to the generous response of the coaching profession as well as the personal friends of Bob Kiphuth for their contributions.

A special note of thanks is due Karl Michael for his constructive insight into the various facets of compet­ itive swimming. And above all, the author is deeply indebted to Phil Moriarty for his full fledged cooperation and support throughout this study.

And finally, the writer wishes to thank all who contributed in any way to the completion of this work. To my typists a sincere thank you for their dedication to the task at hand.

ii VITA

January 3, 1936 ... Born - Waterbury,

1958 AoB. Niagara University Niagara Falls,

1959 M. A. Indiana University Bloomington, Indiana

1959 - 1960 . .". . . Six Month Personal Tour of Europe

1960 ..' 1/lt Army Fort Devens and Fort Benning

I960 - 1964 Swimming Coach Sacred Heart High School Waterbury, Connecticut

1962 Certificate of Advanced Study Fairfield University Fairfield, Connecticut

1964 - 1966 Assistant Swimming Coach Athletic Club Los Angeles, California

1966 -1967 .'. . . . Teacher Advanced Placement History Roy Co Start High School Toledo, Ohio

1966 - 1968 Swimming Coach The Toledo Club Toledo, Ohio

1967 - 1970 Teacher, Aquatic Director, Coach, and Swimming Coach St.. Francis DeSales High School Toledo, Ohio

1968 - 1970 ' Aquatic and Program Director, Swim­ ming Coach and Water Polo Coach Greater Toledo Aquatic Club Toledo, Ohio

iii 1970 - 1971 ..... Student Toledo University Toledo, Ohio

1971 - 1973 • • • .. Student The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio

1971 - 1972 o .. . ." Assistant Swimming Coach The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio

1972 - 1973 Lecturer, Aquatic Director, Recrea­ tion Supervisor and Swimming Coach Capital University Bexley, Ohio

PUBLICATIONS

"Can Participation Modify Personality," Swimming Technique April. 1971, pD 2.

FIELDS OF STUDY

Major Fields: Physical Education, History

iv TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ii

VITA iii

LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS vii

Chapter

1. INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY 1

Statement of the Problem and Review of Literature Purposes of the Study Limitations Methods and Procedures

2. YALE FINDS A COACH 15

3. KIPHUTH GRASPS THE REINS - THE COMPETITIVE YEARS 1918-1921 . . . 34

4. HEADLINES AND BYLINES - THE COMPETITIVE YEARS 1922-1923 53

5. RECORDS AND RELAYS - THE COMPETITIVE YEARS 1924-1940 68

Seasons of 1924-1928 Seasons of 1929-1932 Seasons of 1933-1936 Seasons of 1937-1940

6. AN EPOCH OF VICTORY - THE COMPETITIVE YEARS 1941-1959 98

Seasons of 1941-1942 The War Years and the Ford Years 1943-1945 Seasons of 1946-1949 Seasons of 1950-1959

7. KIPHUTH INTERNATIONAL 157

The Olympic Experience Foreign Trips

v Page 8. KIPHUTH'S DRY LAND PROGRAM AND TRAINING TECHNIQUES 189

9. KIPHUTH'S PHILOSOPHY OF ATHLETICS 208

10. AN ANALYTICAL MIND 222

11. THE BELOVED GYMNASIUM 230

12. MAN OF CRITICISM 247

13. MAN OF TASTE—MAN OF LETTERS 255

14. PROFESSIONAL WRITINGS 278

15. THE MAN AND HIS IMAGE 290

APPENDIX

A 312

B 327

C 330

D 331

E 333

F 334

G 336

H 338

BIBLIOGRAPHY 339

Vi LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS

Photograph Page

Robert J. H. Kiphuth viii

The 1921 Yale World Record 250-Yard Relay Team 64

Yale Swimmers - Class of 1953 . . 120

The Kiphuth Exhibition Pool - . . . 153

The 1930 Yale-Hawaiian Team • . . . 168

The Payne Whitney Gymnasium - Yale University . . . 231

vii ROBERT J. H. KIPHUTH

Age 68

viii ROBERT J. H. KIPHUTH ix Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY

Yale was his revered mother and the Gothic Payne

Whitney Gymnasium his cathedral. Robert J. H. Kiphuth was

not only a cultured, intellectual man of charm but also a

human dynamo of activity who demanded respect and loyalty

for mother Yale. Protocol was a major precept of his very

being but he loved the informality of social intercourse

within the Gymnasium. To some he was a tyrant; to others an

esteemed god; and yet to most, and to those who knew and understood him best, he was just "Bob." Nonetheless, "on a campus of world famous scholars and sportsmen, he was 'Mr.

Yale.,nl

He created a unique and colorful dynasty. But then, the man responsible was unique and colorful. Its span of activity was brief—only forty-two years—but its impact was world wide, influencing generations yet unborn. Though fundamentally he slaved for mother Yale, the world was his domain.

Kiphuth, a native of Tonawanda, New York, began his

Yale years as an exercise-gymnastics-fitness instructor in

^•Cecil Colwin, "Kiphuth Cathedral Yale University," The International Swimmer. VIII (January, 1971), p. 6. 2 1914. But destiny projected him from instructor to addi­ tional duties as pool director and eventually to world fame as a swimming coach. More than any other coach, Kiphuth was responsible for adding the "muscle and mileage" concept to swimming. His theory and program of land exercises success­ fully overthrew the long entrenched concepts of soft muscled swimmers.

Kiphuth, a dynamic, self-educated intellectual ­ able of exploiting his charisma, played a key and unique role in sports administration, coordination and politics.

He was the pioneer who opened the doors of the administrative and political arenas to the swimming coach. He accomplished this by utilizing the prestige of his position at Yale, his administrative ability, and his cultural and intellectual capacities to create a highly respected personal image. As a result, he redefined the concept that a swimming coach was

"a dressing-gown-clad baths bum"^—a mere trainer that should be seen and not heard by the administrative elements in swimming, and presented the new image of the modern well- dressed, educated and knowledgeable coach to the sports world.

In 1914 Yale University hired a mite of a man, physically only five feet six inches tall, with a "bullet

2Majorie Dent Candee (ed.), "Kiphuth, Robert John Herman," Biography (New York: The H. W. Wilson Co., 1957), p. 303.

^Colwin, "Kiphuth Cathedral," p. 6. 3 head, bull shoulders and booming baritone voice,as an instructor in physical education. Kiphuth's forty-five years of faithful service to Yale included instructor, assistant professor, and professor in Physical Education

(1914-1959), swimming coach (1918-1959), Head of general physical education program (1932-1966), Director of the

Payne Whitney Gymnasium (1940-1959), and Director of

Athletics (1946-1949). After his retirement he remained on at Yale as a lecturer in Physical Education for an addi­ tional seven years (1959-1966). During this period of time he established himself not only as the world's foremost body-building and competitive swimming authority but also as an expert on the proper technique for fitness and posture.

He wrote four books, all of them best sellers. . . . Unknown to most swimming enthusiasts, he wrote an authoritative tome on diagnosing and correcting postural defects.5

Perhaps even more importantly, he acquired a reputation as a philosopher, art connoisseur, scholar, and teacher.

As noteworthy as his achievements were, Kiphuth, with the exception of his attendance at the YMCA Summer

School of Physical Education at Silver Bay, New York

(1911), the Harvard Summer School of Physical Education

(1912), the Twentieth Century Normal Course in Dancing

(1912-1916), and the auditing of undergraduate courses at

Yale from 1914 to 1917 lacked any formal education beyond

4Ibid. 5lbid. 4

high school. Nonetheless, he pursued in earnest his own

self-education by extensive reading in a variety of areas

and by undertaking summer study tours of physical education

in , Sweden, , and from 1923 through

1926 and again in 1928, 1930, 1931, 1934, and 1935. In his

relentless quest for knowledge and a truer appreciation of

the arts Kiphuth accumulated a personal library of over

fifteen thousand volumes® on a wide variety of subjects and

became a collector of rare books. Moreover, he served as

Curator of Sporting Art at Yale University from 1937 until his death in 1967. In 1962 he accepted the dual position of

Vice President of the National Art Museum of Sports and

Chairman of the fund raising committee. He had been one of the original founders of N. A. M. O. S. in 1959.

Due to his many swimming and cultural trips to

Japan, Kiphuth undertook an intensive study of Japanese culture and became an authority on various activities such as the Japanese theatre, the Banraku drama, the Kaluiki dancers, the Kno puppets, the Geishas, Japanese music, and

Japanese prints.

In recognition of his many achievements Kiphuth received honorary degrees from Springfield College—M. A.

^Statement by DeLaney Kiphuth, personal interview, November 24, 1972. DeLaney is presently Director of Ath­ letics at Yale University and the son of Robert J. H. Kiphuth. ii

1938/ Yale University—M. A. 1950, George Williams College—

Doctor of Laws I960, as well as being honored by His Majesty

the Emperor of with the Third Class Order of the

Sacred Treasure (1960) and by the President of the United

States with the Medal of Freedom (1963).

Kiphuth supervised and coached international or

overseas athletic teams in swimming to (1921 and

1930), to Japan (1931, 1934, 1935, 1950, 1955), to Germany

(1938), to Cuba (1946) and to Bermuda and Mexico (1951). He

was appointed Olympic swimming coach on five occasions (1928,

1932, 1936, 1940, 1948), the coach of the

European swimming clinic (1951-1954), United States coach to

Iceland (1954), and Israel (1955, 1959) and coach-to South

Africa (1956). He served as a FINA (Federation Inter­

nationale De Natation Amateur) official to the

in 1924, 1952, 1956, and 1960. In 1923 he supervised the

combined Yale-Harvard track team in its competition with

Oxford-Cambridge track squad in .

He was a member of the United States Olympic Com­

mittee 1948-1952 and 1956-1960. Moreover, he acted in the

capacity of member, director, president or chairman of the

following organizations:

National YMCA Physical Education Committee New Haven YMCA National Council of Boy Scouts of America National Health and Safety Committee (Boy Scouts) New Haven Red Cross National Board of Governors of AAU Executive Committee of AAU AAU Youth Activity Programs Connecticut AAU National AAU Swimming Committee NCAA Swimming Rules Committee Board of Trustees, the Hotchkiss School New Haven Boys Club Board of Park Commissioners, New Haven, Connecticut Connecticut Reformatory, Cheshire, Connecticut National Art Museum of Sports

His literary endeavors on swimming and physical education are found in American and English magazines as well as in his four books—Swimming, How to be Fit, The Diagnosis and

Treatment of Postural Defects, and Basic Swimming.

After assuming the coaching duties at Yale in 1918,

Kiphuth undertook an intensive study of competitive swimming and devised a formula known as "muscle and mileage." He be­ came dedicated to the principle that conditioning and mental attitude were the prime factors in competitive success. As a result, he was the first swimming coach to introduce rigor­ ous calisthenics (muscle) to the competitive swimmer's diet.

Therefore, every swimmer had to undergo eight to ten weeks of body building prior to immersion in the pool. While many authorities were claiming that too much swimming would burn the athlete out, Kiphuth advocated a year-round training program and increased mileage as key factors to success.

Although an advocate of hard work, he stated that all things being equal, the principal factor in record breaking was psychological.

Authorities have cited him as the person primarily responsible for the emergence of swimming out of the dark 7 ages because of his public image, record, flair for records and headlines, part played in the construction of the Payne

Whitney Gymnasium , and his undying effort to promote swimming. He never passed up any opportunity to speak, even at his own expense, anywhere in the woirld about the of swimming.

The Japanese considered him the father of modern

Japanese swimming. His shining hour must have come during the 1948 Olympics when his men's team won every gold medal.

His dual meet record is unparalleled in any sport (550 victories and 14 losses).

This is the biography, then, of Robert John Herman

Kiphuth, coach, physical educator, philosopher, art con­ noisseur, scholar, and teacher. And, above all, it is in part the history of American and world swimming.

Statement of the Problem and Review of Literature

American intercollegiate swimming commenced in 1897 with competitions between the Universities of Pennsylvania,

Yale and Columbia.^ For the first two decades of the twentieth century competitive swimming, for the most part, remained the protege of the eastern universities. Eventually,

^George Kistler, "Historical Sketch of Intercol­ legiate Swimming Association," Intercollegiate Swimming Guide (New York: A. S. Barnes Co., 1915), pp. 39-44. 8 as more and more aquatic facilities became available the sport experienced tremendous growth.

To become an authority on collegiate swimming one merely has to consume and digest the Official N.C.A.A. Inter­ collegiate Guides from 1915 through the present day. But history is more than the recording of events or the tabu­ lation of statistics. Whether or not one accepts Carlyle's thesis that "the history of the world is the biography of great men" he cannot deny that a student of history who ignores the influence of great leaders is remiss in his duty. By the same token, the historian of competitive swim­ ming who disregards the personalities involved in the evo­ lution of the sport cannot fully understand that evolution.

But the student of sports history cannot study materials which to date remain unavailable to him. Yet

William Hotchkiss, "The Life and Contributions of Michael

Peppe," which was a doctoral dissertation written at The

Ohio State University in 1971, seems to be the only attempt up to this time to investigate the men who have influenced the history of competitive swimming. And the history of the sport will never be complete until someone undertakes the task of writing biographies of Ed Kennedy (Columbia Univer­ sity), Frank Sullivan (), David Arm- bruster (), Matthew Mann (University of

Michigan), Ernst Bransten (Stanford University), Arthur Eilers

(Washington University), Fred Cady (University of Southern 9

California), Frank Foster (U.S. Naval Academy), Michael

Kennedy (Amherst College), Robert Muir (Williams College),

James Reilly (), Thomas Robinson (North­

University), Radford McCormick (City College of New

York), and Frank Wall (New York University) to name but a

few of the early pioneers.

Probably the three greatest personalities in the early era of competitive swimming were Frank Sullivan,

Princeton University, Matt Mann, University of Michigan, and Robert Kiphuth, Yale University. Each of these men

began their careers prior to 1927. Sullivan, unfortunately, was forced to resign abruptly in 1928. On the other hand,

Mann did not enter the collegiate picture until 1926

The third member of this early triumvirate, Robert

Kiphuth, dominated the collegiate picture for forty-two years. He brought respectability, intelligence, and inno­ vation to the competitive sport. His rise to international fame was swift and lasting. The laurels and rewards which he received were local, national and international in scope.

No one man in swimming has ever before or since so dominated the international setting. To gain a cursory knowledge of the man, one merely has to scan the pages of Current Bio­ graphy, Who's Who in America, and Menke's Encyclopedia of

Sport. This study, however, unveiled a depth heretofore unknown about the man. 10 Purposes of the Study

The Major purposes of this research were:

1. To investigate the life and contributions of

Robert John Herman Kiphuth to Yale swimming, intercollegiate

swimming, AAU swimming, world swimming, and Olympic swim­

ming, as both coach and administrator.

2. To give recognition and insight into the ideals,

beliefs, and practices of Professor Kiphuth.

3. To determine any significant contributions

Kiphuth made to Yale University in terms of its athletic

and physical education program.

4. To examine his personality and its influence

upon other people.

Limitations

What limitations can one set for a biography? One

must go where the evidence points. In Kiphuth's case the

avenues were wide and varied. Therefore, certain ground

rules became necessary. Interviews were conducted with and

letters written to people who could assist in developing a well-rounded picture of the subject. Due to the wealth of

Kiphuth's personal correspondence available at Yale and the time-consuming task of examining each item in detail, the author had to limit their usage. Moreover, some of the materials had already been moved to the transfer files in the Payne Whitney Gymnasium and are, therefore, unavailable to the researcher at this time. Hopefully a future historian 11 will undertake the task of a detailed analysis of the corr­

espondences sent by and the correspondences received by

Kiphuth. The author did not enter into a discussion of all

of the professional areas of controversy and disagreement

between primary parties in swimming. It will be the task of

future writers to elaborate and expand incidents and events

in light of the evidence reported here.

Although a rather intensive study of Yale and inter­

collegiate swimming was necessary, the author concentrated

....his efforts on reporting the events and people as they

influenced or were influenced by the subject. In way of

regret, the author is dissatisfied with two aspects. First,

that time, money and a language barrier prevented him from a

more thorough investigation of Japanese sources in order to

determine the full extent of Kiphuth's contribution to

Japanese swimming. Second, that the vast number (over

20,000) and time involved prevented the author from con­

tacting as many former swimmers as he would have wished.

Methods and Procedures

In researching the pathways of his life this author

felt challenged at every step. The author accomplished a

partial renaissance of his own education. The Tonawanda

City Directory reawakened in him the history of the building

of the Erie Canal and the subsequent migration to the

Niagara Frontier. One Thousand Strong reemphasized the

strong influence of the YMCA on the youth of yesteryear. 12

Research on the role of the Twentieth Century Club Gym­ nasium aroused an interest in the development of women's clubs and activities of women at the turn of the century.

A review of Pierson's two volume work, 1871-

1937 and of Yale's Presidential Reports gave the author a cursory knowledge of Yale's past. What the author felt was an extensive personal knowledge of the history of competi­ tive swimming seemed insignificant when compared to the knowledge gained from an extensive study of William Deegan's

Yale Swimming 1899-1948, the Robert Nelson Corwin Papers

(Yale University), the Yale Swimming News Letter, The New

York Times and the from 1900 to 1967, the

Intercollegiate Swimming Guides during the same period, and the personal interviews with Kiphuth's former professional associates, Karl Michael, Phil Moriarty, Harry Burke, Gordon

Chalmers, and Ed Kennedy.

Additional information resulted from the examination of past and present sources on swimming such as Thomas'

Swimming (1904), Professor Nulligan's The Art of Swimming

(1906), Carlile's Forbes Carlile on Swimming (1949), Oppen- heim's The (1971), as well as reports by the Yale University Swimming Managers and various Yale scrapbooks.

Articles by Daniel Mulvey of the New Haven Register,

Karl Dalquist of the New Haven Courier, Silas B. Fishkind of 13

The New York Times and Francois D'Eliscu of the Hawaii' Ad-

vertiser added a new perspective to the subject.

The author found he had to either read or reread the

"literature of the arts in order to stay abreast of Kiphuth's

artistic tastes. He took a refresher course in the Currier

and Ives lithographs and the works of John Bellows when he

read Conningham's Currier and Ives Prints and The Gallery of

Modern Art's George Bellows. His own slide collection of

the works of the masters of the Renaissance period was in­

valuable. Edgar Munhall, curator of the Frick Collection

and Deane Keller, Professor of Painting and Drawing, Yale

School of Fine Arts, served only to stress Kiphuth's know­

ledge and preoccupation with the arts. The testimony of

DeLaney Kiphuth, Bob's son, enlightened the author as to

the depth of Bob's literary taste. A review of Kiphuth's

personal library ably supported any ensuing testimony.

Gwyneth Brown, wife of famed sport sculptor Joseph

Brown, added the feminine touch and a further in depth

analysis of Bob's love of the dance. Olga Maynard, American

Modern Dancers-The Pioneers and Walter Terry, The Dance in

America became adequate sources for educating the uneducated

to the early pioneers of American dance. Testimony by Mrs.

Meta Gangwish, Kiphuth's sister, and by DeLaney Kiphuth, the

subject's son, provided the author with insight into the

more personal aspects of Kiphuth's life. I I

14 Trips to , West Point, , Terre Haute,

New York, Knoxville, Hanover, and enabled the author

to speak with such former professional associates of Kiphuth

as the Rev. Sidney Lovett, Dr. J. Roswell Gallagher, Bob

Geigengack, Buck Dawson, Charles McCraffree, Hal Hfenning,

Bob Clotworthy, John Higgins, Dick Steadman, Dave Mclntyre,

Jack Ryan, Betty Philcox and Peter raland.

Personal remembrances of and conversations with

Kiphuth as well as letters to the author from the subject

allowed a greater flexibility of introspection, especially

during interviews. Kiphuth's own writings unveiled the area

of his professional interest. More importantly, perhaps,

his writing in the Yale Daily News and various qucptations

attributed to Kiphuth in the Boston Transcript, the Hawaii

Advertiser, , the Amateur Athlete, and

the Literary Digest to name a few, supported the oral testi­

mony of colleagues with respect to his philosophy of phy­

sical education and athletics.

A1 Schoenfield and Peter Daland supplied important

historical information concerning the development of Swim­

ming World magazine, while Phil Buxbaum provided commentary

on sports broadcasting with respect to swimming.

It is felt that, in combination, the many sources

employed offered a well-rounded view of the life of Robert

J. H. Kiphuth, his contributions to swimming and to Yale

University. iJ

Chapter 2

YALE FINDS A COACH

Robert John Herman Kiphuth was born November 17,

1890, in Tonawanda, New York. He was one of six children of

Marie Elizabeth nee' Bennin and John J. Kiphuth. His

maternal grandparents were Marie Elizabeth Robert (born

Buffalo, New York in 1845) and Herman Bennin (born in

Mecklinberg, Schwerin, Germany). Fredericke Hillman (born

in Stettin, , Germany) and Johann Joachim Helmuth

Theodore Kiphuth (born in Stettin, Preussen) were his

paternal grandparents. According to the City Directory the

elder Kiphuth worked as a machinist in one of the local

industrial plants on the Niagara Frontier.1 Educated in the

local public schools, Kiphuth graduated from Tonawanda High

School in 1909. His graduation speech was on anti vivi­

section. This topic plus the testimony of his sister, Mrs.

Meta Gangwish, dispels the belief by Harry Burke, former

Kiphuth assistant, 1921-1959, that Bob used to dissect cats

at the Tonawanda YMCA. Mrs. Gangwish stated:

This I cannot believe. I could of our brother Carl, but not Bob. When Bob graduated from High School his speech was on Anti-Vivisection, which would refute the statement that Bob used to dissect cats—Bob hated the

1Tonawanda City Directory (Lockport, New York: Robert Brothers, 1913), p. 109. 15 16

sight of blood and was squeamish about it. As I said, our brother Carl might have done it but not Bob. Fur­ thermore, doing a thing of that kind at the "Y" would have stirred up a storm in our town back 60 years ago.2

From June, 1909 through August, 1910 Kiphuth was employed as a clerk, first by the local power company and then by the hardware store of H. E. Koenig. With the departure of the acting director, G. D. Wilson in 1910

Kiphuth accepted the appointment as Director of Physical

Education at the Tonawanda YMCA. Apparently, Bob's appoint­ ment pleased his sister because she stated, "Always eager for self-improvement Bob displayed a distaste for clerical work but an active love for things physical.''^ According to further information supplied by Mrs. Gangwish, Bob's appointment to this post was the direct result of his con­ tinued expenditure of energy in all phases of "Y" activity from his earliest youth. She wrote that:

Bob was a member of the "Y" as a very young lad, and was always active in all phases of "Y" activities, physical, religion, even music—Spirit-Mind-Body. He was always a leader and eventually was asked to become Physical Director, 1910.4

The Tonawanda YMCA physical plant in 1906 contained a gymnasium, a one-wall handball court, a swimming pool, a shower room, and a dressing room. The activities offered

2Letter to author from Mrs. Meta Gangwish, Janu­ ary 14, 1972.

3statement by Mrs. Meta Gangwish, personal inter­ view, January 16, 1973.

4 Ibid. 17 were medicine , fencing, wrestling, , deck shuffle, water polo, handball, , indoor , gymnastics, athletics, running and standing broad jump, shot put, rope climb, relay races, swimming, music, and Bible study.5 it is evident from the preceding information that

Kiphuth because of the YMCA program received an excellent exposure to a variety of physical activities. -

Although unable to partake in high school athletics, certainly because of family financial needs and probably in part due to his physical size (5'6"), Kiphuth indulged whole­ heartedly in all phases of the YMCA program. Bob was not a talented athlete. Nonetheless, he did possess a competitive drive which enabled him to exhibit talent as a capable swimmer (50 yards under 30 seconds), an extremely aggressive handball player, an effective gymnist, and an enthusiastic dancer. He, however, according to Harry Burke lacked "the necessary legs" to be an adept and proficient dancer.® In later years, when conversing with his summer training group,

Kiphuth on various occasions would comment on his sheltered

SyMCA of the Tonawandas, One Thousand Strong (North Tonawanda, New York: Rand Company, 1906), pp. 1-15. The additional activities not listed in this publication were taken from a list presented to the author by John Randle, assistant librarian, YMCA Historical Library, as he found listed in Twin City Young Men, published by the YMCA of the Tonawandas in the 1900*s.

^Statement by Harry Burke, personal interview, December 27, 1972. He served as an assistant to Kiphuth from 1921 to 1959. desire to appear on stage with a cane and straw per- forraing the soft shoe.

Perhaps more importantly, the YMCA presented Bob with the opportunity to exert and develop his leadership ability within the many phases of its program. On many occasions as a youth and later as the Physical Director,

Kiphuth instructed the younger boys in swimming, water polo, handball, basketball, baseball, football, medicine ball, fencing, gymnastics, and athletics. Of this experience

Kiphuth later recalled:

My own experience in YMCA aquatics dates back more than thirty-five years to the time when I was in the YMCA physical education work at North Tonawanda, New York. The training and grounding in fundamentals I then received have been incorporated into my programs at Yale and with the Olympic swimming teams it has been my privilege to serve.7

In order to further his knowledge of growth and development, human anatomy and physiology, as well as posture, Kiphuth, always eager for self-improvement, and with the encouragement of his mother, attended physical education classes at the YMCA Summer School of Physical

Education at Silver Bay, New York (1911) and the Harvard

Summer School of Physical Education (1912).8

7Robert J. H. Kiphuth, "Introduction" to the National YMCA Aquatic Program, Vol. I, rev. 1948 (New York, N.Y.: Association Press), p. 7.

®Mrs. Gangwish, personal interview, January 16, 1973. 19 Although Kiphuth spent most of his leisure hours at the "Y" he did not ignore other interests. He attended family and youth services and later taught Sunday School at the Evangelical Synod of North America (United Church of

Christ), enjoyed the winters on the Niagara Frontier by ice skating on the nearby Elicott Creek, and pursued his interest in music by playing comic operas on the violin with accompa­ niment from his sister Meta on the piano.

This childhood interest in the comic operas and the lack of cultural stimulation in the Tonawandas, plus a deve­ loping interest in assessing the proper perspective for the body in the educational process, led Kiphuth to the various nearby Buffalo theatrical productions and eventually to an intense and life-long interest in the dance. As a direct result of his interest in the dance, Kiphuth met his future wife, Louise DeLaney, while studying basic ballet technique at the Twentieth Century Club in Buffalo, New York, during the summers of 1912 through 1916.9 Miss DeLaney, a gradu­ ate of the Anderson Normal School of Gymnastics, the Gilbert

Normal School of Dance, and the Chalif Normal School of

DancinglO conducted the classes for the Twentieth Century

Club. This club was composed exclusively of prominent women of Buffalo—a unique club in that it was the only

9Twentieth Century Club Gymnasium from 1905 to 1915 (Buffalo, New York: Twentieth Century Club, 1915), pp. 3-4. I®Ibid., p. 3. 20 women's club in America which owned and operated its own buildings.11 Kiphuth served as Associate Director of the

Normal Course in Dancing in June and July of 1915 and

1916.12

It is, perhaps, noteworthy to point out that Louise

DeLaney was to be instrumental in Bob's appointment to Yale in 1914 as she was a former student and a personal friend of 13 Yale's Director of Physical Education, William G. Anderson.

Conceivably because of the developing friendship but pos­ sibly or more importantly because she recognized the dynamic qualities of the man, she wrote to Anderson and arranged an interview. In turn, Anderson in 1914 appointed Kiphuth as an instructor of physical education.1^

Yale's swimming heritage dates back to 1897 when the first intercollegiate swimming contests were initiated between the Universities of Pennsylvania, Yale and Colum­ bia.15 The growth of Yale swimming continued to function as a student run activity under the appointment of a team

11Clubs, Associations ... of Buffalo Scrapbook, Vol. 7, pp. 190, 198, 222-23. (Collection contained in scrapbook and kept by Buffalo Public Library.) 12 The Twentieth Century Club Gymnasiumf p. 4. 13 Statement by Karl Michael, personal interview, December 28, 1972. Karl was a diver on Kiphuth's Hillhouse High School team 1920-24 and served as assistant coach at Yale from 1929 to 1939.

•^"New Gymnasium Instructor," Yale Daily News, Octo­ ber 13, 1914, p. 1.

15Kistler, "Historical Sketch," pp. 39-44. I

21 captain and a team manager. In 1917 Andrew Wilson, an at­

torney in New York and a recent captain of the Yale team

wrote to Professor Robert N. Corwin that "coaching in swim­

ming has been, until the last two years, restricted to the

efforts of the captain and older members of the team . . . ."I6

However, one very interested alumnus, Reid, a

former Yale football player and swimming and water polo cap­

tain (1903-1904), served in an informal capacity as the Yale

swimming and water polo coach for a number of years after his

graduation—evidently from 1905 to 1917.17 He functioned

primarily as a visiting coach coming to Yale a day or two at

a time to instruct. In order to give some continuity to the

program, Max Schwartz, the pool man, "whose outstanding 1 O characteristics were broad shoulders and a German accent,

added his physical presence to the scene. Success, more a

by-product of talent rather than direction, was evident by

•^Letter to Professor Robert N. Corwin, Chairman of the Board of Athletic Control from Andrew Wilson, Jr., March 22, 1917, as contained in the Robert Nelson Corwin Papers, Yale University Athletic Association, Archives, .

17"Ogden Mills Reid," The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography (New York: James T. White & Company, 1947), 33, pp. 34-35.

^"Kiphuth Beaten Only Six Times," Yale Daily News, March 14, 1936, p. 5. The term pool man represents a strong reference to the fact that such a person was considered un­ educated, uncultured and looked upon as a custodian rather than a professional. 22 1917. The Yale swimmers had won six straight intercollegi­ ate championships.19

During the 1915-16 and the 1916-17 seasons the team had been most fortunate in obtaining the services of Matthew

Mann.2® "Daddy Mann,"^ as the team respectfully referred to him usually traveled to New Haven one or two days a week

(Saturday or Sunday) to instruct the Yale team. It was a busy season for Mann as his services were in demand at the

New York Athletic Club, Brooklyn's Poly Prep, Lawrenceville

Prep, and the Naval Academy.22

Evidently Mann's services were secured for Yale by

Ogden M. Reid, who was president of the New York Tribune.

The initial contact probably came through Reid's membership in and Mann's coaching at the New York Athletic Club. Since

Reid was still listed as the water polo coach at the com­ mencement of the 1917-18 season,2^ it seems likely that on occasion, at least, Reid and Mann traveled to New Haven

19 "Meeting for Swimmers and Water Polo Candidates at 1:15," Yale Daily News, November 15, 1917, p. 1.

2®Letter to Corwin from Wilson, March 22, 1917.

21Letter to Corwin from W. Mallory Chamberlin, 2d Lt. F. A., U.S.A., November 13, 1918.

22"Matt Mann-Honor Coach," International Swimming Hall of Fame—The First 104 Honorees (1966-1970) (Fort Lauderdale, Florida: Swimming Hall of Fame, 1971), p. 75. 23 "Meeting for Swimmers," p. 5. 23

together. Mann received the sum of one hundred and ninety

dollars, paid by Reid to the Yale Athletic Association, as

reimbursement for his traveling expenses.24

Although necessity, rightfully perhaps, has been termed the mother of invention, it is fate which determines the outcome. For in spite of the fact that necessity de­ manded the hiring of an instructor of swimming at Yale and the fact that both the Yale alumni and especially the team captain worked endlessly for the hiring of the "prestigeous"

Mann, fate would determine that the "obscure" Kiphuth would assume the position. The circumstances and facts surround­ ing this occasion seemed to have occurred in the following sequence.

The year 1917 found Max Schwartz beseiged by illness and unable to perform his duties. In March of 1917 Pro­ fessor Corwin received a letter from Andrew Wilson, Jr., a former Yale captain of swimming. He wrote to Corwin con­ cerning "the graduate and the undergraduate sentiment of

Yale men" in regard to the swimming situation at Yale. Ex­ pressing his "warmest personal regard" for Max Schwartz he, nonetheless, pointed out to Corwin "that a step of vital importance to aquatics at Yale be taken at this juncture."

He deplored the lack of "systematic instruction in swimming offered to students of the University," and the fact that

^Letter to Corwin from Chamberlin, November 13, 1918. 24

"hundreds of men have graduated unable even to swim for

want of a competent instructor at the pool." He attributed

Yale's competitive success "to a wealth of material, a beau­

tiful pool and a smiling fortune." Having rationalized his

motive, he proceeded to enhance the image of Matt Mann by

pointing out that in spite of only being able to be "at the

pool once or twice a week he enabled Yale to win the title

last year with a mediocre start and only fair material." At

which point, he went on to state "I mention Mr. Mann to you,

at this juncture, because I know him, and have heard him

suggested by many thoughtful Yale men for the position."2^

At some date early in April Dick Mayer, the captain-

elect of the Yale swimming team, approached Professor Corwin,

Chairman of the Board of Athletic Control, and requested that

he consider the hiring of Matthew Mann as resident instruc- tor in swimming. On April 25 Thomas Dunnell, a member of the Yale University Athletic Association wrote to Professor

Corwin, at the insistence of Mayer, and informed him that:

I have just been talking with R. B. Mayer .... Max Schwartz is now of practically no use at the pool, as he is liable to be out most of the time on account of sickness, and I am absolutely certain that Mr. Mann would be a big addition to swimming in the Uni­ versity . . . .'

^Letter to Corwin from Wilson, March 22, 1917.

^°Letter to Corwin from Thomas Lyman Dunnell, April 25, 1917.

27Ibid. 25

The campaign had begun in earnest. On May 5, .1917,

Commander Carl Schlaet, a former Yale captain of swimming, at the request of Dick Mayer wrote Corwin and reminded Cor­ win that he had spoken to him "about this (the hiring of

Mann) last year," and that in his opinion Mann "is ideal for the job." Subsequently, he stated that he knew of "at least twenty college men who have been looking for swimming in­ struction outside, because there was no way of getting it at college." Bluntly, he cited the limitations of Max Schwartz by stating that "Max Schwartz is all right as a janitor, but does not pretend to teach swimming," and concluded with the statement that "I feel sure you will use your influence to get Mann at Yale permanently."28

In response Corwin wrote Schlaet that "a committee is to be appointed for considering it (hiring Mann)"2^ and thanking him for his "excellent"30 suggestion but that

"there are money elements involved."31 Evidently, no com­ mittee was ever formed and the campaign seems to have temporarily ceased at this point. However, the following undated and unsigned petition was found among the Corwin papers. Evidently, based on the second and fourth

28Letter to Corwin from Commander Carl V. Schlaet, May 5, 1917.

^Letter to Schlaet from Corwin, May 7, 1917.

30Ibid.

31Ibid. 26 paragraphs of this petition, it must have been drawn up

prior to the June commencement. A copy of this petition can be seen on the•following page.

The next communiques took place between Richard

Mayer and Corwin's secretary, N. P. Elliot. Mayer, a resi­ dent of Chicago, wrote on September 8, 1917, requesting information as to the failure of the world record setting relay team to receive major "Y's" declaring that "I cannot afford to see swimming lowered any more in the eyes of the undergraduates than it has been in the last two years—and

Walsh (the manager) and myself are going to make the sport what it used to be providing we get a chance." After ex­ pressing their determination to assist in any way. they could, he pointed out that "we are still very anxious about procuring Mr. Matthew Mann's services as an instructor this year."32

The only response was a brief reply from Elliot on

September 10 stating that Corwin was out of town.33 Elliot received an immediate reply from Mayer on September 12 ask­ ing "would you please let me know when Professor Corwin is expected back in New Haven."34 Elliot responded on Sep­ tember 15 that "Professor Corwin has returned to his office

i m.-..- y 32Letter to Professor Corwin from Richard Mayer, September 8, 1917.

33x,etter to Richard Mayer from N. P. Elliot, Secre­ tary to Professor Corwin, September 10, 1917.

3^Letter to Corwin from Mayer, September 12, 1917. 27 We, the undersigned, believe that it would be for the benefit of the UNIVERSITY to offer

Mr. MATTHEW MANN

Instructor in Swimming, at the NEW YORK ATHLETIC CLUB, a position on the YALE UNIVERSITY FACULTY AS

INSTRUCTOR IN SWIMMING

At present very few of the students at Yale know how to swim, and there is not enough provision made to teach them. We have one of the finest pools in the United States, but a very small percentage of the undergraduates have ever been in it—to say nothing of using it regularly. While the ability to swim ought to be required of every undergraduate in the University, it is even more important that every man fitting himself for the Army or Navy should be taught to swim.

There is a man in charge of the Carnegie Pool at pre­ sent, but he has not during his long service, shown the abil­ ity to teach swimming. However, the purpose of this petition is not to oust him from his position, but to have Mr. Mann, who has the ability and personality necessary to succeed in such a position, co-operate with him.

Mr. Mann's record as an instructor shows he is com­ petent to meet the situation. Four years ago Princeton realized that she needed a man to teach swimming who was then instructor in swimming at the I.A.C. (Illinois Athletic Club, Chicago, Illinois), a member of their faculty. Columbia, C. C. N. Y., Penn. and many other smaller colleges have also enrolled men in their faculty for this purpose.

The salaries paid to the instructors at the above- mentioned colleges are all larger—especially that paid to the man in charge at Princeton, than the salary under which Mr. Mann would come to Yale. None of these men, I can very safely say, have reached the prominence in the swimming world which Mr. Mann has. He would take charge of instruct­ ing all students in the University for $200.00 per month— from October 1st to June 1st. 28 and will reply to your letter when he is somewhat less pressed by admission duties.35 Evidently, Corwin ignored

Mayer's pleas that "if my services can be of any value at all in New Haven before college opens I will leave home at any time."36

What part Mann played in the early proceedings, one can only speculate. It seems safe to assume that he was aware of the being exerted on Yale to hire him.

Certainly, Mayer must have approached Mann as to his interest in acquiring his services as coach. To speculate that the flamboyant and colorful Mann remained passive during the initial proceedings would be a gross understatement. That

Mann desired the position, there exists little doubt.

The next chapter opens on October 5, 1917, when Mann officially enters the negotiations by forwarding a letter to

Corwin, pointing out that he had just signed a three-year contract at the Duluth Boat Club. However, the contract was such that he could take a three- to four-month leave of absence during the winter months. Therefore, if Corwin / desired his services he would be most pleased to accomo­ date.3^

If Yale were interested, he offered to begin work either November 1 or December 1 and work through until

3^Letter to Mayer from Elliot, September 15, 1917.

36Letter to Corwin from Mayer, September 8, 1917.

37Letter to Corwin from Mann, October 5, 1917. 29 e> April 1. He indicated that this would enable Yale to "make swimming a necessary part of the Physical work of the stu­ dents."-^8 On October 10, Corwin replied that "as you pro­ bably know matters both scholastic and athletic are now in charge of the Commandant of the Yale Training camp. I agree with you as to the importance of swimming . . . but the decision . . . rests with him."39

On October 19 the following announcement appeared in the Yale Daily News;

Max Schwartz who has been swimming instructor at Yale for the past twenty-five years has retired on account of sickness. He will devote what time he is able to the water sports here in an advisory capacity.

During his long term here Mr. Schwartz has deve­ loped more winning relay teams than any other coach in the country. It was through his efforts flso that the Carnegie Swimming Pool was built at Yale.40

Obviously, Mayer did not allow the matter to rest because his efforts are referred to by Corwin who on

December 11 sent two letters—one to Mann and one to Ogden

Reid.

To Mann he stated:

Mr. Mayer . . . has kept me informed concerning the negotiations .... You agree to coach the University and Freshman swimming teams and the water polo teams . . . for three months, beginning January 8, 1918, at a salary of $250.00 per month ... to live in New Haven

38ibid.

^Letter to Mann from Corwin, October 10, 1917.

40"Max Schwartz Retires," Yale Daily News, Octo­ ber 19, 1917, p. 2. 30 during that period and to give your whole time to the teams in question.41

To he expressed compliance with his

"generous offer to guarantee the salary of the swimming

coach," but pointed out that he was writing "to make per­

fectly sure that there is no misunderstanding in this mat­

ter."42 xn essence Corwin's concluding statement to Reid

was the same as the following memorandum drawn up and co-

signed by Captain Richard Mayer and Manager P. C. Walsh,

3rd.:

MEMORANDUM CONCERNING MR. MATTHEW MANN

We propose that Mr. Matthew Mann be engaged by the

University for three months, beginning January 8th, 1918.

He is to coach the University and Freshman swimming teams and water-polo teams, and such battery and company teams as may be organized, for which services he will receive $250.00

per month. Mr. Ogden Reid, President of the New York

Tribune, will guarantee the payment of the above salary , I thru the Yale Swimming Association. Mr. Mann is to live in

New Haven during above period.

/s/ Richard Mayer Captain Yale Swimming Team

/s/ P. C. Walsh, 3rd Manager Yale Swimming Team

In the meantime, Dr. William G. Anderson, dissatis­ fied with the general conditions of the Carnegie Pool

4lLetter to Mann from Corwin, December 11, 1917.

42Letter to Reid from Corwin, December 11, 1917. 31

(probably due to the illness and retirement of Max Schwartz), appointed Kiphuth as Director in the fall of 1917 with orders "to keep things sanitary."43

Mayer must have been totally exuberant, for after nine long months he had finally tasted victory. But, alas,

Fate reared her ugly head and Mann replied to Corwin with the following communique on December 15 informing him that he had written the full details to Mayer:

Owing to some big changes in the swimming branch of the Club here, the officials have decided that it is impossible to grant me a three months leave of absence.

Am very sorry if I have caused you any inconvenience, I can assure you that it has been very unintentional, as I am with Yale to the last, and but for the fact that I am under contract here, and could not afford to break it, I should come anyway.44

Corwin, undaunted by this response, asked Mann that even if he could not agree to come to New Haven "in accord­ ance with the plan tentatively arranged with Captain

Mayer,"45 could he "be excused . . . for three or four weeks after the beginning of the second term on January

8th?"46 Mann quickly responded that he had already written

Mayer and since he did have a "vacation from Jan. 5 to Jan.

28" he would "be very glad to work those three weeks at New

Haven." Mann stated that he considered "the message in the

v 43"Kiphuth Beaten Only Six Times," p. 5.

44Letter to Corwin from Mann,,December 15, 1917.

45Letter to Mann from Corwin, December 20, 1917.

Ibid. 32 form of a contract."47 He included the following message in his correspondence tc Corwin:

This is the substance of my message to R. Mayer.

I report at New Haven on Jan 7th 1918 & work until the Saturday Evening Jan 26 making 3 full weeks, to do all I can to develop swimming in general throughout the Varsity & at the same time promote in every way possible the various teams etc, the price to the University A. A. being $190.00. I pay for my own expenses to & from New Haven & whilst at New Haven, except should I go away with the team's.48

Corwin responded on December 31 explaining that a reply sooner was impossible because of his absence from town. He hoped that Mann had "been able to get into com­ munication with him (Mayer) at his home," and stated that

"I am entirely satisfied with your proposal in case it meets with the approval of Captain Mayer."49

The remaining facts are that Mann came to New Haven and coached until January 25th. An unsigned and undated memorandum in contractual form was found among the Corwin papers to the effect that a Robert Zimmerman would take "up the work which Matthew Mann leaves off Friday, Jan. 25th."50

Zimmerman, however, remains nothing more than a typewritten name on an unsigned contract in the pages of Yale's swimming

47Letter to Corwin from Mann, December 23, 1917.

48Ibid.

^Letter from corwin to Mann, December 31, 1917.

50Unsigned and undated memorandum in the Corwin Papers. 33 history.51 For at this point, the conscientious and deter­ mined Mayer once again took matters into his own hands and approached the energetic and personable Kiphuth and asked him if he would contribute his services in support of the team.52 Kiphuth graciously complied and stated that he

"might like a crack at bossing them around."53 Thus,

Kiphuth, through the initiative of Mayer, began a forty-two year career as the world's foremost swimming coach—a career of international prestige for both Kiphuth and the sport of swimming.

SiRobert Zimmerman was a swimming coach from Chicago. Evidently, Richard Mayer had been active once again.

S^Michael, personal interview, December 28, 1972.

^"Kiphuth Beaten Only Six" Times," p. 5. Chapter 3

KIPHUTH GRASPS THE REINS - THE COMPETITIVE YEARS 1918-1921

Kiphuth came to Yale in the fall of 1914. His immediate duties were to serve as a physical education in­ structor in the gymnastic and posture classes established by Dr. Anderson. But ability, in order to function, needs opportunity. And Kiphuth's acceptance of Anderson's pro­ posal to appoint him to the Directorship of the Carnegie

Pool provided that opportunity. Therefore, Kiphuth, in

October of 1917 moved his headquarters from the gymnasium to the Carnegie Pool on Elm Street. The promotion, if it was considered anything more than a titled promotion, re­ ceived no mention in the Yale Daily News, In fact, prior to the reporting of the swimming banquet in April, the only mention of Kiphuth to appear in the school paper was on

January 18, 1918 when he received notice as the starter of the Yale vs. Pennsylvania swimming meet and on March 26 under an announcement that a course in lifesaving was to be offered under the jurisdiction of "Kiphuth Director of

34 35 Carnegie Pool."1

As previously mentioned, Yale's competitive swimming program since its debut in 1897 had primarily functioned under the leadership of the swimming team cap­ tain and the administrative guidelines of the team.manager.

The early Yale teams utilized the physical image and German accent of Max Schwartz as their pointo From 1906 to 1917 Max Schwartz continued to contribute his services but was ably supplemented, in an informal capacity, one or two days a week by Ogden M. Reid. Evidently, Ogden Reid

(with the assistance of captain elect Richard Mayer in 1918) was responsible for the limited services of Matt Mann to the Yale program during the 1916, 1917 and 1918 seasons.

With the departure of Mann in 1918 Kiphuth, at the request of Mayer, inherited a most unenviable position. Both the

Yale alumni and the Yale swimmers had thrown their support behind Matt Mann. Yale had just won six consecutive cham­ pionships and was favored to win a seventh. Moreover, Mann,

"a great seat of the pants psychologist," 2 had just given the team three weeks of his personal careD His departure,

^"Swimming Meet with Penn Scheduled for 8:30 To­ night," Yale Daily News, January 18, 1918, p. 1. "Life Saving Instruction to be Given at Carnegie Pool," Yale Daily News. March 26, 1918, p. 1. It should be noted that the Carnegie Pool completed in 1909, was one of the finest competitive pools in the east, being twenty five yards by thirty five feet.

2"Matt Mann," International Swimming Hall of Fame. 1971, p0 75„ 36 * coupled with the absence of Max Schwartz, destroyed the continuity of the program and possibly caused a decline in team spirit. Therefore, the overall situation, as well as the fact that Mann, who even under normal circumstances would not be an easy act to follow, made Kiphuth's.debut a most uncertain one.

Kiphuth readily admitted that he knew little, if anything, about competitive coaching. But in tune to his character and for the purpose of acquiring competitive knowledge, Kiphuth wisely cultivated the friendship of swimming authorities and swimming buffs. He imbued them with his enthusiasm provoking a flood of expertise to which he listened intently. In return he offered his own belief in "muscle and mileage." 3 Among the most astute of the authorities was the noted sports columnist of the New York

Times and the "guiding genius" behind the national domina­ tion of the New York Women's Swimming Association, L. deB.

Handley.4 Handley became one of Kiphuth's most prominent swimming allies.5 Unable to satisfy the insatiable appetite of his inquisitive mind Kiphuth devoured volume after volume

O Candee (ed.) "Kiphuth, Robert," Current Biography 1957, p. 303.

4"L. deB. Handley," International Swimming Hall of Fame. p. 49. 5 Michael, personal interview," December 28,1972» 37 of swimming text and attended nearly every swimming meeting in the United States immediately following his appointment as coach.^

Kiphuth's initial debut seems to have remained one of Yale's least publicized coaching appointments0 .Certain­ ly because of the informality of his acceptance (the result of Mayer's request) but definitely due to economic consid­ erations, the Board of Athletic Control regarded Kiphuth's internship as strictly voluntary and unoffical. 7 The only recognition he received appeared in the Yale Daily News on

April 12, 1918.

For three weeks at the beginning of the year, the teams had the benefit of instruction by Matthew Mann, former New York Athletic Club coache After his departure, the coaching of the swimming team was ably carried on by R.J.H. Kiphuth, Director of the Carnegie Pool and that of the water polo team by W.M. Levy, Jr., 1916.

Unsuccessful in their attempts to secure Mann, the team suffered further set backs when Alexander and Badger

6,,1890—Robert (Bob) Kiphuth—1967," Amateur Athlete. February 1967, p. 9.

7This subject is documented and covered in more detail later in this chapter. Q "Successful Swimming Year Ends with Banquet To­ night," Yale Daily News. April 12, 1918, p. 1D 38 9 answered the call to arms. Consequently, Kiphuth in­ herited a talented team but one reduced in strength.

Wisely, Kiphuth utilized Mayer's leadership ability, supplementing it with his own gregarious nature, to re­ establish team unity and spirit0 As a result, the'team concluded the season with nine wins and one loss^^ (New

York Athletic Club) and won their seventh straight Inter­ collegiate Swimming Association title by defeating Prince­ ton on March 16.In summarizing his first season at the helm, Kiphuth stated:

Looking back over the season0 ... The strength of the team lay in team work rather than individual performance. This was evident in both the Princeton meets, the winning of which determined the champion­ ship. It was the willingness to sacrifice for team gain which won for the University, o . . This quality in the team enabled them to surmount the difficulties which arose, occasioned by the loss of men whom it seemed impossible to do without. That this team should win the championship in such a decisive manner means that it caught the spirit of cooperation which at this time is such a valuable and remarkable asset. . . o Every man on the team was a member of the Y.N.T.U. or R.O.T.C. . . „

9 Ibid. Alexander was the leading 50 year swimmer and Badger was the plunge for distance specialist. (The plunge for distance was an event in which the competitor dove from the pool deck and remained motionless in the water except for the benefit of the sliding motion. He was judged for both time required and distance covered.)

"^Franke G. Menke, The Encyclopedia of Sports. 4th revo ed. (New York: A. S« Barnes and Company), 1969, p. 897.

"^"College Swimming Title Won by Yale," New York Times. March 17, 1918, p„ 21. 39 In speaking of the individual members of the team, I can express only the highest admiration for the captain, Richard Mayer. More prominent than his honor of being the leading swimmer in the League was his ability as a captain. He had the ability of a leader which enabled him to drive his men without losing their good will and confidence.

J. Mo Hincks, captain of last year's Freshman team, was willing at all times to swim any race and was de­ pendable at most distances. C. R. Wagner, on the team for the first time, scored in every meet. E. Archbald and L. Prettyman proved valuable new men at the 50 yard swim, after the loss of A. D. Alexander, now an Ensign in the U.S.N.R.F. In the dive J. McHenry and B. 0„ Benjamin performed consistently» Although the plunge was crippled by the loss of Badger in the middle of the season, Loeb and Boyce worked hard in the event and scored the necessary points to win the Princeton meet. To Peterson, captain of the water polo team, the swimming team owes much, for with his help, the relay was won in the crucial meet of the season.

That the team measured up to the standards set by former University Championship Swimming teams cannot be denied. Credit is doubly due to the men on the team. . . „12

During the 1918 season Kiphuth conducted a swimming tournament for the various service teams. All told twelve service units, composed of over nine hundred students, par­ took in the competitions. As a result Kiphuth earned the praise of sports writer George Daley who stated that Yale's

Swimming Director had proven "it is possible to establish

Athletics at our universities for the masses, rather than 13 for a small number of unusually gifted contestants0"

12 "Successful Swimming Year Ends," Yale Daily News. April 12, 1918, p„ 1. 13 . George Daley, "Eastern Intercollegiate Swimming Season 1917-18," Official Swimming Guide 1918-19 (New York: Those Ec Wilson & Co„, 1920), pp. 65-67. 40 The 1918 season ended in success and the 1919

season commenced with Kiphuth addressing seventy-five

candidates with the words "It takes Yale spirit to make 14 Yale teams." He informed the young aspirants that he

would be available throughout the day to coach anyone un­

able to come to the regular practice sessions.In the

meantime, J. M. Hincks (captain of the 1919 team) and W.

Mallory Chamberlain (the swim team manager) approached

Robert Nelson Corwin concerning the appointment of a recog­

nized coacho But evidently, the alumni had withdrawn its

support and the Athletic Board of Control was unwilling to

finance the venture0 Corwin rejected their bid but encour­

aged them to submit a definite proposal. Nonetheless

Kiphuth continued to coach the team despite the lack of 16 "understanding that he should help the swimming team" on

the part of administration and without any promise of re­

muneration. After lengthy administrative sessions concern­

ed with the advisability "about adding extra fees to the 17 salaries of the men at the gymnasium," Kiphuth in the spring of 1919 received one hundred and fifty dollars from the Yale A.A. in recognition of his "efforts on behalf of the Swimming Team which made such an enviable record this

14 "Seventy-five Candidates Report for Swimming Team," Yale Daily News. January 7, 1919, p. 50 15_, . , Ibid. 16 Letter to George Po Day, Treasurer, Yale Univer­ sity from Robert Nelson Corwin, March 15, 1919. 17 Letter to Day from Corwin, March 29, 1919. 41 18 winter." The financial recognition involved reciprocal

correspondences between Corwin and George P. Day (Yale 19 University Treasurer), between Corwin and W. Mallory

Chamberlain 20 and between Corwin and Dr. William G. Anderson 21 (Director of the Gymnasium). Perhaps it was Anderson's support coupled with the financial success of the minor 22 sports program which resulted in the allotment to Kiphuth„

Anderson had written to Corwin that:

I have just had a talk with Mr0 Robert Kiphuth who is in charge of the Pool. He has been the successful ' coach of the Team and has given much outside time to the individuals who represented the U.S.A. By outside time I mean noon hours and evenings. He receives an inadequate salary from the Gymnasium ($1250.00) is married with a small family consequently feels that he should receive something extra for taking the place of a higher price coach.

I have told Mr. Kiphuth that he would receive care­ ful consideration from you and I also believe he is entitled to extra remuneration. The Swimming Teams make no return to the Department for light, heat, use of building etc. but are on the safe side of the credit balance account.23

1 Q Letter to R. J. Kiphuth from Day, April 11, 1919. 19 Letters to Day from Corwin, March 15, 17, 29, and April 10, 1919. Letter to Corwin from Day, April 11, 1919.

20Letter to W. Mallory Chamberlain from Corwin, April 9, 1919. Letter to Corwin from Chamberlain, April 10, 1919 o 21 Letter to Corwin from Wc G. Anderson, March 15, 1919o Letter to Anderson from Corwin, April 9, 1919. 22 Letter to Day from Corwin, March 29, 1919. 23 Letter to Corwin from Anderson, March 15, 1919. 42 The account had been opened and Kiphuth had become

a paid and recognized professional coach. The 1919 team

had gone undefeated in seven dual meets, won the Inter­

collegiate Swimming Association title, broke a world's

record in the 200 yard relay in one minute forty-one sec­

onds flat (Milroy, Archbald, Hincks, Binney), set an inter­

collegiate record in the 50 yard freestyle (Binney), and

won three of the five individual races as well as the

freshman relay at the Intercollegiate Swimming Association

championships, conducted at the City College of New York 24 Pool on March 23. Usually over one hundred athletes

representing nine to twelve universities competed for indi­

vidual honors in the six event program - 50, 100, 220 free­

style, plunge for distance and 200 yard freshman relay. The

Yale Daily News lauded the team and the coach by stating:

...For the ninth consecutive year the University has developed a team which has not only won the cham­ pionship of the New England colleges, but according to comparative records has led every college in the coun­ try.

. o . The coaching of the team was entirely in the hands of R. J.KUt Kiphuth, Director of the Carnegie Pool. It was largely through his steady and untiring efforts that the team developed into smooth form which it showed at the end of the season025

24George Daley, "Swimming Review for Season 1919," Official Swimming Guide 1919-20 (New York: Thos„ E0 Wilson & Co. 1920), p. 65-67. 25 "University Swimming Team Finishes Successful Season," Yale Daily News. April 4, 1919, p. 1„ 43 So, although, little if any recognition had been

forthcoming from Yale authorities, the Yale Daily News and

the Yale team were beginning to become cognizant of

Kiphuth's leadership ability.

On December 11, 1919, sixty-five candidates re­

ported to the initial meeting of the swimming team in the

Trophy Room of the Gymnasium. Kiphuth greeted the aspir­

ants by encouraging both the experienced and non-experi­

enced alike to be consistent in their attendance at

practice.26 The 1920 aggregation of Kiphuth legionnaires went undefeated in ten dual meets and amassed 48 points to their nearest rival's 8 in the ISA Championships held 27 in Yale's Carnegie Pool on March 21. Yale won four of the five championship races at the ISA meet. 28 Overall the team established nine intercollegiate and two world 29 records during the season.

In reviewing the season Kiphuth, imbued with the winning spirit, declared that the 1920 team must be the

26 "Sixty-Five Candidates at Swimming Meeting," Yale Daily News. December 11, 1919, p. 1Q 27 "Swimming Titles for Yale Merman," New York Times, March 21, 1920, p. 19.

28Ibid.T, 29 "University Swimming Team is Greatest in Sport's History," Yale Daily News. March 30, 1920, p0 5. 44 30 greatest college team in the history of the sport.

On March 23 Captain Hincks extended the team's appreci­ ation to Kiphuth for his exhaustive efforts on behalf of the team and attributed the team's success to Kiphuth's 31 coaching ability.

The 1921 season proved to be a season of victory, records and Hawaiian leis. Undefeated for fourteen dual meets, Yale established two world's records, twelve inter- 32 collegiate and eight tank records. Most importantly, the swimmers, Loren P. Thurston, Edwin Binney, Leeming

Jelliffe, Dudley Pratt and Robert F. Solley, for the first time were awarded a major sport "Y" for creating two world's records in the 200 yard and 250 yard freestyle

30 Ibid. Also see: C. Dudley Pratt, "The Development of Intercollegiate Swimming," The Book of Athletics, ed., Paul Withington, M.D0 (Boston: Lothrop, Lee and Shepard, 1922), pp. 435-36.

•^"L. P. Thurston, 1921, Elected Captain of Swimming Team," Yale Daily News. March 23, 1920, p. 1. 32 "The Swimming Team's Summer Trip," The Yale Alumni Weekly, October 14, 1921, p. 95 Yale University Library Archives Swimming Team Documents, Robert Kiphuth, "The Swimming Team's Transcontinental—Hawaiian Trip," Yale Daily News. September 29, 1921, p. 7; and C. Dudley Pratt, "Intercollegiate Swimming," Book of Athletics. pp. 437-38. 45 33 relayso This established a precedent for future Yale

teams.

Yale so dominated the competitive picture that L.

deB. Handley was prompted to write:

The most remarkable feature of the year1s activ­ ities was the amazing all-around ability displayed by Yale's watermen. They not only won the team champion­ ship of the Intercollegiate Association by a great mar­ gin, administering overwhelming defeats to all rivals, but they topped the combined score of other colleges in the individual title tests and beat every intercollegi­ ate swimming record during the season, even though representatives of other universities made better times at 100 and 220 yards. The Yale team of 1920-21 was the finest aquatic varsity aggregation ever gathered to­ gether. 34

The 1921 season proved to be the longest season in

the history of Yale's competitive program. All likely

collegiate opponents had been successfully subdued when

Captain Loren Thurston approached Kiphuth with the idea of 35 a transcontinental-Hawaiian swimming tour. Kiphuth and

Thurston found a receptive ear in Professor Clarence

Mendell who was in charge of the Board of Athletic Control.

After securing financial guarantees from the Hawaiian A.A.U.

33 "Varsity *Y* Given Five Eli Swimmers," New York Times, March 24, 1921, p. 21„ 34 L. deB. Handley, "Intercollegiate Swimming Assoc­ iation Review of Season, 1920-21," Intercollegiate Swimming Guide (New York: American Sports Publishing Co0, 1921), p. 11.

35 Michael, personal interview, December 28, 1972. 46 and various athletics clubs the Yale Swimming Association

submitted a definite proposal to the Yale Athletic Associ­

ation. The Y.A.A. extended its support. The University

accepted the Y.A.A.'s recommendation and gave its whole

hearted blessing to the venture. The physical preparation

begun in early May culminated with a selection of thirteen

candidates in an intra-mural meet sometime at the end of

May. These funds plus funds generated from an exhibition

meet during Commencement week added to the financial suc­

cess of the venture. But perhaps even more importantly,

Yale swimming and Kiphuth were introduced to the presti-

gious alumni.i . 36

For nine days beginning June 25 Kiphuth trained the

auspicious thirteen in the cold waters of the Long Island

Sound. Bob and the team were the house guests of Mr. and

Mrs. Edwin Binney of Sound Beach, Connecticut, parents of

Yale swimmer Ed Binney. The Yale relay team of Jelliffe,

Pratt, Gauss and Thurston defeated an intercollegiate All-

Star aggregation of Vic Hulst and Phil Genthner of Pennsyl­

vania and Paul Lockwood and Walt Eberhart of Columbia in a

R. J. Kiphuth, "Transcontinental-Hawaii Trip of the Yale Swimming Team," Intercollegiate Swimming Guide (New York: American Sports Publishing Co., 1921), pp. 17- 19. The fifteen man party was composed of R„ H. Meagher, B. Wood, F. McG. Bundy, E. Binney, Jr., P. B. Gauss, L. Thurston (Capt.), W. D. Banks, F. deP. Townsend, W. L. Jelliffe, J. K. Pollard, C. D. Pratt, A. Ferguson, H. R. Marshall, R. J. H. Kiphuth (coach) and E. T. Hetzler (class of 1923, rooter and general aide). 47 200 yard relay at 's Brighton Beach Baths

open-axr pool before a large crowd on June 25.37 The

entire squad exhibited their talents before the community

of Stamford, Connecticut, on July 2. On July 4 the team

departed for Chicago. The pilgrimage had begun.

The transcontinental portion of the trip involved

meets against such formidable foes as the Chicago Athletic

Association (July 6), the Milwaukee Athletic Club (July 7), the Minneapolis Athletic Club (July 8), the White Bay Yacht

Club of St. Paul (July 9), the Los Angeles Athletic Club

(July 14), the Venice Beach Club (July 15), the Santa

Barbara Club (July 16), and the Olympic Club of San Fran­ cisco (July 17).

While competitive meets composed a major portion of the trip, the fifteen man delegation enjoyed social receptions in the form of luncheons, dinners and supper partieso In return the team presented exhibitions before

Yale alumni and friends at such places as the Chicago

Athletic Club, Mr. J. F. Bell's estate at Lake Minnetonka,

Minnesota and at the home of S. F. B. Morse, Yale Class of

1907, in Del Monte, California.

At each check point the benevolent and obliging alumni extended a responsive and warm embrace. In Chicago

37 "Eli Swimmers Win at Brighton Beach," New York Times. June 26, 1921, p. 5» 48 the festivities were held at the C.A.A. (possibly the

Chicago Athletic Association) and the Saddle and Cycle

Club. The Milwaukee alumni formed a committee headed by

Haskell Noyes, class of 1908. Noyes' committee provided lodging at the Milwaukee Athletic Club and honored the team with a luncheon on behalf of Mrs. Lawrence Fitch and

a dinner party by Noyes himself. R. E. Seiler, class of

1915, headed a delegation of Los Angeles alumni who met the team at the train depot and immediately ushered them to a dinner reception at the Los Angeles Athletic Club. Upon the teams' arrival in San Francisco they immediately re­ ported to Idora Park for a meet against the famed Olympic

Club after which the Yale Committee headed by W. N. Drown, class of 1896, entertained them at the Palace Hotel and the University Club.

It was a most stimulating transcontinental journey.

Competitively, the team vied under a variety of conditions.

They competed in twenty-yard, twenty-five yard, thirty- three and one-third-yard pools and in a straight away course under heavy seas at Santa Barbara,, Perhaps Kiphuth summarized the competitive picture best when he stated:

The task accomplished appears even greater when some of the difficulties are considered; competition against the more mature men of the athletic clubs; the constant railroad travel, the rapid succession of meets and the differences in size and depths of pools, the various types of springboards with their resultant 49 effects on the divers and plungers in particular; all were factors which worked against success.3®

Socially, they walked within the inner circles of the elite alumni from coast to coast0 They "wined and dined" and presented to the local communities as products of Yale's scholastic, cultural, and athletic community0

And what an excellent example they were.

Intuitively, Kiphuth learned many lessons from the sojourn. He witnessed the results of year-round training, the superiority of the mature athlete, the necessity for some forms of standardization in competitive pools, and the advantages of a supportive and articulate alumni.

On July 20 the Kiphuth entourage embarked from the mainland on the S. S. Manoa for Hawaii. Unable to utilize the waters of the Pacific, Kiphuth conducted daily exercise sessions. The reception in Hawaii on July 27 was unique to the island paradise. The reception committee composed of

Carter Gait, class of 1920; P. Young; H. von Holt, class of 1916; Duke P. Kahanamouku; George Center, Hawaiian

A.A.U. Commissioner; and Ezra Crane of the Pacific

Advertiser welcomed them. In true aloha style each member of the group was adorned with a lei. Arriving at the pier, all of 's Yale men saluted them with the momentous

38 Kiphuth, "Transcontinental-Hawaiian Trip," p„ 7. 50 39 Yale cheer Brek-ek-ek-ex.

After two days of intensive drills under Kiphuth's watchful eye at the new University of Hawaii's pool, the

Yale mermen defeated the best Hawaii had to offer in an all-comers meet. Subsequently the next day in a two-day open water meet conducted in the Honolulu harbor, Yale finished third behind the Hui Makani and the Outrigger

Canoe Club. In this meet the Hawaiian teenager Pua Kealoha equalled the world's record in the 100 yard freestyle in

53 seconds flat. On August 10 Yale's swimmers bid adieu to their Hawaiian hosts. And on September 29 Kiphuth summarized the trip by stating:

... (on) the day of sailing, the Transcontinental- Hawaiian trip of the 1920-21 swimming team passed into Yale athletic history. Twelve meets and four exhibitions with only two defeats; the best teams in America were, with one exception, met and de­ feated. . o . That all members of the team met all the possible difficulties of such a long trip in a considerate manner bore out the confidence that those in authority had in the men when they made the trip a reality.40

The transcontinental-Hawaiian swimming tour had great significance0 First of all, Yale swimming moved from the campus and the eastern seaboard across the vast contin­ ent to the Pacific paradise. Moreover, the Yale alumni had

39 This is probably one of the oldest of Yale cheers with its origins based in Greek mythology.

^Kiphuth, "Transcontinental-Hawaiian Trip," p» 7. the opportunity to identify, within their own community, with a successful Yale program. Kiphuth, in turn, re­ ceived the good fortune of being able to exhibit the results of his labor and his gracious manners before a national audience of alumni and swimming public. But perhaps even more importantly, this was the first time in intercollegiate athletic history that a series of coast to coast athletic contests had ever been scheduled.

Unique, in itself, was the fact that a collegiate team traveled over thirteen thousand miles and crossed the

Pacific to compete against Hawaii's best.

It was in 1921 that Kiphuth inaugurated another first. He commenced his volunteer coaching of the two local high school teams Hillhouse and Wilbur Cross. Karl

Michael indicated that the interested boys would report immediately after class and Bob would conduct an hour 41 workout for their benefit. This practice continued until 1932 when the Yale authorities adopted an exclusion policy for non-Yale students. Karl Michael indicated that

Bob always had time for any youngster desiring to learn more about competitive swimming or . Moreover, he indicated that Bob in his day was a very capable diving coach.^

^Michael, personal interview, December 28, 1972.

^Michael, personal interview, December 28, 1972. 52 Kiphuth had served his internship. Continued success, certainly a by-product of talented swimmers, nonetheless was due to the executive ability of Kiphutho

Although he lacked any practical or formal training in the aquatic sport, Bob had utilized his keen powers of observation to their fullest capacity. In essence he

"taught himself to teach swimmers by watching others 43 swinio" Bob learned the art so well that m a few short years Kiphuth and swimming were synonymous. In his en­ deavor to promote the sport he loved, he never hesitated to accept an invitation to speak anywhere in the world, even at his own expense.44 In a few brief years, this formerly obscure but unique man had become a world authority.

^"Grudge Fight," Time, (February 28, 1938), p. 25. 44 Statement by Phil Moriarty, former assistant coach and presently head coach Yale University, personal interview, November 26, 1971. Chapter 4

HEADLINES AND BYLINES - THE COMPETITIVE-YEARS 1922-1923

Success attracts publicity. And publicity in­ creases interest. So when Kiphuth issued the call for the commencement of the 1921-22 competitive season some one hundred candidates answered the callo"'" Usually the first meeting was held during the second week in December. But this was Bob's fifth year at the helm and he scheduled the initial call for November 22. He informed the candidates that during the first part of the season brief practice sessions would be scheduled for twelve noon, three and five o'clock. He issued a challenge by stating that "the fine record of last year's team will set a goal for the squad this wintero"2

"'"It should be noted that C. Dudley Pratt, "Inter­ collegiate Swimming," Book of Athletics, p. 435, indicated that in recent years the squads had been large with most of the swimmers receiving the opportunity to compete, therefore, allowing for well balanced teams and a wealth of material.

2 "Meeting for Swimmers Begins Season's Work," Yale Daily News. November 22, 1921, p0 1.

53 54 The 1922 season found Yale continuing its domina­ tion of the ISA. The Dudley Pratt-led mermen subdued fourteen foes and dominated the ISA championships. Pool, intercollegiate, and world records continued to be the victims of Yale's onslaught. Between March 4 and March 18

Kiphuth's natators broke four intercollegiate and nine 3 world records. On March 18 in a dual meet against Colum­ bia the team set five world's records, one by Guernsey in the seventy-five foot plunge and the other four when

Kiphuth pitted an eighteen man varsity relay against a freshman team. En route to a new world record in the mile relay the team also eclipsed world marks at the 400, 500, 4 and 600 yard distanceso Yale now held every recognized relay record in the AAU manual, except the 300 yard free­ style relay.^

On March 21 the Naval Academy challenged Yale to

3 "Yale Mermen Set Record in Relay," New York Times. March 4, 1922, p. 12; "Yale Swimmers Clip Two World Records," New York Times. March 12, 1922, p. 29; "Guern­ sey Breaks Record in Plunge," New York Times, March 16, 1922, p. 20; "World Records Slashed at Yale," New York Times. March 18, 1922, p. 10„

^"World Records Slashed," p» 10.

5Ibid. 6 test its swimming superiority. Negotiations were con­

ducted and a match was scheduled for April 1 at Yale's

Carnegie Pool. A capacity crowd witnessed Yale's decisive

victory over the Annapolis cadets. Yale won four of the

five events and outscored their opponent 31 to 13.7 No

one could challenge Yale's supremacy in intercollegiate

circleso

On January 24 of that year Kiphuth held an aquatic

show which was the forerunner of the annual Yale Swimming

Carnival. The program consisted of a gown and candle

race, diving contests, Chinese feature swim, ,

50 yard, 100 yard, 220 yard races and a water polo game 0 to a standing room only crowd. In 1923 the program was

expanded to include a record attempt by the great Johnny

Weismuller and a "mysterious" songfest by the famous 9 Whiffenpoofs. By 1932 with the opening of the magnifi-

0 "Navy Challenges Yale to Prove Its Tank Superi­ ority," New York Times. March 22, 1922, p. llo 7 "Yale Decisively Proves Superiority Over Navy Swimmers in Challenge Meet," New York Times. April 2, 1922, p. 260 0 "Intra-mural Swimming in Carnegie Tonight," Yale Daily News. January 24, 1922, pp. 1 and 4. 9 "Weismuller Is Feature in Intra-Mural Meet," Yale Daily News. March 6, 1923, p. 1. 56 cent pool in the ultra modern Payne Whitney Gymnasium,

this aquatic pagent became a public spectator sport.

According to Phil Moriarty the program was instituted in

order to present to the Connecticut swimming public the

finest aquatic stars in the world.Bob felt that he

had an interested public who deserved the best. Phil

concluded that Bob had a real flair for showmanship. In

summation of Yale's assault on relay records and inaugura­

tion of the swim carnival Phil stated that:

Everything fit in so well with Bob's plan; the sport was young; new ideas were few and far between; and he was an imaginative man; so if there was a chance to give the public a world record and he had the team to do it he took advantage of it. It put the Yale name in all the record books in the world. Also he took GREAT PRIDE in the fact that for a period of some twenty five years Yale was the CENTER OF SWIMMING IN THE WORLD. He took extreme pride in the fact that more records were set in the Yale pool, that more out­ standing swimmers had swum in the Yale pool, that more championships had been held in the Yale pool, and that more foreign observers had come over to observe the Yale program than anywhere else in the world. But he always insisted that if his guest wanted a true pic­ ture of the American swimming scene that they should visit Ohio State and Michigan0

Successful as he was in making his physical presence known, Kiphuth up until now had remained administratively silento But the time for silence was over,, He had earned the right to speak. On March 21 the New York Times and on

^Phil Moriarty, personal interview, July 28, 1972. 57 March 25 the Yale Daily News carried a statement by

Kiphuth in favor of adding the 440 yard swim to the collegiate program„ Kiphuth indicated that the present program (50, 100, 220 free, the 200 relay, and the plunge for distance) tended to discourage middle distance swim­ ming and to hinder the development of international level competitors. Indicating that prominent aquatics men of the past had advocated the same thing only to be scorned by the argument that the college youth would be unwilling to practice for such a great distance, Kiphuth proclaimed 12 that "the txme seems ripe for the innovation now." He based his argument on the fact that not only had the number and quality of collegiate 220 yard men increased but that the whole base of collegiate swimming had undergone a tremendous growth. In his own words he stated:

I am in favor of the 440-yard event for two reasons, in particular: First, because it will serve to bring out strong all-around swimmers, of the type best able to care for themselves and others in case of danger; second because it will help to produce likely contenders for Olympic and other international meets *>

Under existing conditions the colleges turn out chiefly sprinters, yet self protection and life-saving ability in distance swimming is the primary require­ ment. Also the Olympic schedule includes one short free style race only, at 100 meters, the others being 400 and 1500 meters0

"Yale Coach Would Add 440-Yard Swim," New York Times. March 21, 1922, p. 23. Also see: "Kiphuth Favors 440 Swim as College Distance Race," Yale Daily News. March 25, 1922, p. 3. 58 ...But with the tremendous strides which swimming has taken in the last few years the 220- yard race has developed into one long sprint, corresponding to the quarter mile in track.

As a result, college competitors not 0 . . pro­ ducing the needed brand of strong swimmer to be of greatest value in emergencies; nor is it militating toward the development of middle-distance swimmers of international calibre. ... Up to 220 yards our world's leadership is clean-cut and indisputable

There is no valid excuse at present ... for failing to remedy these shortcomings, for the sake of both efficiency in life-saving and the future of this country in international sport, a middle dis­ tance race should be featured in college swimming.-*-3

On May 31 Kiphuth wrote an article for the Yale paper advocating additional swimming events for the collegiate competitor. Kiphuth stated that he had dis­ cussed this position favorably with L. deB. Handley and had conducted an informal poll among the members of the

Intercollegiate Swimming Association. The ISA14 membership although opposing the addition of any new events at this time had made the concession that any member could conduct sanctioned races over any distance with the stipulation that the contest be open to all members and that two weeks

14 It should be noted that the Intercollegiate Swimming Association was composed of undergraduates who were principally the managers of teams holding full member­ ship rights. 59 notification be given. Although this did not bring the

ISA into conformity with either the AAU or with other collegiate conferences in the country, it did allow the league to sanction competitions in compliance with other conferenceso

During his spring program Kiphuth conducted a trial run on the development and possible addition of the

440 yard swim to next year's program. Several of his swimmers underwent special training and scrutiny in order to determine the advisability of adding the proposed event to the program. The ISA had altered its previous stringent position and Kiphuth would not be denied,, He bluntly pointed out his intention of experimenting with the addi­ tional events when he stated:

It is to be hoped that the adoption of the 440-yard swim and the back and the breast stroke races as special events in the swimming program next winter will stimu­ late interest in the sport to an even greater degree than it has enjoyed in the past.15

On November 22, 1922 it was announced that Kiphuth had been elected secretary and treasurer of the recently formed College Swimming Coaches Association of America.

This organization of professional collegiate coaches was formed with the purpose of fostering a mutual understanding among coaches, as a forum for airing differences of opinion,

15 R. Jo H. Kiphuth, "Coach Kiphuth Advocates More Swimming Events," Yale Daily News. May 31, 1922, p. 5. 60 and for the purpose of acting in an advisory capacity when

called upon to do so. A great administrative milestone in

swimming had been reached. But more importantly, with re­

spect to the competitor, this meeting resulted in the

coaches recommending to the ISA that breast and side stroke 16 events be added to the program of events. The coaches

had organized and voiced their professional opinion as a

group.

On November 23, 1922, Yale announced that Kiphuth 17 had been reappointed as coach. On November 28 Kiphuth

informed both the new and old aspirants as to the impor­

tance of dedication and that mileage was the. important

factor for success. He told them that "speed can be

developed after form and endurance, the two main features 18 of training, have been gained."

On December 6 Kiphuth happily announced to his

team that the ISA had at a special meeting approved the

addition of the 440-yard free style, the 220-yard breast

16 "College Swimming Coaches Form National Organi­ zation," Yale Daily News. November 22, pD 1. 17 "Kiphuth is Reappointed," New York Times. November 23, 1922, p. 270 18 "Meeting of Candidates Opens Swimming Season," Yale Daily News. November 28, 1922, p. 1. 61 stroke, and the 150-yard back stroke races in all dual

meets and in the championships. In turn, the 220-yard

freestyle and the plunge for distance would be eliminated

These changes would bring the league in closer harmony

with the events and distances as sanctioned by the Western

Conference, the AAU and the International Federation of

Swimming. Moreover, the league decided to conduct a two- day championship meet and to adopt a diving

boardo 19 Kiphuth expressed the opinion that:

There is no doubt but that the present swimming season will prove the most interesting of a long, brilliant line. With the addition to the program of the new events the team will be swimming the follow­ ing races: 150-yard back stroke, plunge dive, dive and 160-yard, 200-yard, and 800-foot relayso Besides these events it is to be hoped that the team will find time to attack some of the relay records made by Uni­ versity teams of past seasons.20

Once again Kiphuth had notified the swimming world that he planned to utilize the broadest possible latitude in regard to the number of competitive events and distances

19 R0 J. Kiphuth, "The Old Order Changeth in Collegiate Swimming," Yale Daily News. December 6, 1922, p. 1.

20Ibid.. p. 2. Although the 800-foot relay seems to be an error, a review of the ISA championship meets in the NCAA Guide reveals that this distance was swum in the Championship. Each of 4 men covered a 200 foot distance or 66 2/3 yards. The. event, of course, was unique to pools 33 1/3 yards longc 62 Yale would compete in during the ensuing season» He would stretch the rule to its limit. He would maintain the old and initiate the new. He saw in it the opportunity to advance the sport of swimming to new heights. But at the grass roots, he perceived it as the opportunity for more boys to realize the competitive experience.

Kiphuth backed by the swimming authorities had won a great victory for the advancement of both intercollegiate and international swimming. Apparently, the Yale team manager, armed with the results of the spring experiment and coupled with the changing attitudes of the league coaches as expressed by their team representative, brought to pass a new genesis for competitive swimming in the

United States.

Once more, Yale dominated the league. Rutgers and

Princeton challenged Yale's supremacy but Yale men with

Yale spirit prevailed. Although unable to overwhelm the opposition as in previous years, Dinsmore Banks established an intercollegiate record in the 100 yard freestyle; Eddie

Bench, Yale's football hero, set an intercollegiate record in the 200 yard breast stroke; and the relay sextet of

Colgate, Sullivan, Banks, Jelliffe, Frost and Stewart created two world records. The Yalies had withstood the 63 challenge and won the league title.21

The banquet honoring the 1923 team was held on

April 17. Prior to his introduction of coach Kiphuth,

D0 H. Bigelow, the team manager and toastmaster, recog­

nized the fact that this was the thirteenth successive

championship won by Yale. Kiphuth accorded the present

team its due and then summarized the last six years of the

teams accomplishments by stating in part that:

...the Swimming Team has won sixty-seven meets and has never lost a dual meet nor a relay raceD During this time thirty-seven intercollegiate records have been broken, six this year, and eighteen world's records of which this season's team contributed two.22

At this point captain Jelliffe appraised the assem­

blage that at a team member's suggestion and with the unan­

imous approval of a team caucus that the funds generated

from the recent aquatic carnival

would be used to send Bob Kiphuth to Europe this summer, something which he has always wanted to do but which, until now, he has been unable to make a certainty. He intends to study European swimming

21 "Banks Sets New Record for Swim," New York Times. February 14, 1923, p. 14; "Two Tank Records Lowered in Meet," New York Times. February 24, 1923, p„ 8; "League Aquatic Titles Clinched," New York Times. March 4, 1923, p. 4; "Yale Swimmers Set World Marks," New York Times, March 10, 1923, p. 11. 22 "Kiphuth will Go to Europe," Yale Daily News. April 17, 1923, p. 1D 64

THE 1921 YALE WORLD RECORD 250-YARD RELAY TEAM

(left to right)

Holden, Mgr., Jelliffe, Gauss, Pratt, Banks, Solley, Kiphuth,

Coach 65 Filmed as received without page(s) 66

UNIVERSITY MICROFILMS. 67 his positive characteristics, his flair for showmanship, and his ability to create enthusiasm. Bob had revolution­ ized the sport at Yale. More importantly, by his consis­ tent ability to grab headlines for swimming, he had advanced the cause of collegiate swimming. His quick, critical, and analytical mind moved swiftly from the provincial domain of the Yale scene to the universal concept of international competition. Yale swimming, like Yale education, was about to become an international household wordc Chapter 5

RECORDS AND RELAYS - THE COMPETITIVE YEARS 1924-1940

From 1924 through 1940 Yale University would win

233 while losing only 12 dual meets. During this period,

Yale's team depth was evidenced by its success in breaking numerous recognized relay records.

Initially, the NCAA, FINA and the AAU recognized five types of record performances: American noteworthy

(for records set for distances not normally swum in competition), American citizen (for fastest times ever swum by an American citizen), American (fastest time ever swum within the Continental United States), intercollegiate

(for fastest times by a college athlete in collegiate competition), and world records.

Seasons of 1924-1928

In 1924 Yale was dethroned as champion for the first time since 1913. Princeton reigned supreme by defeating Yale twice during the competitive season. But the proud Elis suffered further humiliation when both Navy and the New York Boys1 Club made it the worst season in

Yale's history. Including the loss to the Alumni earlier in the season Yale completed the season with ten victories

68 against five losses.'1

During the next four seasons (1925-1928) Yale went undefeated, winning sixty additional dual meets and four

ISA championships. Unable to earn any blue ribbons in the

1924 championships, Yale won fourteen of twenty-ei.ght individual gold medals over the next four seasons.

Yale's victory over Princeton in 1925 marked a new era of Kiphuth domination of the ISA, a domination which would include twelve consecutive championships and 165 collegiate victories before Harvard would terminate the string in 193 7. On March 14, 1925 at Princeton's Brokaw

Pool Yale defeated Princeton in the final relay to emerge with a 38 to 24 team victory. Yale's anchor man was none other than the quarterback of the football team, Philip

Wolfe Bunnell.^

The first meeting of the team candidates for the

1926 season found some two hundred and fifty students 3 turning out. Kiphuth had firmly established the drawing power of his sport. After downing Princeton 34 to 28 on

March 13, Yale went on to prove its might by defeating a highly regarded Navy team 40 to 20 on March 2 7. Yale and

Kiphuth earned the praise of John Drebinger of the New

"^"Yale Held Swim Title 13 Out of 15 Seasons," New York Times. March 27, 1924, p. 15. 2 "Yale Clinches Title in Swim League," New York Times. March 15, 1925, p. 1. York Times when he said "the unprecedented success of the

Eli swimmers is a glowing tribute to the brilliant capa- bilities of their coach, Bob Kiphuth."4

In January of 1926 the Yale Alumni Association of

Hawaii invited the Yale squad to compete in two inter­ national meets in Hawaii but the Yale Athletic Association rejected the bid for a transcontinental trip.5

In 1927 and 1928 Yale successfully defended its

ISA team title by defeating Navy 42 to 20 and 50 to 12.

At the conclusion of the 1928 season, Kiphuth and Mann met head on in an intersectional dual meet at Yale's Carnegie pool on April 2. The meet was billed as the one which would settle the issue of the national championship.

While Ault of Michigan eclipsed the national standard for the 440-yard event, Howland of Yale won both the 50- and 100-yard freestyle races. Yale secured the mythical title by winning the final relay and defeating Michigan

39 to 23.7

4"Yale Team Clinches College Swim Title," New York Times, March 14, 1926, Sec-. X, p. 1. John Drebinger, "The Week in Sports—Swimming," New York Times. March 29, 1926, p. 17.

5"Yale Team Invited To Swxm.... m Hawaii," New York Times. January 9, 1926, p. 21.

^Deegan, Yale Swimming 192 7 and 1928.

7Deegan, Yale Swimming 1928. 71 At the start of the 1927 season Yale continued to show its interest in international swimming by competing against and defeating an intercollegiate all-star team com­ posed of swimmers from the Canadian universities of McGill g and Toronto on December 15, 1926.

The most unique aspect of the 1928 collegiate season occurred on March 6 when Bob Kiphuth and his ca­ pable assistant Howard Stepp reported to Princeton to take charge of coaching the Princeton squad because of the resignation of Frank Sullivan, the Princeton swimming coach 9 on February 29. The Yale authorities, learning of the resignation of Sullivan, offered Princeton the services of

Bob Kiphuth. On March 4 Dr. Charles W. Kennedy, Chairman of the Princeton Board of Athletic Control, accepted the generous offer."*"'"' Kiphuth remained for two days, leaving

Stepp behind to complete the three remaining weeks of the season. Needless to say, Stepp remained on as the

g "Swimming Season," Yale Swimming News Letter Spring 192 7, Yale Old and New Swimming. Archives, Yale University Library; Deegan, Yale Swimming 192 7. 9 "Sullivan Resigns as Princeton Coach," New York Times. February 29, 1928, p. 19.

"^"Yale Lends Coach to Princeton To Train Swimmers for Meet of the Two Schools," New York Times. March 4, 1928, p. 1. 11 "Yale Swim Coaches Drill Princeton Men: Plan Advanced To Make System Permanent," New York Times, March 6, 1928, p. 24. 72 new Princeton coach.

The 1924 season saw Yale swimmers only capable of lowering one intercollegiate record. Phillips established

a new mark for the 200-yard breast stroke against Pennsyl­

vania in Philadelphia on February 16. But during the

1925 season Yale broke nine world relay records and three intercollegiate records. Hall in the 150-back, Phillips in the 200 breast stroke, and Bronson in the 100 free accounted for the three intercollegiate records. Yale created three world records when the 200 free relay of Bron­ son, Bunnell, Hall, and Sullivan (against Pennsylvania on

January 14) and the six man relay of Bronson, Hall, Bunnell,

Peterson, Sauers, and Stage (against Dartmouth on January

20) surpassed the recognized standards.12

The six remaining world records were broken on

March 11, 1925. The Yale freestyle relay of Bronson, Hall,

Bunnell, Peterson, Sauers, and Stage (with each man cover­ ing 50 yards) went under the world standard for the 250- yard and the 300-yard distances; the Yale breast stroke relay of Madlener, Reel, Talliaferro, Phillips, and Waring

(200 yards per man) established new records for the 800- and 1000-yard events; and the relay team of Hall,

Mason, and Cureton (150 yards per man) set marks for the

12 Deegan, Yale Swimming 1925. 13 600- and 750-yard distances. This same intramural meet on March 11 featured the great Swedish Champion ."^

In 1926 Yale continued its assault on world free­ style relay records by eclipsing all of the standards recognized for a seventy-five foot pool. On March.2 a team of Bronson, House, Peterson, Stage, Meany and Bunnell 15 erased all marks for the 200-, 250- and 300-yard relays.

The Yale mermen set standards for the 400-, 500-, 600- 16 yard and mile relays on March 9. Eric Rademacher,

Germany's and the world's finest breast stroker attempted and succeeded in establishing a world breast stroke record in this same meet."*"^

The two individual standouts for Yale were Bronson and House. Bronson was credited with new intercollegiate marks for the 550-, 100- and 220-yard freestyle races and unofficially a superior 22.2 performance in the fifty- yard sprint. This mark was not allowed because it was done 18 in competition against a non-collegiate foe. House, on

13 "Six Records Set by Yale Swimmers," New York Times, March 11, 1925, p. 1. 14 Deegan, Yale Swimming 1925.

"^"Yale Natators Set 3 World's Records," New York Times, March 3, 1926, p. 19. 16 "Rademacher Sets World Swim Mark," New York Times. March 10, 1926, p. 17. 17 x Ibid. 18 Deegan, Yale Swimming 1926. I I

74 other hand, eclipsed the intercollegiate record for the 150-

yard backstroke on three occasions. Furthermore, he broke

the existing reocrds for the 50- and 100-yard distances.19

During the 1927 season Yale received credit for

cracking nine collegiate records, three of which surpassed 20 world marks. John House was responsible for the three

world marks in the 100-meter, 150- and 220-yard back stroke

events.21 Other superior performances were turned m by

frosh standout E. G. Cahill with a world record time in the

440-yard back stroke, W. F. Stanford with an unofficial

world record in the 220-yard freestyle, as well as an

American standard in the 1500-meter freestyle, and F. M.

Rickman with a new intercollegiate record in the 440-yard

breast stroke.22

This was the year that Michigan began its relay duel

with Yale by shattering five of Yale's recognized stand- 23 ards. Mann and Kiphuth would now enliven the aquatic

scene by consistently striving and usually succeeding in

lowering each other's collegiate and world standards in a

20"Yale Natators Win Two Championships," New York Times, March 20, 1927, Sec. X, p. 1; "Swimmers Clipped 23 College Marks," New York Times. April 22, 1927, p. 17.

21 "Swimmers Clipped 23 College Marks," New York Times. April 22, 1917, p. 17.

22Deegan, Yale Swimming 192 7.

•23"Swimmers Clipped 23 College Marks," p. 17. 75 variety of relay distances and strokes.

The assault on records during the 1928 season began

on January 19 when Yale lowered the 1000-yard breast stroke

relay record by forty-four seconds, continued on January

25 when the team set one mile, 900-yard, 750-yard, and

600-yard back stroke and one mile, 1000-yard, 800-yard

breast stroke records, and terminated on March 21, March

23 and March 29 when Yale freestyle relays eclipsed world

standards for 200-, 250-, 300-, 400-,. 500-, and 600-yard

distances.24 Once again Yale held every freestyle relay

standard from 200 yards to one mile. > . Between 1924 and 1928 Yale dominated the ISA

individual championships by securing thirty-five out of a

possible one hundred and twelve positions in the champion­

ship events. In the 1925 meet Hall and Bronson were the

individual stars for the Kiphuth men. Hall won the

150-yard back stroke by upsetting Rule of Navy and fin- 25 xshed second m the fifty to his teammate Bronson.

The 1926 ISA meet saw Yale win four of the seven titles

as Bronson won both the 50- and 100-yard freestyle races.

24 "2 National Marks by Yale Swimmers," New York Times. January 19, 1928, p. 21; "Yale Tankmen Set 7 World's Records," New York Times, January 25, 1928, p. 17; "Yale Swimmers Set 2 World's Records," New York Times, March 21, 1928, p. 22; "3 Records Broken by Yale Swimmers," New York Times, March 23, 19 28, p. 18; "Yale Swimmers Set Three World Marks," New York Times. March 29, 1928, p. 31. 25 Deegan, Yale Swimming 1925. 76

House earned the back stroke title, and Luke defeated

Hawkins of Princeton, the defending champion, in the

440-yard freestyle.26 House won the 50 free and the 150- yard back stroke for Yale during the 1927 meet. Langer earned Yale's third blue ribbon when he finished first in the 440-yard free.^

Yale succeeded in dominating the 1928 meet at the

University of Pennsylvania by winning five of the seven titles, three seconds, a third, and two fourths. House won the 50 free and the 150-yard back stroke, Howland the century, Sanford the 440-yard event, and Glasscock the fancy diving. 28 Yale's success prompted L. deB. Handley to write:

. . . the outstanding feature of the annual tournament of 1928 for the swimming team champion­ ship of the Intercollegiate Swimming Association was the marked superiority over all rival contenders displayed by Yale's victorious contingent.29

Seasons of 1929-1932

The 1929-1932 seasons were dominated by Yale once

26 Deegan, Yale Swimming 1926. 27 Deegan, Yale Swimming 19 27; "Intercollegiate Swimming Association Individual Championships," Intercollegiate Swimming Guide 19 29 (New York: American Sports Publishing Co., 1928), p. 42. no L. deB. Handley, "Review of the 1928 Season in the Intercollegiate Swimming Association," Intercollegiate Swimming Guide 19 29 (New York: American Sports Publishing Co., 19 28), p. 17. again. Kiphuth's mermen won four more ISA titles and tabulated fifty-five additional victories. Rutgers in

1929 and Navy in 19 31 presented the stiffest challenge to

Yale's crown. Navy challenged Yale every step of the way before bowing in the final relay to the blue quartet.30

But Yale's victory over Rutgers was by virtue of a dis­ qualification of the Rutgers relay team when one of the competitors failed to make hand contact with the wall prior to turning. Previously, Millard of Yale had been dis­ qualified for an illegal in the 200 breast stroke.

As a result of these disqualifications the meet ended in a 31 to 31 tie. But under the rules then in the 31 winner of the relay was awarded the meet.

In a post season meet at Yale's Carnegie pool on

March 31, 19 30 Yale, the Eastern champion, defeated Michi­ gan, the Western champion, 42 to 20. Yale won five of the 32 seven first places to secure the victory.

All told, Yale established twenty records in the four year period. During the 1929 season Millard lowered

30 "Yale Defeats Navy Takes Swim Title," New York Times. March 15, 1931, Sec. XI, p. 1; Edward T. Kennedy, "Review of Intercollegiate Swimming Season 1931," NCAA Swimming Guide 19 32 (New York: American Sports Publishing Co., 1931), pp. 37-39. 31 "University Swimming Season," Yale Swimming News Letter. Spring 1929, Yale Old and New Swimming, Archives, Yale University Library. 32 "Yale Tops Michigan in Swim by 42-20," New York Times. April 1, 1930, p. 32. 78 the intercollegiate standard in the 200 breast stroke on three occasions while Yale's 300 medley relay of Cahill,

Millard and Howland successfully lowered the record in that 33 event. Although Yale in 19 30 set only one world and intercollegiate relay record by Lincoln, Butler, Messimer,

Howland, and Brines in the 500-yard relay on March 8,

Nelson Millard eclipsed both the 220- and 440-yard inter- collegiate records 34 while Howland and Harte established records in the 220-yard freestyle and the 300 individual 35 medley. In March of 1931 Lloyd Osborne eclipsed the intercollegiate record for the 220-yard freestyle while his teammate Jack Harte created a new American standard for the

400-meter freestyle. In the same dual meet against Wes- leyan the Yale 400-yard free relay of Fobes, Brines, Hapke, 36 and Messimer went under the American record. February and

March of 19 32 witnessed two successful attempts to eclipse the world mark for the 500-yard free relay. The quintet was composed of A1 Hapke, Donald Fobes, Jack Brines, Brad­ ford Butler and Lloyd Osborne. In the same record attempt the initial quartet tied the world mark for the 400-yard

33 Deegan, Yale Swimming 1929. 34 "Millard, Yale Sets Swimming Records," New York Times, March 27, 19 30, p. 32; Deegan, Yale Swimming 19 30. 35 Deegan, Yale Swimming 19 30. 36 "Yale Swimmers Set Three Records," New York Times. March 3, 1931, p. 35. 37 distance. Meanwhile, Butler, Harte, and Savell had set

American records for the 200-meter free, the 500-meter free 38 and the 100-meter breast stroke, respectively.

Between 1929 and 1932 Yale was able to win only four ISA individual titles and tie for another. Howland of Yale surprised everyone by winning three titles (50, 100 39 and 220 free) in 1929. In 19 30 he repeated as champion in the 50-yard sprint establishing a new intercollegiate 40 record time of 23.2. Fobes completed Yale's blue ribbon finishes in the 19 32 meet when he tied Banfield of Dart- mouth in the fifty.41

On October 29, 19 29 at the annual meeting of the

ISA, the membership voted its dissatisfaction with the

NCAA's decision to eliminate noteworthy performances for events not appearing on the championship schedule. Be­ lieving that such performances had advanced the cause of collegiate swimming, the Eastern colleges appointed a committee to decide upon the question of listing the

37 "Yale Swimmers Break World Mark," New York Times. March 2, 1932, p. 23. 38 Deegan, Yale Swimming 1932.

39 Deegan, Yale Swimming 1929.

40 "The University Swimming Season," Yale Swimming News Letter Spring 1930, Yale Old and New Swimming, Archives, Yale University Library. 41 Deegan, Yale Swimming 19 32. 80 performances as achieved in ISA competition in the future.^

The ISA legislative meetings in October of 1930 concluded

with the group agreeing to replace the 200-yard relay with

the 400-yard relay. But an attempt to substitute the fur­

long distance for the fifty-yard sprint failed to pass. The

ISA appointed Kiphuth as their representative to the up and

coming American Olympic Association meetings in Washing- 43 ton. Finally, however, a review of dual meets for the

season reveals that the league kept the fifty free, added the 220-yard race and decided to allow the coaches one more

year to prepare for the increased distance in the relay.

In June of 1929 Yale announced the appointment of

Karl Michael as assistant swimming coach succeeding Howie

Stepp, now head coach at Princeton.44 The 19 30 season

began with Kiphuth as a principal speaker at the Wingate

Memorial Lecture series sponsored by the New York City

Public Schools Athletic League. He expressed his concern over the employment by most breast stroke swimmers of a

jerky armstroke instead of the wide armstroke as previously used. Kiphuth, always concerned about posture, indicated

42 "Swim Body Amends Water Polo Rules," New York Times, October 29, 1928, p. 27 43 "League Lengthens Relay Swim Race," Nev; York Times. October 27, 1930, p. 25. 44 "Yale Engages Michael," New York Times. June 12., 1929, p. 21. 45 that the jerky style caused round shoulders.

With the completion of the Payne Whitney Gymnasium in 1932, Kiphuth wrote to "everyone and anyone in the United

States offering them the use of the facility for pre-Olympic 46 preparation." This marked the beginnxng of Kiphuth's open door policy extended to any competitive athlete de­ siring summerilong-course training, a practice which con­ tinued until his death in 196 7.

Seasons of 1933-1936

From 19 33 through 19 36 Yale continued its domination of the ISA and increased its dual meet record by winning an additional fifty-four meets. Disregarding the many Yale team and pool records, Yale accounted for twenty-four new

American, intercollegiate or world records. As usual

Kiphuth invited many of the wox\d's finest swimmers to New

Haven to attempt world record swims. Among the more noted were , John Higgins, and . Peter

Fxck after three attempts finally eclipsed the world mark for 100 meters on March 5, 1935. Al Vande Weghe at the same meet broke the world standard for the 400-meter back

45 "Breast Stroke Swim To Be Eliminated, Kxphuth Predicts in P. S. A. L. Lecture," New York Times. January 19, 1930, Sec. X, p. 1. 46 Karl Michael, personal interview, December 28, 19 72. stroke.47 A year later high school sensation John Higgins established two American records in the 300-yard individual medley and the 100-yard breast stroke and a world mark in 48 the 100-meter breast stroke.

Yale's record onslaught began March 24, 1933 when

A1 Hapke surpassed the national intercollegiate record for the 220-yard freestyle. Then on April 27 of the same year

Norris Hoyt and Walter Savell broke the American standards for the 500-meter freestyle and the 200-yard breast stroke, respectively. The very next day J. Barker, A. Hapke, D.

Livingston, L. Carroon, and R. Winfield lowered the American 49 mark for the 100-meter freestyle relay.

In 19 34 Yale recorded national collegiate records in the 220-yard free (Livingston), the 200-yard breast stroke

(Savell), and in the 300-yard medley relay (Pierson, Savell,

Livingston). Savell furthermore on two occasions surpassed the American citizens' mark for the 100-meter breast stroke.

World standards fell to Savell in the 100-yard breast stroke and to Hoyt, Carroon, Wilson, and Livingston in the 800-yard

4 7 Deegan, Yale Swimming 19 35; "Fick Breaks Record m Yale Swim Meet," New York Times, February 12, 1936, p. 28. 48 Deegan, Yale Swimming 1936. 49 Deegan, Yale Swimming 19 33. 83 free relay.^

During the 1935 season Yale eclipsed two NCAA marks.

On February 25 the 400 free relay was claimed by the quartet of Rogers, Cooke, Wilson and Livingston. And on March 9

John Macionis surpassed the 440-yard standard. The six

American records were all broken between February 25 and

February 2 7. Hoyt, Cooke, Wilson and Livingston were credited with a new mark for the 800-yard free relay; John

Macionis was responsible for new records in the 300-yard and 300-meter freestyle, and with Rogers replacing Hoyt and the addition of Carroon and King, Yale was accountable for new marks in the 400-yard, the 400-meter and the 600-yard free relays. Then on March 5 at the annual water carnival

Yale established a new world standard for the coveted mile relay.

John Macionis continued the Yale onslaught on the record book by twice eclipsing the national collegiate record for the 220-yard freestyle and by establishing a new

50 Deegan, Yale Swimming 19 34; "Yale Mermen Top Wesleyan by 45-32," New York Times. January 18, 1934, p. 27; "Clips Swim Mark," New York Times. March 3, 1934, p. 16; "Yale Swim Team Sets World Mark," New York Times. March 13, 1934, p. 28. 51 Deegan, Yale Swimming 1935; "Two Swim Marks Fall," New York Times, February 26, 1935, p. 25; "Yale Clips Swim Record," New York Times. Feburary 27, 1935, p. 25; "Three Records Set by Yale Swimmers," New York Times. March 5, 1935, p. 25; "18-Man Yale Swimming Team Sets Record in One-Mile Relay at New Haven Carnival," New York Times. March 6, 1935, p. 26. 84 collegiate and American mark for the 300-yard individual medley. His teammate Norris Hoyt set new American standards 52 for the 400-meter and 440-yard back stroke events.

A review of the ISA championship meets reemphasizes the importance that Kiphuth placed upon team depth. At the

19 33 title meet Kiphuth's mermen were responsible for only three individual first places (Savell in the 200 breast stroke. Barker in the 440-yard free, and Loud in the fancy diving) but the team managed to place a total of nine men 53 out of a possible thirty-two into the finals. The 1934 classic found Yale earning only two titles; one by Savell in the 200 breast stroke and the other by Livingston in the

220-yard freestyle. Yale men, however, accounted for ten 54 of the forty finalists. Placing eight men into a final field of thirty two, the Yale men managed to win three of the eight gold medals awarded in 19 35. Norris Hoyt won both the 440-yard freestyle and the 300-yard individual medley while Dave Livingston accounted for the final first

52 Deegan, Yale Swimming 193 5; "Macionis of Yale Sets Swim Record," New York Times. February 18, 1936. p. 28. 53 Philip S. Harburger, "Review of the 1933 Season m the Intercollegiate Swimming Association," National Collegiate Athletic Association Official Rules 1934 (New York: American Sports Publishing Co., 1933), pp. 71-74. 54' L. deB. Handley, "Review of the 19 34- Season in the Intercollegiate Swimming Association," National Collegiate Athletic Association Official Rules 1935 (New York: American Sports Publishing Co., 1934), pp. 61-62. in the century event.55 Yale completely dominated the 1936 championships by securing fifteen out of forty possible finalist positions and by winning four out of a possible eight titles. Kiphuth's mermen accomplished first and second place finishes in the century (Macionis and Cooke), the furlong (Cooke and Hoyt), the quarter mile (Hoyt and

Brueckel), and the 300-yard individual medley (Macionis and Hoyt.)^

Perhaps Philip S. Harburger, the Records Chairman of the NCAA, summed up the situation best when he wrote at the conclusion of the 1933 season that

. . . the season terminated with Yale entrenched as firmly as ever as the leading team of the league, the East, and in this writer's opinion, the country. As in former years, reserve swimmers were used in many of the meets, and it was only in an outside meet with Princeton whose team easily led all other con­ tenders for Yale's crown, that the Elis' full strength had to be thrown into the breach to win decisively before the relay. A well balanced team, Yale, with better than average performers in every event, and an outstanding man, Savell, in the breast stroke. . . .57

In 1933 Yale entered the NCAA Championships for the

L. deB. Handley, "Review of the 1935 Season in the Intercollegiate Swimming Association," National Collegiate Athletic Association Official Rules 19 36 (New York: American Sports Publishing Co., 1935), pp. 76-77; Lincoln A. Werden, "Hoyt of Yale Wins Two Swim Titles," New York Times. March 24, 1935, Sec. V, p. 1. 56 "Intercollegiate Swimming Association Champion­ ships ," National Collegiate Athletic Association Official Rules 19 3 7 (New York: American Sports Publishing Co., 1936), p. 83.

^Harburger, "Review," NCAA Guide 1934. p. 71. 86 first time. The NCAA Championships were conducted on an individual basis until 193 7. In previous years the Yale

A. A. prevented the Yale entry. This year, however, the title meet was conducted under Yale sponsorship. Yale was a most generous host for every athlete, coach and pfficial 58 was housed at Yale's expense. Most of the gold medals went to Stanford, Rutgers, Navy and Northwestern. Yale's highest awards came when Hapke placed second in the 220- yard free and the 300-yard medley relay team of Pierson,

Savell and Livingston finished behind Northwestern for the silver medal.^

In the 1934 meet at Ohio State Yale's same 300 medley relay with Hoyt replacing Pierson won the honors over Northwestern. Yale's second gold medal came when 6 0 Savell finished first in the 200-yard breast stroke.

Harvard hosted the 1935 NCAA meet. Yale managed to exhib­ it its team depth by placing men in the finals of all eleven events. Livingston in the century and the 400-yard freestyle relay team of Wilcox, Wilson, Cooke and Livingston

58 F. W. Luehring, "Tenth Annual National Collegiate Swimming Championships," National Collegiate Athletic Association Official Rules 1934 (New York: American Sports Publishing Co., 19 33), p. 6 7.

59Ibid.. pp. 6 7-69. 60 F. W. Luehring, "Eleventh Annual National Collegiate Championships," National Collegiate Athletic Association Official Rules 1935 (New York; American Sports Publishing Co., 19 34), pp. 58-60. ' 61 earned Yale's highest positions by finishing second.

The 1936 NCAA event returned to Yale's Payne

Whitney pool. Yale managed to pick up three silver medals.

Macionis in the 220 free, Hoyt in the 1500 meters, and the

Yale relay team of Wilcox, Cooke, Rogers and Macionis were responsible for the second place finishes.6 2

In 19 33 Kiphuth inaugurated his biennial dip in the Dartmouth pool, disproving Ripley's "Believe It Or Not" statement that Yale's famous coach could not swim a 6 3 stroke. In the Princeton meet on March 10 Livingston of

Yale set a new pool record in the 220-yard free and then decided to take a walk about the spacious Princeton campus.

By the time of the 100 free Yale suddenly realized that should the Tigers score first and second and then win the relay Yale would suffer defeat. So while Kiphuth held his breath, the Yale manager scoured the campus in pursuit of the wandering Eli. Returning just in time, Livingston's teammates disrobed him on the pool deck and Yale proceeded

61 F. W. Luehring, "Twelfth Annual National Collegiate Swimming Championships," National Collegiate Athletic Association Official Rules 1936 (New York: American Sports Publishing Co., 1935), pp. 73-75. 6 2 F. W. Luehring, "Thirteenth Annual National Collegiate Swimming Championships," National Collegiate Athletic Association Official Rules 1937 (New York: American Sports Publishing Co., 19 36), pp. 80-82. 6 3 Deegan, Yale Swimming 1933.' to win the relay and the meet.64

In 1936 the Yale team did not partake in the ISA

league. This occurred for two reasons. First of all the

Yale Board of Athletic Control dropped the sport of water

polo. Since this was a requirement for participation in the

ISA, Yale was forced to withdraw. According to sources

close to Yale at the time, the Board took this action

because the wife of the Yale Director of Athletics did not

approve of the activity. Secondly, the Yale group sought

membership in a new league, the Eastern Intercollegiate

Swimming League. All the members of the present league

remained as members of the new Eastern league except

Rutgers. Harvard and Dartmouth were admitted as new mem- 65 bers for the initial season of 193 7.

It should be noted that Kiphuth coached Yale's

water polo team from 1918 until its termination in 1936.

The type of polo played in those days differed markedly

from the modern game of today. The Eastern Conference utilized a soft, inflated white rubber ball. This enabled

a player to grasp the ball easily in his hand. There was

64 Ibid.; personal interview Karl Michael, December 28, 19 72; "Yale Swimmers Win League Title," Mew York Times, February 26, 19 33, Sec. Ill, p. 1. 6 5 "Yale Not in the League," New York Times. December 13, 1935, p. 34; "Swimming Season 1936," Yale Swimming News Letter Spring 1936, Yale Old and New Swimming. Archives, Yale University Library. Karl Michael and Phil Moriarty concurred that water polo was dropped due to the disapproval of the Athletic Director's wife. i

89 a board two feet high and four feet long located on the

deck of the pool at each end. The player received two

points for touching the goal with the ball in his hand and

only one point for throwing the ball against the goal

from outside the "attack zone." Therefore, the "throw"

goal was rarely used unless out of necessity.

According to Larry A. Hart, a former Yale water

poloist in the 1930's and President of the United States

Water Polo Foundation, Kiphuth taught his players an

innovative tactic of placing the left hand under the

goalie's armpit in order to lift and twist oneself behind

the defending goalie for the score.6 6

On the other hand, Kiphuth's former assistants,

Phil Moriarty and Karl Michael pointed out that Kiphuth

definitely preferred the individual sport of swimming to 6 V water polo. Nonetheless, Yale did win five EISL cham­

pionships outright (1918, 192 5, 1926, 192 7, 1928) and

tied for another in 1924.^®

At the swimming banquet in April of 1936 the team

presented Bob with two handsome volumes of the plays of

Euripides. President Angell lauded the physical and moral

^Larry A. Hart, "The Old Soft Ball Game," Water Polo Scoreboard. July, 1971, p. 19. 6 7 Karl Michael, personal interview, December 28, 19 72; Phil Moriarty, personal interview, July 28, 19 72. 68 The reader is referred to Appendix C for a summary of Yale's water polo record from 1918-19 36. 90 qualities of the team and the tremendous character and 69 record of its leader, Bob Kiphuth.

Seasons 193 7-1940

From 193 7 through 1940 Yale increased its total dual

meet victories by fifty-eight but in the process lost six

dual encounters. Yale continued to erase world, American,

and intercollegiate marks. All told, ignoring pool and

noteworthy performances, Yale set a total of twenty-four

records in the four year span. Of interest to the swimming

fan were the three meets with Michigan and the one encounter

with Ohio State.

Record wise, Yale set six intercollegiate standards

in 1937. Macionis on two occasions lowered the 440-yard

standard, and Penn of Yale lowered the 60-yard free mark.

The other three marks fell to Yale relay teams. Penn,

Rogers, Moonan and Cooke set both American and intercolle­

giate records for the 400- and 500-yard relays. With

Macionis replacing Moonan the same group eclipsed the inter­

collegiate standard for the 400-yard relay. And with the

addition of Moonan and Good the relay surpassed American 70 standards for the 500- and 600-yard events.

69 "Cooke Will Captain Tankmen Next Year," Yale Daily News. April 30, 1936, p. 6. 70 "Swimming Season," Yale Swimming News Letter Spring 193 7, Yale Old and Hew Swimming. Archives, Yale University Library. 91 In 1939 Gesner broke the American and intercolle­ giate marks for the 200-yard breast stroke. The 300-yard

medley team of Brueckel, Metcalf, and Moonan also broke the American and intercollegiate marks. 71

1940 proved to be a banner year for Yale. The 400 free relay team of Kelly, Pope, Duncan, and Johnson on four occasions lowered the intercollegiate standard for the event and in the process broke the existing American and world records. The 300 medley team (Burns, Gesner and

Johnson) and Gesner in the 220-yard breast stroke were responsible for the other record performances. 72

The honor of defeating Yale after 175 consecutive victories against all comers fell to Harvard. On March 13 coach Hal Ulen placed Harvard's fate in the hands of Charles

Hutter. Hutter accomplished the impossible. By beating

Macionis in the 220 free, winning the 100 free, and finish­ ing second in the 440 free, he handed the victory over to 73 his coach. The final score was Harvard 39-Yale 36.

In 1938 Yale renewed its rivalry with Michigan. On

February 16 of that year New Haven's local radio station

71 Deegan, Yale Swimming 1939. 72 Ibid. 73 "Harvard Topples Yale from 13 Year Reign Over Eastern Swimming World," Yale Daily News, March 15, 193 7, p. 1. 92 WELI broadcast for the first time on radio a local swimming

meet event by event for Michxgan and Yale fans. 74 Although

Macionis and Perryman of Yale upset Haynie and Tomski of

Michigan in the 220- and 50-yard freestyle events, Michigan

emerged the victor when Macionis was unable to overtake

Haynie in the final leg of the relay. The final score was 75 Michigan 41-Yale 34. In the following year at Ann Arbor

the Michigan quartet of Welsh, Haynie, Tomski and Beebe

proved too much for the Elis. Tomski was the star of the

meet as he won the 100 free, tied the intercollegiate mark

in the 50 free and anchored the Michigan relay in the

unofficial time of 50.3. Yale managed to capture but two

first places—Gesner in the breast stroke and Endweiss

in the dive.^

The return match at New Haven in 1940 was a closely contested affair. The Sharemet brothers were the heroes for

Matt Mann's team. Gus upset Johnson of Yale in the 100 free

and John defeated Gesner in the 200 breast stroke. The capacity crowd was continually on its feet as Beebe of

Michigan outtouched Burns of Yale in the 150 back and John

Sharemet edged ahead to give Michigan the final relay and a

74Letter to author from Philip Buxbaum, March 2, 19 73. 75 Deegan, Yale Swimming 19 38. 46 to 29 victory.""

Yale's other two defeats came at the hands of

Princeton and Harvard during the 19 38 season. Former Yale aide Howie Stepp enjoyed his first (and last) victory over his former boss when Simpson of Princeton finished second in the quarter mile to eke out a 38 to 3 7 victory. Hal

Ulen accomplished his second and final victory over a

Kiphuth led team by a 46 to 29 score. Yale's only first place came in the dive when Endweiss edged Greenwood of

Harvard.

On February 22, 1940 Yale hosted Mike Peppe's Ohio

State squad. In this first of two meetings between the two powers Yale won easily 55 to 20. Ohio State, however, dominated the boards when A1 Patnik and Earl Clark beat 79 Yale's Jim Cooke.

In 1938 Harvard beat Yale on two occasions; first in the dual meet and secondly by declaring swimming as a major sport. The Yale swimmers were upset, to say the least, but the undergraduate athletic association refused to make swimming a major sport on the grounds that swimming was not so popular a sport nationally, that enough major letters

77 Deegan, Yale Swimming 1938

^Ibid.; "Yale Win Streak Ended by Harvard," Life March 29, 1937, pp. 30-32; "Kiphuth in Undershirt, Eli Natators' Feet Snapped by 'Life's' Candid Cameraman, Alfred Eisenstaedt," Yale Daily News. March 10, 193 7, p. 1. 79 Deegan, Yale Swimming 1940. 94 were given to the swimming team anyway, and that if such actions were taken it would make all the other minor sports anxious for the same consideration.80 Macionis responded by declaring that:

Yale is the swimming center of the United States and there is no reason why Yale should play second fiddle to Harvard. . . They had one championship team, last year, while we've been turning them out regularly for the last twelve years. . . . We've gotten lots of bouquets, but no tangible recognition. In view of the team's record and the general appeal of swimming, we feel that it should be a major sport.81

Due to the problems in the formation of the new

EISL league, the individual championships were not conducted in 19 3 7. Harvard, enjoying its second but concluding year of domination of the league, won six of the ten titles in

1938. Yale had to be content with second through fourth place finishes.8 2

By 1939 Kiphuth had returned as king of eastern swimming. Excluding the diving, Kiphuth's swimmers accounted for eleven of the thirty-two individual positions in the finals. Good won the century while the 400 free relay of Duncan, Sandburn, Moonan and Good earned the blue

80Deegan, Yale Swimming 1938. 81 "Swimming Season," Yale Swimming News Letter Spring 1938, Yale Old and New Swimming, Archives, Yale University Library.

82Philip S. Harburger, "Eastern Intercollegiate Swimming League Season," NCAA Official Rules for Swimming, Fancy Diving, Water Polo 1939 (New York: American Sports Publishing Co., 1938), pp. 77-79. 95 ... 83 rxbbon.

Yale completely dominated the 1940 EISL title event.

Yale won the 220 free (Johnson), the 440 free (Chouteau), the one and three meter diving (Cooke), and the 400 free relay (Sandburn, Pope, Duncan and Johnson).84

The four NCAA meets 1937-1940 found Yale finishing third at Minnesota, fifth at Rutgers, fourth at Michigan, and second at Yale. The 193 7 meet marked the first time that an official point score was ever kept. Unfortunately for Yale, inauguration of the scoring system came about at a time when Kiphuth had two of his weaker teams. Nonethe­ less, Yale remained in the thick of the battle.

Kiphuth praised Mann's Michigan team for its excellent performance in the 193 7 championships. The Yale swimmers finished in third position with thirty-eight points, one behind Peppe's Ohio State squad. All told

Yale swimmers earned fifteen positions in the finals.

Macionis of Yale earned the blue ribbon in the 1500

8 3 Philip S. Harburger, "Eastern Intercollegiate Swimming League Season," NCAA Official Rules for Swimming. Fancy Diving, Water Polo 1940 (Hew York: American Sports Publishing Co., 1939), pp. 99-101.

84Philip S. Harburger, "Eastern Intercollegiate Swimming League Season," NCAA Official Rules for'Swimming. Fancy Diving, Water Polo 1941 (New York: American Sports Publishing Co., 1940), pp. 99-101. 85 meter event.

At the 1938 meet Michigan nosed out the favored Ohio

State team by one point. Yale could muster only eighteen points to Michigan's forty-six and Ohio State's forty-five.

Macionis repeated as champion in the 1500-meter, placed second in the quarter mile and third in the furlong.86

Michigan, Ohio State, Princeton and Yale finished in that order in the 19 39 title event. Macionis had graudated so Yale was unable to earn higher than a bronze 8 7 medal by Burns in the 150-yard back stroke event.

Kiphuth was in his glory as the 1940 NCAA cham­ pionships were returning to his beloved Payne Whitney

Exhibition Pool. Yale, Michigan, and Ohio State would be the top contenders for the team crown. Both Mann and Kiphuth suffered setbacks when two of their top per­ formers were unable to compete. Michigan lost its good middle distance swimmer, Jim Welsh, to a serious illness

p C R. J. H. Kiphuth, "Fourteenth Annual National Collegiate Swimming Championships," NCAA Official Rules for Swimming, Fancy Diving, Water Polo 19 38 (New York: American Sports Publishing Co., 1937), pp. 68-69.

®^R. J. H. Kiphuth, "Fifteenth Annual National Collegiate Swimming Championships," NCAA Official Rules for Swimming, Fancy Diving, Water Polo 1939 (New York: American Sports Publishing Co., 1938), pp. 72-75.

8 7R. J. H. Kiphuth, "Sixteenth Annual National Collegiate Swimming Championships," NCAA Official Rules for Swimming, Fancy Diving. Water Polo 1940 (New York: American Sports Publishing Co., 1939), pp. 96-98. 97 pQ and Yale its backstroke ace, Joe Burns, to a broken ankle.

Michigan succeeded in winning the team title by

outpointing Yale forty-five to forty-two; Ohio State

followed with thirty-nine points. Kiphuth's mermen earned

points in seven out of the eight individual events and in

both of the relays. Johnson won the furlong and Chouteau 89 earned the blue ribbon in the 1500-meter.

At the AAU nationals in April of 193 7 Kiphuth

avioded poolside mayhem by locking the officials, the

judges, and the coaches in the conference room until they

had reached a settlement in the disqualification of the

Princeton medley relay team. The upholding of the dis­

qualification resulted in the Lake Shore Club of Chicago

outpointing the Michigan team for first place honors.90

With the conclusion of the 1940 season Kiphuth

completed his twenty-third season as coach of the Yale

team. During that era Yale won twenty ISA titles, finished

second in the NCAA championships in 1940, and surpassed

over 150 NCAA, American or world records.

88Howard Stepp, "Review of Intercollegiate Swimming Season 1940," NCAA Official Rules for- Swimming. Fancy Diving, Water Polo 1941 (New York: American Sports Publishing Co., 1940), pp. 91-94; Deegan, Yale Swimming 1940.

90 "Final Sprint by Macionis Fails To Catch Haynie in 500," Yale Daily News. April 12, 1937, p. 3. Chapter 6

AN EPOCH OF VICTORY - THE COMPETITIVE YEARS 1941-1959

The commencement of the 1941 season marked the initial year of Kiphuth1s final nineteen years as Yale coach. During this period Kiphuth developed two of the finest collegiate teams ever assembled (class of 1942 and class of 1953) and a number of fine individual performers such as Howie Johnson, , Alan Stack, John

Marshall, , Jimmy McLane and. Tim Jecko. More­ over, Yale from 1941-1959 won four NCAA, seventeen EISL and fourteen AAU titles.

Seasons of 1941-1942

The 1941 and 1942 seasons marked the return of

Kiphuth to the pinnacle of collegiate swimming circles.

All told, Yale disposed of twenty-four collegiate and three non-collegiate opponents with little if any difficulty. In the process Yale easily defeated Ohio State 51 1/2 to

23 1/2 in Columbus during the 1941 season and walked over

Matt Mann's Michigan team 59 to 16 in 1942.

"'"Deegan, Yale Swimming 1941 and 1942; "Swimming Season," Yale Swimming News Letter Spring 1941, Yale Old and New Swimming. Archives, Yale University Library.

98 99 The 1941 team surpassed many pool and Yale marks but the ultimate feat was the breaking on two occasions of the world standard in the 400 free relay. Vreeland, Pope,

Kelly and Johnson first accomplished this on February 22 and then with Bennett replacing Vreeland lowered the mark 2 again on March 13.

The 1942 team received the honor of being labeled

"the greatest swimming team in history," by Matt Mann of

Michigan after it soundly dubbed his worthy squad at Ann

Arbor on February 21. Michigan had been undefeated for four years and Yale was anxious to even the series at three each. Both teams loaded the medley relay with Michigan seemingly gaining an edge by utilizing Gus Sharemet as the anchor man. Dannenbaum of Yale handed over a one yard lead to Davidge. Skinner, the national champion, lost ground to Davidge in the breast stroke leg and Pope of Yale 3 easily held off the challenge of Sharemet.

Johnson and Chouteau followed by relegating Patten of Michigan to a third position in the 220 free. Pulleyn and Kelly did the impossible by holding Michigan's captain,

Burton, to one point in the fifty. Cooke and Thompson earned the gold and bronze in the diving for Yale while

2 Deegan, Yale Swimming 1941. 3 Deegan, Yale Swimming 1942; "Swimming Season," Yale Swimming News Letter Spring 1942, Yale Old and New Swimming. Archives, Yale University Library. 100 Johnson picked up the blue ribbon in the century. Pope of

Yale and Gus Sharemet finished in a dead heat for second

place. Meyer followed by upsetting Skinner in the breast

stroke and in a day of upsets Smith edged John Sharemet of

Michigan to take third.4

Mann wisely had withdrawn Patten from the quarter in

order to secure the final relay. But it was Yale's day and

the quartet of Frank Lilley, Dick Kelly, Ed Pope and Howie

Johnson equaled the recognized world record for the 400 yard 5 event, defeating their Michigan rivals.

Riding the crest of the wave, the elated Elis

returned to New Haven and engaged in an intra-squad meet

replacing the cancelled Wayne State meet. In rapid

succession they defeated a weak Columbia team, a strong

Princeton group and a mediocre Harvard aggregation. At the

Yale Carnival a sextet of Pulleyn, F. Lilley, Kelly, John­

son, Pope, and Britton broke the American marks for the 200

and 300 yard events. Then, just two days prior to the EISL

Championship meet, the Eli quartet of Johnson, Kelly, Pope,

and F. Lilley surpassed the recognized American mark for

400 meters. Noteworthy performances were established when

Pulleyn and J. Lilley continued the relay through the 500

4 Ibid.

^Ibid. 101 g and 600 meter marks.

The EISL meet in *41 proved Yale's superiority over its eastern rivals. Kiphuth's men accounted for eight out of a possible eleven first places, placed fifteen out of a possible thirty-six competitors into the individual, events, and completely dominated the 100, 220 and 440 freestyle events. Johnson, Pope and Kelly swept the first three places in the century; Chouteau and Sandburn finished one and two in the quarter. Cooke won the two diving events and Dannenbaum and Chouteau won the 150-yard back stroke and 300 individual medley, respectively. Of course, Yale's relays reigned supreme.^

In the 1941 NCAA meet held at Michigan State College

Michigan scored 61 points, followed by Yale with 58 and Ohio

State and Wayne State with 19 each. Johnson successfully defended his century crown while Chouteau was awarded the metric mile crown after a blanket finish with Welsh of Michigan. Yale's 400 relay quartet won the coveted blue ribbon in this event with a team of Britton, Pope, Kelly

g Deegan, Yale Swimming 1942.

7Philip S. Harburger, "Eastern Intercollegiate Swimming League Season 1941," The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 1942 (New York: A. S. Barnes and Co., 1941), pp. 31-34. Q and Johnson.

Overall the meet was a tremendous success for a

group of competitors who trained through Spring break and

because of a lack of financial assistance from the strapped

Yale A. A. had to earn their own funds in order to.compete

for the title.9

On March 20, 1942 Yale began its final spurt to end

the season in glorious fashion. Kiphuth's team was unde­

feated and in quest of the three remaining laurels: the

EISL, the NCAA, and the AAU crowns. Yale completely

overshadowed all other EISL teams by winning ten of the

eleven blue ribbons. Chouteau became the first man in EISL

history to win three events. He edged Johnson in the 220

free, won the 440 in decisive fashion, and successfully

defended his 300 individual medley crown. Winning both

relays, Yale's only loss came in the 50 freestyle. Cooke

earned the gold off both boards. Johnson, Dannenbaum, and

Meyer swept the 100 free, the 150 back stroke, and the 200

breast stroke, respectively.^

On the following weekend when Cambridge hosted the

8 R. J. H. Kiphuth, "Eighteenth Annual National Collegiate Swimming Championships," The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 1942 (New York: A. S. Barnes and Co., 1941), pp. 23-26. 9 Deegan, Yale Swimming 1942.

"^Deegan, Yale Swimming 1942; Kingsley Childs, "Yale Takes Lead in N. C. A. A.," New York Times. March 28, 1942, p. 12. 103 NCAA meet Kiphuth had his charges ready. They scored seventy-one points to Michigan's thirty-nine, and won five of eleven events. Chouteau was a double winner, taking the metric mile and the quarter. Johnson edged Patten of

Michigan in the century and Dannenbaum upset the field in the 150 back stroke. Although Michigan upset Yale's famed 400 free relay, Kiphuth's men earned the blue ribbon in the 300 medley relay.

On April 3 and 4 Yale completed the clean sweep by winning the national AAU crown. Chouteau scored heavily for Yale by finishing second in three events and third in another. Johnson contributed two seconds in the 220 and

100 free events. Cooke added a first place finish in the one meter dive to Yale's winning efforts in the 300 medley 12 relay and 400 free relay. It is no wonder that Matt Mann was prone to state

Yale's is the greatest swimming team that has ever been gathered together. It's a truly great combination and much stronger than any of our previous Olympic teams.13

The War Years and the Ford Years 1943-1945

As Kiphuth bid fond farewell to the great team of

"^Deegan, Yale Swimming 1942.

12Ibid. 13 "Natatutorees," Time. April'6, 1942, p. 58. 104 1942, he must have looked forward with mixed feelings to the

•43 season. The Yale Athletic Association had imposed a ban on travel which would prevent the squad from competing in the EISL individual championships at Cambridge and more importantly from attempting a defense of its NCAA title.

Kiphuth was allowed eleven dual meets but only four were conducted away from the Payne Whitney. On the brighter side

Alan Ford, the Panamanian sensation from Mercersburg Pre­ paratory School, had entered Yale as a freshman the very year in which the NCAA lifted its ban on the varsity eligibility of freshmen. The next three years, although marred by the world conflict, would be memorable ones for coach Kiphuth.14

Yale subdued ten of its eleven opponents with little difficulty; Karl Michael's Dartmouth team scared the Elis before bowing 48-34. Unfortunately, Ohio State and Michigan finished ahead of the Eli squad in the National AAU meet held at the New York A. C.

This season, however, saw the debut of Alan Ford.

In the very first meet of the season he established a new

Yale and pool record of 2:08.8 for the 220-yard freestyle.

A week later he teamed with R. Smith and McFadden to eclipse the American and Intercollegiate records for the 150-yard

14 Deegan, Yale Swimming 1943. i I

105 medley. Four days later while McFadden tied the Yale mark

in the 50-yard free Ford equaled the intercollegiate 15 standard in the 100 free with a 51.1 clocking.

But it was on January 30, 1943 that Ford in a dual

meet against Springfield College earned his place in

swimming's Hall of Fame. By clocking a 50.7 over the

hundred yard distance he bypassed ' s

standard of 51.0 which had stood against all comers since

1927.16

On the thirteenth of February at Yale's annual

swimming carnival a capacity crowd witnessed the breaking of

seventeen swimming standards. Kiphuth's young but eager

team surpassed two world records, one American, and two

noteworthy American standards.

In leading off the 400 free relay team of Baribault,

MacFadden, and Dick Lyon, Alan Ford once again lowered the

world standard for the 100-yards by one tenth of a second (50.6). His teammates continued on to establish a world

record in the 400 free relay of 3:26.2. Ford then continued

his assault on the record book by surpassing the recognized

American noteworthy marks in the 50- and 75-yard back

Louis Effrat, "Ford of Yale Clips World Swim Mark on Books 16 Years," New York Times, January 31, 1943, Sec. Ill, p. 1. Please refer to Appendix d for an overview of Ford's three year assault on world, American and Intercolle­ giate swimming records. 106 stroke. Another American standard fell in the 300 medley relay when Davidge and MacFadden completed the remaining 17 legs of the relay in a fast 2:51.8.

Against Massachusetts on February 17 Ford lowered the intercollegiate mark for the 50-yard event to 22.9.

The record assault concluded on February 22 when the 400 free relay of Ford, Baribault, Lyon and MacFadden and the

300 medley relay of Ford, Davidge and MacFadden lowered all existing standards for those events over the 20-yard 18 course.

Due to the war the Yale academic program had been accelerated so that entering freshmen eligible for the various armed commissioning programs would graduate in two and a half years. Unfortunately, this meant that

Ford would graduate in February of 1945. On the positive side, Kiphuth was able to conduct a full summer program at

Yale. Kiphuth held the Connecticut AAU summer meet in the

Yale Exhibition pool on the final two Saturdays of August.

Record performances, however, were not the order of the day.

17"Swimming Season," Yale Swimming News Letter Spring 1943, Yale Old and New Swimming. Archives, Yale University Library. American noteworthy marks are recognized records for distances not normally swum in competition. 18 Deegan, Yale Swimming 1943. 107 A polio epidemic resulted in the cancellation of the final day's events and the closing of the Yale pools by the Navy.

Suddenly, Kiphuth found himself without pool time and the

National AAU championships still over a week away. In spite of this fact and the fact that Yale required the team to return each evening at the conclusion of the day's events, 19 Yale accumulated 58 points to win the team title.

Alan Ford won both the century and furlong events and placed second to in the 110-yard back stroke. Kiefer added a victory in the 330-yard individual medley to his second place finish behind Ford in the 220 free to tie Ford for the high point award. Yale, of course, swept the majority of the final positions in the two relay events.20 With the summer season concluded Kiphuth could now look forward to the up and coming collegiate indoor season.

Unable to swim the required number of EISL opponents necessary to qualify for the team title and prevented by travel restrictions from attending the AAU championships at

Ann Arbor, Kiphuth was counting his blessings because Yale 21 had been awarded the NCAA title meet.

19Ibid.

20Ibid.

21 Asa S. Bushnell, "Eastern Intercollegiate Swimming League," The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 1945 (New York: A. S. Barnes and Co., 1944), pp. 53-54. 108 Both Dartmouth and Harvard suspended the sport and the league had decided not to hold the individual champion­ ships. Although Yale soundly defeated Navy 47 to 28 at

Anapolis, Navy became the league champion on the basis of 22 its full dual meet schedule.

Ford opened the season on January 8 by equaling his

Yale and pool records in the fifty free in 22.8. On January

20 under AAU auspices Ford lowered Peter Fick's American noteworthy marks in the 50-meter free and the 75-meter free.

On January 29 against the University of Pennsylvania he lowered the world, American, and intercollegiate records in the 100-yard freestyle to 50.I23

But it was on March 18, 1944 that Alan Ford made swimming history by surpassing the magic fifty seconds flat for the century event. Before an overflowing house he did an unbelievable 49.7. Skeptics throughout the land refused to accept the performance as valid. But one week later at the NCAA championships Ford again equaled his world standard in winning his third NCAA title.24

The NCAA meet was an exciting affair. Matt Mann and his Michigan team forced the outcome down to the final event, the 400 freestyle relay. Kiphuth and Yale secured

22 Deegan, Yale Swimming 1944.

23Ibid.

24Ibid. 109 the title when Heywood, Monlux, Morgan and Lyon finished

third behind Michigan and Army to give Yale a 39 to 38 edge 25 over their worthy opponent.

Prior to this Ford had won the fifty in 22.2.

Immediately returning in the very next event he won. the 150-

yard back in 1:36.8. And on the final evening, before a capacity crowd at the Payne Whitney Exhibition Pool, he

equaled his new world standard of 49.7 in the 100 free.

Kiphuth, thanks to the fantastic swimming of Ford, had won his second NCAA title. Alan Ford, of course, received the

NCAA outstanding swimmer award for the meet.26

In a post season effort, Ford erased Peter Fick's

100-meter standard of 56.4 with a 55.9 effort on April 13, 27 1944. '

The 1945 season found Yale, Dartmouth and Princeton unable to compete for the team championship. Harvard, of course, still elected not to conduct a program. For the second year in a row the EISL failed to hold the individual championships and the wartime restrictions as imposed by the

Yale A. A. did not allow the team to attend the NCAA title

25 R. J. H. Kiphuth, "21st Annual NCAA Champion­ ships ," The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 1945 (New York: A. S. Barnes and Co., 1944), p. 43.

2^Ibid.. pp. 41-46. 27 Deegan, Yale Swimming 1944. 110 28 meet at the University of Michigan.

The Yale team participated in fifteen competitions during 1945. Eight were with other colleges, two against secondary schools (the J. V. team), one meet with the Mel­ ville, Rhode Island Motor Torpedo Base, an invitational meet at the New York A. C., the Yale Swimming Carnival, the Con­ necticut State AAU championships, and the National AAU meet 29 in New York.

Ford, with his impending graduation set for Febru­ ary, did not set any records that year. Nonetheless, he performed one of the most brilliant swims of all time in a losing effort to the great Army team of 1945. The meet went to the final relay. Kiphuth entered a quartet of Knox,

Whitcomb, Marshall and Ford against Army's team of McBride,

Lamar, Thayer and Glynn. By the time Ford entered the water on his anchor leg Glynn of Army had a good ten yard advant­ age. But Ford covered the century in a remarkable 49.3, reducing the advantage to but a yard. John Knowles of the

Saturday Evening Post vividly recalled the scene and its

28 Asa S. Bushnell, "Eastern Intercollegiate Swimming League," The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 1946 (New York: A. S. Barnes and Co., 1945), p. 64; R. J. H. Kiphuth, "22nd Annual NCAA Championships," The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 1946 (New York: A. S. Barnes and Co., 1945, pp. 53-57. 29 Deegan, Yale Swimming 1945. Ill aftermath when he wrote:

...The rest of us stood behind the finish line and roared. Kiphuth seemed to have disappeared. Then as Ford shot toward the finish steadily closing the gap, Kiphuth who had been lurking quietly in the back­ ground, charged past me. He had held himself under tight control until that last crucial instant, but now he wanted to see the finish. Although Ford unofficially swam 100 yards faster than anyone else ever had, he lost the race by inches.

It was the first Yale swimming defeat in five years. No one who knew Kiphuth"s will to win could doubt his disappointment. But he turned quietly away, showing no emotion at all. In fact, there was only one thing to indicate how he felt. In the bus going back to New Haven he lit a cigarette. The rest of us stared in awe. Kiphuth neither smokes nor drinks. But he lit this cigarette and puffed amateurishly on it for awhile, without inhaling. Up in its smoke went this loss to West Point. And he hasn't had another defeat—and most certainly not another cigarette—from then to this writing.3°

The 1945 National AAU meet held at the New York

A. C. saw the Bainbridge Naval Training Station emerge as champions with 46 points to runner up Ohio State's 25.

Although Kiphuth entered a squad of seventeen, he found little satisfaction as the Yale A. "A. had a wartime restriction which required that the team return each evening at the conclusion of that day's events. More­ over, Alan Ford was now a trainee at the Columbia Midship­ men's school and therefore would represent that organization in the championships. Unfortunately, Ford finished second in the century even to Walter Ris when he missed his

30 John Knowles, "How To Make Champions," Saturday Evening Post. March 3, 1956, p. 91. 31 third turn.

The Yale A. A. supported a summer program for the

Yale competitors. Kiphuth's mermen competed in five sanctioned Connecticut AAU meets that summer. The com­ petitions began on July 21 with a meet at Ocean Beach

Park in New London. Due to limited outside entries and in many cases to the provincial superiority of the Yale swimmer, Kiphuth dominated the meets. Overall, the times were nothing exceptional but Kiphuth, thanks to the co­ operation of the Yale A. A. was able to keep both the

Yale swimming program and the Connecticut AAU swimming program active during the final months of the world conflict.^

Seasons 1946-1949

Peace had returned to the world in 1945. But, for the most part, collegiate swimming would be unable to return to its prewar level of operation until the 194 7 season. The EISL, due to the lasting effects of the world conflict, was unable to operate with a full list of eight teams during the 1946 campaign. Yale, Harvard, and Dart­ mouth were unable to partake in the team race. And for the third straight year, the EISL failed to hold the individual

31 "Navy Policy Scraps Star Sports Teams," New York Times, April 6, 1945, p. 19; Allison Danzig, "Bainbridge Takes Swim Title As Ris Beats Ford in 100," New York Times. April 8, 1945, Sec. 3, p. 1. 32 Deegan, Yale Swimming 1945. 113 33 championships.

Yale competed in only seven dual meets during the

1946 season. The season, taken as a whole, was most suc­ cessful but lacked the glamor associated with record performances. Yale did host the NCAA title meet that season but for the first time in Yale's history failed to score one swimming point, having to be satisfied with 34 Lockery's fifth place finish in the three meter dive.

In the initial meet against Brown on December 14,

1946 Yale reentered the record picture. Stack, Girdes and Hueber created a new world record in the 300-yard medley relay. Yale easily defeated Kings Point before the holidays. Defeating Pennsylvania on January 11, Yale wisely withdrew Hueber from the competition when the

Pennsylvania coach, , challenged his eligibility.

He claimed that Hueber had competed three years for Penn prior to the war and that this plus the previous year1s competition with the Yale squad made him ineligible for any further competition. As a result, Hueber missed the

Springfield meet but was allowed to compete against the

33 Asa A. Bushnell, "Eastern Intercollegiate Swimming League," The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 194 7 (New York: A. S. Barnes and Co., 1946), pp. 33-35. 34 Ed. T. Kennedy, "23rd Annual NCAA Championships," The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 194 7 (New York: A. S. Barnes and Co., 1946), pp. 21-26. i. 114 Midshipmen on a provisional agreement pending further investigation of his case.

Against Duke on February 5, 194 7 Kiphuth's troops set a new world mark in the 300 medley relay (Ratkiewich,

Girdes, Hueber). Three days later against the Alumni

Yale's trio of Ratkiewich, Girdes and the exonerated Hueber surpassed the American record for the 150-yard medley relay.i 35

The fifteenth Annual Swimming Carnival produced five American marks and one world mark. of

LaSalle College broke the world standard for the 200-meter breast stroke. The Yale backstroke relay of Stack, Rat­ kiewich, Girdes, Stradella, and Smith went under the

American standards for 600- and 750-yards. The freestyle relay team of Broadbent, Baribault, Girdes, Hueber, Parker,

Heffelfinger, Morgan, Burr, and Lazo (60 yards) broke the

American records for the 500- and 600-yard and mile relay.36

The remaining records fell on March 5 and 14. In a meet against the New York A. C. and LaSalle College Girdes went under the recognized intercollegiate record in the 220 free. Next, in the Connecticut AAU showing, the relay team of Broadbent, Baribault, Girdes, Hueber, Morgan, and Parker

35 Deegan, Yale Swimming 194 7. 115 once again lowered the American standards for the 500- and 37 600-yard distances.

Yale, of course, returned to prewar form by taking the EISL team race and by dominating the individual championships. Although twenty-nine colleges entered swimmers in the championship round Yale won five of the eleven blue ribbone. The Kiphuth men finished first, second, third, and fourth in the century (Girdes, Morgan,

Hueber, and Baribault) and the furlong (Girdes, Heffel- finger, Parker, and Moore). Yale continued to bury the opposition by finishing first and second in the fifty

(Morgan and Hueber) and the 150 back (Stack and Ratkie- wich). The remaining blue ribbon was earned by the 400 38 free relay of Morgan, Baribault, Girdes, and Hueber.

Highlights of the meet were A1 Ratkiewich's establishing a new intercollegiate record for freshmen in the 150-yard back, Joe Verdeur's world, American and intercollegiate record in the 200 breast, and the appearance and per­ formance of France's eighteen year old Alex Jany in two exhibitions over the century and furlong distances.39

38 "Eastern Intercollegiate League," The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 1948 (New York: A. S. Barnes and Co., Inc., 194 7), p. 37. 39 Ibid.; Deegan, Yale Swimming 1947. 116 The twenty-fourth NCAA championship proved most dissatisfying for the eight man Yale squad of Hueber,

Stack, Girdes, Ratkiewich, Baribault, Morgan, Seldon, and

Heffelfinger. The entire squad was stricken by illness shortly after its arrival in Seattle. As a result, the 40 team finished fifth in the team standings.

Stopping off in Columbus, Ohio on the return trip to compete in the AAU nationals, the squad seemed to regain some of its strength. Broadbent, recovering from a cold which kept him in New Haven during the NCAA's, rejoined the team. Yale finished second to Ohio State. Yale's free relay team of Broadbent, Morgan, Baribault, and Hueber won 41 Yale's lone gold medal.

Kiphuth began the 1948 season, as usual, on the first day of classes with a call for all candidates to partake in the body building exercises. Prior to the

Christmas vacation Yale handily defeated Brown and New York

University. Then, three cars loaded with Yale swimmers headed south to continue their training in Florida. Upon returning the team quickly disposed of Columbia, Spring- 42 field, Pennsylvania, LaSalle, and Dartmouth.

40 Deegan, Yale Swimming 194 7; Ed T. Kennedy, "24th Annual NCAA Championships," The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 1948 (A. S. Barnes and Co., Inc., 1947), pp. 23-28. 41 Deegan, Yale Swimming 194 7. 42 Deegan, Yale Swimming 1948. 117 The annual Swimming Carnival featured world records by Verdeur in the 200-meter and 220-yard breast stroke and new American marks by Alan Stack in the 400-meter and 440- yard back stroke events. Just prior to and just after the

Carnival the Yale team disposed of Duke, Army, Rutgers, and 43 Navy. Yale completed the dual meet season by completely destroying Harvard's futile ambitions 62 to 13.44

A week after the Harvard dual meet, Yale visited the Crimson's pool where Kiphuth's mermen took six firsts

(Girdes in the 220- and 100-yard freestyle events, Stack in the 150 back, Heston in the one and three meter dive, and the 400 free relay team of Stack, Girdes, Parker and

Freed) and a total of eighteen out of a possible fifty-four positions to completely dominate the EISL individual 45 championships.

The NCAA title meet at Michigan provided extremely stiff competition for the Elis as the managed to finish only sixth behind Michigan, Ohio State, Michigan State, Iowa, and Stanford. Yale's gold medal was the result of Stack's

44 Stan Fewer, "Eli Mermen Rout Harvard, 62-13," Yale Daily News. March 15, 1949, p. 4. 45 Deegan, Yale Swimming 1948; "Verdeur Outswims Local Entrants To Register EISL, World Record," Yale Daily News. March 22, 1948, p. 6. 118 46 victory in the back stroke in NCAA record time.

Returning to New Haven the Eli mentor prepared his squad and his facility for the upcoming AAU title event.

Stack won the 150 back stroke title while the Alumni group of Hueber, Johnson, and Ford, aided by , a local high school swimmer defeated a strong Michigan State team for the 400 free relay laurels. But Yale's nineteen points were not enough to overtake Michigan or Ohio State for the team title.^

Yale swimming officially commenced in 1899. There­ fore this, the 1948-49 season, would be the fiftieth anniversary of competitive swimming at Yale. Yale success­ fully defeated thirteen collegiate foes, winning the EISL team title. The team once again dominated the individual championships at Princeton but finished fourth at the NCAA title meet at Chapel Hill, North Carolina. The Yale team competing under its AAU name, the New Haven Swim Club, won the AAU indoor championship.

The season opened with Yale successfully defeating

Lasalle in a tough dual encounter. Olympic performers Stack

46 . . Harry Samsonov, "Michigan Captures Swimming Title; Yale Places Sixth with 14 Points," Yale Daily News. April 12, 1948, p. 4; Deegan, Yale Swimming 1948. 47 "Stack Wins AAU Backstroke Title; Ohio State Captures Crown, Yale 3rd, Michigan 2nd," Yale Daily News. March 29, 1948, p. 4; Deegan, Yale Swimming 1948. 119 of Yale and Verdeur of LaSalle turned in exceptional early

season performances. Pennsylvania, Springfield, Army,

Bridgeport, and Fordham fell to the Yale giant with little,

if any, difficulty. The outstanding performance came in the

Springfield meet on January 19 when the 400 free relay team

of Girdes, Munson, Farnsworth, and Reid equaled the inter­

collegiate record for that event in 3:26.6. After numerous

attempts Baribault replaced Munson and the quartet success­

fully eclipsed the mark on February 9 against Brown Uni- 48 versity, turning in a 3:26.1 effort.

Three days later the 800 free relay of Blum, Reid

Moore, and Girdes shattered the world record before a packed

house at Yale's Annual Swimming Carnival. Kiphuth had

little difficulty in turning back the remaining opponents 49 and easily defeated arch rival Harvard at Cambridge.

The EISL championships at Princeton University found

Yale winning three first places and securing twenty-one of

the fifty finalist berths. Belcher in the three meter dive,

Girdes in the 220 free, and Ratkiewich in the 150-yard back

4-8 Peter Hetzler, Manager's Report on the Yale Swimming Season, 1948-49, typed manuscript located at the Payne Whitney Gymnasium, Yale University. 120

YALE SWIMMERS - CLASS OF 1953

(left to right)

Byck, Moore, McLane, Smith, Norton, Thoman, Joslyn, Duncan,

Sheff, Marshall, Stuhldreher, Milroy 121 50 accounted for the Yale blue ribbon finishes.

The NCAA, meet found Yale reduced in strength as

Alan Stack's eligibility ran out and Girdes1 effectiveness 51 was limited due to illness. Finishing fourth behind Ohio

State, Iowa, and Michigan, Yale managed to break the NCAA meet standard for the 400 free relay when the team of

Girdes, Farnsworth, Munson, and Reid successfully defeated the second place Michigan team by eight tenths of a 52 second. With the addition of Alan Stack and Jimmy McLane the New Haven Swim Club won the National AAU title in

Florida over Spring break.

Seasons of 1950-1959

The first day of classes in September 1949 found

Kiphuth conducting his body building class for varsity and freshmen alike. A new year at Yale had begun and

50 "Ratkiewich Wins Backstroke Title in Eastern Swim," Yale Daily News, March 19, 1949, p. 6) "Eastern Intercollegiate League," The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 19 50 (New York: A. S. Barnes and Co., Inc., 1949), pp. 2 7-29. 51 The Review Committee, "Intercollegiate Swimming Review," The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 1950 (New York: A. S. Barnes and Co., Inc., 1949), p. 8. 52 "Eli Relay Establishes New Meet Mark in Capturing National Intercollegiate Crown," Yale Daily News. April 11, 1949, p. 3; Edward T. Kennedy, "26th Annual NCAA Champion­ ships ," The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 19 50 (New York: A. S. Barnes and Co., Inc., 1949), pp. 13-19. 53 Harry Schumacker, "Swimmers Cop AAU Crown," Yale Daily Hews, April 11, 1949, p. 3. 123 expectations for the future were bright. The varsity squad was most formidable with Captain Ratkiewich at the helm.

Perhaps even more importantly, the Yale Board of Admissions had selected a group of freshman swimmers with excellent 54 potential. But fate is the hunter and tragedy struck on

November 10, 1949. Kiphuth suffered a coronary occlusion 55 while playing handball. The fifty-nine year old coach suffered further damage when a second attack occurred in the hospital. Therefore, when the swimmers entered the pool on 56 November 16 Phil Moriarty was in charge of the workouts.

Kiphuth resigned as Director of Athletics in

December of 1949 prior to his departure for Orlando, Florida 57 for recuperation. Acting on the advice of his doctors, he had chosen to remain as swimming coach rather than retain his position as Director of Athletics. In order to keep in constant contact with his swimming staff at Yale, he brought his secretary. Miss Eileen Wall, to his mother's home in

54 Richard Schumacker, "Yearlings Boast Olympic Stars on Swim Team," Yale Daily News. November 3, 1949, p. 7. 55 "Kiphuth Collapses in AA Yesterday," Yale Daily News. November 6, 1949, p. 6. 56 "Swimmers Start Practice in Pool—Moriarty Leads Varsity in Absence of Kiphuth," Yale Daily News. November 16, 1949, p. 6. 57 Richard Schumacker, "Kiphuth Retires as Athletic Director—Tighe Heads Search for Successor," Yale Daily News, January 5, 19 50, p. 1. I

124 Orlando. Thus he was able to stay abreast of the aquatic

happenings. He found he had little to worry about as his

two trusted aides Harry Burke and Phil Moriarty ably carried

on the traditions of the past.

Phil guided the varsity team through thirteen dual

meets, the EISL team title, a second place finish in the

NCAA meet, and a third place finish in the AAU champion­

ships. The varsity broke five EISL meet, two world and

American, one intercollegiate, and one NCAA meet standards.

The two world and American marks resulted when the quartet

of Farnsworth, Munson, Reid, and Blum went under the

recognized standard for the 800-yard free relay on February

11 and returned on February 24 to eclipse the mark for

the 800-meter relay. The same quartet lowered the

intercollegiate mark for the 400 free relay on February

25 against the Naval Academy. The five EISL marks were set

by Reid in the 100 free, Blum in the 220 free and 440 free,

Ratkiewich in the 100 back, and Ratkiewich, Essert, and

Reid in the 300 medley relay. The NCAA meet record was

broken by the same medley team at the championships at 58 Ohio State.

58 Nathaniel Saltonstall, Manager's Report—Swimming Histories of the 1949-50 Season, typed manuscript located at the Payne Whitney Gymnasium, Yale University; Edward T. Kennedy, "27th Annual NCAA Championships," The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 1951 (New York: The National Collegiate Athletic Bureau, 1950), pp. 13-26; "EISL Invitation Championships," The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 19 51 (New 125 On the other hand, Harry Burke found that he had a

full time job on his hands in handling the talented but

unique freshman aquatic stars. The team itself conceded

that

...the Dean's Office, the lure of Poughkeepsie, and bursary jobs, all took their separate tolls, but Harry managed to keep us in line with parables from the days of the lightning calculator and Pat O'Neil. He alone needled, cajoled and psychoanalyzed us to our National Championship.59

Harry helped heal Kiphuth's heart by eliminating

eighteen freshman opponents with little, if any, difficulty,

by breaking or rebreaking nineteen National freshman

intercollegiate marks, fourteen world standards, thirteen

American records, and three noteworthy standards. Burke's finest and happiest moment, however, occured on April 1,

1950 when his frosh quintet of McLane, Moore, Marshall,

Thoman, and Sheff outpointed both the Ohio State and Yale 60 Varsity teams to win the National AAU championships.

York: The National Collegiate Athletic Bureau, 1950), pp. 36-38; George L. Shiebler, "Eastern Intercollegiate League," The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 1951 (New York: The National Collegiate Athletic Bureau, 19 50), p. 39; "Blum 220, Yale Relay Posts NCAA Triumphs," Yale Daily News, March 25, 1950, p. 1; "Ohio State Strength in Backstroke, Dive Wins NCAA (Yale 2)," Yale Daily News. March 27, 1950, p. 1; "Swimmers Take Nine Eastern Titles," Yale Daily News. March 20, 1950, p. 1. 59 Class of 1953, Our Four Years With Bob (New Haven: Class of 19 53), undated, p. 110.

^Ibid.. pp. 5-12. 126 The record onslaught began on December 7, 1949 in a sanctioned time trial over the twenty-five meter course of

Yale's practice pool. A team of McLane, Moore, Thoman,

Marshall, and Sheff lowered the world standards for the 800- and 1000-meter freestyle relays. Then on December .14 a 400 free relay of Sheff, Joslyn, Thoman, and McLane lowered the intercollegiate freshman standard. Things remained rela­ tively calm until the Annual Yale Swimming Carnival on

February 11 when , the Australian fish, broke the world and American marks for the 300-yard, 300-meter and 61 the 400-yard distances.

Against Hopkins Grammar School on February 21

Marshall, Thoman and Moore set intercollegiate marks

(Marshall's also being an American) for the 220-yard free, the 150-yard back, and the 440-yard free, respectively.

Sheff, Marshall; Thoman and McLane completed the day by surpassing the standard for the 400 free relay. Thoman,

Duncan, and Sheff in the 300 medley and Thoman in the 300 individual medley set a new intercollegiate and American record against West Haven H. S. on February 24.6 2 On March

1 Thoman, Stuhldreher and Sheff eclipsed the frosh mark for

61 Bill Imey, "Marshall Breaks 3 World Marks, Relay Team New Mark," Yale Daily News. February 13, 19 50, p. 6.

6 2 Our Four Years With Bob. pp. 8-11. 127 the 300 medley relay while Marshall annihilated the world,

American, and intercollegiate marks for the 220-yard free with a 2:07 effort. Between March 4 and 13 the Yale fresh­ man team lowered eleven intercollegiate freshman records over the twenty-five yard and fifty-yard courses. .Yale eclipsed every recognized record over the fifty-yard course against Hillhouse H. S. on March 8. Marshall on two occasions lowered the world, American and intercollegiate 6 3 freshman records for the 400-meter and 440-yard freestyle.

The freshmen decided to enter the National AAU meet as a team rather than as part of the New Haven Swim Club.

The decision proved to be a most valid one. With the three

"M's" leading the way, the freshman aggregation of Harry

Burke wrote a unique chapter in the history of competitive swimming when they defeated both Ohio State and the Yale

Varsity, competing under the banner of the New Haven

Swim Club.

Marshall continued his record pace in the National

AAU championships by establishing a new AAU meet record in the 1500 meters (50 meter course), and a new world, Ameri­ can, and AAU meet marks in the 220 and 440 free. McLane contributed valuable points by following Marshall home in second place in all three events. Wayne Moore upped the point total by contributing a sixth in the metric mile,

63Ibid.. pp. 11-12. 128 a third in the furlong, and a fourth in the quarter. The

400 free relay team of Marshall, Sheff, Thoman, and McLane secured the title with a second place finish in the 400 64 free relay. Kiphuth had returned from Orlando just prior to the AAU meet and was highly anxious to commence the sum­ mer program in anticipation of the outdoor Nationals and the resulting competitions in Japan.

Between June 10 and July 7 Marshall partook in two exhibitions and two time trials. In Detroit on June 10 he lowered the world and American standards for the 500-meter free. On June 25 at New London, Connecticut he successfully lowered the record for the 500-yard freestyle but missed his recent standard for the 500 meters. On June 30 in a time trial in New Haven over the 25 yard course he eclipsed the mark for the 500-yard free. Then on July 7, he commenced to lower the world and American marks in the 880-yard and one mile freestyle. In the course of the race he broke the

American standards for the 1000-yard, the 1000-meter, and 6 5 the 1500-meter distances.

Prior to their departure for the AAU title meet in

Seattle, Kiphuth arranged for two AAU sanctioned time trials in New Haven on July 14 and 15. On the first day the relay quartet of Marshall, Sheff, Moore, and McLane erased the

64 Ibid.. pp. 11-12; "Yale's Australian Star," Life. April 17, 19 50, pp. 75-81.

^Our Four Years With Bob, p. 13 129 American standard for the 800-meter free relay over a 25- meter course. The same group returned the following day and reduced the American mark for the 880-yard relay over 66 Yale's 55 yard course. Kiphuth looked with great antici­ pation toward the Seattle meet and the first meeting with the Japanese since the end of the hostilities in 1945.

Bob was not disappointed, for Marshall continued his record pace by erasing two world, five American, and two

American noteworthy marks. McLane accounted for one

American standard in winning the 220-yard free and the 880 free relay of Marshall, Moore, McLane, and Sheff erased the other American standard by winning the free relay. Marshall established his two world records in the mile and the half mile swims, and his five American marks over the one mile,

1000-yard, 1000-meter, 880-yard, and 440-yard distances; his two noteworthy performances were established for the 550- 6 7 and 1320-yard distances. The squad not only won the

Outdoor National AAU team title but qualified six swimmers to compete against the Japanese.

Kiphuth undertook the '51 season with renewed vigor.

His heart attack was behind him and he was impatient to commence a new Yale year. He knew that a great team awaited his leadership and guidance. He directed this sophomore

^Ibid.. p. 14 130 loaded team through thirteen dual meets to the EISL team title, to eight of fourteen individual titles at the EISL championship meet, to an NCAA title, and to the Indoor and

Outdoor AAU titles. During the indoor season Kiphuth guided his mermen to eleven world records, twenty-five American records, fifteen noteworthy performances, and sixteen intercollegiate marks.

Jimmy McLane returned just in time from his participation in the Canterbury Centennial Games at Christ

Church, over the Christmas holiday to watch

Moore eclipse the national, intercollegiate and American marks for the 440-yard freestyle in Yale's first dual meet of the year against Fordham. Moore, just coming into his own, was not content to let matters rest there. He had a banner season as he lowered intercollegiate, American, and

American noteworthy standards where appropriate for the following distances: the 300- and 400-yard free, the 400- meter free, the 220-yard free, the 500-meter and the 500- , ^ 68 yard free.

Marshall, not content to play second fiddle to

Moore, established world, American, intercollegiate, or

68Ibid.; Our Four Years With Bob. pp. 111-112; Leonard E. Steele, Manager's Report—Swimming History of the 1950-51 Season, typed manuscript located at the Payne Whitney Gymnasium, Yale University; R. Schumacker, "Moore Smashes Collegiate '440' Record," Yale Daily News. January 8, 1951, p. 6. i

131 American noteworthy performances where appropriate for the

1500-meters, 500-meters, 440-yards, 400-meters, 400-yards, 69 300-yards, and the 220-yards.

No relay records were set until the Yale Swimming

Carnival on February 17 when the 400 free relay of.Thoman,

Sheff, Farnsworth, and Reid rewrote the record book for that

event by averaging 50.4 a man to lower the world and Ameri­

can standards to 3:21.6. On February 24 Thoman, Sheff and

Farnsworth lowered the intercollegiate mark for the 300

medley relay over a 20-yard course. Kiphuth was now ready

to begin and succeed in lowering intercollegiate, American

or world standards for the 160-, 400-, 500-, and 600-yard

free relays for a 20-yard course; the 400-, 500-, 600-f and

1000-meter free relays and the 300-meter medley over the

25-meter course. The other relay standard became Kiphuth

property on March 21 when Sheff, Moore, McLane, and Farns­

worth smashed the world and American record in the 800-yard

free relay.i 70

Thoman contributed new intercollegiate marks for the

100-yard back for both the 20- and 25-yard pools and Smith

rounded out the record onslaught by surpassing the American

marks for the 100-yard and 100-meter breast stroke over a

69 Our Four Years With Bob. pp. 111-112, 17-26.

70Ibid.. pp. 19-24 20-yard course. 7l

As Kiphuth prepared his tankmen for the three championship meets it was a wonder that his heart specialist did not have a coronary occlusion himself. Harvard played host to the EISL title meet on March 15, 16 and 17. And a most cordial host she had to be because Yale, with the exception of Dillingham (Harvard) in the three meter board,

Brawner (Princeton) in the 200- and 100-yard breast stroke, and Thomas (North Carolina) in the 100 and 200 back and the

150-yard individual medley, annihilated the opposition.

Kiphuth's squad swept the first four places in the metric mile, the quarter mile and the furlong with Marshall,

Moore, McLane and Chamberlain leading the pack. Blum had replaced Chamberlain in the furlong event. Sheff in winning the 50- and 100-yard events assisted Reid, Munson, Blum and 72 Farnsworth in dominating the sprints.

One week after the successful showing in the Eastern meet Kiphuth and company were in Austin, for the NCAA championships. A late plane arrival coupled with the hotel awarding their rooms to another team ended in a search for

^"Ibid.. pp. 20-21.

72Herb Alien, "Eli Swimmers Cop Eight... Wins in 3 Day EISL," Yale Daily News, March 19, 19 51, p. 1; George L. Shiebler, "EISL Invitation Meet," The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 1952 (New York: The National Collegiate Athletic Bureau, 1951), pp. 25-26. 133 73 ' new quarters. With all the red tape eliminated the team

settled down to the task at hand and easily defeated

runner-up Michigan State for the team trophy 81 to 60.

The three "M's" completed a one, two, three sweep in

the 440 and 220 events placing Marshall, Moore and McLane in

that order. In the metric mile Moore failed to score,

McLane finished third behind McLachlin of Michigan State,

and Marshall accepted the blue ribbon. The triple by Mar­

shall was a superb performance as he set three world,

American, intercollegiate and meet records in the process.

Thoman contributed a fifth place finish in the 150-yard

individual medley, second place points in the 200 back, and to the surprise of everyone a gold medal in the 100 back.

Reid finished fourth in the century behind Sheff who also

added a fifth in the fifty. The final points came from

Handlick, second in the three meter dive and the 400 free

relay of Chamberlain, Munson, Sheff, and Reid, which finished second to Michigan State in a photo finish. 74

Immediately after the meet, the team embarked for

Columbus, Ohio to partake in the National AAU's. Ohio State

and Mike Peppe were the host and the Olentangy Club served

as the place of residence. Yale was seeking its third crown

"^Our Four Years With Bob, p. 112.

74"Swimmers Sweep NCAA, AAU Meets," Yale Daily News, April 9, 19 51, p. 1. 134 in three weeks and Kiphuth was determined not to allow anything to interfere. Marshall started the meet off with a new world record in the 1500-meter event in 19:19.8. Moore finished behind him for valuable points. Marshall added the

220 and 440 titles to his list with Moore right behind.

McLane who had bypassed the metric mile contributed a fourth in the 220 and a third in the 440. Valuable points resulted when Kiphuth's New Haven club won the 400 free relay (Tho- man, Sheff, Reidf Farnsworth), and the 300 medley relay 75 (Stack, O'Connor, Sheff). Kiphuth and his contingent of super swimmers returned triumphantly to New Haven, to complete the school year and prepare for summer training.

Kiphuth, always mindful of the role that superior lieutanants play in a successful campaign, informed the

Yale Alumni of the invaluable service both Harry Burke and

Phil Moriarty contributed when he wrote in the Yale News

Letter of June, 19 51:

I know you will all be pleased to hear that Harry Burke with his added responsibilities as Freshman Coach continues to build better and better Yale swimmers, and more than that, is always the jolly companion and great educator "without protfolio." His value to the Yale Community is without reckoning. Phil Moriarty, the strong right arm of the Yale Varsity swimming program, has through the years grown into one of the country's fine swimming and diving coaches, and Yale is most fortunate to have these two men who have done so much to further the educational, as well as athletic, success of Yale swimming.

^~*Ibid.; Our Four Years With Bob, pp. 25-26. 76 Kiphuth, "Gentlemen," Yale Swimming News Letter. June 1951, p. 2. 135 The 1952 dual meet season saw Yale down thirteen foes by substantial margins. The first record came on

February 6 against Springfield at New Haven when Moore went under the listed American record for the 200-meter free.

Three days later against Navy, also at New Haven, the 300 medley team of Thoman, O'Connor and Sheff broke the existing world and American record for that event with a 2:40.3 effort. At this point Kiphuth decided that the time was ripe to begin the attack on the free relay standards. On

February 16 the Yale quartet of Sheff, Chamberlain, Moore, and McLane lowered the world and American standards in the

800-yard and 800-meter events. Adding a fifth man,

Marshall, to the group the 1000-yard American noteworthy mark fell. The medley team failed in its attempt to lower their recently created world mark by two tenths of a second. However, on March 6 in an exhibition meet at

Springfield they successfully recorded an American note­ worthy standard although Carroll replaced Sheff. Moore successfully lowered the American mark in the 200-yard free and recorded two 20-yard course noteworthy efforts in the 200-yard and 200-meter events at the exhibition meet 77 at Springfxeld.

^Our Four Years With Bob, pp. 29-32, 113; Tony Escoda, "Swimmers Demolish Records To Highlight Water Carnival," Yale Daily News. February 18, 1952, p. 7. 136 Yale concluded the dual meet season by easily defeating arch rivals Princeton and Harvard. Kiphuth now had the task of preparing his mermen to defend their two national titles.

The EISL individual championships were held in the

Payne Whitney Pool at Yale University. Even without the presence of Jimmy McLany Yale managed to secure twenty-five out of a possible seventy-four finalist positions. Thoman in the 100-yard back and Marshall in the lcng course metric mile set new national collegiate records. Marshall and

Moore combined to accomplish a one, two sweep for Yale in the metric mile, the quarter mile, and the furlong. Burnett and M. Smith added fourth place finishes in the mile and quarter mile swims, respectively. Yale's other first place finishes were recorded by Thoman in the 200 back, Sheff in the 100 free, in the 300 medley relay (Thoman, S. Smith,

Sheff) and in the 400 free relay (joslyn, Seira, Chamber- 78 lain, and Carroll). The next meet would be the NCAA's at Princeton on March 29, 28 and 29.

Unfortunately for Kiphuth and company, although the

NCAA had declared freshmen to be eligible for varsity competition, the rejected the proposal. This

78 Joe Bachelder, "Moore Outdistances Marshall," Yale Daily News. March 17, 19 52, p. 1; George L. Shiebler, "EISL Invitation Meet," The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 19 53 (New York: The National Collegiate Athletif Bureau, 1952), p. 25. 137 meant that Peppe's great Ohio State team would be able to add the potent punch of and to its tenacious team strength. Peppe had his team well prepared and they upset the favored Yale group 94 to 81. Konno led the three "M's" home in the 1500-meter and the 440 .free.

Moore and Marshall, however, reaped revenge by beating Konno in the 220 free. But with Cleveland winning the fifty and finishing second in the 100 free and the combined punch of

Taylor and Oyakawa in the two back stroke events plus the perennial parade of points earned in the diving events

Yale's fate was sealed. Thoman tried desperately to upset

Ohio State's back stroke duo but each time, although he'd succeed in beating one, the other would slip through for the blue ribbon. Yale concluded the championships by winning the 300 medley relay (Thoman, O'Connor, and Sheff) 79 in the NCAA championship record time of 2:48.9. A year later the class of '53 was to enscribe the following connotation to that defeat:

Looking back on it now, it seems that Thoman must have a compulsion for self-mutilation. He had the habit of finishing wind-sprints with either his forearm or his skull, and showed for the finals of the colle- giates with his arm in a sling. As a part of his calculated psychological warfare he casually undid the bandage and jumped into the water, but to no avail since Yoshi was unaffected by these theatrics and

79 Jerry Douglass, "Mermen Top AAU's, Bow m NCAA Meet," Yale Daily News. April 7, 1952, p. lj Edward T. Kennedy, "29th Annual NCAA Championships," The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 19 53 (New York: The National Collegiate Athletic Bureau, 1952), pp. 13-18. 138 beat him twice (sic). It was in this meet that John (Marshall) got bored with Konno and McLane's company in the mile and decided halfway through it to take a crack at the world record for three-hundred yards. If he had not already swum 800 yards he undoubtedly would have gotten it, but as it turned out all he got was tired and a third place. The following night, however, Wayne (Moore) and John upset Konno in the 220, but we could not make up the big lead Ohio piled up in the dive, and lost the meet, the only Yale team loss of our careers.®®

The National AAU meet was scheduled for New Haven

the following week. Konno was superb in winning three

titles: the metric mile, the quarter mile and the furlong.

McLane, Marshall and Moore finished second, third and fifth

in the metric mile and third, fourth and second in the

quarter. Moore, McLane, Sheff and Chamberlain scored

second, fourth, fifth and sixth place points in the 220

free. Thoman outclassed the field in winning both the

100- and 150-yard back stroke. Kiphuth's New Haven Swim

Club completed the campaign by finishing first and third in

the 300 medley relay and first, fourth and sixth in the

400 free relay. Yale successfully defended its AAU crown

to conclude its season.81

Returning to New Haven from the Games

Kiphuth made arrangements for the short trip to Newark, New

Jersey and the AAU nationals. The meet was marked by the

on Our Four Years With Bob. pp. 113-114. 81 Jerry Douglass, "Mermen Top AAU's," Yale Daily News', April 7, 1952, p. 1; Our Four Years With Bob. p. 114. 139 entry of future and past champions, most notable of which were Woosley, Tanabe, Sonner, Oyakawa, Stassforth, Gideonse,

Marshall, McLane and Moore. Attempting to bolster the big three with R. Curtiss, A. DuPont, J. Burness, M. Smith and

P. Kennedy, Kiphuth made a gallant try at the team title.82

But unfortunately the Olympians were tired and the new­ comers suffered from inexperience. So it was back to Yale and the commencement of the end for the class of '53.

The 1953 team did not let Kiphuth down. They started off the year slowly but picked up momentum along the way and completed the season by winning the EISL, the

AAU, and the NCAA titles. As the team swept through four­ teen opponents almost uncontested, they surpassed, ignoring pool and championship standards, seven recognized marks.

Wayne Moore accounted for four standards in an exhibition at Springfield College on January 30, 19 53 when he erased the American noteworthy records for the 300-yard and 300- meter free en route to his lowering of the American stand­ ards in the 400-meter and 440-yard freestyle events. Thoman on two occasions surpassed the world and intercollegiate records for the 100 back stroke while the 800-yard free relay team of Moore, McLane, Sheff, and M. Smith set a world standard in that event before a capacity crowd at the

82 Our Four Years With Bob, pp. 36-37. 140 83 Annual Yale Swimming Carnival on February 14.

Although Kiphuth was delighted with the overall team performance that year, he never ceased to comment about the fantastic comeback of Jimmy McLane in his farewell to inter- 84 collegiate swimming. At the EISL championships McLane won the metric mile and the quarter mile and finished second to his teammate Wayne Moore in the furlong. Sweeping ten of the fourteen blue ribbons, and without the services of John

Marshall, Yale completely dominated the events conducted in the pool. The only titles to escape the Eli tankmen were the 100 free (Martin of Williams), the 200 breast (Douglas of Williams), the 150 individual medley (Myers of Springfield), and the three meter dive ' 85 (Davies of Navy).

Yale won a decisive victory at the NCAA champion­ ships. Yale scored 96 1/2 points to runner-up Ohio State's

73 1/2. But while Yale and Michigan won three individual titles Ohio State won six. Jimmy McLane continued his climb

8 3 Tom Wallace, "World Record Features 31st Swim Carnival," Yale Daily News. February 16, 1935, p. 1. 84 Deane Keller, personal interview, December 20, 19 72. Deane Keller is Professor of Painting and Drawing, Yale University School of Fine Arts. 85 "Eastern, NCAA, AAU Results," Yale Swimming News Letter Summer 1953, p. 2; George Shiebler, "EISL Individual Championships,11 The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 1954 (New York: The National Collegiate Athletic Bureau, 19 53) p. 23. 141 to the top rung of American swimming by winning the metric mile and the furlong and finishing second to teammate Wayne

Moore in the quarter. Moore contributed valuable points to the total by following McLane home in his two blue ribbon finishes. Further distance points were scored by Martin

Smith (1500 and 440)f John Marshall (440), and Frank

Chamberlain (220). Donovan in the freestyle sprints,

Thoman in the two dorsal events, Welch in the one meter dive, and Smith and O'Connor in the two breast stroke offerings rounded out the individual point scoring for

Yale. Chamberlain, Burnett, Donovan, and Sheff with a second behind Michigan in the 400 free relay and the 300 medley relay of Thoman, O'Connor, and Sheff second to

Ohio State completed the final scoring.86 Kiphuth had won his fourth and final NCAA team championship.

The National AAU indoor championships took place in

New Haven on April 2, 3, and 4. Unfortunately the Big Ten boycott (a result of renewed NCAA and AAU differences) turned the championships into a Yale rout. Under the title of the New Haven Swim Club Yale completely dominated

86 "Eastern, NCAA, AAU Results," Yale Swimming News Letter Summer 19 53, p. 2; Larry Newman, "Swimmers Cop NCAA's, AAU's," Yale Daily News. April 7, 1953, p. 1; Howard W. Stepp, "National Collegiate Championships," The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 19 54 (New York: The National Collegiate Athletic Bureau, 1953), pp. 15-19; Joseph M. Sheehan, "Yale Dethrones Ohio State; Oyakawa Swims to 2nd Mark," New York Times. March 29, 1953, V, p. 1. 142 the meet. Jimmy McLane, swimming superbly in his third championship meet in as many weeks, joined the select group of triple winners when he blue ribboned in the 220, 440, 8 7 and 1500. The team had earned a well deserved rest.

The class of '53 had written an indelible record in the pages of competitive swimming history. In the face of all obstacles, perhaps the most obvious being preor­ dained greatness, the team tasted defeat on only one occasion. But true greatness can only be appreciated after one has tasted the humbleness of defeat. In con­ clusion the class of 153 wrote the following epitaph:

We were undoubtedly the most talented aggregation in the history of the sport, and it is difficult to judge whether or not we fulfilled our potential, for there is no means of comparison. We have reason to feel satis­ fied about our accomplishment, but not smug, for in terms of Bob Kiphuth's philosophy of sport it matters not how superlative our past performances may have been, they are nevertheless finite, and beyone them lie possibilities that are infinite. 8

Kiphuth|s powerful '53 team had graduated. For many coaches it would have been a great temptation to rest on one's laurels and to be content to reminisce about the past.

But thirty-six years of successful coaching had enlightened

Kiphuth to the instability of living in the past. In commenting on the athletic and academic achievements of the

o n Our Four Years With Bob, pp. 43-44, 116.

88Ibid. p. 116. 143 past season Kiphuth profoundly challenged the returning

mermen to accept the responsibilities of the present in 89 light of Yale's tradition of the past.

The Class of 1953 had brought the unbroken dual meet victory string to an even hundred. The team had retired as

EISL, NCAA, and AAU title holders. The next six seasons,

Kiphuth's final at the helm, found Yale winning an addition­ al eighty three meets, six EISL titles, five AAU titles, and four second place finishes in the NCAA Championships. All told, Kiphuth ran his dual meet total to an unprecedented

183 victories prior to his mandatory retirement in July of

19 59.

During this six year period Yale maintained a predominant position in the EISL team and individual cham­ pionships. The stiffest competition came from Hal Ulen's great Harvard teams. The closest meet took place at Harvard in 1955. Yale, somewhat complacent, found themselves fighting to earn enough points in order to bring the result down to the final relay. Primarily due to superb efforts on the part of Whitfield and Erickson in the three meter dive and that of Bill Fleming in the 200 breast stroke

Yale's great sprint quartet of Donovan, Aubrey, Armstrong,

89 R. J. H. Kiphuth, "Kiphuth1s Comments," Yale Swimming News Letter Summer 19 53, p. 2. 144 and Gideonse was able to give Yale and Kiphuth a hard earned 90 victory by four points over their arch rival.

Yale had probably been the first University to have

any of its competitive meets broadcast and in 19 55 probably

became the first University to have its competitive coach

and team seen on television. Under the direction of Bill

Suchman and following the script by Andy Lewis, Kiphuth,

Yale swimming and Esther Williams were featured on the

"Omnibus" show, a production of the Ford Foundation Tele­ vision Workshop. The central theme of the show was con­ cerned with an accurate portrayal of the history of swimming.91 Kiphuth was extremely pleased about the production.

The EISL individual championships (1954-1959) witnessed Yale taking 149 out of 360 possible berths in the finals and 40 of 90 gold medals. In 1954 Yale won the fifty and hundred freestyle races (Donovan), the 150 indi­ vidual medley (Gideonse), the one and three meter diving

(Captain Welch), and the 300 medley relay (Gideonse,

90 "Yale-Harvard Dual Meet Results," Yale Swimming News Letter Summer 19 55, p. 4; "Eli Mermen Nip Harvard," Yale Daily News. March 14, 19 55, p. 1. 91 "Bob and Yale Honored by 'Omnibus,'" Yale Swimming News Letter Fall 1955, p. 1.

% 145 92 O'Connor and Donovan). The four titles in 1955 were earned by Gideonse as repeat champion in the 150 individual medley, Whitfield in the one meter diving, the 300 medley relay of Gideonse, Armstrong, and Donovan, and the 400 free 93 relay of Aubrey, Cornwell, Nxles, and Aldxrch. The blue ribbons in 19 56 were accounted for by Aubrey in the two sprint events and the 300 medley relay of Clinton, Cornwell, 94 and Armstrong.

The ten gold medals in the 1957 title meet resulted when Anderson won both the furlong and quarter mile events,

Erickson the metric mile, Jecko a triple by winning the hundred and two hundred fly and the 200 individual medley,

Dolbey in the hundred back, Hardin in the two hundred breast, and the two relay quartets of Earley, Fleming,

92 "Yale Swimmers Prominent in Three Championships," Yale Swimming News Letter Spring 1954, p. 3; George L. Shiebler, "EISL Individual Championships," The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 1955 (New York: The National Collegiate Athletic Bureau, 1954), pp. 23-24; "Mermen Take Easterns, Capture 6 Final Events," Yale Daily News. March 22, 1954, p. 1. 93 Malcolm Aldrich, "Captain's Report to the Team," Yale Swimming News Letter. Summer 1955, pp. 1, 6; George L. Shiebler, "EISL Individual Championships," The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 1956 (New York: The National Collegiate Athletic Bureau, 1955), pp. 21-23; Bob Wheeler, "Glover, Sonner Double Winners, Twelve Records Set in Easterns," Yale Daily News. March 21, 1955, p. 1. 94 J. P. Phair, "Captain's Report, Yale Swimming News Letter Spring 19 56, pp. 5, 7; Geroge L. Shiebler, "EISL Individual Championships," The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 1957 (New York: The National Collegiate Athletic Bureau, 1956), pp. 25-26; "Aubrey Scores Twice in EISL Meet;," Yale Daily News, March 19, 19 56, p. 7. 146 Lockton and Anderson (400 medley relay) and Robinson, 95 Hibbard, Cornwell and Anderson (400 free relay). In the

1958 meet the Kiphuth men gathered eight medals on the basis of Jecko's repeat triple, Anderson's repeat double and win in the century, Koletsky's 200 breast stroke triumph and the victorious 400 free relay of Bronston, Lusk, Faurot and

In Kiphuth's final season the swimmers rewarded his efforts with ten blue ribbons. In spite of the fact that team captain Tim Jecko was confined to the infirmary and that Anderson had decided not to defend his titles because of the of Senior Comprehensives, Kiphuth's final

EISL meet proved overwhelmingly successful. Balazs Gyorffy, the Hungarian refugee won both the 440-yard freestyle and the 1500-meter freestyle events. Bronston and Chase secured the fifty and furlong events for the Blue. Dolbey and

Bissell won the 100 back and 100 fly, respectively. Fostejr

95 "EISL Championships," Yale Swimming News Letter Spring 1957, p. 7; George L. Shiebler, "EISL Individual Championships," The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 19 58 (New York: The National Collegiate Athletic Bureau, 1957), pp. 23-24. 96 "The Championships—1958," Yale Swimming News Letter Spring 1958, pp. 1, 3; George L. Shiebler, "EISL Individual Championships," The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 19 59 (New York: The National Collegiate Athletic Bureau, 1958), pp. 21-22; Carl Jacobson, "Jecko, Anderson Take Six First Places in EISL Championships at Anapolis," Yale Daily News,.March 7, 19 58, p. 6. 147 DeJesus surprised everyone by winning the 200 individual

medley, as his teammate Desjardins swept the one meter dive.

The 400 medley relay of Finch, Koletsky, Bissell, and

.DeJesus and the 400 free relay of Nobbe, Loofbourrow, Lusk, 97 and Bronston accounted for the final Yale victories.

The EISL Championships were always followed by the

NCAA title offering. Yale in finishing second on four

occasions, third on one, and fourth in the final campaign

accounted for thirteen individual NCAA champions. The 19 54

and 1959 seasons, however, failed to see one Yale swimmer

mount the victory podium to receive a gold medal. In 19 55,

1956, and 1958 Yale earned three gold awards and in 1957

four.

Kiphuth realized that the team failed to realize

its potential during the 1954 NCAA meet and cautioned them 98 prior to the entry into the 1955 season. The highest

awards earned at Syracuse in 19 54 were silver medals by

Gideonse in the 150 individual medley and Captain Welch in

the one meter dive. As a result, Yale finished third,

97 "Eastern Intercollegiate Swimming League," Yale Swimming News Letter Spring 1959, pp. 1, 4; George L. Shiebler, "EISL Individual Championships," The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 1960 (New York: The National Collegiate Athletic Bureau, 1958), pp. 21-22; "Yale Mermen Win Intercollegiate Races; Total 10 Firsts at Three Day Meet," Yale Daily News. March 16, 19 59, p. 1. 98 Kiphuth, "Prospects for the 1954-55 Team," p. 1. 99 behind Ohio State and Michigan. The 1955 team, relying on the sprint power of Aubrey, Donovan, and Gideonse secured a second place tie with Michigan as Mike Peppe's Ohio State team won the title event. Donovan in the fifty, Aubrey in the hundred and Cornwell, Aubrey, Aldrich, and Gideonse in the 400 free relay all won individual gold medals for

Kiphuth.100

Yale played host to the 1956 Championship meet and reluctantly watched Ohio State defend its title.

Aubrey's tie in the fifty, Yale's victorious 400 free relay quartet of Cornwell, Armstrong, Robinson, and Gid­ eonse and the 300 medley relay of Clinton, Cornwell, and

Aubrey swam to first place finishes."'"^"''

99 "Yale Swimmers Prominent in Three Championship Meets," p. 3; Howard W. Stepp, "National Collegiate Championships," The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 19 55 (New York: The National Collegiate Athletic Bureau, 19 54), pp. 13-18.

"'"^Aldrich, "Captain's Report," pp. 1, 6; Robert Royer, "National Collegiate Championships," The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 1956 (New York: The National Collegiate Athletic Bureau, 1955), pp. 11-15; Andrew Jackson, "Eli Mermen Take Second in NCAA's." Yale Daily News. March 28, 1955, p. 1.

^"'""Yale Places Second in NCAA Championships," Yale Swimming News Letter Spring 19 56, p. 6; Robert Royer, National Collegiate Championships," The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 19 57 (New York: The National Collegiate Athletic Bureau, 1956), pp. 11-17; "Swimmers Upset by Michigan in NCAA Championships, 69-61," Yale Daily News, April 1, 1957, p. 10; Lincoln A. Werden, "Aubrey and Moore Equal Mark in NCAA Swimming Final," New York Times. March 31, 1956, p. 10; Lincoln A. Werdern, "Kuhn Clips Mark in NCAA Swim," New York Times. April 1, 1956, Sec. V, p. 1. 149 Kiphuth watched the 1957 title slip from his grasp

when the medley relay team of Dolbey, Hardin, Clinton and

Aubrey was disqualified in the final event in a gallant

attempt to close the gap on Michigan, losing the meet 69 to

61. Yale secured four gold medals when Jecko accomplished

a rare triple by winning the 100- and 200-yard butterfly

and the 200 individual medley, and the 400 free relay quar­

tet of Hibbard, Cornwell, Armstrong, and Aubrey finished 102 ahead of Michigan State.

At the 1958 Championships at the University of

Michigan Yale once again failed to overtake Michigan in

the team race. Michigan finished on to 72 to 6 3 by virtue

of its superior diving ability. Kiphuth, in reporting to

the Yale alumni expressed the following rationale with respect to diving:

In the National Collegiates, held at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, there was more than the usual interest because the meet was nationally televised on the second day, and millions of people watched this very fine competition. When Yale won the final event (the Medley Relay) in a very tight race, there was something of an impression that Yale had won the meet, although this was not the case since the final score was Michigan 72; Yale 63; Michigan State 62; Ohio State 44. It is interesting to note here that Michigan scored 16 points in the dive and Ohio State 21, while Yale and Michigan State, although second and third, had no divers at all.

102 "NCAA Swimming Championships," Yale Swimming News Letter Spring 1957, p. 7; A. R. Barr, "National Collegiate Championships," The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 19 58 (New York: The National Collegiate Athletic Bureau, 1957), pp. 11-17; "Swimmers Upset by Michigan," Yale Daily News. p. 10. 150 Of course, this is nothing new in the NCAA Champion­ ships, for Yale has scored very seldom in diving through the years, but Michigan, and particularly Ohio State, have taken a lion's share of the 44-point total in the two diving competitions. I don't mean to suggest that this is an unfair advantage, because diving is an integral part of the swimming program, but I want to again call to mind Yale's great strength in the swim­ ming events and its lack of power in diving. \Je have had a few outstanding divers but, unfortunately, they have been few and far between. All in all the National Collegiate Championships, conducted in the new pool at the University of Michigan, were an outstanding success, and Yale again proved itself a worthy competitor.103

Anderson in the 220 free, Dolbey in the 100 back and the 400 medley relay team of Dolbey, Koletsky, Jecko, and

Bronston received gold medals for their efforts. Kiphuth, in order to secure second place, had withdrawn Jecko in the

100 fly and inserted him in the medley relay. It proved to be a wise decision as Yale won the medley and beat Michigan 104 State by one point for the second position.

In Kiphuth*s final season at the helm Yale finished a disappointing fourth behind Michigan, Ohio State and

Indiana. Michigan far outpointed the field, scoring 13 7 1/2 points to its nearest rivals' 44, 41 and 35 1/2 points.

The team Captain Jecko earned the highest position when he

103 R. J. H. Kiphuth, "Comments from Bob," Yale Swimming News Letter Spring 19 58, p. 1 104 "The Championships—1958," pp. 1, 3; A. R. Barr, "National Collegiate Championships," The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 1959 (New York: The National Collegiate Athletic Bureau, 1958), pp. 11-17; Pat Corcoran, "Yale Swimmers Take Second Place in NCAA Meet," Yale Daily News. April 7, 1958, p. 6. 151 tied for second in the 100 butterfly with Tashnick of

Michxgan.™ v 1°5

Kiphuth certainly must have been disappointed but in

his "Comments" to the alumni he congratulated the team,

expressed his sincere thanks to his two capable assistants,

Phil Moriarty and Harry Burke and continued on to say

...that for me this season, my 42nd, means just a bit more than all the rest, because it marks my final official responsibility with Yale Swimming.

The years 1917-19 59 have been filled with excite­ ment, pleasure, thrills galore and deep satisfaction. Successful swimming seasons all, and yet enough disap­ pointment to give the proper balance to what constitutes the proper measure of a sound sports program—and all of this with the University's generous and appreciative support—Administration, Faculty, Undergraduates and Alumni. I can only hope, through the years, that the swimming program has made some small contribution to the education of the Undergraduate, helped him realize, to some extent, his potentialities. In discussion with graduates, there has been deep satisfaction in the realization of the enjoyment and development afforded, but there has also been the regret that, at times, we haven't fulfilled our responsibility.

I can only say, again and again, what a privilege and honor it has been to be associated with this great institution these past 45 years and particularly with Yale Swimming for 42 years. Kiphuth's five AAU titles over his remaining six years as Yale coach were the result of Indoor Championships

105 Philip E. Moriarty, "National Collegiate Championships," The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 1960 (New York: The National Collegiate Athletic Bureau, 19 59), pp. 15-20. 106 Kiphuth, "Comments from Bob," Yale Swimming News Letter" Spring 19 59, p. 1. 152 in 1954, 1955, and 1957 and two consecutive Outdoor titles

in 19 55 and 19 56. Yale's overall sprint depth proved to be the deciding factor in the 1956 and 1955 indoor meets.

The 1956 indoor title slipped from Kiphuth's grasp when

Bill Yorzck was disqualified in the individual medley. A great North Carolina A. C. team outscored Kiphuth's New

Haven Swim Club 72 to 70 by winning the 400 medley relay in 107 world record time.

Prior to the commencement of the AAU title meet in

1954 Kiphuth secured AAU sanctions for record attempts by

Dick Cleveland and Yoshi Oyakawa of Ohio State and for the

Yale relay team of Rex Aubrey, Dave Armstrong, Sandy

Gideonse, Kerry Donovan, Dan Cornwell, and Jim Rae. Dick

Cleveland succeeded in lowering Alan Ford's world and

American record in the 100-meter freestyle while his teammate Oyakawa surpassed the world standard of Gilbert

Bozon in the 100-meter back stroke. Immediately following,

Yale's relay sextet proceeded to shatter the world record for the 400 free relay and to lower the American noteworthy 108 performances for the 500- and 600-yard distances.

10 7"Yale Swxmmers Promxnent xn Three Champxonshxp Meets," p. 3; Aldrich, "Captain's Report to the Team," Summer 1955, pp. 1, 2, 6; "NCAC Captures AAU's by Two- Point Margin," Yale Daily News. April 9, 19 56, p. 1; "AAU Swimming Championships," Yale Swimming News Letter Spring 1956, p. 6; "Foreign Visitors at Yale," Yale Swimming News Letter Spring 19 56, p. 4.

108 "Three New World Records," Yale Swimming News Letter Spring 1954, p. 8. THE KIPHUTH EXHIBITION POOL

YALE UNIVERSITY tfStfl »0ldNW 1' AllSHj sd aAd I

155 Kiphuth had not lost his flare nor appreciation for the

record attempt. Through the years he had proven be it

friend or foe his pool, his assistance and his blessings

were with the athlete and his goal.

Kiphuth recaptured the AAU title in 19 57 at Daytona

Beach, Florida by defeating the North Carolina A. C. 68 to

63. Prior to this Kiphuth's New Haven Swim Club had won

outdoor titles in Los Angeles in 19 55 and in Cuyahoga Falls,

Ohio in 1956.109

The 1958 indoor meet in New Haven witnessed the team

title going to the University of fresh­

men. Former Kiphuth aide Peter Daland turned the trick and

won the praise of his ex-boss who wrote:

In the following week, at the Indoor AAU's a great freshman team from the University of Southern California defeated the New Haven Swim Club-Yale by one point for the Championship. The Yale team did exceedingly well but in faltering in the freestyle relay (one of the few times in Yale history that this has happened) a great USC Freshman Team was able, by superhuman swimming on the second day of the meet, to climax their efforts with a team victory. This performance was a great inspiration to everyone who was at the meet, and com­ pared with that of the great Yale Freshman team (class of 19 53) who turned this trick for the first time in the 1950 AAU meet.

Daland and his strong California team returned to

Yale the following year to repeat as champions, overpowering

109 "New Haven Swim Club Captures National AAU Title," Yale Swimming News Letter Spring 1957, p. 6; "AAU Swim Title to New Haven," Yale Daily News, April 8, 19 57, p. 6. 110 Kiphuth, "Comments from Bob," Spring 1958, p. 1. 156 the New Haven Swim Club 62 to 33. Daland's team had been primed and ready as they had been barred due to NCAA sanctions against the University of Southern California 111 from the NCAA meet.

At the conclusion of Yale's 19 59 season, Kiphuth, one of the foremost leaders in the history of competitive swimming had reached the mandatory retirement age of sixty eight. On June 30, 1959 Kiphuth officially turned the reins of Yale's competitive program over to his capable lieutenant, Phil Moriarty.

m-"The Championships—19 58," Spring 19 58, pp. 1, 3. Chapter 7

KIPHUTH INTERNATIONAL

During his forty-five year career Kiphuth coached

overseas swimming teams to Hawaii, Japan, Germanyfi Cuba,

Bermuda and Mexico. The United States Olympic Committee

appointed him Olympic Coach in 1928, 1932, 1936, 1940 and

1948. On four occasions in the 19501s he supervised the

United States Army European Swimming Clinic and conducted clinics in Iceland, Israel and South Africa.

The Olympic Experience

On five occasions Kiphuth was appointed as Olympic swimming coach. The first time was in 1928 when he served as the women's coach. In 1932 he served in the dual capaci­ ty of men's and women's coach. Then in 1936, 1940, and

1948 he received the appointment as the men's Olympic coach. The 1940 Helsinki Games, of course, were cancelled because of World War II. Kiphuth, however, was present at every Olympiad held between 1924 and 1964.

During the summer of 1924 Kiphuth represented the United States as an official of FINA (the International Swimming Federation) at the Olympic Games in . Ap­ pointed as diving judge, Bob and his colleague Harry Haines- worth were both disqualified because neither was a bona fide 157 1 158 amateur.^" This served as Kiphuth's debut to the inter­ national games.

The summer of 1928 found Kiphuth as America's choice to coach the women's Olympic swimming team. His tenure at Amsterdam proved most successful. Albina

Osipovich and Eleanor Garatti placed first and second in the 100-meter freestyle. won the 400-meter freestyle while her teammate Josephine McKim earned a bronze medal. Misses Lambert, Osipovich, Garatti, and

Norelius earned a gold medal in the 400-meter relay while the U. S. A.'s divers swept all three places in the spring board (Helen Meany, Dorothy Poynton, and Georgia Coleman) and earned the gold and silver medals in the platform diving (Betty Becker-Pinkston and Georgia Coleman).2

Kiphuth had been appointed as the men's and women's Olympic swimming coach following his successful tenure as women's coach in 1928. The 1932 Los Angeles

Games showed the rising superiority of the Japanese swimmers. Out of a possible sixteen medals the Nippon

better to author from Harry Hainesworth, March 20, 1972 o 2 Wythe Williams, "5 More Swim Titles Taken by U.S. Team," New York Times. August 12, 1928, Sec0 IX, p» 1 James Coote, A Picture History of the Olympics (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1972), ppQ 143-440 159 swimmers accumulated eleven. The United States' only

places were a gold by Crabbe in the 400 meters, a silver

by the 800-meter relay team of Booth, Fissler and the two

Kalili brothers, and two bronze medals by Schwartz and

Christy in the 100-meter free and the 1500-meter free,

respectively.^

The 1934 and 1935 Japanese dual meets proved to be

a warning for the upcoming Berlin Olympics. In September

of 1936 the Yale Daily News reported that Kiphuth had also

been named Director of Aquatic Sports for the Olympic Games,

a position that gave him final authority over diving, water 4 polo and swimming. If it were not for outstanding perfor­

mances by Csik of in the 100-meter free, Medica of the U. S. A. in the 1500- and 400-meter free, Kiefer, and

Vande Weghe in the 100-meter back stroke, and Rademacker of

Germany in the 200-meter breast stroke, the Japanese would 5 have accomplished an Olympic sweep of the swimming events.

Kiphuth, serving his third term as American Olympic coach,

3 . Francois Oppenhexm, The History of Swimming. (North Hollywood, California: Swimming World Publishers, 1970), pp. 33-41. 4 "Yale Well Represented at Olympics by students, Alumni, and Coaches," Yale Daily News. September 28, 1936, p. 6o 5 Oppenheim, History of Swimming, pp. 33-40„ 160 was extremely pleased with the two gold and three silver medals. While praising Medica's performance, Kiphuth wrote that swimming performances were hindered by extremely cold weathero Even the spectators wore overcoats during the competitions.^

Alan Gould of the Associated Press conducted a poll to find out what was regarded by officials as the out­ standing feature of the Games. Kiphuth's selection of centralization and permanence of facilities was a unanimous choice of those voting. In the category of outstanding highlights, Kiphuth selected Medica's 400-meter victory and Lovelock of New Zealand's performance in the 1500-meter 7 run„

In 1938 Kiphuth served as coach of an American All-

Star team which competed in Germany. In his written report

g "Kiphuth Praises U. S. Olympic Swimmers, Says Medica Gave Best Performance," Yale Daily News. September 29, 1936, p. 10.

7Ibid. Arthur J. Daley, "Kiphuth Foresees Swimming Victory," New York Times. July 28, 1936, p. 12; "Swim Stars practice," New York Times. July 29, 1936, pc 15; "Lindegren, U. S., Wins in Free-Style Swim," New York Times. August 18, 1936, p. 23; "Flanagan Beats Medica," New York Times. August 21, 1936, p. 19; "U. S. Swimmers Triumph," New York Times. August 22, 1936, p. 8; "Sweep by U0 S. Swimmers," New York Times. August 23, 1936, Sec. V, p. 3. 161 to the Foreign Relations Committee of the AAU he requested

that the Olympic Committee consider the possibility of the

1940 Olympic swimming team going to Helsinki, as a

separate unit from the other Olympians. He stated that:

There is an esprit and morale possible on this type of trip that is never in evidence when the group is submerged as a part of the entire Olympic team. The writer bases this conclusion on his observation in coaching the 1928, 1932, and 1936 Olympic Swimming Teams and the All-American Swimming Teams which com­ peted in Tokyo in 1931 and 1935 and in Europe in 1936. This is not a criticism of the Olympic organization or the Olympic administration. It is merely expressing an arrangement which the writer feels would produce a finer team and consequently get better results

In conclusion, Kiphuth praised the American indoor

competitive swimming program but expressed concern over the fact that both Europe and Japan conducted far superior long course programs. He stressed the fact that if America was to regain a leading position in world swimming then every­ one interested in swimming and especially the position of

America in the international picture must exert a greater 9 effort to further this cause.

Unfortunately for the world's athletes, the 1940

Helsinki Olympic Games were cancelled due to the existing

0 Letter to the Foreign Relations Committee of the AAU from Bob Kiphuth, date unavailable but probably Novem­ ber of 1938.

^Ibid0 162 hostilities of the European continent. The 1944 Olympic

Games suffered the same fate as the 1940 Games.

Kiphuth attended the international swimming meetings in London, conducted by FINA in preparation for the 1948 Olympics during the summers of 1946 and 1947 as well as the European swimming championships in Monte Carlo in 1947.In the fall of 1947 the Olympic Committee announced that Kiphuth would once again serve as the

Olympic Swimming Coach while Mike Peppe of Ohio State would serve in the capacity of diving coach."''''"

As in previous Olympics, certain countries were not permitted to partake because of political considerations and world opinion. Therefore, the Axis Powers were ex­ cluded from participation. With the absence of Japan the

United States completed a grand slam in the men's competi­ tion by winning every gold medal and accumulating sixteen out of a possible twenty-two medals. and Alan

Ford in the 100-meter free, Alan Stack and Robert Cowell in the 100-meter back stroke, and William Smith and Jimmy

McLane in the 400-meter free accomplished one, two finishes

"^The Bob Kiphuth Memorial Fund, printed brochure, undated, Archives, Yale University Library0 "Kiphuth Represents U. S. at Meeting of Swimming Federation," Yale Daily News, June 7, 1946, p0 7.

"^Deegan, Yale Swimming 1947. 163 for Uncle Sam. Joe Verdeur, and Robert Sohl

completed a one, two, three finish in the 200-meter breast.

Jimmy McLane, a senior at Andover Preparatory School, won

the metric mile over 's John Marshall and the

800-meter free relay of Ris, Wolf, McLane and Smith de- 12 feated Hungary by almost two and a half seconds0 It was

a great victory for the Kiphuth coached teamc

The Japanese, barred from competition in the 1948

Games, conducted their own meet to coincide with the compe­

titions in London. The Japanese times in most instances

were superior to the winning times in London. Kiphuth, in

an interview with Doug Kennedy of the New York Tribune,

commented that "perhaps those Japanese banned from inter­

national competition lifted the psychological barrier just 13 by the incentive brought on by their exclusion."

Prior to the American Olympic Trials during the summer of 1952, Kiphuth offered his summer training pro­ gram to all interested Olympic hopefuls. Helsinki was the goal and Matt Mann, the great Michigan coach, had been chosen

as the men's coach. According to the account given by the class of 1953, Kiphuth had a full house at New Haven0

12 Oppenheim, History of Swimming, 1970, ppD 34-40. 13 Doug Kennedy, "Kiphuth, Swimming Champions' Coach, Has Own Pool Mark," New York Tribune. February 4, 1949, p. 26? 164

After a short breather we were at it again—this time with Helsinki on our minds. Every practice session was itself a miniature Olympic tryouto We had a stable full of Texans, a delegation of Canadians and South Americans and practically the entire Univer­ sity of Michigan varsity. . „

The training under Kiphuth tutelage was hard but fun. Exhibitions at various affairs and country clubs was expected and accepted—part of the training regimen.

Kiphuth loved to present his Olympic hopefuls before any audience. The nearby Connecticut and New York social set benefited, even if only in a dubious way, from these

Kiphuth extravaganzas. With little if any preparation,

Kiphuth would speak before the podium to the assembled guests and command the athletes to his bidding. Usually he reviewed the history of the art of swimming from the earliest times to the present day as the swimmers respond­ ed in unison to his commands. After introducing each athlete and allowing him the privilege of demonstrating his technique, Kiphuth usually arranged a nip and tuck 15 relay dual to the delight of the crowd.

At the Olympic trials Moore, McLane, Sheff, and

Chamberlain succeeded in making the Helsinki bound teamD

Marshall, of course, had been chosen to represent Australia.

Thoman failed to make the team but Alan Stack qualified for

14 Our Four Years With Bob, p. 114. 15 Ibido; also personal experience of the author at such affairso 165 16 his second Olympic effort0 Kiphuth, who had spent the spring months in Berlin as the Director of the U. S. Army

Swim Clinic, would return to Europe and the Olympic Games as a FINA officialo"^

Perhaps if one desires to philosophize concerning athletic performances and the Olympic experience it is best to go to the swimmers themselves and ignore the so- called "experts" in the field. In their book dedicated to

Kiphuth the 1953 team summed up the Olympic experience with the following words:

The for the team are a big hoax. After filling out a ream of minute measurement blanks and being carefully measured by a tailor, we were out­ fitted grab-bag fashion, so that those of us who got uniforms looked like Charlie Chaplin in a bum act. The women's team joined us for the trip over, and looked and sounded like the inmates of the bird house of the Bronx Zoo. They twittered and screamed the entire trip, but we loved it0 In Helsinki we froze at 6 o1 clock morning practices and suffered along with Matt Mann's training theories and his rubber watch. The Yale Daily News carried the headline this fall; "Yale Swimmers Fail in Olympics," and had a little squib about our performances. It is easy to see how they could feel that way, but in some respects we did quite well. We had the Olympic captain, and two gold medals for the fastest, and most exciting 800 meter relay ever swum in which McLane managed his old trick of tying up his opponent in the last leg of the relayQ Otherwise we were ad­ mittedly pretty sado ... We all felt, however, that

16 Matt Mann, "Intercollegiate Swimming and the Olympics," The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 1953 (New York: The National Collegiate Athletic Bureau, 1952), pp0 19-20. 17 Robert John Herman Kiphuth," resume, p0 3. 166 just taking part in the Olympics was itself rewarding and exciting enough to compensate for our personal failures.18

At the (1956) and Rome (1960) Olympic

Games Kiphuth served as a FINA official. In 1964 the

Japanese Olympic Organizing Committee honored Kiphuth with an invitation to the Tokyo Olympics. The invitation in­ cluded a "first-class flight from New York-Tokyo-New York, 19 as well as housing and all admissions to the Games."

Upon his arrival in Japan he found that his host had pro­ vided him with a car, an interpreter, and carte blanche in the city of Tokyo.20 For a complete list of Yale's Olympic participants the reader is referred to Appendix E.

Foreign Trips

As noted in the introduction, Kiphuth coached inter­ national athletic teams in swimming to Hawaii (1921 and

1930), to Japan (1931, 1934, 1935, 1950, 1955), to Germany

(1938), Cuba (1946), and to Bermuda and Mexico (1951). Ex­ cluding his Olympic appointments, Kiphuth acted as the coach to Iceland (1954, 1959) and coach to South Africa

(1956).

The 1921 Hawaiian meet is adequately covered in an

18 Our Four Years With Bob, pp. 114-15. 19 Letter to author from Robert Kiphuth, July 20, 1964. 20 Phil Moriarty, personal interview, July 20, 1972. 167 21 ... earlier section. Therefore, this section covering

Kiphuth's foreign trips begins with the 1926 summer tour of Europe.

In spite of the Yale Athletic Association's ban on transcontinental trips eight Yale swimmers applied for AAU 22 sanction to compete in Europe during the summer of 19260

Since they were acting as individuals the Yale authorities did not interfere with their plans. The AAU authorization to compete came just prior to Kiphuth's departure on the

S.S.President Roosevelt on June 160 The basic concept was to travel individually to Europe as circumstances allowed, meet late in June, practice together for a few weeks and then compete in meets in England, Germany, France, Belgium, and Switzerlando The members of the Yale squad making a personal swimming tour of Europe were John House, W. S.

Meany, A. W. Choate, W. S. Kc Stagek, G. G„ Mason, H, G.

Phillips and Philip Bunnell, captain of the football and 23 swimming teams for 1927.

21Please refer to pp. 45-51. 22 "Eight Yale Swim Stars Going to Europe; Seek AAU Sanction to Compete There," New York Times. March 31, 1926, p. 17. 23 "AAU Sanctions Yale Swim Tour," New York Times. June 16, 1926, p. 21» THE 1930 YALE-HAWAIIAN TEAM 169

.1

I'l U>1*J 170 Inspiration for the Yale mermen to pursue post

season training occurred on February 26, 1930 when Dr.

George H. Nettleton, chairman of the Board of Athletic

Control, announced that Yale had received and accepted an

invitation from the Yale Club of Honolulu for the swimming 24 team to compete there during the coming summer. This was

surprising because the Board of Control had vetoed a simi- .

lar tour in 1926. Moreover, the Board had, due to the im­

pact of the world-wide depression, deemed it advisable to

impose traveling restrictions on its teams during the 1930

season. Evidently, the Board sanctioned the trip because

of alumni interest and the fact that financially there ex­

isted little if any expenditure on the part of the athletic department. Kiphuth reported that many meets had to be turned down in spite of alumni interest because the ath­ letic office frowned upon a barnstorming type tour by the

Yale squad.^

By means of both outdoor and indoor trials in the spring, fourteen swimmers were selected to represent Yale

24"Yale Swimmers To Go to Hawaiian Islands To Compete in Several Meets Next Summer," New York Times. February 26, 1930, p. 29„ 25 "Yale's Championship Swimming Team Shoves Off for Hawaii, But Plans To Stop over Enroute at Milwaukee, St0 Paul, Seattle and Frisco," Hawaii Advertiser. June 25, 19300 171 in Hawaii that summer. The group chosen was Howland,

Messimer, Osborne, C. Leedy, Harte, Hapke, Butler, Brines,

Cahill, Anderson, Millard, Mercer, Manuel, and Godchaux.2 6

In a meet to select the team members for the trans­ continental Hawaiian trip Nelson Millard continued his assault on the record book by creating two American re­ cords, one in the 500-yard and one in the 500-meter breast stroke.27 Kiphuth later announced that the team would hold a commencement week meet on June 16 and then proceed to compete in Detroit, Milwaukee, and Denver before de­ parture for the international intercollegiate swimming meet in Honolulu on July 17, 18, and 19.28

Departing on June 23, the team stopped off in

Buffalo as the guests of N. P. Clement, class of 1904.

Kiphuth conducted workouts for the team in Clement's new

25-yard pool. The team defeated the Milwaukee A. C. and gave exhibitions at the Detroit, Omaha and Denver

A. C. • s. A scheduled meet with the San Francisco Olym­ pic Club was cancelled because that Club desired to com- 29 pete in the AAU nationals.

26Deegan, Yale Swimming 1930.

27"Two Swim Marks Made by Millard," New York Times. May 24, 1930, p. 13.

28"Yale Swimmers to Take Part in Events in Western Cities," New York Times. June 12, 1930, p. 21o

29Deegan, Yale Swimming 1930. 172 At Los Angeles Yale competed in the first two days

of the national AAU championships. Brines, Howland, and

Butler qualified for the 100-meter swim with Brines earning

the bronze medal. Yale departed for San Francisco prior to

the final two days of the championships in order to meet 30 its connection to Hawaii.

The team arrived in Honolulu aboard the Malolo and

were met offport by the AAU swim committee and the Yale

alumnio The Meiji University team in a show of sportsman­

ship also greeted the Yale squad with miniature Japanese 31 flags and leis„

Within two hours Kiphuth had the team practicing in

the Waikiki Memorial pool. For the next two days he sched- 32 uled workouts at 9:30 a.m. and 4:30 p.m0 Francois

D'Eliscu of the Honolulu Advertiser praised Kiphuth for his

excellent background, his knowledge of diagnostic exercise, 33 his pedagogical ability, and his affable personality.

30 R» J. H. Kiphuth, "Transcontinental Hawaiian Trip of the Yale Swimming Team: Official Intercollegiate Swimming Guide 1931 (New York: American Sports Publishing Co., 1930), pp. 30-31. 31 William Peet, "Yale Swimmers work out at Waikiki," unidentified newspaper clipping (probably Hawaii Advertiser. July 9, 1930). Scrapbook presented to Bob Kiphuth by Dudley Pratt, president of the Yale Club of Honolulu, 1930 and found in the Yale Payne Whitney Gym. 32 Peet, "Yale Swimmers". 33 Francois D'Eliscu, "Bob Kiphuth and His Yale swimmers leave for the mainland today," unidentified news­ paper clipping (probably Hawaii Advertiser. July 25, 1930)0 173 D'Eliscu went on to conclude that "Bob Kiphuth will have

his men in the best of condition, as he is without question the most efficient and most educated trainer and coach in the world.

The Honolulu meet included teams from Meiji Uni­

versity in Japan, the Hui Makani AAU team of Hawaii, Yale

University, plus and Mickey Reilly (Galitzen)

of the University of Southern California. Although the

competition was open to all competitors, the feature attrac­

tion was the international dual meet between the two uni­ versities, Meiji and Yale. This was the first time in the history of the sporting world that two university swimming powers from two ends of the globe had ever met in head-to- head competition,, As an added incentive, Yale and Meiji were both collegiate champions of their respective coun­ tries.

Prior to the start of the meet, radio station KGU, the Hawaiian Advertiser's broadcasting station, conducted a half-hour interview featuring the two opposing coaches.

Both Kiphuth and Coach Shakhi Muramatsu expressed their appreciation to the Hawaiian AAU for this excellent oppor- . .. 35 tunity.

34 D'Eliscu, "Yale Team Has Fine Record in College Swims," unidentified newspaper clipping (probably Hawaii Advertiser,late May 1930). 35 "Yale Swim Stars Heard Over Radio," unidentified newspaper clipping (probably Hawaii Advertiser, July 20, 1930)o 174 More than three thousand fans attended the opening

session of the competitions. The opening ceremonies fea­

tured a "Parade of the Nations..'" The Meiji swimmers, the

All-Hawaiian team and the Yale mermen paraded poolside be­

hind the Rising Sun, the ancient flag of the former king­

dom, and the Stars and Stripes. All stood at attention

while the military band played the "kimigayo," Hawaii 36 Ponoi," and the "Star Spangled Banner." The meet itself

was a fantastic success as record after record fell to such

luminaries as Buster Crabbe, Maiola Kalili, Y. Tsuruta and

Nelson Millard.

The Yale swimmers earned first place laurels in

the 600-meter relay, the 800-meter relay and the 400-meter

breast stroke when Millard upset the Olympic champion 37 Tsuruta of Japan. The over-all competition found Hue

Makani Club of Hawaii first with 65 ppints, Meiji Uni­

versity second with 36 points and Yale third with 31 points. The collegiate competition between Yale and Meiji

John Sunia., "Greatest World Athletes Shatter Records of Past at First Swimming Event," unidentified newspaper clipping (probably Hawaii Advertiser. July 18, 1930). Don Watson, Sports Editor, The Star Bulletin (Hawaii), July 18, 1930, "Three Thousand Fans See Records Fall at Swim Meet." 37 Kiphuth, "Hawaiian Trip," Swimming Guide 1931, p. 31 o oo resulted in a 70 to 70 tie.

Yale suffered a scare when it was feared that

Howland would be forced to undergo an appendectomy prior to the meet and that Osborne would be unable to start due to a wrenched knee. But just before the deadline both Osborne and Howland received medical 39 permission to compete. Osborne performed exception­ ally well in spite of the knee but Howland never did regain his form and had to undergo the operation at the conclusion of the competitions.^

Prior to their departure for the mainland, the

Yale and Meiji teams were guests at an "Aloha Banquet" staged at the Royal Hawaiian Hotel. Coach Kiphuth and

O O Ibid.: William Peet, "Yale-Meiji Meet Is a Tie," unidentified newspaper clipping (probably Hawaii Advertiser. July 20, 1930. 39 William Peet, "Howland, Osborne To Swim in Big Meet," unidentified newspaper clipping (probably Hawaii Advertiser. July 23, 1930). 40 "Present Trophies to the Yale and Meiji Swimmers," unidentified newspaper clipping (probably Hawaii Advertiser. July 21, 1930). i

176 Coach Muramatsu of Meiji praised each other's team.^

Once again Kiphuth, due to the interest and generos­

ity of the alumni, was able to initiate a first in inter­

collegiate and world swimming* In spite of restrictions

imposed by the Yale Ao A., the last minute necessity to

alter the route of the continental portion of the trip, and

the various other problems which arose with respect to the

rules and regulations for conducting the first ever inter­

national dual meet between two universities, Kiphuth played

a significant part in writing a new chapter in the history

of Yale swimming,.

On March 3, 1931 the Secretary-Treasurer, Daniel J.

Ferris, of the AAU announced that a twelve man United States

team would compete against the Japanese in Tokyo in

August.42 On May 26 the New York Times reported that Bob

Kiphuth had been selected to act as both coach and manager

of the team to be chosen to compete at the dedication of

the new Meiji University pool.43

41Francois D'Eliscu, "True Strength of Meiji and Yale Swimming Stars Revealed at Meet," unidentified news­ paper clipping (probably Hawaii Advertiser, July 23, 196Q)o 42 "12 Man U. So Team To Meet Japanese Swimmers at Tokyo," New York Times. March 31, 1931, p. 35. 43 "Kiphuth Will Coach American Swimmers," New York Times, May 26, 1931, pD 34o 177 Kiphuth summarized the trip for the Yale Daily

News when he wrote

Although the meet was won by Japan, 40-23, all members of the party returned highly satisfied with this first experiment in dual international swimming meetso It was the occasion of the formal opening of the Meiji Shrine Pool, undoubtedly the finest in the world,, Approximately 40,000 spectators witnessed the match.

• o o members were chosen by the A. A, U. Swimming Committee on the basis of the showing made in the trials held in various sections of the country last Springo A team of thirteen men was chosen . . o and Walter Lauferf . 0 . found it im­ possible to make the trip . o o four men from the East, three from the middle West, three from the Pacific Coast and three from Hawaii.

The meet was so successful from every standpoint that officials and press of both countries are hoping that arrangements can be made whereby such a meet may be made a permanent event every two or four years in America and Japano44

Upon his return from a successful lecture series in

England during the summer of 1934 Kiphuth accompanied a delegation of three American swimmers, Albert Vande Weghe,

Jack Medica and , to the Japanese National

44Ro J. H. Kiphuth, "International Swimming Meet Won by Japanese," The Yale Daily News. September 30, 1931, p0 11o Anyone desiring a more detailed account of the competitions is referred to the following: "1931 Scrapbook of Yale Swimming Team," located at the Payne Whitney Gymna­ sium, Yale University,, Championships in Tokyo on August 11, 12, and 13.^5 The meet proved so successful that the summer of 1935 found

Kiphuth in charge of an All-Star team of American swimmers selected to compete against the Japanese at the dedication ceremonies of the new Meiji Pool in Tokyo. The fourteen members of the squad were chosen according to their per­ formances at the AAU outdoor championships in Detroit on

July 5, 6, and 7. The more notable members of the team 46 were Fick, Macionis, Medica, Flanagan and Higgins.

En route to the meet in Tokyo the team conducted meets in Denver, Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Honolulu0

During this tour the Ail-Star group established American marks in the 800 meter relay, the 400 meter relay, the 300 meter relay and the 100 meter breast stroke. Prior to the

Tokyo meet the Kiphuth men engaged in a dual meet in Osaka against some of Japan's better swimmers on August 11. A

45 "U. S. Team to Visit Japan," New York Times. January 19, 1934, p. 26; "Vande Weghe, Medica Score in Swim Meet," New York Times. August 12, 1934, Sec. Ill, p. 8; "Japanese Titles go to 2 U. S. Swimmers," New York Times. August 14, 1934, p. 22. 46 Robert J. H. Kiphuth, "American Swimming Team Visits Japan," National Collegiate Athletic Association Official Rules 1936 (New York: American Sport Publishing Co., 1935), pp. 71, 75; Arthur J. Daley, "U. S. Swimming Comeback Unequaled in the Sport," New York Times. April 8 1935, p. 25; "Announces plans for Tokyo Swim," New York Times. June 30, 1935, Sec. V., p. 1; "15 U. S. Swimmers Leave for Japan," New York Times. July 17, 1935, p. 23. 179 torrential rainfall probably prevented the swimmers from 47 establishing many new records.

Interest in the international encounter in Tokyo on

August 17, 18 and 19 reached tremendous proportions. The

Japanese radio stations kept the populace informed.of the progress of the meet. Lines formed each morning at 6 a.m. in front of the pool for those desiring to purchase stand-* ing room tickets which went on sale each day at 3 p.m.

Over 13,000 spectators jammed the Meiji pool each evening to witness the meet.^

The meet itself was an exciting affair. The out­ come was fully in doubt right to the final events» The

Japanese emerged victorious due to a difference in inter­ pretation of the rules. Drysdale, after apparently snatch­ ing victory for the American team in the 200-meter back 49 stroke, was disqualified by the officials.

John Miller, the coach of Mercersburg Preparatory

School, was in attendance at the meet. In praise of

Kiphuth he made the following statement:

4^Kiphuth, "American Swimming," Official Rules 1936. pp. 71-75; "Higgins Clips Swim Mark," New York Times. July 22, 1935, p. 11 48 Kiphuth, "American Swimming," Official Rules 1936. pp0 71, 75. 49 Ibid.; "Medica Clips World Mark m 400 as Uo S. Mermen Cut Japan's Lead," New York Times. August 19, 1935, p. 22; "Two World Marks are Bettered as Japanese Defeat Uo So Mermen," New York Times, August 20, 1935, pQ 27e 180 You have seen him in victory. I saw him in defeat. I saw him in an international meet in Japan, fighting to the last event, only to have victory slip from his grasp. I saw him hiding the mist in his own eyes to congratulate a worthy rival and to console a group he led 5000 miles. I saw him as Bob Kiphuth, the Man.50

Kiphuth expressed his sincere appreciation to the

Japanese Swimming Federation for their hospitality' and to

the Japanese Prime Minister, the Minister of Foreign

Affairs, and the Mayor of Tokyo for the cordiality extended 51 to the American team.

In June of 1938 Kiphuth wrote , a promi­

nent AAU official, concerning the arrangements for a German

trip. Bob mentioned the delay the red tape had caused in the finalizing of plans and the fact that he had neither

spoken with certain competitors or heard from their coaches

as to their availability. He inquired as to whether or not

Dan Ferris, AAU Foreign Relations Chairman, had actually signed the agreement with his German counterpart. Otto

Brewitz. He expressed his desire to discuss the traveling

arrangements with Ritter as soon as the plans had been 52 finalized.,

50 "Noted Coaches Praise Kiphuth for Victories," Yale Daily News. March 14, 1936, pD 60 51 Kiphuth, "American Swimming Team," Official Rules 1936, p„ 71c 52 Letter to Max Ritter from Bob Kiphuth, June 5, 1938. Evidently, the AAU finalized the arrangements for

the tour as Kiphuth and company embarked in early August

for Europe. The schedule of meets required that the

American team compete thirteen out of the eighteen days

which they would be ashore. Meets had been arranged for the German cities of Bremen, Hanover, Berlin, Magdenburg,

Breslau, Munich and , and in the Hungarian capital

of Budapest. The Berlin, Munich and Budapest meets were two day affairs„ Unfortunately, the weather and the pool

water, with the exception of Budapest, were chilly and cold.

Nonetheless, the Americans swam very well, especially Fick,

Flanagan, and Jaretz. Over 10,000 spectators remained in their seats during a torrential downpour in order to witness 53 the conclusion of the Berlin meeto

During the summer of 1946 Kiphuth accepted an in­ vitation from Cuban officials to accompany a Yale team to

Havana, Cuba to compete against an All-Cuban team. The team members going to Havana were Chip Lazo, Wright Fergu­ son, Harry Lickery, Alan Stack, Dick Smith, Ed Weiss, Fred

Pearson, Henry Sherrill, Jim Owens, Emile Estaclet, Frank

Heffelfinger, Hank Burr, Jim Hullverson, Captain Ed Hueber and Mgr. Livingston Fryer. Harry Burke was the assistant coach and Eileen Wall the secretary,. No information could

53 Letter to the Foreign Relations Committee of the AAU from Bob Kiphuth, date unavailable but probably November of 1938. 182 54 be found concerning the results.

In 1950 Yale qualified six swimmers: the three

"M's", , Dennis O'Connor, and Dick Thoman, on the twelve man team selected to oppose the Japanese in

Japan,, The Japanese Swimming Federation, the sponsors of the trip, also extended an invitation to John Marshallo 55

By the time the American contingent arrived in

Tokyo Marshall, due to an extended record spurt in the months preceding his departure,finally ran out of gas.

And although the Japanese crowds numbered anywhere from thirty to eighty thousand, Marshall never regained his early season form and was consistently beaten by Ford Konno of Hawaii and the Flying Fish of Fujiama, Furahashi.56

The competition commenced with a three day meet in

Tokyo on August 1, 5 and 6. Of the three "M's" McLane, the mature competitor, performed best in this initial contest, finishing second in both the 200and 400-meter freestyle.

54 Deegan, Yale Swimming 1947. As Deegan treats the trip very superficially, a more detailed account may be gained by reading "Yale Swimmers Fly to Cuba for Two-Day Contest," Yale Daily News.June 17, 1945, p. 40

"^Kiphuth, "Gentlemen," June 1951, p„ lc For details of this meet see ppQ 128-129.

~^Our Four Years with Bob, p. 111„ 183 He later teamed with Gora of Michigan, Scholes of Michigan

State and Cleveland of Ohio State to capture the gold medal in the 400-meter free relay. McLane, Konno, Gora, and

Moore succeeded in winning the 800-meter free relay.57

At the conclusion of the Tokyo competitions the

Americans participated in a two day meet in Osaka on

August 12 and 13. While the Tokyo meet had been conducted in a fifty meter pool, the Osaka meet was held in a fifty yard pool. The mainstays of the Yale representatives were

Thoman and McLane. Thoman, finding his international legs for the first time, set a Japanese international record in winning the 100-yard back stroke, finished second in the

200-yard back stroke, and teamed with of

Iowa and Cleveland to break the world record in the 300- yard medley relay. McLane finished second in the 220-yard free, fifth in the 100 yard free, and combined with Moore,

Konna, and Gora to create a new American mark for the 800- yard free relay.

As the Osaka meet moved into the history books,

Kiphuth and his team continued on to the Japanese city of

Yawata for a one day meet. The early season record pace combined with the travel still continued to subdue Yale's

Australian import, Marshall. He could only manage to

57 Ibid., p. 150 58 . Ibido 184 finish fifth in the mile competition., Wayne Moore's lack of national and international competition played havoc on his attempts to establish himself as an international star.

Thoman gave a creditable performance with a second place finish in the 100-meter back stroke. But the competition- wise Jimmy McLane accounted for a first in the 200-meter free and teamed with Gora, Scholes, and Cleveland to defeat 59 the Japanese in the 200-meter free relay.

The remaining two Japanese meets were one day affairs held in Kure on August 20 and Nagoya on August 24o

Marshall achieved a first in the 200—meter free and a second in the 500-meter free at Kure, as well as a second in the

400-meter free at Nagoya. Although this looked like he was returning to form, it was more a by—product of reduced competition rather than good times. While Thoman finished second in the 100-meter back at both meets, McLane upheld the group by finishing second in the 200-meter free at both the Kure and Nagoya meets and by combining with Gora,

Scholes, and Cleveland to take the blue ribbon in the 400 free relay at Nagoya.,^

Kiphuth's American Ail-Star team stopped in Honolulu en route to the mainland,. And although they enjoyed their cottages on Waikiki strip with the sun, the sand and the

•Ibid. p. 16. 185 sea at their beckoning, they expressed the fact that they

would not soon forget the hospitality of their Japanese

hosts. The Japanese, always ready to accommodate but wise

to the nature of western man, responded to Kiphuth1s re­

quest for masseurs prior to the Tokyo meet with two lovely

masseuses instead,. Needless to say, Kiphuth, much to the

disappointment of the team, insisted on supervising the

procedure.^

The first postwar Japanese-American swimming meet

was most successful. Kiphuth in writing to the Yale

alumni informed them that:

I was happy to be chosen the coach of this team, which was the first to out-swim the Japanese in the eight meets we have had with them since 1928. I had also been coach of the United States teams against the Japanese in 1930 (Honolulu); 1931 Tokyo; 1932 Los Angeles; 1935 Tokyo; 1935 Tokyo; 1936 Berlin; 1949 Los Angeles and 1950 Tokyo <, The 1950 victory in Tokyo was a decisive one, 46-17<,62

This 1950 meet, although gratifying to the Ameri­

cans from the standpoint of victory, signaled a continuation

of renewed Japanese and American sporting exchanges which

had begun in 1949.

Kiphuth returned from his duties as Director of the

United States Army Swim Clinic in Bad Tolz, Germany at the

61 Ibid0, p. 111. 62 Kiphuth, Yale Swimming News Letter. June 1951, P» 1.. 186 end of May 1951. The summer group immediately went into training for the National AAU Outdoor Championships, a five day affair to be held in Detroit July 25 through

July 29. The AAU office in New York had received a re­ quest from Bermuda officials to send a select group of competitors to Hamilton to swim against a Bermuda All-

Star team. In turn, Kiphuth had been selected to coach the team. Moreover, Yale had received an invitation for

Kiphuth to bring a team of swimmers to Mexico City to compete against the Mexican Ail-Star team. Kiphuth, there­ fore, found that he had a group of dedicated swimmers training at Yale that summer.

The Bermuda climate seemed to agree with Marshall as he lowered the world standard for the 440-yard event on two occasions. Moore, not to be outdone, eclipsed the world mark for the 300 yard free. The trip to Bermuda proved most enjoyable to Kiphuth and his world famous three

"M's",63

At the conclusion of the Bermuda meet Kiphuth pre­ pared to meet the remainder of his team and depart for

Mexico CityD The order of the day was good swimming but more importantly enjoyment of the Mexican culture and cli­ mate. The class of 1953 described the Mexican adventure

63 Ibid0. pp. 28, 113. 187 best when they wrote:

...This is undoubtedly the nadir of Yale swimming. In spite of thin air, point manipulations and dysentery it should be possible to muster up enough "bizaz" to beat a collection of Mexicans at almost anything. At Acapulco the going was easier— spear fishing, water-skiing, and various other sportsc Marshall finally discovered waves as big as those at Bondi. and almost drowned. Kenny Smith was sopping in culture at the Mexico City art museum, while Sheff was losing his stomach at the bull-fights <,64

The 1955 Japanese-American competitions held in

Japan marked Kiphuth's farewell to international coaching.

The team, members were selected from the AAU championships conducted in Los Angeles. Those earning berths on the squad were Armstrong, Yorzck, Gideonse, McKinney, Wiggins,

Hardin, Patterson, Green, Mclntyre, Woolsey, Harrison,

Harper, Oyakawa, Mattson, and Konno. The team took part in five exhibitions and two dual meetso The two dual meets were held in Tokyo and Osaka. In spite of the fact that the Americans set twelve national standards the Japanese emerged victorious on both occasions by scores of 44 and

35 and 43 to 27„65

From 1954 through 1959 Kiphuth remained extremely active in the international swimming picture0 He served as

Director of the U. S. Army Swimming Clinic in Furstenfeld-

64 Ibid.. p. 1130

^"United States vs0 Japan," Yale Swimming News Letter. Fall 1955, p. 3; "Japan's Swimmers Set World Record," New York Times. April 10, 1955, Sec. V, p. 7. bruck, Germany (Spring of 1954), the U. S. State Depart­

ment's Swimming Clinic in Reykjavick, Iceland (September,

1954), the U. So Committee for Sports in Israel's Swimming

Clinic (Spring of 1955 and 1959), and the South African

Swimming Federation's Swimming Clinic in Johannesburg

(Summer of 1956). I I

Chapter 8

KIPHUTH'S DRY LAND PROGRAM AND TRAINING TECHNIQUES

With respect to competitive swimming Kiphuth, in

1918, was a greenhorn„ But he was a wise and observant

greenhorn. He adopted the old methods but held firmly to

his own belief in the physical bodyD He ignored the ex­

perts who insisted that swimmers must have loose and flabby

muscles. He was a physical educator who held steadfast to

the concept that a strong physically fit body was the key

to athletic success. As Buck Dawson, the Executive Direc­

tor of the Swimming Hall of Fame said, "He brought physical

training into swimming at a time when others scorned any

type of physical activity for their swimmers <> It was a

novel approach for swimming., Other advocates had come and

gone, winning few if any disciples to their cause„ They

had been theorists/ not innovators or achievers. On the

other hand, Kiphuth was not a theorist but an innovative

achiever. His dry land program of exercises was the re-,

suit of his own observation, research and experienceo

Basically, Kiphuth's body-building concept was

"'"Statement by Buck Dawson, personal interview, April 9, 1972o

189 190 conceived on the principle that a strong and healthy body, developing the proper mechanics of muscle and movement is beneficial to any sports athlete. The program, like any good program, underwent certain changes and modifications as Kiphuth's knowledge expanded. Nonetheless, the. basic program consisted of sixty minutes of exercise, usually followed by pully exercise and an individual dip in the pool. Included in this sixty minute period were forty five minutes of calisthenic exercises and fifteen minutes of work with the sixteen-pound medicine ball, followed by twenty to thirty minutes of pulley weight ex­ ercises. At the completion of the eight week period of body building Kiphuth considered the athlete possessed of a sound basic muscular strength and endurance as well as a cardio- capable of coping with the initial 2 demands of his competitive swimming program,,

Essentially, the Yale University body-building pro- gram consisted of a minimum of forty-one exercises. 3 Brief­ ly and descriptively Kiphuth summarized his program in the following manner:

The members of the class are really studying health education the year around„ It might be called a sound

2Paragraph based on DeLaney Kiphuth, "Introduction" to Chapter 11 in How to Keep Fit and Enjoy it. by Warren R0 Guild (New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1962), pp„ 140-41, and personal experience in the program in the fall of 1960 and 1961„ 3 See Appendix G. 191 studying scientific physical development from a highly entertaining and attractive standpoint, instead of a group of swimming candidates. Every teaching device to improve the morale and the physical condition of the squad is brought into play.

The exercises need not be described in detail. They consist of drill aimed at concentrating trunk strength, both in the front and the back, because in swimming in a prone position, the front trunk muscles pull the arm and the lower muscles of the trunk both front and back, drive the legsc Most of the power developed in swimming comes from the trunk muscles and many stretching exercises are used to give the greatest freedom possible to the shoulder joints

Originating because of his belief in physical training, the program received positive publicity due to the prestige and success of the aquatic program,, However, the essence of the program as conceived by Kiphuth had a universality to it. In the early thirties Winthrop Phelps,

M.D. and Kiphuth collaborated to publish an authoritative book on the diagnosis and correction of postural defects.5

Kiphuth's physical training program served as the struc­ tural base for the area of kinesthesis. Moreover, Kiphuth conceived his program as a total part of what he termed his recreational approach to competitive athletics.^ Based on

4Hubert Sedgwick, "Yale's Supremacy m Swimming the Result of Intensive Study," Boston Evening Transcript. January 7, 1924. Yale University Library, Archives, General Athletic File, 1906-1925,, 5 . Winthrop Morgan Phelps, M.D., and Robert J„ H. Kiphuth, The Diagnosis and Treatment of Postural Defects (Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, 1932)»

^Sedgwick, "Yale's Supremacy," Boston Transcript. January 7, 1924« 192

his study of American and European universities, he con­

sidered the syllabus of the department of swimming at Yale

University as unique among world institutionso He chal­

lenged the university to imitate the aquatic syllabus with

respect to all athletic programs.7

Richard Mayer had approached Kiphuth in the fall of

1917 requesting his assistance. A review of team workouts

convinced Kiphuth that the swimmers retained good tech­

nique but had insufficient physical strength necessary for

a powerful finishing drive„ To the astonishment of all he recommended calistenicso Since this represented a radical development, only a few accepted his invitation to commit suicide. But the revolutionaries found to their amazement that the exercises did not tighten their muscles nor cause a deficienty in performance. On the contrary, their per­ formance improved.

I (Kiphuth) instituted a course of exercises in the gymnasium for the big trunk muscles, both front and back, which whip the legs and pull the arms0 My contention was that the right kind of work in the gym would not interfere with athletic activity0

I designed the exercises to keep the groups of muscles balanced to prevent the condition commonly known as muscle bound and to keep a free motion in the shouldero The gym work wasn't compulsory, but the proof of the pudding was in the eating. When those remained away from the gym class saw the im-

^Ibido 193 provement which resulted in their teammates they all fell into line.8

Unfortunately, one can only speculate as to Matt

Mann's disbelief (upon arriving at Yale in January 1918) that Kiphuth had violated one of the cardinal rules of swimming by initiating a program of dry land exercises for swimmers. Mann's anguish, as verbally expressed, must have been a classic reductio ad absurdumP For according to Karl

Michael, Bob's persistent advocation of body-building formed a major portion of the professional debate between 9 Matt and Bob. So while Bob insisted on gym work and underwater observation, Mann advocated mechanical rabbits and swimming. Therefore, fortunately for competitive swimming two schools of thought developed. And finally in the early 1950*s, when both concepts had undergone growth and modification, these seemingly distinct but conciliatory procedures raised the sport of swimming to new heights.

As early as 1923, Dartmouth, Princeton, and Wesley- an swimmers and coaches attended Bob's open classroom to study and evaluate the procedure. In fact, the Wesleyan swimmers actually participated in the program for a week

g Silas Bo Fishkind, "Bob Kiphuth—Yale's Success­ ful Swimming Coach," The New York Times. March 16, 19319 p0 29. 9 Karl Michael, personal interview, December 28, 1972.

L0 ' "Grudge Fight," Time. p0 250 194 or so. Immediately upon their return to their Middletown,

Connecticut campus Wesleyan proceeded to break a world's relay record.11 Also, a number of the preparatory schools and high schools in the east adopted the program. John

Miller of Mercersburg Academy supplemented the dry-land 12 program with cross-country running. Proceeding to what might be termed the modern era, Bert McLoughlin of Michigan

State in 1952 decided to follow Kiphuth's program as out­ lined in his book Swimming. Misunderstanding the text,

Bert proceeded to double everything suggested by Kiphuth and forthwith lowered the NCAA record in the 440-yard free- 13 styleo Forbes Carlile, the world famous Australian coach, credited Australia's advance in the late forties and up to the 1956 Olympic Games as partially the result of their reading, adapting and modifying the Yale exercises 14 to their program. In his book, Forbes Carlile on Swim-

11Sedgwick, "Yale's Supremacy," Boston Transcript. January 7, 1924. 12 Based on testimony given by Phil Moriarty, Karl Michael and Gordon Chalmers. 13 Statement by Charles McCaffree, former swimming coach Michigan State University, personal interview, April 8, 1972. 14 . Statement by Forbes Carlile, personal interview, April 8, 19720 195 minq. he cites a letter he received from John Marshall,

Yale's Australian import, as further proof of the impor- 15 tance of dry land exercises0

In May of 1937 Kiphuth collaborated with Yale's

highly respected coach, Hole York, and the

trainer, Frank Desmond, to construct a series of leg ex­

ercises for the team to practice over the summer months

which would strengthen the ankle and thigh muscles.16 It

should be noted that through the 1930's and into the early

war years many of the Yale athletic teams with the consent

or insistence of their coaches took part in Kiphuth's pro- 17 gram of dry land exercises.

Bob Geigengack, Yale track coach since 1948,

credited Kiphuth as the pioneer who understood the prin­

ciples of dry land exercise and increased work loado He

felt it was due to Bob's efforts and comprehension of ana­ tomy and physiology that the gap between swimming and track

15 Forbes Carlile, Forbes Carlile on Swimming (London: Pelham Books, Ltdo 1965), p. 490

"^"Holc York Sees Summer Work for Hockeymen," Yale Daily News. May 29, 1937, p„ "4; "Bob Kiphuth, Yale's Body- Builder," The Literary Digest. CXVII (February 3, 1934), p. 28. 17 Karl Michael, personal interview, December 28, 1972. 196 , 18 began to narrow.

In 1924 Sedgwick credited Kiphuth's diligence in relating physical fitness to swimming as "one of the

broiadest conceptions any coach has had in handling an 19 aggregation of athletes." In essence he acknowledged the

fact that Kiphuth, by recognizing potential and applying

muscular fitness, had proceeded to develop novices into record holders.^

In general, the consensus among the parties inter­ viewed seemed to be that Bob was the first to institute a bona fide dry land program for swimmers, that the concept was not only revolutionary but years in advance of its time, and that his program had been the basis for the

18 Statement by Bob Geigengack, personal interview, December 27, 1972. 19 Sedgwick, "Yale's Supremacy,)" Boston Transcript. January 7, 1924. 197 21 innovative practices m existence today., As further evidence, Francois Oppenheim, the French historian of swimming, credited Kiphuth with being "the first and the 22 undisputed leader of dry land exercises".

As a firm believer and advocater of dry land exer­ cises and weight training, Kiphuth never shrouded any phase of his program in a cloak of secrecy. He publicly advo­ cated the procedure and opened his workshop to the world of swimming. Because of his fresh outlook, he commenced to offer the program to the university family as a whole. The officially organized program began in the spring of 1918.

21 Among the many interviewed were Jack Ryan, former New England school boy swimmer, ex-Ohio State swimmer, and presently Assistant Athletic Director and swimming coach at West Point; Gordon Chalmers, former member of U. S. A.'s 1936 Olympic Team, former West Point swimming coach and presently Athletic Director at Indiana State; Charles McCraffree, former Matt Mann swimmer and retired swimming coach at Michigan State; Bob Clotworthy, former champion­ ship diver at Ohio State and former swimming coach at Princeton University; Forbes Carlile, world recognized Australian coach; Buck Dawson, curator of the Swimming Hall of Fame and Matt Mann's son-in-law; Peter Daland, former assistant coach at Yale and coach of the University of Southern California; Karl Michael, former New Haven School boy swimmer, former assistant coach at Yale from 1929 to 1939; Phil Moriarty, former assistant coach, presently head coach Yale University; Bob Geigengack, track coach Yale University; and Dr. Jc Roswell Gallagher,M0D. 22 Oppenheim, History of Swimming. p01270 198 According to Sedgwick;

The squad is augmented by scores of students who recognize its value for high quality physical develop­ ment as well as swimming, and who will never enter a Yale swimming race.23

To partake in his program was on one hand a physi­ cal experience and on the other an educational enlighten­ ment. Kiphuth, usually clad in either his white Yale sweatsuit or his fireman red longjohns kept a rhythmic cadence by use of a broomstick. Mind and body responded automatically to the beat and tempo which was the dictum of either rhythmic cadence or change of exercise„ Seldom but occasionally his deep baritone voice permeated the assemblage in order to chastise or encourage a fledgling student. Oftentimes, the master's stick missed a required beat in order to be put to better use upon the back side or personage of an incompetent performer„ Whether standing in front of or strolling among the gathered guests, he seemed to possess an infallible ability to perceive the most minute happening within the gymnasium. From the moment of commencement till the moment of termination you were cognizant of the fact that Bob seemed to be measuring

23 Sedgwick, "Yale's Supremacy," Boston Transcript. January 7, 1924. 24 Based on personal experience of the author with the program in the fall of 1960„ 199 24 your mental and physical capacities.

That Kiphuth's program of dry land exercises was unique to competitive swimming few, if any, swimming authorities seem to deny. Kiphuth was the first to combine gymnasium exercise (including work with the medicine ball) with pulley weight training into a comprehensive eight week program for the competitive swimmer. And yet, as stated earlier, there certainly were others who had advocated not only gymnasium exercises but weight work. In order to grasp more fully this concept perhaps it is best to quote

Oppenheim once again. After concluding that evolution is a permanent part of athletic development, lacking any clearly defined lines, he assigns three periods—from the beginning to the Paris Olympiad in 1924, from 1925 to about

1955, and from 1956 forward—as pertinent to the development 25 of competitive swimming. In discussing the early period up to 1924, Oppenheim concluded that:

...At that time the general line of "prepara­ tion" compared to today comprised only a little swim­ ming. Many coaches already preached daily training, but the majority of training treatises indicated a total daily distance including loosening up, pace work, sprinting of not more than a half mile daily for 400 meter swimmers and often half that for 100 meter swim­ mers.

What we call interval training was in fact com­ pletely ignored. On the other hand, it was a principle

24Based on personal experience of the author with the program in the fall of 1960.

25Oppenheim, History of Swimming, pp. 126-128. 200 almost universally accepted that the swimmer must swim once or twice a week, and in the last period of preparation the race distance covered at an all out speed. For the swimmers preparing for 1500 meters, the training would be slightly longer, and certain coaches would advocate covering the actual distance at least twice a week, and perhaps swim­ ming one-and-a-quarter miles once a week. Only for long distance events traces of more than three- miles) was mileage training recommended by a few coaches. In this "first period", on the other hand, the question of dry land work was progressing; cross country walking at a race pace, gymnastics, weight lifting,, and pulleys with were already recom­ mended in training treatises. This kind of training remained, however, not in general use.26 Ed Kennedy, the coach from 1910 to 1955, recalls that anyone advocating gymnasium work for their swimmers in those days was considered a lunatic be­ cause the coaches in the early days, with few exceptions, believed that gymnasium or weight work would destroy the loose, flabby muscles necessary for success in competitive swimming.27 Nonetheless, Oppenheim stated that swimming books prior to 1924 did advocate forms of dry land exercise,. Furthermore, Kiphuth by his own admission indicated quite clearly that after his appointment as Yale's coach, he immediately devoured every book on swimming available to

26Ibid.. p. 127<> 27Statement by Ed Kennedy, personal interview, March 23, 1972. 201 him. Keeping the above facts in mind, the author sought early works on swimming which might lend support to Oppen- hein's statement and at the same time have given Kiphuth confidence that his program had merit.

In 1906 Professor Richard Fe Nelligan of Amherst College published his work. The Art of Swimming. While there existed no indication that Professor Nelligan had organized such a program at Amherst, he did advise the competitive swimmer to take vigorous three to five mile walks across country. He further indicated that slow runs of three hundred to eight hundred yards were beneficial. As part of his preconditioning program to be followed "for two or three weeks before beginning active practice in the water," he recommended a ten to fifteen minute program of chest weight or dumb bell exerciseso 28 In 1916 the fourth edition of Swimming by Archibald Sinclair and William Henry, both honorary secretaries of the Lifesaving Society of London, appeared. Indicating that total inactivity between swimming seasons was foolhardy, they advocated that: ...Exercise in one form or another should be taken, and then a fortnight or so before the opening of the season dumb-bells, Indian clubs, walking, and gymnastics taken up more vigorously than before0 By

28Richard F. Nelligan, The Art of Swimming (Boston: American Gymnasium Company, 1906), p0 570 I

202 this method the swimmer will be getting himself into good condition long before many of his future opponents will have even thought of training, and in the first two or three months will reap the benefit,, The exer­ cises must be varied, so that the monotony of the work does not become galling0 During the racing season the exercises already indicated should be systematically undertaken and not at once dropped, because they are of invaluable assistance to a swimmer in training.29 Then in 1919 James H. Sterrett, an amateur swimming coach, published his treatise on How To Swim as part of Spalding's Athletic Library series. In his chapter on "Training for Speed Swimming," he presents the views of Dr. Jo K. Shell (University of Pennsylvania). Warning against overtraining, Dr. Shell recommended swimming only three days a week and proposed that the first week of training "be given to running, punching the bag, pulley weights and general gymnasium work.^^ Moreover, Kiphuth's YMCA background, coupled with the fact that he attended Dr. Dudley Sargent's Harvard Summer School of Physical Education in 1912, probably rein­ forced his belief that pulley weight exercises were bene-

29 Archibald Sinclair and William Henry, Swimming, fourth edition (London: Longmans, Gree, and Co., 1916), pp. 372-374. 30James H. Sterrett, How To Swim (New York: American Sports Publishing Co~ 1919) , p0 25o 203 ficxal to the athlete. 31 Although the above sources did indicate the benefit of gymnasium work, the author found no mention of a speci­ fic series of exercises to be employed. Therefore, as Oppenheim indicated, the practical application, until Kiphuth organized a concrete program, remained for the most part an unpopular and untested theory in the evolution of competitive swimming0 Forbes Carlile stated that "we (coaches) can only 32 be judged in relation to our own age and time0" There­ fore, in looking back at the coaches of the past, one must be careful not to subject them to an unjust analysis by employing present day knowledge as the tool for evaluation. On the other hand, one must be careful not to over ambi­ tiously attempt to disguise their programs to give them credit for conducting modern day workouts. Swimming, like all things, underwent and is undergoing a continual evolu­ tion.

31 Dr. Dudley Sargeant played a significant role in the improvement of the pulley weight mechanism as well as popularizing its useD See Bruce Lo Bennett, "The Research Quarterly. XIX (May 1948), pp. 77-92, and Clarence Van Wyck, "The Harvard Summer School of Physical Education," The Research Quarterly, XIII (December 1942), ppc 403-431o 32 Forbes Carlile, personal interview, April 8, 19720 204 At the conclusion of the body building work Kiphuth usually devoted a two to three week period to a review of fundamentals. During this period the team as a whole usually covered from one thousand yards to a mile each day, with added emphasis on starts, turns, body position, , and stroke techniques. Oftentimes, due to the large number of swimmers on his team Kiphuth accom­ plished part of the work by swimming widths instead of lengths. Kiphuth, at this time, was always willing to schedule individual periods for further correction. The middle third of the season Kiphuth utilized to develop endurance and a sense of pace., He always stres­ sed the importance of holding an even pace and employed mechanical means, such as flashing underwater lights, to insure that his swimmers gained some knowledge and under­ standing of the concept. Even today, few, if any, would argue with his following statement: In building a schedule in the freestyle events the 50 should be "swum out" all the waye In the 100 the first 50 should be done about one second less than the swimmer's topD In the 220 the first 100 should be approximately four seconds slower than the swimmer's best 100, and in the 440 the first 100 is about five seconds slower than the swimmer's best 100.33 Councilman credits both Kiphuth and Mann with uti­ lizing "wind sprints" in the 1920,s. Both of these coaches

33Kiphuth, Swimming. p. 103. would, toward the conclusion of the practice session, run their athletes through ten to fifteen 50-yard repeats„ 34 Cecil Colwin indicated that the Australians adopted this concept from Kiphuth and developed their program of inter- val training from it. 35 Moreover, from this author's personal experience, Kiphuth in the late 1940"s utilized 15-by 100-meter swims with ten, twenty or thirty seconds

rest intervals for his middle distance swimmers0 Another technique employed by Kiphuth was to have the swimmer go out the first fifty easy (usually in a predetermined time to say thirty seconds), accelerate into the second turn and bring the second fifty of the 100-yard swim home as hard as possible. One could be expected to do anywhere from one to ten or fifteen of these types of swims. During the summer months Kiphuth began the season by having the athletes cover from five to six miles a day in two workouts a day, six days a weeko On Sunday, he usually ran either one or two workouts0 After the initial conditioning period of about six weeks, Kiphuth included wind sprints, repeat 100's, under distance and over dis­ tance sprints (for example if the athlete was a 100 meter swimmer he might be told to do repeat 751s one day and

34Dr. James Councilman, The Science of Swimming (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc. 1968), p0 202o 35 Colwin, "Kiphuth Cathedral," pD 6„ 206 repeat 125's the next in his program), or the athlete un­ able to sustain over distance repeats, would be given "build up" workouts. This meant that the athlete would commence with 25-meter sprints, build up to 50 meter sprints, then go to 75-meter sprints and finally to the 100-meter mark. In the summer of 1952 due to the large number of athletes training at Yale Kiphuth utilized the technique of circle swimming,, And although innovative for its time, Kiphuth did not pursue this method as he preferred to utilize heats rather than circles. But it should be noted that Kiphuth did not, prior to 1962, employ, on a daily basis, any of the above techni­ ques. Nor did Kiphuth utilize the concept of interval training as we know it today. Nonetheless, by 1962 Kiphuth, who was still conducting a long course program for interest­ ed coaches and swimmers, mostly in the Connecticut area, had added the techniques of circle swimming and interval train­ ing to his program. To state that Kiphuth revolutionized training meth­ ods would not be true. But to state that he was one of the visionaries responsible for the great impetus forward that swimming experienced in the 1950's is certainly true. His body building concept, as previously mentioned, was certain­ ly unique. His water work, in itself, was not unique,. except that he was one of the few who continually stressed 207 the importance of mileage, especially for the middle dis-* tance swimmer. In his book. Swimming. Kiphuth worded his concept this way: ...it should also be emphasized that the more mileage covered by a swimmer through the years, year in and year out, the greater the chances for success, especially in middle-distance swimmingo There is no easy road nor short cut to organic strength and vigor. This constitutional power can only be built as in the case of the development of muscular power, by intel­ ligent application of work, work, training and work, ad infinitum. This is the sort of conditioning that cannot be bought in pill-form over the counter, and athletic achievement and success, like all good things in life, can only be bought through hard work, sacri­ fice and disciplineo36

36Robert J. H. Kiphuth, Swimming (New York: A. S. Barnes & Company, 1942), p. 106. Chapter 9

KIPHUTH'S PHILOSOPHY OF ATHLETICS

While Kiphuth never put into writing his philosophy of athletics, he often verbalized his beliefs to the men who worked for and with him in Yale's Payne Whitney Gymn- nasium. Kiphuth, during his long and distinguished career, developed many outstanding champions. Perhaps even more importantly, he established a winning tradition. He always imposed his belief that the individual must give way for the good of the team. Kiphuth's Yale University swimming teams suffered only ten collegiate defeats in forty-two years under his tutelage. He believed a man had to test himself physically to learn his mental limitations„ Ath­ letics served as the vehicle through which man could find and know himself. His reputation and his program attracted leaders and potential leaders and Kiphuth loved to develop and build men by using "the pool as a medium to reach men's minds with his personality,""'* An advocate of the ancient Greek concept of mind, body and spirit, Bob believed that the real purpose of

"^Al Hapke, "Bob Kiphuth—Builder of Men," Swimming World. IX (February 1968), p. 4. 208 209 * athletics is preparation for lifeG He believed his pur­ pose as a physical educator and as a coach was to develop leisure skill activities in his students—a skill they could carry with them through life. Through his program at Yale, he hoped "to send every senior away . o .. with a 'leisure skill,' a body capable of withstanding the ravages of neglect ... and a "proficiency in a 'carry over' sport." 2 Holding firmly to his belief that athletics should be for everyone, Kiphuth insisted on a required physical education program for all students. And yet, to the disdain of some, he shunned the idea of awarding aca­ demic credit for a skills course in physical education. Kiphuth became Director of the Payne Whitney Gym­ nasium in the fall of 1940. Shortly thereafter, President Seymour, in his annual report to the Yale Alumni, stated in part the following: From March 30 on all undergraduates were required to undergo regular forms of exercise designed to make them rugged and physically alert. Members of approved varsity, junior varsity, or freshman squads were ex­ cused from other physical exercise during the active period of their sports. Members of intramural teams have been required to participate in two contests and attend one gymnasium class a week. All undergraduates not on approved squads have been required to attend gymnasium classes regularly, with emphasis upon muscu­ lar skill and coordination, body-building, swimming, and exercise involving bodily contact such as and wrestling. The plan was designed to supplement and not to supplant our existing system of exercise. We have been fortunate in our extensive playing

^"Bob Kiphuth: Yale's Body Builder," p. 280 210 fields,: our superb gymnasium, and above all in the system of individual physical correction and develop­ ment organized under the supervision of Robert J. H. Kiphuth o 3 In 1924 Sedgwick of the Boston Evening Transcript asked Kiphuth, "How would you summarize the main features of your system and the reasons for Yale's success?" Kiphuth replied that there were six major factors responsible for Yale's success in the aquatic sport. In his opinion they were physical training, large squads, good swimmers, an enthusiastic year-round program in swimming, the effective support of the faculty and the athletic officials, and 4 Yale's excellent athletic facilities. In his fortyTtwo years at the helm Kiphuth never once forgot the importance each one of these factors played in the developing of a successful swimming program,, As a result, he dominated the ISA,.later the EISL (Eastern Intercollegiate Swimming

League) ,t by winning thirty-eight of forty-two championships. Moreover, he won four NCAA titles, two in the early 1940's and the other two in the modern era of competitive swimming in the early 1950's. Kiphuth personally did not accept the principle of

3 "Report of the President of Yale University," 1941- 1942, p0 5o 4Sedgwick, "Yale's Supremacy," Boston Evening Transcript. January 7, 1924<, 211 scholarships for athletic achievement» He felt strongly that the institution which he represented was the finest academically in the world; that his program contained the unique features as mentioned above; therefore, the scholar-athlete would be attracted to his workshop without further inducement.5 Therefore, without the benefit of athletic scholarships, Kiphuth still remained competitive and a consistent threat for the collegiate crown. While Yale does not have athletic scholarships, the University does award academic scholarships and does have a work pro­ gram for students. According to Yale's historian, George Wo Pierson,. author of Yale College 1921-1937. the program of scholarships, tuition rebates, bursary employment, and student loans commenced in 1944 and by 1952 had reached a figure of $2,000,000 annuallyo The program of scholarships, according to DeLaney Kiphuth, Director of Athletics at Yale

University, is based on proven need of the applicant0 Under the work program, DeLaney Kiphuth pointed out, an athlete is not allowed to be employed by either the Athletic De­ partment, the Gymnasium, or the Intramural Office0 In 1931 Silas B. Fishkind asked Bob how near man was to attaining his ultimate ability in the water. Bob answered that in his opinion:

5Personal conversations the author had with Kiphuth between 1952 and 1966. 212 The technique of the sport is improving all the time ... and as we become more expert and teach the correct stroke, the general excellence and stan­ dard of performance will be raised. There is a technical ideal but so comparatively few people attain this that there would seem to be no limit to the ex­ cellence which will be achieved. Of course, improved pool design and construction must also be considered., In my opinion, there will be more shaving of the times for the longer races than for the shorter0 ...All things being equal, the flexible and buoyant type has the greatest possibility as a swimmer and will go farther. ... o . . Then there is the physiological side ... the constitutional vigor of the man, and thirdly we have the psychological side? the mental drive ... Given a man with this dynamic quality, with the other factors added, and you have the perfect swimming type. Even if he has never swum before, with proper coaching and teaching he can be developed into a great swimmer.6 In 1949 in an article in the New York Tribune he ventured to state that the onslaught upon the records would continue "indefinitely". In his opinion "we haven't come close to the ceiling of swimming achievement,," As an ex­ ample, he cited the mental capacity to think in terms of 19:20 for the metric mile until the Japanese, this year, lowered the psychological barrier to 18:30. He continued on to state that "barriers are purely psychological. We must remove the inhibitions set by present standings and we must, and can, improve present techniques." 7 In the same article he pointed out the importance

6Fishkind, "Kiphuth—-Yale's Successful Coach," p. 29. 7Kennedy, "Kiphuth, Swimming Champions Coach," New York Tribune. February 4, 1949, p„ 24o 213 that "mileage" plays in development of any athlete,, He cautioned, however, that the principle must be applied in­ telligently because the athlete must understand the prin- g ciples of pace as applied to his own personal endurance. "An athlete in good, mature physical condition, at 25 or 26, is better than an athlete at 20 or 21 years of age," was a consistent Kiphuth dictum. Moreover, he firmly believed that the athlete who could continue to compete as an amateur while working or studying for graduate degrees would achieve great success0 In 1964 he wrote in part the following to this author: Last week I went down to New York, on Wednesday, Friday and Saturday, to see the trials and finals of the single sculls and the eights in Rowing. X saw exemplified what I have always believed—that an ath­ lete in good, mature physical condition, at 25 or 26, is better than an athlete at 20 or 21 years of agec This was also true, and evident to me, in the AAU's and Olympic Trials for . If our swim­ mers would continue, I am sure we could have the same results we had with Farrell, McGill, Mclntyre; that the Australians had with , and now with . We have a great example of that here at Yale, with a fellow like Jay Luck who is, at the moment, the best man in the world at 400-meters intermediate hurdles» He just worked very consistently as an undergraduate and, in the past two years, while working here for his Doctorate in Electrical Engineering. So many of these good athletes are also outstanding in the academic field. There is Jay, working for a Ph.D. in a difficult field; Seibert, the 800-meters man in Tokyo, who is a nuclear physicist at Stanford; Spero, the #1 man in

8Ibid. 214 in sculling, who is a Ph.D. in a new kind of physics, at Columbia; a half-dozen fellows on the track team are either teaching, or doing graduate work. This can be done, but it requires a genuine interest in athletics —npt in terms of undergraduate popularity and success, using athletics as a means to an end., but instead, a genuine interest is the end itself.9 According to Bob Geigengack, Kiphuth with respect to his philosophy of athletics was the rebirth of that great mind of antiquity—Aristotle. Bob's philosophy was always sound and the application of the resulting principles was steadfast. Kiphuth was not a politician, but a statesman. A politician will seek approval and compromise, but a statesman remains tenaciously steadfast to his principles. And Kiphuth's principles were indelibly imprinted upon his very soul., 10 First and foremost, Kiphuth considered athletics as an integral part of a young man's total education. Accept­ ing this as his major premise, he logically proceeded to argue that therefore athletics must be open and available to every member of the student body. The coaches and the edu­ cational institutions must not allow athletics to become a battle-ground for hired Hessians» The athletic experience

9Letter to author from Robert J. H. Kuphuth, July 15, 19640 "^Bob Geigengack, personal interview, December 27, 1972o The remaining paragraphs are based on personal con­ versations with Bob Kiphuth and on personal interviews with the aforementioned, Bob Geigengack, Karl Michael, Phil Moriarty, Plarry Burke, and DeLaney Kiphuth. 215

must remain available and open to the student body as a whole. Therefore, he had a high regard not only for the intercollegiate athletic program, but also for the intra­ mural and leisure skills program of physical education. Physical and mental participation,not observation is where

the education takes place. Therefore,Kiphuth always main7 tained large squads numbering as high as one hundred ath­ letes. He never cut anyone from his team. Athletics is not a business but part of the educa­ tional experience. The formal academic disciplines operate at a deficit, therefore, athletics need not and should not be concerned with returning a profit. Whether or not you produce a good show for the spectator is a by-product not the purpose of collegiate athleticso Your principal concern as an educator-coach is whether or not your student-athletes are learning not whether the spectators are enjoying the open classroom. Excellent facilities, like excellent class­ rooms, are the result of your intention to find the best means to educate the student. The program of athletics must be conducted in the best fashion conceivable. Necessarily, then both the insti­ tution and the coach must strive to keep the proper essences and eliminate as many accidental evils as possible. If false prophets attack the major premise, do not retreat from the battleground. Rather, muster your forces, exert your influence, and prepare for battle. 216

He was fond of all sports but especially the so- called individual sports which he concluded taught hard work, discipline, sacrifice, and dedication. He found dis­ tasteful, however, the professional athlete and his play for pay concept. Consistently, he followed all the Yale sports teams and personally knew the coaches and athletes on those teams. He loved to watch the superior performer in any sporto To Bob, the greatest sin an institution could commit was to allow itself to be caught up in the "football objec­ tive." On many occasions, he cited the lethal dilemma of this objectiveo To him it was a vicious circle. For, the only objective of a football power was "to draw a bigger crowd in order to build a bigger stadium in order to have more money to buy more athletes, to produce a better team, to draw more people, to build a bigger stadium, to buy more athletes. . . .,, "L1 Geigengack pointed out that Kiphuth and Yale's President A. Whitney Griswold (1950-1963) had been friends since Griswold's days as a professor of political science,, These two men conversed on many an occasion. Oftentimes, Bob would expound upon his philosophical beliefs with re-

11Statement made to author in July, 1955, but re­ peated on many other occasions by Bob Kiphuth. 217 spect to athleticso Geigengack and others seemed assured that Grxswold certainly was influenced by Bob's comments.12 These same people seem definite in their opinion that Griswold consulted with Bob prior to the adoption of the Ivy League Code of athletics in the early 1950's. • Amateur athletics were sacred to Kiphutho He often spoke out against "cheap monies," and "sticky fingers." He always believed in the phrase that "money is the root of all evil." As examples, he cited the Connecticut AAU boxing scandal in the 1930*s, and the "AAU-NCAA difficulties . o o occasioned by big NCAA Football TV money0" Where money and sport were involved, he demanded a strict accounting." 13 In his concern for age group swimming, he wrote: o . o isn't it too bad that you can't have a wonderful idealistic amateur movement, like Age Group Swimming,- without besmirching with it commercialism. I suppose that humans being what they are, small and petty, can't do anything for its own sake, but always for the al­ mighty dollar.14

12Geigengack, Phil Moriarty, and Harry Burke ex­ pressed the fact that the Ivy League Code on Athletics had a lot of Kiphuth in it. 13Letters to the author from Bob Kiphuth, July 17 and 20, 1964. 14Ibid.. July 20, 1964. 218 Because of Bob's great concern for the amateur ideal, Harry Hainesworth, retired AAU Swimming Chairman, wrote that "Bob was the type of amateur that is said of Avery Brundage, President of the International Olympic Committee. He had the highest of ideals and fair play. He loathed the man who posed as an amateur and was a profes­ sional."'1'^ In 1931 Silas B. Fishkind of the New York Times'. Daniel Mulvey of the New Haven Register. and Karl Dalquist of the New Haven Courier Journal credited Kiphuth for his sound philosophy. Fishkind mentioned the fact that over three hundred students competed in the Yale swimming pro­ gram and that sixty-six had participated in the inter- collegiate dual meets. 1& Mulvey spoke of the unending list of additional names to the record book and the fact that Kiphuth "makes swimmers and he makes enthusiasm for his sport. And a coach who can create whole-heairted enthusi- asm for his sport is a real coach."17 But perhaps Dalquist

15 Letter to the author from Harry Hainesworth, February 17, 1972. "^Fishkind, "Kiphuth Yale's Successful Coach," p. 29. 17"Sports Writers Praise Achievements of 1931 Swimming Team and R. J. H. Kiphuth," Yale Daily News. March 25, 1931, p. 5a 219 stated it best when he wrote: o . o the primary function of collegiate athletics is not to develop individual stars, but to bring about the most good for the greatest number. Kiphuth, in turning out a winning, - well-balanced team rather than perfecting one or two stars, has followed more closely the ideals of his profession. His ability cannot be overrated.18 The fact that Bob conducted his athletic sessions for large numbers of students stands as a living reminder of his philosophy of athletics for alio Perhaps more im­ portantly, he believed that his work was a labor of love. Therefore, he never received financial remuneration for a clinic or for his summer training program. Each summer, since 1932, the Yale fifty meter indoor pool and Kiphuth1s services as a coach were made available to any swimmer in the world free of charge. On many occasions he willingly conducted an additional practice session from eight to ten in the evening in order to accommodate the athlete who found it necessary to earn additional income. Karl Michael credits Kiphuth•s interest in high school youths as the reason for his finding direction in life., He realized that here was a person with a genuine interest in youth. A person without a selfish motive. A man doing it "out of the love of his own heart." 19

Ibid0 19Karl Michael, personal interview, December 28, 1972 o 220 Bob believed that there existed no secrets in athletics. All things being equal, the athlete is only as good as his physical condition. The athlete willing to sacrifice and dedicate himself has a definite advantage over his opponent. In like manner, he seemed possessed by the work ethic. As Colwin stated: He was perpetual motion personified. He took only four hours sleep every night, and if you could manage to be there as he took to his bed for what he regarded as a compulsory form of inactivity, you could perhaps corner him for awhile.20 Another great coach spent four years of his life under Kiphuth in order to learn the "gimmick" or "trick" to his successo He concluded that "Hard work has been, is and always will be the number one reason for his (Kiphuth1s) success in swimming ...21 In 1932 upon completion of the new gymnasium, Kiphuth discussed the unlimited possibilities available to each and every member of the Yale family. He emphasized the expertise of the coaching staff, the productive benefits of physical testing to determine the efficiency of the indivi­ dual athletes, and the assigning of corrective exercises, the unlimited services offered by the magnificently equipped exercise halls and laboratories for both varsity and intra-

on Colwin, "Kiphuth Cathedral," p0 6. 21Pete Daland, "Year-Round Training," Swimming World XIII (August 1972), p0 llo 221 mural athletics, and the unique opportunity for the gym­ nasium staff to meet and direct the Yale student to the 22 advantages of the physically active lifeD He clearly stated his beliefs when he wrote in the Yale Daily News that: The new Payne Whitney Gymnasium makes possible to the fullest degree the "athletics for all" program which has been our goal for a number of years, and at the same time it affords every possible facility for highly specialized athletes represented by intercol­ legiate teamso With this magnificent equipment our physical education aims have every possibility of realization. With these aims we have in mind not only improvement of the physical vigor but in addition a mental, moral and social education by means of physical activities. Physical education should develop health— not just a negative condition but active positive abun­ dant health—strong muscles and a well poised body, mechanically, correct and able to carry their loads easily. It should make men organically sound giving them heart, lungs, stomach and livers which function properly. It should give a good neuro-muscular con­ trol as represented by reactions to motor activities and by quick adjustments for everyone instead of only adoration and worship of achievement and records in specialized sports.23

22Robert J. H. Kiphuth, "New Gymnasium Makes Possible Program of 'Athletics for All," Yale Daily News. December 10, 1932, p. 3 23 Ibido Chapter 10

AN ANALYTICAL MIND

As early as 1934 Kiphuth stated that "the most im­ portant factor in breaking a record is psychological rather than physiological or anything else."1 In Kiphuth's opinion "physically, man can achieve pretty much what he wants to achieve. His major stumbling block is his mental or psycho­ logical attitude."2 He was a stern task master. And yet, he firmly believed that "swimming is actually only about twenty-five percent swimming. The rest is seventy-five percent mental conditioning."^ In an article in the 1938 NCAA Swimming Guide Kiphuth, while stressing the importance of evenness of pace for a 1500-meter competitor, once again emphasized the importance of the psychological factor in competitive swimming when he wrote in part a brief account of Arne Borg's world record swim at Bologna: Borg hit up a pace as though he were swimming 100 meters only. Everyone was frantic, wondering at this turn of events and feeling that at such a pace he couldn't last more than 300 or 400 meters at the most.

1,1 Bob Kiphuth: Yale's Body Builder," p. 28. ^Arnold W. Joyce, "Taper: A Phase of Training," Swimming Technique, VII (April, 1970) ,' p. 27. ^Murray Rose, "My Approach to Training," Swimming Technique, IV (July,1967), p. 11. 222 223 Imagine their surprise when he not only continued but increased his speed after 800 meters, bettering the 900 meters record and the 1000 meters record on the way . . . . In the last analysis, I suppose it would be up to the physiologists and psychologists to explain such an incredible performance. Nevertheless, all of us can get a great thrill from such unusual athletic and com­ petitive feats which the human body and the human mind demonstrate from time to time.^ According to Cecil Colwin, Kiphuth introduced the practice of "wind sprints" to the world of swimming. Capi­ talizing on Kiphuth*s innovation, the Australians, in the mid-fifties, adopted Bob's procedures and became the first to recognize the value of and successfully utilize interval

training in their programs.^ In 1930 at the conclusion of the Yale vs. Meiji Uni­ versity swimming meet in Honolulu, Kiphuth,in an interview with Francois D' Eliscu of the Hawaii Advertiser, noted the exploits of the young Hawaiian, Maiola Kalili, and forecast, most certainly without realizing it, twenty-one years prior to its conception, four of the major factors necessary to a year-round AAU Age Group swimming program and its community involvement. 1. Climate favorable to year-round training (either real or artificial).

4r. J. h. Kiphuth, "Training for 1500 Meters Free Style," NCAA Official Rules for Swimming, Fancy Diving, Water Polo, 1938; (New York: American Sports Publishing Co., 1937), pp. 46-51. ^Colwin, "Kiphuth Cathedral," p. 6. Dr. James E. Councilman of Indiana University in his book, The Science of Swimming, p. 202 indicates that Kiphuth and Mann utilized the procedure of wind sprints by doing ten to fifteen 50- yard sprints at the end of a workout. 224 2. A large base to draw from (manpower). 3. Proper coaching. 4. Community involvement. You (Hawaii) have unlimited possibilities .... The ocean at your door, the mild climate all year around, and the ability to swim 365 days a year should make Hawaii, as it is, the center of the swimming world. The development of Mailoa Kalili is still one of the wonders to me. But after being here and seeing how much the youngsters take to the water, and the great numbers of children who seem to be more at home in the ocean than on land, I cannot help but feel that Hawaii should have the best swimmers in the world. The astounding ability here, it seems to me, with proper training and competition will produce not one, but many more world record holders. The water, the men and the pool is available, and the entire community should appreciate the wonderful and most healthful sport that rests at their doors.® Kiphuth's conceptual analysis of the conditions which are most likely to nourish a productive swimming pro­ gram was later adopted and applied unknowingly to the favor­ able climatic conditions prevalent in California. Therefore, by 1964 the California trained youngster dominated world swimming. At the conclusion of the 1932 Olympic Games, the American sports writers accused the competitive swimmers of complacency. Kiphuth responded in a most erudite manner identifying the Great Depression as the major contributor to the lack of progress in American swimming.

Francois D'Eliscu, "Bob Kiphuth and His Yale Mermen Leave for the Mainland Today," unidentified newspaper clipping, probably the Hawaii Advertiser, July 25, 1930. 225

. . . America has riot gone back, yet has not pro­ gressed enough to meet the great advance made by the Japanese. This lack of progress in our swimming may be charged to the recent change in economic status. During the past ten years, our great swimmers have largely been members of wealthy clubs which have fostered extensive year-round programs giving a continuity so necessary for the development of highly trained athletes. With the change in economic conditions, the clubs have been forced to limit their expenditures and so their programs of the more pros­ perous years have been necessarily curtailed . . . .^ From the brief quote above, it is clear that Kiphuth understood in clear and concise terms the economies of com­ petitive swimming. He certainly realized, even in those days, that swimming was a sport for the sons of "Kings." In other words, the sport basically belonged to the middle and upper middle class of society, usually located in or near large metropolitan areas. This concept has been followed successfully today by such coaches as , Peter Daland, , Cherm Chavoor, and Don Watson. More­ over, these same coaches have produced world class swimmers by adhering to the Kiphuthtonian principle that the "exten­ sive year-round programs" utilizing a large base of competi­ tive athletes will be the programs which give "a continuity so necessary for the development of the highly trained ath­ lete."® Today, the two Kiphuthtonian principles of

7r. J. H. Kiphuth, "Japan Extends Challenge to American Swimming—Failure of United States to Retain Olympic Swimming Championship due to Economic Conditions," Yale Daily News, December 15, 1932, p; 3. ®Ibid. 226 year-round training and pre-season dry land body building exercises are universally accepted. In 1934, when asked to comment on the reasons for the upsurgence of Japanese swimming over the past ten years, Kiphuth, understanding the importance of organization, cited the formation of the Japanese Swimming Federation as the pri­ mary cause. Kiphuth pointed out how this organization, guided by interested and dedicated amateurs, coordinated, centralized and financed swimming in all of Japan. Moreover, noting the geographical size of Japan, Bob mentioned the access the superior athletes had to Tokyo, the sports capital.9 Japan has a powerful co-ordinator of swimming acti­ vities. . . . Japan is favored geographically . . . swim­ ming activities are well financed and swimming, meets draw huge gate receipts.10 Nonetheless, Kiphuth, a keen student of anatomy, movement, and sports psychology, d the development and adaptation of a "new" swimming St.. a structured to the length of their arm, leg and trunk, the dietary consider­ ations, the psychological attitude and the willingness of the athlete to sacrifice for cause and country.H

^Bob Kiphuth, "Japan Challenges America in the Water," The Literary Digest, CVII (May 12, 1934), p. 24. IQlbid. The reader is also referred to Kiphuth, "Japan Extends Challenge," p. 3 and to Kiphuth, "Japcin's Powerful Swimming Organization," The Japan Advertiser (Tokyo: August 11, 1934). This article appears in a scrap- book located at the Payne Whitney Gymnasium, Yale University.

H'lbid. 227

In contrast, Bob cited the economic conditions in the United States, the lack of a strong and financially secure Swimming Federation, the stress on individual performance rather than a national program, the lack of "professional" swimming clubs in the United States (in reference to the operation of the club not the athlete), and the fact that the United States Olympic coach lacked professional status

and served as nothing more than a morale booster.12 Today, many of the above abuses have been or are being eliminated. A strong financially secure Swimming Federation is emerging, there exist at least fifteen good national caliber programs, and professional swimming clubs supporting age group swimming are too numerous to.mention; and today the United States Olympic coach not only has pro­ fessional status but the athlete under his jurisdiction must attend a training camp prior to departing for the Games. It was interesting to note Kiphuth's comments in June of 1938 on the style of swimming. He wrote in part to Max Ritter, a leading AAU official and to Otto Brewitz, a leading German swimming official the follow­ ing: ...I was very much interested in the German swim­ ming article concerning the breast stroke. ... I think there is just a certain nationalistic tinge in the writer's attitude, inasmuch as he points out that the

12Ibid. 228

Russian swimmer, Cartinet, does not swim according to rules. I can't see that this is any argument against the butterfly breast stroke. The breast stroke executed in any style is a stroke measured by form as well as by time, and consequently the rules governing the form of the stroke have to be carried out whether they be but­ terfly, under the water, on top of the water, etc. etc. Of course, I don't blame the German writer. We have heard just such arguments against the butterfly by our own so-called "purists" . . . but it seems to me that the purists forget to look the thing squarely in the face because the breast stroke has changed considerably from the old frog stroke to the breast stroke which was in vogue just before the butterfly. Legs, instead of being spread wide, were narrowed down to a considerable degree and the arms, instead of being pulled wide, were pulled under pretty much in the same fashion that they are in the butterfly at the present time. Then we had variations like the Filipino's swimming in two Olympic games, '28 and '32, wherein the men swam on top of water and under water . . . the American sprint style where most of the swimming was done under water . . . Rademacher and the Spences to use the on turns and on finishes, without any question. The fact that the English haven't adopted the butterfly means absolutely nothing at all, because from the standpoint of among the great sporting nations of the world, England has done little or nothing since approximately 1910. Am I right? . . .13 In 1936 as Kiphuth watched a custodian cleaning the pool walls while submerged in a , he reasoned that he could better analize the strokes of his swimmers if he employed the same procedure. Therefore, it was in Janu­ ary of 1936 that Kiphuth received nationwide publicity for submerging below the blue waters of the Payne Whitney

l^Letter to Otto Brewitz from Bob Kiphuth, May 29, 1938. Letter to Max Ritter from Bob Kiphuth, June 5, 1938. 229 Exhibition Pool in a diving .14 Although an inno­ vative and certainly a good method for observing underwater techniques, the system did have, its limitation. The prac­ tice was time consuming, prevented verbal communication be­ tween coach and swimmer, and required individual appointments rather than team effort. Therefore, the practice was soon discontinued.15 Another Kiphuth innovation was the use of mirrors at the ends of each lane for individual stroke correction. Al­ though useful for personal motion analysis and correction by the backstroke competitor, the mirrors proved to be inef­ fective for the freestyle or breaststroke competitors. And thus, this observant and innovative man continued to question and probe the enigmas of competitive swimming.

14"Kiphuth Uses to Coach Elis," Yale Daily News, January 8, 1936, p. 4; "Coach Dives to Pool Bottom with Helmet to Look Up at Yale Swimmers' Technique," New York Times, January 9, 1936, p. 26.

15"a New and Bigger Look," Yale Swimming News Letter, Fall 1955, p. 6.

l^Phil Moriarty, personal interview, November 26, 1971. Chapter 11

THE BELOVED GYMNASIUM

The firm of Pope, Eggers and Higgins was the re­ cipient of the award for architectural excellence at the

1936 Olympic Games for the beautifully designed Payne Whit­ ney Gymnasium. The award read in part: "For one of the world's most significant indoor athletic structures com­ pleted at the time of the 1932-1936 Olympiad."1 But the

Gothic Gymnasium bears the indelible mark of Robert John

Herman Kiphuth. For, it was by virtue of his Socratic and

Baconian inquiries that the completed structure blended beauty and utility under the same roof. Conducting his own personal research, Kiphuth preexamined, probed, and cal­ culated every enigma of the gymnasium. For over two years, he investigated, researched and conducted experiments in order to dictate what went into or did not go into the new gymnasium. Not just the pool, but the whole building re­ ceived his immediate attention. The author interviewed

^Statement by R. Jackson Smith, architect with the firm of Eggers and Associates, New York City, personal interview, July 24, 1973. 230 THE PAYNE WHITNEY GYMNASIUM

YALE UNIVERSITY k 'mi ""i"5! era* 233

R. Jackson Smith., a member of the architectural firm re­

sponsible for the plans for the Payne Whitney Gymnasium,who

stated:

Bob Kiphuth unquestionably played a significant role in the construction and planning of the gymnasium. The firm appointed two project managers, Rice and Frank, whose responsibility it was to work closely with Bob. This factor, when coupled with Bob's own initiative, resulted in his being involved in even the most minute details of the structure.2

Once construction began, Bob and

lunched together at Mory's (Yale's legendary dining estab­

lishment) each Wednesday in order to discuss in detail the

weekly progress and the proposed plans for the immediate

future. Kiphuth, on many occasions, invited as his guest

any member of the gymnasium staff who desired to confer with

Pope or his project managers. It's a wonder that the archi­

tect, the builder, and the little general remained friends

because "not a stone was laid unless Kiphuth approved.

"Kiphuth's Cathedral of Sweat,consists of the

main Tower which houses the facilities for general usage,

and two competitive sports wings. The building is five

hundred and ten feet long, two hundred feet deep and in the

2Ibid.

^Karl Michael, personal interview, December 28, 1972. The above paragraphs are based on testimony given by Karl Michael, Phil Moriarty, and Harry Burke. These men indi­ cated that they in no way meant to discredit the work of the architect. They simply wanted to stress the endless hours of travel and research that Kiphuth put into the construc­ tion of the Payne Whitnew Gymnasium.

^"Bob Kiphuth: Yale's Body-Builder," p. 28. 234 Tower two hundred feet in height. The main entrance lies

beneath the Tower and leads to a spacious lobby. To the

right and left are two adjoining lobbies which lead to the

Amphitheatre and the Exhibition Pool. and basketball

are housed in the Amphitheatre which also serves the needs

of boxing, wrestling, and fencing exhibitions. This unit

is, as are all units and all floors, self-contained provid­

ing two home team and three visiting team dressing, shower and drying rooms.5

The left wing contains the Exhibition Pool (rededi-

cated the Kiphuth Exhibition Pool in February of 1967) which

is seventy-five by forty-two feet. This still ultra-modern

facility conceived and built in the initial years of 1930,

bears witness to Kiphuth's pedagogical attention to the most minute detail. Although he worked endlessly on the total concept, the Exhibition Pool stands as his masterpiece.

Perhaps his one great disappointment was the necessity for utilizing demountable frames for the diving boards instead of hydrolically controlled boards rising from the pool deck.^ Kiphuth had proposed this innovation because of its instructional capability. However, this proposal was vetoed when one of the Yale Trustees insisted and remained steadfast

C Robert J. H. Kiphuth, "The Payne Whitney Gymnasium of Yale University," The Research Quarterly, IV (March, 1933), p. 134.

Gphil Moriarty, personal interview, July 28, 1972. 235

in his belief that its only function was to encourage lazi­

ness on the part of the divers.7

Kiphuth and his aesthetic masterpiece deserve part

of the credit for the early emergence of swimming out of the

"Dark Ages." Together the man and the monument helped to

remove the sport from the dingy and dismal basements of the

past. Pour decades ago, Kiphuth personally conducted in­

numerable experiments to determine the most innovative and

practical for solving the "mechanical" problems

encountered by the competitive swimmer.**

Amid the bustling activity of the Carnegie Pool,

Kiphuth tested hypothesis after hypothesis. By dangling

lights hung from poles he reasoned the proper depth, angle,

and number of lights necessary for illuminating the pool

surface. Consequently, he realized the necessity for

utilizing prismed lights in order to avoid blinding re­

flection off the water. He eliminated lighting at the ends

of the pool because it proved to be unnecessary for illumi­

nation and both blinding and physically dangerous to the competitive swimmer.^ In order to help determine the proper markings for the competitive swimmer, Kiphuth drained the Carnegie Pool

7r. Jackson Smith, personal interview, July 24, 1973.

®Phil Moriarty, personal interview, November 24, 1971.

^Ibid. 236

and instructed his staff to paint lines on the bottom of the

pool and guide targets on the end walls.10

Kiphuth even subjected the crotch spray to a

thorough inspection prior to its installation in the new

facility. Time after time his assistants were required to

test the operation of the device.H

Observing that the walls of the Carnegie Pool at

both the buttock and shoulder level were stained by blotches

of human body oil (bathing suits were not worn in those

days), Kiphuth chose vitrolite to line the six and one-half foot parapet surrounding the new pool. Kiphuth noted that vitrolite cleans easily and that the eighteen-inch sections could be arranged, so as to avoid buttock or shoulder con­ tact with the joints.

Kiphuth selected a one-inch tile (instead of the usual six by twelve tile) to line the shell of the pool.

This helped eliminate slippery walls. From water level to three feet below the surface he instructed the contractor to place the smooth edge toward the wall. Therefore, the swimmer gained additional support while turning from the rough-edged surface.

l^Karl Michael, personal interview, December 28, 1972.

Uphil Moriarty, personal interview, November 24, 1971.

l^Kiphuth, "The Payne Whitney Gymnasium," Quarterly IV, March, 1932, p. 134.

13Ibid. 237

Realizing the perplexity of the problems instigated

by the installation of windows, Kiphuth wisely concentrated

the lighting in the forty-six foot ceiling of the Exhibition

Pool. This is ably supplemented by the thirty-eight under- water lights. The six story high ceiling with its enormous skylight acted as a deterrent to the humidity problems of the past. The ability to sustain a constant seventy-two degree encouraged large spectator crowds.The enigma of a seventy-two degree spectator area and a pool deck temperature of eighty degrees for the comfort of the swimmer was solved when someone suggested and devised a system whereby steam could be released into the heating system.

Kiphuth instructed the architect to conceive a five story high amphitheatre seating arrangement. So that every spectator would have an individual hard back chair and an unobstructed view of the finish wall, the pitch of the seat bank was set at forty-five degrees. Excluding the feasi­ bility of temporary seating being installed at the top of the arena, the natatorium can seat 2,187 spectators.-'-®

14Ibid.

ISphil Moriarty, personal interview, November 24, 1971.

^^Kiphuth, "The Payne Whitney Gymnasium," Quarterly IV, March, 1932, p. 133. 238

In order to control the disturbance caused by waves, he insisted on a bull nose gutter with a curved wall on the inside which would cause the wave to hit the curve, drop down, and level out.l? He insisted on six seven-foot-wide lanes and pool markings which still meet today's rigid NCAA and AAU standards. At the starting end of the pool he in­ stalled stainless steel starting blocks.I8

The third floor houses the 167 foot by 35 foot practice pool. Kiphuth was instrumental in encouraging the engineers to devise a stainless steel movable bulkhead two feet wide and five feet deep. Moreover, he insisted that there be two gutter levels so that the water level could be dropped for instructional purposes.^ He instructed that the side walls of the practice pool and the parapet walls of the Exhibition Pool be faced with a cream colored glass feo that the custodial employees could service the walls as if they were washing windows.20

These innovations, patiently researched, objectively tested and subsequently expedited by Kiphuth caused the Payne

Whitney Exhibition Pool to represent one of the first great modern pool facilities in the world. This new facility,

l^Moriarty, personal interview, November 24, 1971.

l8Kiphuth, "The Payne Whitney Gymnasium," Quarterly IV, March 1932, p. 134.

' 19Ibid.

20Moriarty, personal interview, November 24, 1971, 239

therefore, played a part in the removal of pool facilities

from the dark, damp, cold, dirty and unsanitary cellars of

the past. Ergo the sport would now have a more appealing

aura for both spectator and competitor alike.21 Or as

R. Jackson Smith termed it, "the Payne Whitney Exhibition

Pool is unquestionably one of the dramatic aquatic facilities

then and now."22

The three rowing tanks for crew practice are located

in the rear section of the main Tower. Below the tanks in

the sub-basement are the rifle ranges. Nearby is the gym­

nasium laundry. The second floor consists of the Cashier's

office, check room, Manager's office, and the trophy room.

Located at each end are the locker rooms, shower rooms, and

toilets. This is the first of four identical tiers of

dressing facilities, each with a capacity of about 674

lockers.2^

As already mentioned, the practice pool is located on the third floor. The fourth floor contains the faculty

locker room, the rubbing room, the hot room, the steam room,

and the Physical Education Staff Room. The main corridor to the right or left contains twenty-six single squash courts, two doubles squash courts, eight full size handball courts,

2lFrank Birmingham, "What's Behind the Records," Columbia (May, 1960), p. 39.

22r. Jackson Smith, personal interview, July 24, 1973. 23Kiphuth, "The Payne Whitney Gymnasium," Quarterly IV, March 1932, p. 135. 240

two galleries, and two equestrian polo cages. The

squash courts are adaptable to accomodate handball if

necessary.24

The fifth floor houses the facilities for the re­

quired program of physical education. The ten exercise

rooms are divided equally so that five of them may be ad­

justed to accomodate basketball, , and .

Five of the rooms are provided with chest weights and staff

bars and one with heavy apparatus. One also finds the

general physical education office, the examination room,

photography room, and the Director's office on this level.25

On the fifth floor the wing off the Exhibition Pool

roof contains a tumbling and diving pit filled with sawdust

and loam. The twelve laps to the mile jogging track with

banked corners around the Amphitheatre is supplemented by a

9-3/4 laps to the mile jogging track around the pool. The

sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth floors serve as the

quarters for wrestling, boxing, fencing and general train­ ing. 26

Indicating that it would be impossible to present a complete list of the innovations Kiphuth insisted that the architect and the builder, Marc Eidlitz of New York City, install in the building, R. Jackson Smith mentioned the

24Ibid., p. 136. 25Ibid., p. 137.

26lbid. 241 following as an indication of Kiphuth's. contribution to the project:

1. seating arrangements 2. lighting within the building 3. sauna and steam rooms 4. crew tanks 5. crotch spray 6. the most minute details of the shower rooms 7. selection of materials which would have low maintenance cost 8. a new method of ventilation to prevent locker room odor 9. deep back set gutters 10. removable diving stands (originally hydraulic) 11. increased pool depth for diving 12. sight lines for the competitive swimmer 13. movable bulkhead (the first in the United States) 14. reversal of the tile to prevent the competitor from slipping 15. temperature and humidity controls 16. electric polo horse^

Kiphuth's completed masterpiece was a unique blend of Gothic beauty and American ingenuity. Kiphuth in his own words stated:

This was a question of not only drawing on many years of experience and observation, but of analysis and tests conducted over many months. Many of these tests were made in the old Gymnasium, such as for under­ water lighting, crotch spray, corrosion of metals in water, of chlorine content, floor finishes, etc. . .

The plans for the new gymnasium had been formulated as part of Yale's post WWI building plans.29 The original plans had called for the utilization of a larger area for

27r. Jackson Smith, personal interview, July 24, 1973.

28Robert J. H. Kiphuth, "Pool Features, " Yale Daily News, December 10, 1932, p. 7.

29John Russell Pope, Yale University; A Plan for Its Future Building (New 'Xork: Cheltendon Press, 1919). 242

construction of the gymnasium. A revision of plans took

place when the committee selected a smaller construction

site. Consequently, however, this proved a blessing in

disguise because it allowed for a most beneficial restudy

which resulted in the present building.

The building was dedicated in honor of Payne Whit­ ney a former Yale athlete and graduate in the class of 1908.

The funds for the structure were the gift of Mrs. Payne

Whitney, Mrs. Charles Shipman Payson (her daughter), and

Mr. John Hay Whitney (her son). The final cost figures for the structure reached the enormous sum of $5,000,000.

In the final analysis, it was the Whitney's genero­ sity, the genius of Pope's firm, and Kiphuth's ingenuity which combined to construct one of the world's most complete and efficient gymnasiums.

With the completion of the new gymnasium in the fall of 1932 Kiphuth was promoted to the rank of Assistant Pro­ fessor and appointed as Head of the general physical edu­ cation program. Until Kiphuth's appointment as Director of the Gymnasium in 1940, the administration of the new facility fell to a three man committee, consisting of the

Director of the University Health Department, the Director of Athletics, and the Comptroller of the University who were directly responsible to the Yale Corporation.

As previously mentioned, Kiphuth had begun his career at Yale as a physical education instructor under 243

Dr. Anderson. His initial duties were to conduct brief body building sessions for those students engaged in the new

"games" program as conceived by Dr. Anderson.30 Kiphuth eventually conducted classes in gymnastics and dance. After his appointment to the post of Director of the Carnegie Pool, in 1917, he assumed the added responsibility of adminis­ trating the general swimming program, as well as maintain­ ing his commitment to the general physical education program.

His subsequent involvement with the competitive swimming team and development of his body building classes were the result of his own initiative and considered as additional duties.

Kiphuth's tenure as Head of the Physical Education

Department commenced in 1932 under President Angell.

Angell's commitment to the principle of the "athletics for all" concept and his appointment in 1930 of a committee to study the problem and to report to him concerning England's amateur sports tradition followed closely Kiphuth's own beliefs.3-*-

Evidently, the committee's report, Angell's con­ viction and Kiphuth's agreement combined to initiate in the fall of 1932 a required physical education program for all

30Report of the President of Yale University, August 1915, pp. 34i-344; "New Gymnasium Instructor," Yale Daily News, October 13, 1914, p. 1.

•^George W. Pierson, Yale College 1871-1921 (New Haven: , 1952), Vol.1, p. 23; Vol . II, 416. 244

freshmen. Each and every freshman was required to undergo a

physical examination on posture. Those failing the test

were required to enter the correctives program under A1

Motley, the recently hired director of the program. Those

passing the test were allowed to select any one of a variety

of skills classes.32

Due to the fact that Yale never has had a majors

program in physical education and the fact that funds within

the department for hiring qualified people have always been

limited, Kiphuth relied upon his own cognizance in selecting

individuals exhibiting initiative, drive and a strong desire

to improve themselves. Consequently, Kiphuth required each

member of his staff to take in service training in anatomy

and physiology from Dr. Winthrop Phelps and in correctives

and adaptives from Al Motley, a student of Bess Mensen-

dieck.33

From 1932 until his final year of service to Yale in

1966, Kiphuth maintained responsibility for the overall phy­ sical education program. This included the sixteen week course in the "mechanics" of posture and the leisure skills program. Kiphuth, according to his staff, continued to in­ struct within the program and offered his program of body building each afternoon at four and five o'clock.

32oeLaney Kiphuth, personal interview, November 24, 1972: Milton White, A Yale Man (Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1966), pp. 22-24. 33Karl Michael, personal interview, December 28, 1972. 245

From March of 1946 until his resignation due to a heart attack in December of 1949, Kiphuth further served the

University in the capacity of Director of Athletics. During this time, the University, like most colleges throughout the country, underwent a tremendous growth due to the return of the service men. Yale's enrollment went from 3,200 to 5,500 students.^4 This imposed a great demand by service men to use the physical education facility. Moreover, Kiphuth was overseeing a sixteen sport varsity program which also in­ cluded ten junior varsity and sixteen freshman units. Yale did not construct any new athletic facilities during

Kiphuth's tenure as athletic director.

Since Kiphuth primarily continued to carry out the athletic policies of the past, the author questioned the staff as to any possible contributions he might have made to the program. The overall concensus seemed to be that

Kiphuth's major contributions were in the areas of philoso­ phy of athletics and staff appointments.-^ Everyone seemed assured that he played a major role in directing the Uni­ versity with respect to sound policies of amateurism and athletics. The more noted coaching assignments which he fostered were: Bob Geigengack (track), Howard Hobson

(basketball), Adam Walz (crew), Joe Burke (freshman crew,

34DeLaney Kiphuth, personal interview, November 24, 1972. 35This opinion was unanimously expressed by Harry Burke, Phil Moriarty, DeLaney Kiphuth and Bob Geigengack. 246 later crew coach at Pennsylvania), and Howie O'Dell (foot­ ball/ later coach of the University of Washington). Bob

Geigengack assessed Kiphuth's role as Director of Athletics with the following words:

Bob was a great administrator. He was a grand plan man who had a grasp of the total athletic picture. As a result, he developed a sound relationship with his coaching staff and was able to direct the University with respect to sound policies of amateurism and athletics. In this regard, he has been unequalled. Perhaps, if one must assign a defect, his major flaw was his disregard for detail. But this aspect is easily delegated to subordinates.36

In 1946 Kiphuth received the Honor Award Certificate from the American Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation for his work in four areas: (1) physical education and athletics at Yale, (2) local, state, n&tional and international swimming, (3) as director of Yale's war program, and (4) his active and advisory capacities with the

A.A.U., YMCA, Red Cross, Boy Scouts, Boy's Clubs, private schools, and A.A.H.P.E.R.

36Bob Geigengack, personal interview, December 27, 1972.

3"7"Honor Award Fellows—1946," Journal of Health and Physical Education, XVII (June 1946), pp. 329-331. Chapter 12

MAN OF CRITICISM

Rarely does a man reach administrative levels of an organization without finding himself the subject of much controversy and criticism. Bob Kiphuth was no exception to this rule.

Kiphuth assumed the coaching reins at Yale Univer­ sity in January of 1918. He immediately sought information from the leading authorities of his day, especially L. DeB.

Handley. As the amateur coach of the New York Women's Swim­ ming Association Handley, a journalist by trade, was also active in the administrative elements of competitive swim­ ming. Certainly because of his own interest and partly be­ cause of this initial friendship, Kiphuth became almost immediately involved in the administrative aspects of the sport both at the AAU and NCAA levels. Kiphuth plunged into the administrative arena at a time when few if any coaches were either interested in or accepted by the "amateurs" who controlled the reins of the aquatic sport. Partly because of his image, and partly because of the prestige associated with his position at Yale, Kiphuth soon won acceptance to this elite group which governed the sport.

Kiphuth served as a member of the United States

Olympic Committee from 1929-1949 and from 1953-1960, of the 247 I I

248

United States National Olympic Committee from 1948-1952 and

from 1956-1960, of the National AAU Swimming Committee from

1926-1966, and of the National Collegiate Athletic Associ­

ation Swimming Rules Committee from 1930-1946. Moreover,

he acted in the capacity of Chairman of the National AAU

Swimming Committee from 1933-1936, of the NCAA Swimming

Rules Committee 1938-1946, and Vice Chairman of the National

AAU Swimming Committee from 1936-1950.

Therefore, Kiphuth's appointment as coach of so many

foreign trips caused him a great deal of criticism.^ The

fact that administrative considerations and the resulting

political implications played an important role in his

appointment is a point agreed upon by both critics and

advocates alike. And yet, other factors must also be

considered.

Thirty-three foreign trips were made by Kiphuth

between 1923 and 1964. Three of these trips (1923, 1925,

1957) were personal study tours. Six of the remaining trips

were arranged between Yale and one other foreign team ex­

clusively. This fact was true of his trips to Hawaii in

1921 and 1930, the trip to Cuba in 1946 (arranged by Chip

Lazo's father as Chip swam for Yale), and the trips to

Bermuda and Mexico in 1951.

^-Statement by Mike Peppe, personal interview, August 14, 1973 249

Nine other foreign trips were in response to re­

quests by domestic or foreign sources for Kiphuth to conduct

swimming clinics. These trips included Germany from 1951-

1954 (at the request of the U. S. Army), Iceland in 1954 (at

the request of the U. S. State Department), Israel in 1955

and 1959 (at the request of the U. S. Committee for Sports

in Israel), and South Africa in 1956 (at the request of

South African officials). A tenth trip to Germany in 1938

as coach of the U. S. team was the result of a direct re­

quest by German officials.

Four other trips made by Kiphuth were by virtue of

his serving as a FINA official at the 1924, 1952, 1956 and

1960 Olympic Games. A fifth trip to the Olympic Games was

as a guest of the Japanese in 1964.

Six of the remining ten trips were the Japanese-

American dual meets of 1931, 1934, 1935, 1938, 1950 and

1955. Although Ed Kennedy of Columbia University admits to

being considered for coach of the United States team to

Tokyo in 1934, he relinquished the honor when the Japanese

specifically requested Kiphuth.2 The writer can only

speculate that this request was the result of Kiphuth's

popularity with the Japanese due to the 1930 (Hawaii) and

1931 (Japan) trips. The request was no doubt honored

2statement by Ed Kennedy, personal interview, March 23, 1972. 250 because the Japanese Swimming Federation supplied the major

portion of the funds.

During his two initial trips to Japan, Kiphuth had

developed an immediate fascination for all aspects of

oriental culture. Perhaps this obvious interest and en­ thusiasm was one of the factors prompting Japanese officials to again request him as the American coach when they invited a delegation of swimmers to their country in 1934, 1935,

1950 and 1955.

Another question asked is why was Kiphuth appointed

Olympic coach so many times and shouldn't the honor be distributed among other deserving coaches?^

Kiphuth was actually Olympic coach four times. His first appointment came ten years after the onset of his coaching career when he was appointed women's coach for the

1928 Games in Amsterdam.

Los Angeles was the center for the 1932 Games held during the heart of the depression. At a time when many coaches could not leave home due to financial hardships,

Kiphuth was appointed both men's and women's coach in order to conserve funds.

In 1936 Kiphuth was chosen by the Olympic Committee as men's coach for the Berlin Games. The same Committee re­ appointed him in the same capacity for the 1940 Helsinki

^Mike Peppe, personal interview, August 14, 1973. 251

Games, cancelled due to WW II. In 1948 he served his last

tenure as Olympic coach when he led the U. S. team in London.

At this point many of Kiphuth's closest friends as

well as his critics agreed that the honor should go to other

coaches. Karl Michael, former Dartmouth coach and former

assistant under Kiphuth at Yale, admitted to Kiphuth that

even he had voted for a change.^

The annual Yale Swimming Carnival became a third most controversial issue. Critics have said that it was

instituted as a mechanism to set "odd" records, that it was used as a recruiting measure, and that the relay records were the result of the swimmers prematurely leaving the

blocks.

The Yale Carnival began in 1922 as an intramural aquatic show. In 1923 the show assumed a national flavor when it featured the great Johnny Weismuller. By 1932 with the opening of the magnificent exhibition pool, the pagent became available to a vast interested swimming public. In turn, Kiphuth brought national and international stars, exciting relay swimming, and other interesting aquatic features to the interested public. Consequently, he gained favorable publicity for competitive swimming. That swimming and Yale would benefit from this exposure would appear then to be an inevitable result.

^Karl Michael, personal interview, December 28, 1972. 252 The "odd" records mentioned have all been found by this author in either the FINA or AAU handbooks as bona fide record distances. The fact that these events were not uaually swum in dual or championship meets was more a by­ product of such considerations as manpower, time require­ ments and the priority of . On the other hand, Kiphuth had both the available manpower (in all strokes) and the facility. A wholesale assault on the various American, American noteworthy and world records afforded Kiphuth the opportunity to:

1. enable more than just a gifted few to experience the feeling of accomplishment

2. inaugurate a system whereby a swimmer could earn a.major "Y" (swimmers until 1939 could only earn a major "Y" if they established a world record or were the member of a record setting relay)

3. gain favorable publicity for Yale and competi­ tive swimming.

During an interview with Gordon Chalmers, Athletic

Director at Indiana State University, he mentioned what a fantastic spectacle the Carnival was for the swimming world.

Chalmers further indicated that the great swimmers of the past, by breaking world records there, created much needed publicity for swimming. He stressed the fact that only qualified officials were used, that Kiphuth spent a great deal of time perfecting relay take offs, and that he had developed a technique whereby the swimmer on the block would frame the oncoming swimmer between the thumb and forefinger 253 of each hand at a given point in the water in order to time

his take off motion to perfection.5

The fourth and final subject to be examined here is that of Kiphuth's fantastic dual meet record. Critics con­

tend that Kiphuth maintained his record by refusing to swim

the outstanding teams of his era.

As Yale extended its success, it became the team to

beat. To fit every ambitious team who wanted to swim Yale

into the schedule would have been a physical impossibility.

However, as is true with most schools, Yale had a schedule

of eleven to fifteen teams which it swam each year and

Kiphuth did not drop a school from his schedule unless this was mutually agreed upon.

Moreover, there did exist administrative consider­ ations such as the approval of the Board of Athletic Control, finances, scholastic consideration (time away from class,

Yale's two week reading period in January in preparation for examinations), and other scheduling difficulties with re­ spect to both parties.

Phil Moriarty indicated that the situation was fur­ ther complicated by the problem caused by the Great Depres­ sion, WW II and its aftermath, Kiphuth's heart attack (1949) and "the issue of different standards by the Universities

^Gordon Chalmers, personal interview, October 16, 1972. involved with respect .to entrance requirements and scholar­

ship aid."6

As Yale's tremendous dual meet record continued to

•grow and Kiphuth's retirement approached, one can only

speculate that some effort was no doubt made for its pro­

tection. But the fact still remains that Yale's basic

policy with respect to scheduling dual meet opponents

remained consistent through the years.

6Phil Moriarty, personal interview, July 13, .1973. Chapter 13

MAN OF TASTE—MAN OF LETTERS

Kiphuth was a self-educated intellectual. After graduation from high school, the lack of cultural stimu­ lation in the Tonawandas caused him to seek greater ful­ fillment from the theatrical productions in Buffalo. This early fascination with the theater sparked an interest in the dance. As previously mentioned, he received instruction in basic ballet technique from his future wife, Louise

DeLaney, at the Twentieth Century Club. His initial pre­ occupation with, participation in and digestion of materials and books concerned with the history of the dance were stimulated by Louise's personal friendship with Ruth

St. Denis.^ The proximity of New Haven to New York en­ couraged Bob and Louise to be consistently in attendance at the various theatrical offerings in the Gotham City. Mostly because of their own interest and partially because of Miss

St. Denis, they became devotees and on occasions friends of such renowned performers as Mary Wigman, Ted Shawn, Isadora

Duncan, and Martha Graham.2 Consequently, a teenage

•'•DeLaney Kiphuth, personal interview, November 24, 1972.

2Ibid.

255 introduction to the dance developed into an intense and life-long interest.

During the summer of 1925 Bob and his wife, Louise, studied under Bess Mensendieck in Germany. On a future trip

Bob and his son DeLaney, returning from Europe aboard the

U. S. S. York, developed a lasting friendship with Miss

Mensendieck, who also was a passenger.3 Bob learned that she was enroute to the United States in order to introduce her system of exercises. As a consequence of this meeting,

Bob and his wife Louise traveled three days a week to New

York to learn the Mensendieck method.4 Shortly thereafter, all the gymnasium employees were required to take the course from A1 Motley, a student of Mensendieck whom Kiphuth hired to conduct the Yale University program in corrective exer­ cises. Apparently, Motley's frail physique, the result of childhood rheumatic fever, had been rehabilitated by a firm commitment to the Mensendieck method.5 Gwyneth King Brown, wife of the famous sports sculptor Joe Brown and a friend of

Bob Riphuth's, mentioned his love for the dance and his ex­ cursions to the New York theatrical scene when she wrote:

Bob loved to watch dancers and having seen many per­ formances at home and abroad he had saved a number of programs and photos; those of the 1920"s and 1930's I found most interesting because I drew and painted

3Ibid.

• ^Karl Michael, personal interview, December 28, 1972. 5Ibid. 257 dancers, and had studied ballet. Bob, my husband and I, found we liked Wigman, Hanya Holm, Gene Kelly, Ray Bolger and (if we had seen them) Nijinsky, Isadora Duncan and Pavlova. Bob saw the film "Damn Yankees" three times because he enjoyed the baseball ballet number, in which the choreographer for the first time used authentic baseball movement. He agreed with us that dancers could learn a lot from watching athletics, perhaps introducing more virility into the roles of the male dancer.

The three of us saw several dance performances in New York including the first appearance of the Jose Greco and Moiseyev troupes. We arrived somewhat late for the Moiseyev and once inside Bob ran ahead of us up the stairs to the balcony saying "Hurry or we'll miss' the first number." At the time he had had a heart attack and was not supposed to exert himself. We saw a remarkable film at the "Thalia" cinema called "Flamenco" featuring Antonio, the great classical dancer of Spain. Bob was so thrilled by this film that in 1959 he wrote "still trying to get our little theater (in New Haven) to show the film but without success. We will have to go down to the Thalia again to see it. I still think it is the.greatest dance film I have ever seen."6

Edgar Munhall, the Director of the Frick Collection in New York City and former Yale swimmer, reminisced on the many occasions when Bob would attend the cultural offerings at Yale. The concert and ballet performances at Woolsey

Hall found Bob and his collected entourage of athletics in constant attendance. Bob loved to perform and he loved the performer. To share this love with Kiphuth was a journey down the long road from education to learning.''

^Letter to author from Gwyneth King Brown, Novem­ ber 15, 1972.

"^Statement by Edgar Munhall, personal interview, December 23, 1972. 258

On one occasion, the author attended a Robert Frost

lecture at Yale and at no surprise to him there was Kiphuth.

He knew the poets and he could recite or quote from memory

most of the major works of the Victorian or contemporary poets.

Kiphuth projected his early interest in the theater

and the dance into an earnest and sincere academic interest.

Because of this, he cultivated an interest in the contempor­

ary playwrights, especially Eugene O'Neil, who at the time

was suffering from a lack of prestige. As a result, Bob

acquired a collection of 01Neil's works right off the book

stands. His interest in contemporary American literature

was stimulated by his reading of The American Mercury and

the Smart Set Magazine. This generated an exposure to the

writings of H. L. Mencken, George G. Nathan, Ernest Heming­

way, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Theodore Dreiser, among

others.® Owing to Bob's interest in and collection of works

by Mencken, Deane Keller gifted Kiphuth with a collection of

correspondences between Keller's father and H. L. Mencken.^

During his early years at Yale, his unquenchable

thirst for manuscripts usually found him low on funds as the

end of the month approached. Therefore, if the temptation

to purchase the newly arrived editions grew too great, he

^DeLaney Kiphuth, personal interview, November 24, 1972.

^Deane Keller, pex'sonal interview, December 20, 1972. 259 was always able to borrow small sums from his colleagues in the gymnasium. His son, .DeLaney, recalled that the col­ lection became so large that in 1936 they were forced to build an addition onto their Cleveland Road home in order to accomodate it.^-0

His book collection was concentrated on historical aspects of swimming, the area of international sport, general physical education, contemporary American literature, books from the limited editions club, the theater, the dance, and on the fine arts and sculpture. He was a member of the

Limited Editions Club and the Nonesuch Press.^ In reviewing the volumes in his personal library, the writer found a great diversity of literary taste. There were books on ancient and modern history, art history, classical and operatic music, anatomy and physiology, posture, ballet

(including books on the Russian ballet), modern dance, philosophy, and many works on Japanese culture, history, and music.

Munhall, who had been a graduate guest in residence at Kiphuth's Timothy Dwight apartment from 1955 to 1957, re­ called that Bob had an "excellent art library containing all of the standard reference works." The library also contained many rare and remarkable art publications put out in the

lODeLaney Kiphuth, personal interview, November 24, 1972.

i;LIbid. 260 teens and early twenties.!2 since Munhall was majoring in

Art and Art History, Kiphuth often sought out his advice prior to the purchase of new additions to the library. The library was remarkably arranged so that one could easily find what one was looking for. In the evening when Bob returned to his apartment he immediately went to his library and began to immerse himself in his latest acquisitions. He loved to discuss art. His major interest seemed to be paint­ ings and sculpture of the Renaissance period and the early modern painters, primarily Picasso and Matisse.13

Deane Keller, a long-time friend and former Pro­ fessor of Painting and Drawing at Yale University, considered

Bob's art library a fantastic collection, especially with respect to well illustrated color prints of the Renaissance period. According to Professor Keller, the modern paint­ ings of both Rualt and Miro commanded much of Bob's atten­ tion. Since Bob was so widely read and interested in fine art, and because Keller shared an interest in athletics and athletic forms, the two men shared a lot of common ground.14

Helen Chillman, Librarian of the Slide and Photo­ graph Collection at the Yale University Art Library,

l^Edgar Munhall, personal interview, December 23, 1972.

13Ibid. 261

submitted the following evaluation of Kiphuth's art library:

. . . From a librarian's point of view, it was a collection which any fine arts library would be glad to accept as a gift, or, in another sense, it was one which any fine arts library should have on their shelves if they expected to be considered a good library, in any way.

I would say also that it was a large collection, much larger than one would expect even an interested and intelligent amateur to have, though not one of a scholarly historian. It was strongest in books pub­ lished fairly early but had titles right up to the current publications, obviously indicating that his interest and (perhaps you could say) inquisitiveness never stopped. My memory is that it was strongest in painting, and Italian painting perhaps more than other fields. This would not be surprising, since Yale has an exceptional collection of early Italian paintings and Bob had many friends who knew this collection well. . . .15

Due to Kiphuth's assimilated knowledge and concern for the worlds of art and sport, Yale commissioned him as

Curator of Sporting Art in 1937. By the agency of self- education and constant association with Yale's art pro­ fessors, Kiphuth had long since completed his apprentice­ ship. But the entrusting of the Francis P. Garvan Col­ lection of Sporting Art to his personal care awakened his curious and inquisitive mind. As if overnight, he became an authority on the paintings, drawings, and lithographs of

George Bellows, the lithographs of Currier & Ives, and the

l^Letter to author from Helen Chillman, Librarian, Art Library, Yale University, October 18, 1972. 262

sport sculptures of Tait McKenzie.^6 Among Kiphuth's

favorite repertoire was a prolific dissertation on scenes

depicted by Currier & Ives prints, especially those on

•hunting, fishing, whaling, yachting, trotting, and winter

activity, on Bellows' "Dempsey and Firpo" and "Stag at

Sharkey's," on Thomas Eakin's "John Biglen in Single

Scull," on William Morris Hunt's "The Ballplayers," and on

Rembrandt's "The Golf Player." He was as familiar with the

ancient sports art of Greece as he was with the American

sporting scene as depicted by Norman Rockwell.

To Kiphuth's great satisfaction and with his ap­

proval Yale's great man of the theater Monty Wooley pro­

duced an Aristophanes play, The Frogs, within the Payne

Whitney's Exhibition Pool. The overall effect was reported

to approximate very closely that of a Greek Amphitheatre.^

On December 16, 1959, The New York Times announced

the formation of NAMOS (National Art Museum of Sport) under

its founder and president Germain G. Glidden, a prominent

portrait painter and former Harvard tennis captain. It was

IGpor more information on Currier & Ives or George Bellows, it is recommended that the reader consult the fol­ lowing: Frederic A. Conningham, Currier & Ives An Illus­ trated Check List (New York: Crown Publishers, Inc., 1970); The Gallery of Modern Art, George Bellows (New York: Heleo- graphic Company, 1966).

l^Peter Easton (ed.), Yale University Swimming 1972- 1973 (New Haven: Sports Information Office Yale University, 1972), p. 13; Phil Moriarty, personal interview, May 17, 1973. 263 a nonprofit educational institution chartered by the Board of Regents of the State of New York. The purpose was to foster the already close relationship which existed between sport and the fine arts.18 Bob Kiphuth was chosen to serve as vice president and chairman of the Board of Trustees.

The first exhibition, entitled "Fine Art in Sports," was presented by NAMOS in November of 1962.20 in March of 1967

NAMOS announced the opening of its New York gallery in the new Madison Square Garden Center and the establishment of

The Bob Kiphuth Fund for NAMOS.2! Unfortunately, Bob

Kiphuth died two months prior to the opening of the New York gallery.

In retrospect, Bob's quest for learning began long before he audited numerous Yale undergarduate classes from

1914 to 1917.22 And often times, even in his later years, he would attend art or literature classes with some of his pupils. He seldom missed a Yale lecture series concerned with the literary aspects of man. Al Hapke, Yale swimming captain in 1933, wrote that Kiphuth strove to improve his

18"gports Museum Formed to Exhibit Art Works," New York Times, December 16, 1959, p. 60.

l^Allison Danzig, "Museum Fosters Art-Sports Link," New York Times, January 28, 1962, p. 2.

2®Brian O'Doherty, "Art and Sports Meet in Display," New York Times, November 13, 1962, p. 39.

^News from the National' Art Museum of Sport,' Inc., March, 1967. 22"Honor Award Fellows—1946," pp. 329-331. 264 own mind, had a deep appreciation and understanding of the liberal arts, and had a "fine collection of modern press books."23 upon completion of the newest book Cor if a specific passage called for clarification) he never hesi­ tated to consult with a noted authority, usually in resi­ dence at Yale.24

According to his close friend, Dr. J. Roswell

Gallagher, Bob had a sponge-like mind. He'd listen intently to an authority, study the subject, seek an opinion from another authority, question the findings, probably seek out a third opinion and then draw his conclusions. Dr. Gallagher recalls quite vividly Kiphuth's inquisition of himself and

Dr. Thomas DeLorme, physician at Massachusetts General and the author of Progressive Resistance Exercises concerning the application of this principle to competitive swimming.25

Kiphuth augmented his cultural expertise with im­ peccable manners and a perceptive taste in fashion. Fully aware of the status of his position, his personal dignity and inelastic respect for mother Yale dictated the decorum, propriety, and etiquette of both his behavior and mode of dress. According to Betty Philcox, first woman President of

23napke, "Bob Kiphuth—Builder of Men," p. 4.

24phil Moriarty, personal interview, November 26, 1971.

25Dr> Jt Roswell Gallagher, personal interview, December 20, 1972. 265

an AAU association and National AAU official, Bob was always

fashionably dressed, meticulously polite, and a perfect

gentleman at all times.26

Although inherently attentive to the formality of

social dress, Bob allowed himself the pleasure of the latest

campus fashions. As Knowles mentioned in the Saturday

Evening Post (although) "he attired himself like a Wall

Street Banker . . . sometimes (he) dressed like an Ivy

League student, with bright bow tie, buckskin shoes, tweed

jacket, and grey flannel slacks.''^? Yet, to arrive before the Payne Whitney Gymnasium in time to see the bespectacled

Kiphuth advancing upon the scene exuberantly pumping his

English bicycle with total disdain for motorized traffic and warbling a tune from a popular musical, one recognized his ability to enjoy the simple pleasures of life.

A truly educated man is often a well-traveled man.

Kiphuth, no exception to this principle, traveled exten­ sively: Hawaii in 1921, 1930, 1934, 1935, 1956, 1957 and

1964; Japan in 1931, 1934, 1935, 1950, 1955, 1957 and 1964;

Germany in 1923, 1924, 1936, 1951-54, 1961; England in 1923,

1925, 1946-48; France in 1924-26, 1957, 1961; Cuba in 1945;

Bermuda and Mexico in 1951; Iceland in 1954; Israel in 1955,

1959, 1961; South Africa, Nigeria and Portugal in 1957;

^statement by Betty Philcox, personal interview, April 9, 1972.

27Knowles, "How To Make Champions," p. 89. 266 Australia in 1956; Italy in 1960; and a world tour in 1957.

On most of these trips he represented either Yale, the AAU or the United States State Department. This fact remained utmost in his mind and as a result his deportment was beyond reproach. Even the uncouth athlete remained at least pas­ sive with respect to his own conduct and his recognition of the culture and customs of the host country. Father Kiphuth, for he was a father to each and every athlete on the foreign tour, commanded respect and compliance from all because of his own personal standards.2® John Higgins, former Ohio

State swimmer and presently coach at the United States Naval

Academy, commented that his foreign trip with Kiphuth "was a dignified cultural adventure in complete contrast to a future trip with another coach to the same area."29

In turn, Kiphuth was a most gracious host. To his many guests from all over the world he offered the dining pleasures of Mory's with its picturesque reminders of earlier college days, and the warmth of a room in his apart­ ment. It meant a lot to him to have people come and see things that they liked that he had. On one such occasion,

Forbes Carlile recalls how Kiphuth, noticing his interest in the classic Thomas work On Swimming (1902), presented the book to him. This particular edition, worth about fifty

2®Statement by John Higgins, former Ohio State swimmer and presently coach at the United States Naval Academy, personal interview, April 8, 1972.

29Ibid. 267 # dollars today, commands a most important place in the Car- lile library.30

During his world tour in the summer of 1957, Kiphuth

•arranged to meet Munhall in Florence. At the time Munhall was a student in Florence. Therefore, he acted as Kiphuth's personal guide. Due to Kiphuth's incredible physical energy and enthusiasm, Edgar relates that at the end of the four days he was exhausted.

Together we saw every major collection and monument in that city and many very obscure churches. Although I kept trying to lure him to a cafe for refreshments, he would only do so under duress. At the end of the four days I must say that I was a physical wreck.31

In 1936 Yale recognized Kiphuth as a Fellow of

Timothy Dwight College. Shortly after the death of the be­ loved Mrs. Kiphuth in 1941, Yale bestowed upon him the honor of being a Professor in Residence at Timothy Dwight.32 Evi­ dently, he is the only sports figure so honored in the history of Yale University. In due time, he became a splendid feature of the college. The influence of his pre­ sence added greatly to the prestige of the college. Mostly,

30porbes Carlile, personal interview, April 8, 1972.

3^-Edgar Munhall, personal interview, December 23, 1972.

32Eacj1 resident college at Yale selected professors (Fellows) who would be affiliated with the college, attend business and social meetings, and dine at the college. G. W. Pierson, Yale historian, noted in his Yale College, Vol. II, p.- 433 that every college had the distinction of sortie resident scholar who was "already a legend in his own time." 268 he conducted an open door policy. Anyone and everyone was welcome to share in the cultural environment of his apart­ ment. His living quarters consisted of a large living room, a small kitchen and two bedrooms. The bookshelves in both bedrooms and the living room were lined with the thousands of volumes he had collected. The choice of selection, as previously mentioned, was wide and varied but mostly con­ centrated in the liberal arts and physical education areas.

The living room became a display case for a variety of sports mementos and a collectors show case for his interest in Japanese culture. Although one could find both oriental and classical selections, musical comedies dominated the record collection.

The Kiphuth center of activity had a constant flow of both foreign and domestic visitors and guests. It ranged from dignitaries and fellow professionals to graduate and undergraduate students. Edgar Munhall, the Director of the

Frick Collection in New York City, remembers vividly his two years of residence as a guest of Bob in his apartment. The constant influx of v/orld-wide guests in residence were al­ lowed to live their own lives with the one exception that each morning Kiphuth mustered everyone from their beds in order to join him for 7:30 breakfast in the Timothy Dwight dining hall. No matter how late one had burned the candle, 269

it was just understood that everyone would break morn­

ing bread and share in a dialogue with their host.33

He thrived on the hectic and frantic activity sur­

rounding football weekends. After his wife Louise's death,

the social amenities fell to his daughter-in-law, Janet

Kiphuth, who graciously acted as hostess in Bob's apartment

at . Alumni, friends, and guests were

all welcome and greeted warmly by Bob. Gwyneth Brown humor­

ously provided this recollection:

Bob frequently and generously offered the use of his guest rooms but sometimes mixed up the dates; at times we would awake about 2 a.m. at a knock on the door by a confused guest who tiptoed around then ended the night on the living room couch. We never mentioned these in­ cidents to Bob and perhaps no one else did.34

Bob intermingled his broad cultural interest with a

most active social life. He possessed a tremendous enthusi­

asm for everyone and everything. He had a wide diversity of

interest. He was not a dilettante but an enthusiast and

student in everything he did. The generation gap never

existed for him because he cultivated the latest campus fads

in dress, entertainment, intellectual movements, and social

habits.35

33Edgar Munhall, personal interview, December 23, 1972.

•^Letter to the author from Gwyneth Brown, Novem­ ber 15, 1972. 3 5ibid. 270 The local and sometimes the New York cinema offer­ ings presented an insurmountable attraction that Bob seldom if ever resisted. It was not uncommon for him to take in two movies in one evening. Although he loved best movie reproductions of popular Broadway plays which he had seen, he did indulge in the latest social craze. As Gwyneth Brown wrote "Bob was greatly amused by Brigitte Bardot when she was the sexpot rage and he would ask apropos of nothing,

'Have you seen B.B.'s latest?' (he had)."36

A journey across campus with Bob at the helm was a memorable excursion. The postman, the policeman, the shoe shine boy, a passing derelict, a beautiful woman, the Ivy suited or unkept student, the Yale professor of history, art or philosophy, the riotous or vanquished child, the stray animal, the singing bird, or returning alumnus never escaped the piercing analysis of a Kiphuth dictum. Mixed amid the warm greetings and humorous exchanges were prolific Kiphuth observations about life, people and the American system.

Wherever you went people knew him and he knew them. Lunches, dinners, and late evening snacks found him exchanging warm greetings, witticisms, and gossip with countermen, wait­ resses, or managers. He possessed an honest curiosity in all things and all people. As Charles Loftus stated, he certainly was "Yale's version of the lovable Mr. Chips."37

36Ibid.

37charles Loftus, "A Tribute to Bob Kiphuth," Amateur Athlete, February 1967, p. 11. 271

Unknown to most people,, he possessed a fine baritone

voice, the product of his earlier youthful interest in music.

Perhaps this is why he so loved the Yale Whiffenpoofs.

A conversation with Kiphuth was a vivid and unfor­

gettable experience. The words and expressions flowed flu­

ently while his facial commentary enlivened the moment with

lasting significance. The raised eyebrow, the dilated eyes,

the lolling chin, the disgust or the humor, the questioning

or the answering were all part of his charismatic repertoire.

He could converse in the language of kings or serfs. With

one brief utterance he could charm the ladies or disarm the

men. With his gracious flow of words, he captivated one for

life. His style was a unique combination of intelligent

alterability of topic and variation of tempo mingled with

expressive innuendos.

Although a bona fide conversationalist, Bob had a most attentive ear. Curiosity dictated the probing manner of his ways. If your interest differed from his, he ques­ tioned you incessantly. The interest was yours but he wanted to know if he could share the experience. In all likelihood he would reach for a copy of The New York Times, scan its pages until he had found the desired offering, and challenge you to introduce him to the subject of your en- amorment.

Bob was a doer, not a procrastinator. The time was now. Later was too late. The event, the person, the 272 performance was the prime consideration. Everything else was secondary. Distance, time, price, availability of tickets were all inconsequential. He loved people and performances but he loved best the performing people. He was as equally at home in the arena of the performing arts as he was in the arena of sport. Louis Armstrong, Ethel

Merman, Rex Harrison et al commanded the same attention and analysis as a Dick Button, Joe Louis or a Wes Santee„

In the 1950's when Wes Santee was the premier miler,

George Kellogg, the admissions director at Hotchkiss Pre­ paratory School mentioned to Bob that he'd love to see

Santee run. Instantly, Kiphuth reacted with the information that Santee was running in Dayton that weekend. In a few moments the car was seen speeding through the Connecticut countryside with Kiphuth at the wheel and Kellogg and

DeLaney as passengers. They arrived in time to see the

Santee mile and directly returned to Connecticut.38

On another occasion, Phil Moriarty, Kiphuth and

Peter Daland were discussing the upcoming Ohio State vs.

Michigan State swimming meet. At Kiphuth's insistence, they departed late Friday afternoon, arriving at Ohio State with just enough time to enjoy Mike Peppe's (Ohio State coach) offer of a steam bath, shower, and a place to rest prior to the commencement of the scheduled meet. Promptly at the

38oeLaney Kiphuth, personal interview, November 4, 1972. 273 conclusion of the meet,, they paid their respects to Mike and departed for New Haven.

Athletic events and athletes were an important part of his life. Yale football, baseball and track commanded a great deal of his time. He often followed the track team to its away meets. Among the more notable athletes that cap­ tured his attention were: track and field, ,

Fred Wilt, Gid Dodd, Wes Santee, , ,

Bill Mills, Emil Zatopek, Vladimir Kuts, Parry O'Brien, Bob

Richards, A1 Oerter, and Peter Snell; gymnastics, Takashi

Ono and Vera Caslavsko; figure skating, Dick Button and

Hayes Jenkins; sculling, Vyacheslav Ivanov; professional boxing, Jack Dempsey, Gene Tunney, Joe Louis, and in his opinion the best of them all, Sugar Ray Robinson. Bob sat among the thousands who witnessed the second Louis-Schmeling fight at New York's Yankee Stadium. During the summer of

1956, he invited the Olympic hopefuls training under him at

Yale to his apartment to view the Olympic track trials on

TV. He knew all the track men, their times, their weak­ nesses and their strengths. He attended basketball, hockey and other team games but the true intrigue consisted in the panorama of man against man and man against himself.

Bob was an active member of Yale's Alpha Delta Phi,

St. Elmo Society, Elihu, Torch.Society, and the Elizabethan

Club; Friends since 1929, Kiphuth and Deane Keller belonged to a small group of confederates known as the "Pyknics," a i

27.4 Greek word meaning short and wide. This Yale group of short,

stocky, and muscular men assembled each Tuesday for lunch

and chatter at the Graduate Club. The group was formed

shortly after the cessation of hostilities in 1945 and ter­

minated its activities about 1953. Among the more notable

and faithful of the constituency were Clem Fry, Yale's first

psychiatrist who wrote The Anatomy of Personality; Dr.

Ashley Oughterson, Yale's renowned surgeon and editor of

Medical Effects of the Atomic Bomb in Japan; Dr. Bert Ander­

son, the highly respected Dental Surgeon of Yale's Medical

School; Edward Boucher, Professor of Law and Yale's esteemed

authority on International Law; Eugene Davidson, editor of

the Yale Press and author of The Trial of the Germans

(Nuremburg Trials); and the aforementioned duo of Kiphuth

and Keller. While the luncheon discussions rambled from

the humorous to the serious, the exchange among its members

was lasting and pertinent. Kiphuth listened, learned and

vocalized to the enjoyment of all.39

Kiphuth was a recipient of a multitude of honors,

including honorary degrees from Springfield College—M.A.

1938, Yale University—M.A. 1950, George Williams College—

Doctor of Laws 1960. Perhaps the most esteemed was the

Freedom Medal—the highest civilian honor that a president

can award in peacetime. It was reestablished by President

39Deane Keller, personal interview, December 20, 1972. 275

John F. Kennedy to reward annually those "who contribute

significantly to the quality of American Life." All walks

of life were represented including statesmen, diplomats,

educators, musicians, authors, scientists and civic leaders.

Due to the assassination of President Kennedy, the

thirty-one honorees (later raised to thirty-three with the

addition of John F. Kennedy and Pope John XXIII) received

their Freedom Medal from President Lyndon B. Johnson in a

ceremony at the White House on December 6, 1963. Kiphuth's

citation read: "Teacher and coach, he has inspired gener­

ations of athletes with high ideals of achievement and

sportsmanship."40

In 1960 the Emperor of Japan bestowed upon Kiphuth

the honor of the Third Class Order of the Sacred Treasure.

This award had been established in 1888 and is ranked from

first to eighth in order of significance. The award honors

those who have rendered distinguished service to the

Japanese people.41 According to Jiro Niawa of the Japanese

Consulate in New York City, Kiphuth received the award be­ cause of his appreciation of Japanese culture, his many

^Marjorie Hunter, "President Names 30 for Freedom Medal, New York Times, July 5, 1963, p. 1. "An American List," New York Times, July 14, 1963, Sec. VI, p. 16. Tom Wicker, "Freedom Medal Honors Kennedy, New York Times, December 7, 1963, p. 1.

41"Orders and Medals of Japan," Japan, 1971, Number 4, pp. 27-31. i

276

tireless efforts on behalf of Japanese youth, and because of

his many contributions to Japanese and American swimming.42

Previously in 1953 President A. Whitney Griswold of

Yale University accepted from the Japanese Consul General,

Hisanaga Shamadzu, a bronze life-size bust of Bob Kiphuth by

Funio Asakura, Japan's leading sculptor "for the time and

consideration he has so generously bestowed on the Japanese

youth and for the spirit of good sportsmanship he has

helped to instill in our people."43

In 1958 Kiphuth was the recipient of the Amateur

Athletic Union Swimming Award, "conferred annually upon an

individual or organization making the outstanding contri­

bution to aquatics."44 In that same year The Commander

Longfellow Society presented Kiphuth with the International

Order of the Golden Whale "for his outstanding contribution

in the fields of aquatics and lifesaving."4^

In June 1958 John M. Schiff, Class of 1925, pre­

sented to the Yale University Library in honor of Robert

42Statement by Jiro Niawa, member of Japanese Con­ sulate New York City, telephone conversation, July 24, 1973.

43"Kiphuth Honored by Japan at Yale," New York Times, February 28, 1953, p. 11.

44Amateur Athletic Union Award located in the lobby of Yale's Payne Whitney Gymnasium.

4^Plaque located in the Payne Whitney Gymnasium, Yale University among the Kiphuth mementos. 277 J. H. Kiphuth the oldest English language book on swimming,

A Short Introduction for to Learne to Swimme (1595).46

But perhaps the greatest tribute was paid to Kiphuth when Dr. Willard P. Ashbrook, former professor of physical education at Ohio State University, stated that to' him

Kiphuth "epitomizes the Greek concept of physical education by blending the man of action with the man of wisdom."47

46"in the 'Swimme' of 1595," New York' Times, June 29, 1958, p. 47.

47statement by Dr. Willard P. Ashbrook, former pro­ fessional associate of Robert Kiphuth, personal interview, August 13, 1973. Chapter 14

PROFESSIONAL WRITINGS

Kiphuth, in spite of his busy schedule of personal

and professional activities, did find time to publish a

number of articles in magazines, to write two books and co­

author two other texts. Unfortunately, however, in the

advent of mandatory retirement, he never completed his

plans to write a proposed history of Yale swimming, a his­

tory of Modern Freestyle Swimming from 1900, or a book on

Sports Conditioning.1

The first book, The Diagnosis And Treatment of

Postural Defects, co-authored with Dr. Winthrop Phelps,

Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yale University, appeared in 1932. The first section of the book discusses the evo­ lution of man's upright posture and the resulting adaptive changes on man's physical development, and the influence of stress, strain, environment, and disease on man's posture.

The second portion of the book by utilizing both illustra­ tive and photographic materials presents corrective exer­ cises, chosen because of their statistically proven ability in that area. The data were the result of a four year

^''Comments from Bob," Yale Swimming News Letter, Spring 1959, p. 2. 278 279 period of intensive testing at Ya.le, Choate School, Storm

King School, and Camp Marienfeld. According to Dr. Galla­

gher, Kiphuth contributed a great deal to the text espe­

cially with respect to kinesiological information, the

supplying of statistical information, and photographic and

illustrative materials.2

The year 1942 marked the publication of the two

books authored by Kiphuth. In his book How To Be Fit Kiphuth

indicated that Yale's statistical information, as compiled

by the physical education department, supported the recent

findings that there had been a decline in the physical well

being of entering freshmen. Stressing the importance of

muscle tone for the young and old alike, Kiphuth concluded

that "the remedy must be a direct attack on the spots in­

volved and on the specific muscles concerned." In his

opinion a conscientious program of fifteen to twenty minutes

of exercise once a day, five days a week would enable a man to perform daily tasks without suffering undue fatigue or soreness the following day. He advocated free movement exercises designed to strengthen and stretch the large trunk muscles and to aid the body's circulation and .

Following this, Kiphuth with the aid of illustrations ex­

plained how to do the exercises, the type of clothing neces­ sary, the equipment needed, and the fact that proper diet

2Dr. J. Roswell Gallagher, personal interview, December 20, 1972. 280

and exercise should be part of one's lifetime program. Evi­ dently, the book was, in part, a result of the public's new concern with physical fitness due to the impact of WW II.

In the preface of his book Swimming, a product of the A. S. Barnes dollar sports library, Kiphuth stated his reluctance to attempt any addition to the already numerous writings on competitive swimming. Referring to his belief that publishers "are forever sirens waylaying the unsuspect­ ing" Kiphuth hoped that the benefit of his experience might in some way help the young coach, teacher, or competitor in some small way.

Chapter I concerns itself with a brief history of the beginnings of modern competitive swimming as told by the

Australian and the American coach Frank

Sullivan, taken from his book Science of Swimming. Stating that swimming is still in its infancy, Kiphuth alludes to the "limitless possibilities for the development of swim­ ming as a competitive sport in the future." He then records the findings of the Committee on Curriculum Research of the

American Physical Education Association (Research Quarterly,

May 1930) with respect to the all-round contribution of swimming when compared to other sports.

In Chapter II Kiphuth discusses the physical plant, the proper temperature and humidity, the various mechanical aids,' the importance of the underwater window for instruc­ tional purposes and scientific analysis, and the new 281 electronic judging device being developed by Messrs. Ritter and dockers. Dividing the competitive swimmers of the past into body types he concludes that "there are so many factors that enter into the make-up of the competitive athlete ... that really the only prerequisite for the competitive swimmer is interest in the activity and a desire to excel." In relation to this he mentions the objective and subjective tests, especially those developed by Thomas K. Cureton

(Springfield College), which can aid the coach in determin­ ing his swimmers' strengths and weaknesses.

In Chapter III, Kiphuth presents his dry land exer­ cise program. He states that experience has shown him that he can develop more muscular strength and power through this program than he could with a comparable amount of time spent in the water. This section contains photographs of each exercise with an explanation of the purpose each exer­ cise serves.

Chapters IV, V and VI deal with starts, turns, breathing, balance, relays, sprints, pace, and a brief dis­ cussion of the three competitive strokes. This section also contains two letters of historical importance from Jack

Mellon and Henry Meyers on the development of the over arm breast stroke.

In his final chapter Kiphuth discusses training with respect to discipline, training rules, diet, peaking, 282 massage, the training meal, amateurism, and the fact that

psychological readiness is superior to physiological pre­

paredness.

In 1950 Kiphuth co-authored with Harry Burke a book called Basic Swimming. The introduction was written by

Eugene Davidson, editor of the Yale University Press.

Davidson, Burke and Kiphuth all agreed that the primary purpose of the book was to teach people of all ages how to swim. Kiphuth and Burke expressed their appreciation to

Phil Moriarty and Robert Johnson who acted as critics and counselors, to Elliott Kone for his excellent photography, and to Sport-Pictures Corporation for its part in obtaining the movie photos of Japan's Furuhashi.

The first three chapters, primarily the work of

Harry Burke, concentrated on methods and procedures for teaching the adult how to swim. Recommending both water and land drills, Burke offers advice and photographic aids on teaching the elementary backstroke, the side stroke and the elementary breast stroke.

In Chapter V, utilizing the same technique as above,

Burke presents both water and land drills for instructing the youngster in how to kick, , perform the crawl stroke, perform elementary diving, and concludes with a lesson on the start.

In the five remaining chapters, Kiphuth discusses the competitive strokes—the freestyle sprint (V), the 283 sprint turns (VI), the back stroke (VII), the back stroke

turn (VIII), the breast stroke (IX), and concludes with a

motion picture analysis of the kicking technique of Japan's

outstanding freestyle swimmer, Furuhashi. Kiphuth cautioned the young and inexperienced about duplicating this tech­ nique,

Kiphuth's contribution to the text was accomplished

by dictation from his hospital bed in the Grace New Haven

Hospital to Eugene Davidson because of his recent heart attack.3

In May of 1934 Kiphuth published an article in the

Literary Digest entitled "Japan Challenges America in the

Water." Mentioning the great competitors of the.past, such as C. M. Daniels, Duke Kahanomoku, and Johnny

Weissmuller, Kiphuth discussed the fact that the swim public was more interested in the duel between Japan and the United

States rather than the individual rivalries of the past. He pointed out that Japan became supreme in 1932 by emphasizing team strength and individual excellence. Expressing his agreement with other authorities that the Japanese success was the product of an innovative stroke technique, diet, and psychological attitude, Kiphuth, nonetheless, expressed his opinion that the major factor was the organization of the autonomous Japanese Swimming Federation. The formation of

3phil Moriarty, personal interview, November 28, 1972. 284 this organization in 1924 lead to better and increased aqua­

tic facilities, large spectator crowds, and increased funds

to support the Federation's activities. In conclusion

Kiphuth stressed the success of the smaller swimmer and the

friendly rivalry between the two countries.

On January 10, 1936 the Yale Daily News announced that Kiphuth would be contributing articles to a new maga­ zine, Sports Illustrated. The magazine had combined with the American Golfer to form the new sports publication.^

In August of that same year appeared Kiphuth's first and final article as the magazine soon failed. The article,

"In the Olympic Swim," was written just prior to his departure for the Berlin Olympics, Kiphuth stressed the upcoming battle between the United States and Japan for world swimming supremacy. He pointed out that the Americans had dominated the aquatic scene until 1931 when the Japanese moved into world supremacy. The article presented a brief history of world swimming from ancient times to the present day, noting the feats of Trudgeon and Webb and the develop­ ment of the Australian and American crawl strokes. In con­ clusion he noted that scientific investigations are still needed in order to advance the art of swimming.

Click in 1944 published an article entitled "Speed

Swimming" by Kiphuth which traced the career of Alan Ford.

^"Kiphuth Writing for New Magazine,"' Yale Daily News, January 10, 193 6, p. 4. 285

Stating that Ford learned to swim at age four, he gave credit to John Miller of Mercesburg Academy for adding thirty pounds to Ford's frame and for reducing his time from 56 to 52 seconds in the 100-yard freestyle. Noting

Ford's physical limitations (5'9" and 165 pounds),'he stressed the fact that Ford was strong and flexible. When

Ford came to Yale in 1943, Kiphuth worked on pace and stroke techniques. Briefly, Kiphuth discussed the common faults of the competitive swimmer, and the lack of error in Ford's style.

Citing fear as the greatest obstacle to any novice learning to swim, Kiphuth presented a few practical lessons for the beginning swimmer to follow.

In March of 1933 The Research Quarterly published an article by Kiphuth entitled "The Payne Whitney Gymnasium of Yale University." The article was taken from a speech given by Kiphuth before his professional colleagues at the

College Physical Education Association meetings in 1932.

The reader can gain insight as to the contents of the article by referring to Chapter 10 of this dissertation.

Kiphuth contributed a number of articles to the NCAA

Swimming Guide. Besides writing the reviews of the NCAA swimming championships from 1938 through 1945, Kiphuth pub­ lished the following articles in the Guide; "Transconti­ nental-Hawaiian Trip of the Yale Swimming Team," (1922);

"Transcontinental Hawaiian Trip of the Yale Swimming Team" 286

(1931); "American Swimming Team Visits Japan" (1936);

"American Olympic Swimming Team" (1937); and "Training for

1500 Meters Free Style" (1939).

In addition to the above Kiphuth published four

articles in Beach and Pool, three in the AAU publication,

Amateur Athlete, and one each in Scholastic Coach, American

Magazine, the Journal of the American Association' for Health,

Physical Education and Recreation, and Sport Street.

The articles appearing in Beach and Pool were:

"National AAU Swimming Championships" (January 1935); "Trip

to Japan" (November 1935); "Best American Swimming Perform­

ances" (November 1935); and "Surveying the Swimmers" (April

1937).

The writings which appeared in Amateur Athlete were;

"Speed Swimming" (July 1944)? " U. S., Australia, Japan

Contend" (September 1960); "Kiphuth Defends Orthodox Breast-

Stroke" (December 1963).

Kiphuth1s remaining articles were "Speed and Skill

in Swimming," Scholastic Coach (November 1932); "Swimming

the Crawl," Sport Street (June 1935); "You Can't Sink,"

American Magazine (August 1936); and "Survival Aquatics In

Your Community," Journal of the American Association for

Health, Physical Education and Recreation.

In the latter part of 1950 Peter Daland, Kiphuth's

-swimming statistician, had cautiously approached his boss

with the suggestion that Kiphuth forego his free news letter 287 to the alumni and friends of Yale swimming and in its place

publish a swimming magazine. Kiphuth, wisely, pointed out

the financial difficulty of such a venture and the fact that

many sports publications had failed.^

Nonetheless, assigning Daland the task of compiling

the statistical data, Kiphuth agreed (but did not terminate

his news letter) to underwrite the cost of the venture and

to serve as the editor and publisher. The first magazine

appeared in January 1951. At the conclusion of the initial

season Daland received permission from Kiphuth to publish

Junior Swimmer and Kiphuth continued to edit and publish

Swimming World. Daland sold Junior Swimmer, a quarterly

magazine to Al Schoenfield, an advertising executive,

shortly after he moved to California in 1954.^

Kiphuth, determined to put his magazine in the hands of a professional journalist, approached Schoenfield for the first time at the Detroit Olympic Trials in 1960 and offered to turn over to him the reins of Swimming World. Not dis­ couraged by Schoenfield1s refusal, Kiphuth addressed Schoen­ field again at the AAU convention in Las Vegas in December of 1960. Schoenfield refused on the basis of his full time commitment to Junior Swimmer. But Kiphuth, evidently sens­ ing Schoenfield1s love for swimming, reaffirmed the offer at

^Statement by Peter Daland, personal interview, August 16, 1972.

6Ibid. 288 the NCAA Championships in March of 1961. Disregarding

Schoenfield's refusal, Kiphuth phoned him shortly after the conclusion of the AAU Championships in April of that same year and informed him that he was forwarding the magazine to him. Schoenfield insisted that he would not be able to handle both Junior Swimmer and Swimming World but Kiphuth insisted that he could and hung up the phone. Thus, Kiphuth with one brief phone call had made Schoenfield the editor and publisher of swimming's competitive magazine.7 Schoen­ field summarized the transaction in the following words;

I don't believe there were many anecdotes in the transfer except Kiphuth's persistence at our taking over his publication. We never wanted to do it, and never anticipated that in 1964, or 1965 to be exact, in March I would also become ill from trying to do two jobs at once. I had a decision to make. Quit publishing, or quit the ad agency. . . . For two years we worked like hell trying to make it (Swimming World), and feeding five. The rest I guess is history.

We always enjoyed being with Kiphuth and never failed to spend a lot of time with him at every champ­ ionship convention or other till he passed away. He always said that he was most pleased that he had given us a "bankrupt" magazine and that we had done what he had been unable to do.8

Kiphuth had carried the responsibility of publishing the results of senior swimming for over eleven years. And although the magazine in terms of good business sense was a failure, Kiphuth had kept the news media of swimming alive and functioning until the reins could be turned over to a

"^Letter to the author from Al Schoenfield, Octo­ ber 8, 1972.

8Ibid. 289 highly qualified professional. Kiphuth's decision proved to

be a wise one. Schoenfield revived the financially insecure

magazine into the superb medium of communication that it is

today. The last issue to be published under Kiphuth's

editorship was March 1961. When Kiphuth turned the maga­

zine over to Schoenfield in April 1961, he reported 1,000

subscribers.^ in that same year, Schoenfield listed 2,319

subscribers.10 The follwing year (1962) the combined publi­

cation had a circulation of 3,869.H By 1972 the circula­

tion figures reached a reported 21,022.12

^William F. McCallistor (ed.), Directory Newspaper s and Periodicals, 1961 (Philadelphia: N. W. Ayer & Son, Inc., 1961), p. 162.

lOibid., p. 110.

Hwilliam F. McCallistor (ed.), Directory Newspapers and Periodicals, 1962 (Philadelphia: N. W. Ayer & Son, Inc., 1962), p. 109. ;

121973 Ayer Directory of Publications (Philadelphia: Ayer Press, 1973), p. 164. Chapter 15

THE MAN AND HIS IMAGE

The New York Times of October 16, 1958 carried the headlines that Kiphuth would reach the mandatory retirement age of sixty-eight on November 17.^ In November the New

York paper announced that his capable assistant Phil Mori- arty would replace Kiphuth on June 30, 1959.^ On March 14,

1959 Kiphuth informed the New York Times that Phil

. . . has our confidence as well as that of the swimming world. He is the first assistant coach who has ever been named chairman of the rules committee of the National Collegiate Association. He is also president of the Connecticut A.A.U. and he is a natural teacher. The mark of a good coach is the ability to impart what he knows. And Phil can do that well.3

But Kiphuth was not prone for an inactive retirement.

On the contrary, the next eight years prior to his death would be most active ones. Although the University honored him with the title of Emeritus Professor of Physical Edu­ cation, Director of the Gym, and Head Coach of Swimming,

Yale bestowed on him the title of Lecturer and requested

l"Bob Kiphuth, Yale Swim Coach, Retires Nov. 17 on Reaching 68," New York Times, October 16, 1958, p. 50.

Yale Names Moriarty," New York Times, November 6, 1958, p. 49. ^"Kiphuth"s Successor Is Confident,"' New York Times, March 14, 1959, p. 60. 290 291 that he carry on as Head of the Physical Education Depart­ ment on a year to year basis. He remained in this capacity

until June of 1966. Moreover, Yale's new coach, Phil Mori- arty requested that Kiphuth continue the long-course train­ ing program during the summer months.

At the request of the Navy Kiphuth accepted the responsibility of training the Yale Naval R.O.T.C, officers and enlisted men assigned to that unit. Among those in the group assigned to Kiphuth were , Chuck Bittick,

Dave Mclntyre, and John McGill.^ Farrell was to make swim­ ming history not only because of his record shattering per­ formances under Kiphuth1s tutelage but more importantly be­ cause of his unprecedented success in making the.American

Olympic team just six days after an appendectomy. Kiphuth played a significant role in this endeavor by conferring with the doctors prior to the operation as to the operating method to be employed. As a result, the doctors agreed to separate the muscles rather than cut through them. Immedi­ ately after the operation Kiphuth, with the permission of the attending physicians, prescribed a series of thera­ peutic exercises for Farrell. Initially the program com­ menced with exercises done in bed and swiftly progressed so that Farrell, under Kiphuth's guidance and in the presence of a physician, was utilizing both the Physical Therapy Room

^Letter to the author from Bob Kiphuth, November 18, 1959. 292 and the nurse's swimming pool. Kiphuth was hopeful that a

marked improvement in Farrell's physical condition would en­

able him to petition the Olympic Committee to grant Farrell

automatic nomination to the team. However, when Ray

Daughters, Chairman of the Men's Olympic Swimming Committee,

approached Farrell prior to the start of the competitions

with the proposition, he refused the offer and decided to

earn his berth in the sudden death trials. Farrell with

some difficulty earned this right and the rest is history.5

In the early part of the 1960's the NCAA College

Coaches Association drew up plans for the development of a

Swimming Hall of Fame to be established in Fort Lauderdale,

Florida. Kiphuth served in the capacity of charter Vice

President. Buck Dawson, the Executive Director of the Swim­ ming Hall of Fame, remembers his many conversations with

Kiphuth concerning the Hall of Fame. According to Dawson,

Kiphuth had tremendous ideas about what a hall of fame could and should be and about honorees and what they should rep­ resent.6

According to his son, DeLaney Kiphuth, Bob believed that this new institution could best serve the interest of swimming as a depository of historical records. He accepted

Sjean M. Henning, Six Days to Swim (North Hollywood, California: Swimming World, 1970), pp. 12, 39-41, 45-46, 75-77, 112.

®Buck Dawson, personal interview, April 9, 1972. 293 with reservation the idea of glorifying people for doing wha/t they loved to do.? And yet, Kiphuth personally nomin­ ated an ex Matt Mann protege and Congressional Medal of Honor awardee (WW II), Tedford Cann, to the Hall of Fame.8 in conclusion, Dawson indicated that "Kiphuth was as helpful to me personally as well as to the Hall of Fame as anybody could be."^

Kiphuth's final years were years of work and reward for the many contributions he had made to swimming. In 1960

His Majesty the Emperor of Japan conferred upon him the

Third Class Order of the Sacred Treasure. In that same year

George Williams College honored him with a Ph.D. degree.

From 1962 until his death he served in the dual capacity of

Vice President and Chairman of the Fund Raising Committee of i the National Art Museum of Sport. It was in July of 1962 that President Kennedy announced that Kiphuth would be one of the recipients of the Medal of Freedom. Even in retire­ ment he continued to serve on the various local, state, national and international committees of which he was a member.

On January 7, 1967, many former Yale swimming cap­ tains returned to watch Yale defeat Army in a dual meet.

Kiphuth personally congratulated the Army team and their

^DeLaney Kiphuth, personal interview, November 24, 1972. O Dawson, personal interview, April 9, 1972. 9Ibid. 294 coach,'. Jack Ryan, on their fine performance.*0 After enjoy­

ing a victory meal at Mory's, he proceeded home where he

was stricken with a heart attack and died that evening at

the Grace New Haven Hospital at the age of 76.H

Kiphuth died as he had lived—a physical and mental

giant among men. His personal image and magnificant intel­

lect had cultivated the elite of Yale's administrative ele­

ments and an active and devoted alumni. On the other hand,

his enthusiasm for the sport and his ability to relate to

his athletes won for him large and dedicated teams. True,

he inherited success and excellent facilities, a fact he

openly admitted. But his innovative concept of muscle and mileage parlayed regional success into international fame.

And although this resulted in many personal honors, Kiphuth never failed to accept them in the name of his beloved Yale.

After his death Yale with the. permission of the Whit­ ney family rededicated the Payne Whitney Exhibition Pool to the Kiphuth Exhibition Pool on February 25, 1967 12 The Yale

Swimming Association further honored Kiphuth by the develop­ ment of the Kiphuth Room located on the second floor of the

•^Statement by Jack Ryan, personal interview, March 23, 1972.

•'••'•"Bob Kiphuth Dies; Yale Swim Coach," New York Times, January 9, 1967, p. 39.

^•^piaque, Payne Whitney Gymnasium, Yale University among Kiphuth mementos. 295

Gymnasium. In honor of his co-founding and serving as the

first Chairman for the Council for National Cooperation

in Aquatics, the CNCA established the Kiphuth Undergraduate

Scholarship and The Research and Graduate Study Grant.

His legacy contained few, if any, monetary allot­

ments. He had never labored for material rewards. To Yale

and swimming he left the labors of a lifetime—represented

in part by the mementoes of years of service, Yale's rich

and colorful swimming history, and the intangible product

of the Payne Whitney Gymnasium.

Pew of Kiphuth1s swimmers went on to become high

school or collegiate coaches. In part, this was the result

of the lack of a professional physical education program at

Yale. Nonetheless, Kiphuth did exert an influence in this

area. Many ex-Yale swimmers remained active in the coaching ranks as an avocation rather than a vocation. Among the few

who went on to careers as competitive coaches are Terry Car-

lile, University of Florida, Ed Bittendorf, Yale University,

Doug Kennedy, formerly of Newark Academy, and Jack Harte,

Citadel.

Furthermore, many foreign coaches received the bene­ fit of his knowledge during the many clinics he conducted throughout the world. Many coaches came to Yale as assis­ tants, seeking the "secrets" of Kiphuth's coaching success 296 only to go on to careers of their own. Among the more noted are:

Harry Burke—retired freshman coach, Yale University

Peter Daland—Coach, University of Southern Cali­ fornia

Karl Michael—retired swimming coach,

Ike Newton—retired swimming coach, Coast Guard Academy

Howie Steppe—retired coach, Princeton University

Dick Steadman—swimming coach, Monmouth College

Bill Olsen—swimming coach, Hotchkiss Preparatory School

His formal writings, geared for the most part to the non-professional in competitive swimming, fail for the most part to reveal the depth of his professional knowledge. But friends and co-workers vividly recall his professional abilities.

President James R. Angell in his annual letter of congratulations in 1930 briefly summed up his opinion of

Kiphuth's work when he stated:

You are too well aware of my general appreciation of your work for me to go into any details in the matter. Nevertheless, accept my sincere congratulations and my best wishes for the continued success of your under­ takings.

l^Letter to Bob Kiphuth from President James R. Angell, March 14, 1930 297 Professor Deane Keller of Yale's School of Fine Art assessed Kiphuth's position at Yale in the following words:

Bob was well respected within the University. He attended all the cultural and athletic events on campus. In his last fifteen years at Yale, he was one of the most important figures at Yale. He had a tremendous relation­ ship with his swimmers, not only in the physical aspect but in the literary and artistic sense as well.14

The Rev. Sidney Lovett appraised Kiphuth's status with respect to the rest of the faculty and his contributions to Yale. According to him, Kiphuth was a "carnivorous reader who could hold his own with faculty people especially in lit­ erature and art." As a result he was one of "the best known, respected, and loved professors on campus." His contributions to Yale were: "the person he was himself; the standards he lived by; his academic and non-academic interest; and the standard of Yale swimming.

Dr. Roswell J. Gallagher recalls that "Bob was very unselfish about his time" and never had use for the "front office block." Dr. Gallagher felt that the most extraordinary thing about Kiphuth was his wide variety of interests. Accord­ ing to Dr. Gallagher, these interests were "real, not fanciful

•^Deane Keller, personal interview, December 20, 1972.

•^Statement by Rev. Sidney Lovett, personal inter­ view, December 20, 1972. 298 pasttimes." He marvelled at Kiphuth's "inexhaustible supply of enthusiasm and sincere interest in people."16

Forbes Carlile presented Kiphuth's foreign image in the following terms:

Bob had a reputation as a very strong man who could not be talked back to and yet he was very soft spoken, obliging, hospitable, and a tremendous host. His image was so great that he strode the narrow world as a Colossus among coaches.17

Hal Ulen, former Harvard coach, wrote that Kiphuth had a "magnetic type" personality and credited his "phenomenal success" as a result of his "ability to lead."!^

Matt Mann, former Michigan coach and now deceased, in response to an inquiry by the Yale Daily News in 1936 acknowledged that:

Bob stands for nothing but what is right in ath­ letics. He demands clean living and good sportsmanship, and I think we are very fortunate that we have a man of his calibre who can take the time off that is necessary to be the coach of an American team. He has, without a doubt, raised the standards of swimming in this country.19

Ed Kennedy in response to the same inquiry alluded to Kiphuth's personal touch by recalling:

I have always marvelled at his ability to take each boy under his wing, be a friend as well as a coach to him and train him so that he brings the best that there is in

l^Dr. Roswell Gallagher, personal interview, December 20, 1972.

17x'Forbes Carlile,. personal interview,. April 8, 1972. The Colossus statement, of course, is with respect to Shake­ speare.

1A ft"Noted Coaches Praise Kiphuth for Victories," Yale Daily News, March 14, 1936, p. 5. 299

that boy. He is a coach under whom I would gladly place my own son. I cannot say more than that.20

Hal Henning, the present President-elect of FINA, gives credit to Kiphuth for his guidance during his first few years in the administrative elements of swimming when he re­ counted his association with Kiphuth:

Kiphuth is one of the individuals, along with Mike Peppe, who actually pushed me into the administrative echelon of competitive swimming. Mike pushed me into the National Chairmanship of the AAU. But, I owe Bob a great deal for his guidance, advice, and encouragement through those first trying years.2^

Peter Daland, a former assistant coach at Yale, pre­ sented this brief resume concerning Kiphuth and his contri­ butions to competitive swimming:

Kiphuth put the coach in coat and tie and removed him from the bathrobe image of the past. He possessed more status and polish than his rivals. He was the first great conditioner and the first professional coach in international swimming. He was the instigator of bring­ ing body building, free exercise, and weights into American swimming. He was very intelligent and had tremendous drive. He had a very strong, positive view on most subjects. Yale was the great institution in his life. He really admired the University and it was very important in his thinking. Bob was never in swim­ ming for the money. I don't agree with that policy but I certainly had to admire him for it.22

20Ibid.

21Dr. Hal Henning, personal interview, March 23, 1972.

22Peter Daland, personal interview, August 16, 1972. 300

Gordon Chalmers concentrated on Kiphuth's condi­ tioning methods, keen mind, and his willingness to assist anyone in competitive swimming:

Kiphuth was a conditioner par excellence who was way ahead of his time in advocating gym exercises, weight work, and year round training. His program was the fore runner of today's heavier work load system. He possessed a great analytical mind and considered the problem of "athletic burn out" as a psychological rather than a physiological one. Above all, he was never too busy to help anybody in swimming regardless of circumstances or affiliation.

Charles McCaffrey offered the following dialogue with respect to Kiphuth:

He was the first great innovator in swimming. I've always had great respect for Bob because he consistently did the job. He was a tough customer who at times seemed almost domineering because he was in it for all he was worth.24

Bob Clotworthy, former Ohio State diver and former

Princeton University swimming coach, considered Kiphuth as

"one of the great dynamic forces in American and world swim­ ming," especially because of his body building program and the fact that he was the "great gentleman of the game."25

Jack Ryan, former Ohio State swimmer and presently coach at West Point, presented his evaluation of Kiphuth in these words:

^^Gordon Chalmers, personal interview, October 16, 1972.

24charles McCaffrey, personal interview, April 8, 1972.

25Bob Clotworthy, personal interview, April 8, 1972. 301

I've always had a great deal of admiration for Bob. He was a fine coach, a great credit to the swimming profession, a real gentleman, and a scholar. He was like Babe Ruth was to a young ball player. When Army defeated Yale in a dual meet in 1966, I received a key ring bearing the Yale crest and the score of the meet. Bob had a great deal to do with this. This was another trait of Bob1s; he did nice things for people when things happened against Yale, not only for Yale. Bob is probably the first man who realized that for the United States to accomplish and be competitive inter­ nationally you could not start training in November and stop in March. Through his generosity at New Haven in terms of finances and time—at no income to him—he kept America in the international picture.26

Dick Steadman, former assistant at Yale and present­

ly swimming coach at Monmouth College, recalled that Kiphuth

was "respected by people in all walks of life." He feels that Kiphuth made swimming a "respected sport in the eyes of the academic world. Kiphuth had "world wide contracts, tradition, culture, and charisma." Steadman felt that Kip- hugh instilled in him the fact that the "secret to success is hard work."2"'

John Higgins, former Ohio State swimmer and coach at the U.S. Naval Academy, discussed Kiphuth's "implicit dress" even around the pool deck and the fact that his swimmers respected him so much "they'd do anything for him."

He concluded with the statement that Kiphuth was a "perfect gentleman, gracious and diplomatic."2®

2®Jack Ryan, personal interview, March 23, 1972.

2?Dick Steadman, personal interview, April 8, 1972.

2®John Higgins, personal interview, April 8, 1972. 302

Kiphuth had not only earned the respect of his fellow professionals and colleagues but also the praise of

Ya.le parents. On about March 6, 1930 Kiphuth received a letter from R. J. House on behalf of his wife and himself.

The Houses, whose son Bob competed on the Yale team for four years, were extremely pleased with Kiphuth's excellent ad­ ministration of the Yale swimming program. Mr. House fur­ ther stated:

...In looking over the activities of the four years and their application to Bob's future, Mrs. House and I feel very strongly that your kindness and help­ fulness have had a very large part in Bob's growth.

As you know, Bob is not a natural athlete, there­ fore, without your cooperation we realize fully he would not have been sufficiently interested to con­ tinue his efforts to develop against so serious a handicap.29

Kiphuth was a man of charm and grace. Very easy to approach by student, colleague or employee outside of the working relationship his "manner changed immediately as he O A passed through those Gothic portals." According to Stead- man, Kiphuth was a straightforward person; he'd say what he had to say, get it off his chest and then forget it. If you were right and stood up to him, he respected you for it. He was such a magnificant figure that many times his image over­ powered people. And yet he could talk as easily to the shoe

^Letter to Robert Kiphuth from Mr. R. J. House, March 5, 1930.

•^Colwin, "Kiphuth Cathedral," p. 6. 303 shine boy as he could to the processor of literature. More­ over, he had a fantastic ability to capture the loyalty of those in his employ.31

Kiphuth, dedicated and hard working himself, pos­ sessed a low tolerance point for anyone exhibiting qualities of incompetence or laziness. He expected his employees to exhibit ordinary common sense and adhere to the basic rules of protocol. Or perhaps, Colwin stated it best when he wrote:

However, the fact that he was cultural and intellec­ tual didn't mean that he didn't pack a lot of power into everything he thought, did or said. Kiphuth was a poc­ ket battleship of a man. He stood only five feet five inches tall but there really was nothing small about him.

Often times, the slow to learn or those choosing not to remember, felt the sting of a Kiphuth dictum. And yet, on many occasions he chose to make his point by informing some one else to inform the offending party Kiphuth wished to see him. When the employee reported to his fifth floor office Kiphuth, according to the legend, would pretend to be in deep over some book he was reading.

While the employee fidgetted and waited, Kiphuth read and read. No word was needed; the employee knew that Kiphuth was aware of his shortcoming.

3lDick Steadman, personal interview, April 8, 1972.

^^Colv/in, "Kiphuth Cathedral," p. 6. 304

Dick Steadman laughingly recalled a similar inci­ dent with Kiphuth. Reporting to the fifth floor office he found Kiphuth seemingly absorbed in a book. Not being acknowledged, Steadman selected a book from Kiphuth"s shelf and as Kiphuth read, Steadman read. After about an hour and a half, Kiphuth finally said, "Well, what is is?" Both had won their point.^

The gym staff often joked about the legendary Kip­ huth key ring. The ring held dozens of keys through which

Bob juggled and fiddled his way until he found the right one." Mostly un-tagged, they were un-identifiable except to Bob; some people believed most were obsolete yet Bob wouldn't throw any out."34

Prior to his heart attack in 1949, every afternoon between noon and two o'clock, Kiphuth's staff was expected to participate in a tournament of handball. The game and the rules were developed by Kiphuth. There were no fouls and no lets. Anything went. A little pushing, a little shoving was all part of the game. It was survival of the fittest. Kiphuth, although not a good handball player, was an extremely competitive one. He was spry on his feet and covered the court very well. He would threaten his opponent by spreading his arms, charging both the ball and his

33Dick Steadman, personal interview, April 8, 1972.

^Letter to author from Gwyneth Brown, November 15, 1972. 305

opponent. Since he suffered from an arthritic hand, he had

to spend at least a half hour soaking the hand and taping

every finger nail prior to the game. Contrary to good hand­

ball procedure he used to punch the ball rather than employ

a cupped hand. It was during one of these games that he

suffered his first heart attack in 1949.^

Over twenty thousandcompetitive swimmers came under his direction at Yale. Within the swimming workout there never existed any question of who was in control. The swimmer understood that success in swimming was the result of dedi­ cation and hard work. Kiphuth lived by this principle and his swimmers respected him greatly for it. His initial image was almost overpowering and yet each and every swimmer soon addressed him simply as Bob. Or perhaps Gwyneth Brown best described his ability to relate to youth when she recalled:

A sympathy for youth was one of Bob's outstanding qualities; for him the generation gap wouldn't have existed. He knew the latest campus fads in dress, entertainment, intellectual movements and social habits.36

To most he was more than a coach. Kiphuth made him­ self available night or day as a friend, counselor, or away- from-home father. Many a swimmer listed intently to his dictum on the importance of education and the finite nature

•^Phil Moriarty, personal interview, November 26, 1972.

3^Letter to author from Gv/yneth Brown, November 15, 1972. 306 of athletic performances. In line with, this philosophy the

Yale swimmers had the option of competing or not competing in the EISL Championships. A prime example of this was the decision for Roger Anderson (1959) not to defend the three titles he had won the year before due to the pressures of senior comprehensives.3? In 1952 when Frank Chamberlain considered leaving Yale for duty in the armed services, Kip- huth advised him to complete his studies even if it meant giving up swimming. Acting on this advice, Chamberlain decided to complete his education, remain active in swimming and went on to become a member of the 1952 U.S. Olympic team.38

Kiphuth had married Louise DeLaney in Chicago during the summer of 1917. A year later a son, DeLaney, was born of this union. Mrs. Kiphuth dedicated herself to the home and the ambitions of her husband. Mutually, they shared an interest in the dance. Karl Michael remembers baby sitting while Bob and Louise v/ent to New York to see the famous dancers of that era.3^ DeLaney, on the other hand, recalls the trips his parents made to New York to see the Dempsey-

Firpo prize fight and the Flying Finn, Paavo Nurmi, run.4°

3"7»Eastern Intercollegiate Swimming League," Yale Swimming News Letter, Spring 1959, p. 4.

3®Harry Burke, personal interview, December 27, 1972.

3^Karl Michael, personal interview, December 28, 1972. ^^DeLaney Kiphuth, personal interview, November 24, 1972. 307 Kiphuth and his wife often attended the cultural and athletic offerings at Yale. Each Sunday afternoon prior

to her death in 1941, Mrs. Kiphuth acted as hostess for the numerous swimmers who would come out to the Kiphuth home for food and conversation.

DeLaney Kiphuth recalls that in 1921 his mother played a significant role in his father's decision to remain at Yale. An attractive position became available at the

University of Arizona. Acting on the advice of his wife,

Kiphuth declined interest in the position.41

DeLaney took numerous trips with his father such as the 1930 trip to Hawaii, the 1935 tour of Japan, and the

1932 Olympic Games in Los Angeles. After attending the local public schools in New Haven, DeLaney Kiphuth enrolled at Andover Preparatory School. Graduating from Ya.le in 1941, he taught at Hotchkiss Preparatory School prior to being drafted into the Army in July 1942. An OCS graduate,

DeLaney Kiphuth served in Europe, being discharged with the rank of Major in the late fall of 1945. Returning to Yale's graduate school of history in January of 1946, he served as freshman swimming coach and assistant freshman football coach, graduating in June of 1948. That fall he returned to

Hotchkiss. Retaining his position as an instructor in his­ tory, he soon became both head football coach and swimming coach as well as Director of Athletics. In December of 1953

41Ibid. 308

he was chosen to replace Yale's retiring Director of Ath­

letics, Clarence W. Mendall, on July 1, 1954, a position which he holds today.

Bob Kiphuth's pursuits were varied and intense. He collected books, enjoyed art, music, dance, sports of all kinds, and fast cars. Gwyneth Brown recalls a memorable ride from the at the conclusion of the Yale-

Princeton game to Kiphuth's apartment in these words:

In spite of his friends kidding about being an "overaged playboy" Bob succumbed to the sports car fashion and bought a Jaguar. After one of the Yale- Princeton football games he gave me a memorable ride in it. He kept the top down although it was drizzling rain and we were crawling along in the dense traffic from the Bowl. "Who's the redhead Bob? What's her name" Hey Coach—what goes?" Cat calls and whistles continued, Bob pretending not to hear but enjoying the attention. Later I told Janet (Kiphuth's daughter-in- law) about it. "That's Bob," she laughed, "he knows that tomorrow they'll be talking about it on campus."^2

To state that Kiphuth had a love for things physical and especially the art of swimming would be a gross under­ statement. He devoted almost fifty-two years to Yale and the cause of competitive swimming. There exists little question that Kiphuth was one of the early visionaries of the sport. By sheer force of his personal image, the pres­ tige of his position at Yale, and the dedication of his efforts, he became one of the most powerful administrative

^^Letter to the author from Gwyneth Brown, Novem­ ber 15, 1972. 309 forces in swimming. Yet he never used the prestige of his fame to acquire financial gain from swimming.

That he was a man of high moral and ethical stan­ dards, few, if any, disagree. That he was subject to human error, all agree. According to his colleagues, his greatest error was the result of his greatest strength. He just never could comprehend the eight to five employee.

Kiphuth played an active role in many local, state, and national organizations such as the YMCA, Boy Scouts,

American Red Cross, Boy's Clubs of America, and the Connec­ ticut Reformatory for Boys. He did not serve in an honorary capacity but took an active part.

His dedication to the task of raising the standards and status of competitive swimming is revealed in the fruits of his labor. His programs of corrective exercises, body building and swimming received recognition from the highest echelons at Yale and won for him the right to con­ duct an open program of competitive swimming at Yale each summer.

Kiphuth saw a real need for developing America's international program of swimming. He had the facility and was willing to devote the time. Success and criticism, of course, went hand in hand.

An innovator in his own right, Kiphuth never failed to recognize the innovations of others nor the importance of the psychologist or the physiologist to competitive 310 swimming. Many, of his innovations such as the diving hel­ met and mirrors served only a limited purpose, but his body building program was the forerunner of today's heavy re- sistence programs.

Kiphuth's ability as an administrator is evident from his long years of service to Yale and competitive swim­ ming. He proved once again that self-education is one of the purest forms of intellectual genius. Dedication, hard work, and enthusiasm were his most formidable tools. His early years as well as his twilight years were characterized by his vigorous, energetic activity and practical impatience.

Yet, God had endowed him with a rich, analytic imagination, a constructive creativeness, and boundless physical energy.

Experience prepared him with superior qualities for or­ ganization and leadership. All told he spent forty-five active years and eight retirement years in the service of mother Yale. All but the first three of these years were in the vineyard of competitive swimming. With only a high school diploma as a credential, he braved the impregnable fortress of the intellectual giant, making his impact on

Yale and swimming total and complete. APPENDICES

311 APPENDIX A

DUAL MEET RECORD TABLES

Date Place Yale Opponent

1918 Won: 9 Lost: 1

Jan. 12 New Haven 46 C. C. N. Y. 7 Jan. 18 New Haven 42 Pennsy1vani a 11 Feb. 8 New York 42 C. C. N. Y. 11 Feb. 16 Philadelphia 35 Pennsy1vani a 18 Feb. 20 New Haven 35 Brown 18 Feb. 22 New York 15 N. Y. A. C. 38 Mar. 1 New Haven 30 Princeton 23 Mar. 5 New Haven 45 Columbia 8 Mar. 9 New York 44 Columbia 9 Mar. 16 Princeton 30 Princeton 23

1919 Won: 7 Lost: 0

Jan. 31 New Haven 44 Amherst 9 Feb. 8 New York 46 Columbia 7 Feb. 21 New Haven 24 Princeton 19 Feb. 25 New Haven 37 Wesleyan 16 Mar. 5 New Haven 39 M. I. T. 14 Mar. 8 Princeton 33 Princeton 20 Mar. 14 New Haven 37 Columbia 16

* 1920 Won: 10 Lost: 0

Jan. 16 New Haven 46 Columbia 7 Jan. 23 New Haven 38 Pennsylvania 15 Feb. 10 New Haven 48 Wesleyan 5 Feb. 13 New Haven 45 C. C. N. Y. 7 Feb. 14 Cambridge 42 M. I. T. 11 Feb. 20 New Haven 41 Princeton • 12 Feb. 21 New York 39 Columbia 14 Mar. 13 New York 44 C. C. N. Y. 9 Mar. 17 New Haven 48 Harvard 5 'fc NCAA Guide 1921. p. 77 records 12 meets but fails to list opponents. 312 Place Yale Opponent

Won: 14 Lost: 0

14 New Haven 32 Columbia 13 15 New York 45 C. C. N. Y. 8 21 New Haven 40 Princeton 13 8 New Haven 46 Wesleyan 7 11 New Haven 48 Springfield 5 19 New York 42 Columbia 11 25 New Haven 37 Pennsylvania 16 26 Cambridge 37 Harvard 16 4 New Haven 42 Brown 11 5 Philadelphia 32 Pennsylvania 21 6 New Haven 42 M. I. T. 11 8 Middletown 44 Wesleyan 9 11 New Haven 48 C. C. N. Y. 5 12 Princeton 41 Princeton 12

Won: 14 Lost: 0

7 New York 40 C. C. N. Y. 13 14 Philadelphia 32 Pennsylvania 21 7 New Haven 46 Wesleyan 7 11 Boston 48 M. I. T. 5 17 New Haven 40 Pennsylvania 13 25 New York 40 Columbia 13 3 New Haven 47 C. C. N. Y. 6 4 Princeton 38 Princeton 15 10 New Haven 36 Brown 17 11 New Haven 42 Princeton 11 15 Middletown 44 Wesleyan 9 17 New Haven 40 Columbia 13 18 New Haven 36 Rutgers 17 1 New Haven 31 Navy 13

Won: 15 Lost: 0

12 New York 35 Columbia 22 19 New York 45 C. C. N. Y. 15 27 New Haven 41 Princeton 21 5 New Haven 43 Dartmouth 10 9 New Haven 51 C. C. N. Y. 11 13 New Haven 48 Wesleyan 5 17 Philadelphia 40 Pennsylvania 12 23 New Haven 45 Rutgers 26 24 New Haven 61 M. I. T. 10 28 New Haven 38 Brown 15 3 Princeton 34 Princeton 28 9 New Haven 43 Pennsylvania 19 10 New Haven 52 Columbia 10 314 Date Place Yale Opponent

Mar. 17 Annapolis 45 Navy 17 Mar. 21 Middletown 48 Wesleyan 20

1924 Won: 10 Lost: 5

Dec. 15 New Haven 27 Alumni 35 Jan. 18 New York 52 C. C. N. Y. 10 Jan. 19 New Haven 30 N. Y. Boys CI. 32 Feb. 8 Hanover 43 Dartmouth 19 Feb. 14 New Haven 51 Wesleyan 11 Feb. 15 New York 36 Columbia 26 Feb. 16 Philadelphia 46% Pennsylvania 15% Feb. 20 New Haven 47 Brown 15 Feb. 23 New Haven 53 C. C. N. Y. 9 Feb. 24 Cambridge 47 M. I. T. 15 Mar. 1 New Haven 24 Princeton 38 Mar. 8 Princeton 25 Princeton 3 7 Mar. 15 New Haven 46 Pennsylvania 16 Mar. 22 New Haven 30 Navy 32 Mar. 25 New Haven 50 Columbia 12

1925 Won: 15 Lost: 0

Dec. 13 New Haven 42 Alumni 20 Jan. 16 New Haven 54 M. I. T. 8 Jan. 17 New York 51 C. C. N. Y. 11 Jan. 21 New Haven 49 Wesleyan 13 Feb. 7 New Haven 53 C. C. N. Y. 9 Feb. 14 New Haven 52 Pennsylvania 10 Feb. 20 New Haven 43 Dartmouth 19 Feb. 21 New York 38 Columbia 14 Feb. 23 New York 36 N. Y. Boys CI. 26 Feb. 28 New Haven 34 Princeton 28 Mar. 4 New Haven 39 Brown 2 5 Mar. 8 Philadelphia 45 Pennsylvania 17 Mar. 14 Princeton 38 Princeton 24 Mar. 17 New Haven 36 Columbia 26 Mar. 21 Annapolis 37 Navy 2 5

1926 Won: 15 Lost: 0

Dec. 12 New Haven 54 Alumni 8 Jan. 15 New York 44 C. C. N. Y. 17 Jan. 23 New Haven 46 Brown 16 Feb. 5 Hanover 35% Dartmouth 26% Feb. 11 New Haven 47 C. C. N. Y. 15 Feb. 13 Philadelphia 44 Pennsylvania 18 Feb. 16 Middletown 49 Wesleyan 13 Feb. 17 New Haven 49 Syracuse 13 315 Date Place Yale Opponent

Feb. 19 New Haven 38 M. I. T. 24 Feb. 20 New Haven 49 Columbia 13 Feb. 22 New York 40 N. Y. Boys Cl. 21 Feb. 27 New Haven 39 Princeton 22 Mar. 3 New York 44 Columbia 18 Mar. 6 Princeton 34 Princeton 28 Mar. 20 New Haven 42 Navy 20

1927 Won: 15 Lost: 0

Dec. 11 New Haven 38 Alumni 24 Dec. 15 New Haven 45 Canadiens 15 Jan. 7 New York 46 C. C. N. Y. 16 Jan. 14 New Haven 54 M. I. T. 8 Jan. 18 New Haven 56 Columbia 6 Jan. 21 New Haven 56 Wesleyan 6 Feb. 11 Hanover 42 Dartmouth 20 Feb. 15 New Haven 56 Brown 6 Feb. 22 New Haven 39 N. Y. Boys Cl. 23 Feb. 26 New Haven 45 Princeton 17 Mar. 5 New Haven 46 Pennsylvania 16 Mar. 9 New Haven 39 Syracuse 23 Mar. 12 Princeton 45 Princeton 17 Mar. 14 New Haven 46 Georgia Tech. 16 Mar. 19 New Haven 42 Navy 20 1928 Won: 15 Lost:

Dec. 10 New Haven 3 7 Alumni 2 5 Jan. 13 New York 46 Columbia 16 Jan. 18 Middletown 44 Wesleyan 18 Jan. 21 New Haven 48 C. C. N. Y. 14 Jan. 25 New Haven 41 Brown 21 Feb. 11 Syracuse 43 Syracuse 19 Feb. 15 Philadelphia 35 Pennsylvania 2 7 Feb. 17 New Haven 54 M. I. T. 8 Feb. 22 New Haven 48 N. Y. Boys Cl. 14 Feb. 25 New Haven 45 Princeton 17 Feb. 29 New Haven 53 Rutgers 9 Mar. 3 New Haven 34 Dartmouth 28 Mar. 10 Princeton 41 Princeton 21 Mar. 18 New Haven 50 Navy 12 Apr. 2 New Haven 39 Michigan 23

1929 Won: 13 Lost:

Dec. 15 New Haven 4 5 Alumni 17 Jan. 12 New Haven 52 Columbia 10 Jan. 19 New Haven 37 P ennsy1vani a 25 Jan. 25 New Haven 51 Wesleyan 20 316 Date Place Yale Opponent

Feb. 8 Hanover 36 Dartmouth 26 Feb. 13 New Haven 52 N. Y. U. 10 Feb. 15 New York 45 C. C. N. Y. 17 Feb. 16 New Haven 41 Syracuse 21 Feb. 22 New Haven 51 N. Y. Boys CI. 11 Feb. 27 New Haven 41 Brown 21 Mar. 2 Annapolis 44 Navy 18 Mar. 9 New Haven 38 Princeton 24 Mar. 15 New Haven 31 Rutgers 31*

* Yale defeated Rutgers by winning the relay.

1930 Won: 15 Lost: 0

Dec. 14 New Haven 51 Alumni 11 Jan. 11 Philadelphia 46 Pennsylvania 16 Jan. 22 Middletown 49 Wesleyan 26 Feb. 12 New Haven 44 Fordham 18 Feb. 14 New Haven 44 Navy 18 Feb. 15 New Haven 45 C. C. N. Y. 17 Feb. 19 New York 45 Columbia 17 Feb. 21 New Haven 46 M. I. T. 16 Feb. 22 New Haven 47 N. Y. Boys CI. 14 Feb. 26 New Haven 42 Brown . 20 Mar. 1 Syracuse 46 Syracuse 16 Mar. 5 New Haven 44 Dartmouth 18 Mar. 12 New York 44 Rutgers 21 Mar. 15 Princeton 40 Princeton 22 Mar. 31 New Haven 42 Michigan 18

1931 Won: 15 Lost: 0

Dec. 13 New Haven 46 Alumni 16 Jan. 17 New Haven 57 Pennsylvania 14 Jan. 21 New Haven 50 Wesleyan 31 Feb. 6 Hanover 48 Dartmouth 23 Feb. 13 New York 56 C. C. N. Y. 15 Feb. 18 New Haven 60 Syracuse 11 Feb. 21 New Haven 54 Columbia 17 Feb. 23 New Haven 49 N. Y. Boys Cl. 22 Feb. 25 New Haven 47 Brown 15 Feb. 28 New Haven 47 Rutgers 24 Mar. 2 Middletown 58 Wesleyan 26 Mar. 4 New Haven 65 Springfield 12 Mar. 7 New Haven 48 Princeton 23 Mar. 11 Boston 50 Harvard 12 Mar. 14 Annapolis 43 Navy 28 317 Date Place Yale Opponent

1932 Won: 12 Lost: 0

Dec. 12 New Haven 38 Alumni 24 Jan. 20 Middletown 53 Wesleyan 18 Feb. 5 New Haven 38 C. C. N. Y. 33 Feb. 10 New Haven 47 Brown 24 Feb. 13 New Brunswick 60 Rutgers 11 Feb. 18 New Ha,ven 48 Dartmouth 23 Feb. 20 New York 47 Columbia 24 Feb. 22 New Haven 49 N. Y. Boys CI. 22 Feb. 27 New Haven 47 Pennsy1vani a 24 Mar. 5 Annapolis 51 Navy 20 Mar. 9 New Haven 53 Harvard 18 Mar. 12 New Haven 43 Princeton 28

1933 Won: 14 Lost: 1

Dec. 10 New Haven 29 Alumni 42 Jan. 13 New Haven 57 Pittsburgh 18 Jan. 21 New Haven 59 Wesleyan 25 Jan. 28 New Haven 53 Pennsylvania 18 Feb. 4 New Haven 40 Rutgers 31 Feb. 8 New Haven 48 Springfield 36 Feb. 10 Hanover 52 Dartmouth 19 Feb. 11 New Haven 45 Williams 32 Feb. 15 New Haven 41 Columbia 30 Feb. 17 New York 40 C. C. N. Y. 31 Feb. 18 New Haven 47 Brown 24 Feb. 22 New Haven 49 N. Y. Boys CI. 22 Feb. 25 Annapolis 49 Navy 22 Mar. 4 Cambridge 40 Harvard 31 Mar. 11 New Haven 48 Princeton 23

1934 Won: 15 Lost: 0

Dec. 8 New Haven 34 Alumni 28 Jan. 13 New Haven 39 N. Y. U. 32 Jan. 17 Middletown 45 Wesleyan 30 Jan. 20 New Haven 41 Brown 30 Jan. 24 New Haven 51 Springfield 29 Jan. 27 Philadelphia 42 Pennsylvania 29 Feb. 10 New Haven 46 C. C. N. Y. 25 Feb. 12 New Brunswick 48 Rutgers 23 Feb. 16 New York 51h Columbia 19k Feb. 22 New Haven 50 N. Y. Boys Cl. 21 Feb. 24 New Haven 49 Dartmouth 22 Mar. 7 New Haven 52 Fr. & Marsh. 19 Mar. 9 New Haven 52 Navy 19 Mar. 10 Princeton 42 Princeton 29 Mar. 14 New Haven 47 Dartmouth 24 318 Date Place Yale Opponent"

1935 Won: 13 Lost: 0

Dec. 8 New Haven 54 Alumni 8 Jan. 16 New Haven 54 N. Y. U. 17 Jan. 19 New Haven 45 Brown 26 Jan. 22 New Haven 45 Wesleyan 22 Jan. 23 Springfield 61 Springfield 16 Jan. 26 New Haven 49 Pennsylvania 22 Feb. 1 New York 57 C. C. N. Y. 14 Feb. 8 Hanover 50 Dartmouth 21 Feb. 16 New Haven 55 Columbia 16 Feb. 22 New Haven 59 N. Y. Boys Cl. 12 Feb. 27 New Haven 54 Rutgers 17 Mar. 2 Annapolis 51 Navy 20 Mar. 13 Cambridge 38 Harvard 33

1936 Won: 15 Lost: 0

Jan. 11 New Haven 54 Alumni 12 Jan. 15 Middletown 59 Wesleyan 18 Jan. 18 New Haven 46 Brown 29 Jan. 22 New Haven 62 Springfield 15 Jan. 25 Philadelphia 52 Pennsylvania 19 Feb. 1 New Haven 47 N. Y. Boys Cl. 30 Feb. 8 New Haven 41 Prov. B. C. 30 Feb. 12 Williamstown 57 Williams 20 Feb. 15 New York 54 Columbia 17 Feb. 17 New Haven 52 Dartmouth 32 Feb. 22 New Haven 56 Navy 28 Feb. 29 New Haven 61 C. C. N. Y. 10 Mar. 7 New Brunswick 48 Rutgers 23 Mar. 14 Princeton 46 Princeton 25 Mar. 19 New Haven 45 Harvard 26

1937 Won: 15 Lost: 1

Jan. 9 New Haven 50 Alumni 16 Jan. 16 New Haven 41 Brown 34 Jan. 20 New Haven 52 Wesleyan 23 Jan. 23 New Haven 60 Pennsylvania 15 Jan. 30. Hanover 58 Dartmouth 17 Feb. 6 New Haven 43 Rutgers 32 Feb. 13 Annapolis 56 Navy 19 Feb. 17 West Point 44 Army 31 Feb. 20 New Haven 52 Columbia 23 Feb. 22 New Haven 64 Prov. B. C. 11 Feb. 25 New Haven 48 Fr. & Marsh. 27 Mar. 4 New Haven 57 Springfield 18 Mar. 6 New Haven 57 Rider and 14 N. Y. Boys CI. 21 319 Date Place Yale Opponent

Mar. 10 New Haven 56 Princeton 19 Mar. 13 Cambridge 36 Harvard 39

1938 Won: 12 Lost: 3

Jan. 8 New Haven 49 Alumni 17 Jan. 19 Middletown 57 Wesleyan 18 Jan. 22 New Haven 83 N. Y. Boys CI. 40 Rider 3 7 Jan. 29 Philadelphia 53 Pennsylvania 22 Feb. 2 New Brunswick 48 Rutgers 2 7 Feb. 5 New York 48 Columbia 2 7 Feb. 9 New Haven 47 Brown 28 Feb. 12 New Haven 58 Army 17 Feb. 16 New Haven 34 Michigan 41 Feb. 19 New Haven 45 Cornell 30 Feb. 25 New Haven 46 Dartmouth 29 Mar. 5 New Haven 51 Navy 24 Mar. 9 Princeton 37 Princeton 38 Mar. 22 New Haven 29 Harvard 46

1939 Won: 17 Lost: 1

Jan. 7 New Haven 38 Alumni 28 Jan. 11 New Haven 53 N. Y. U. 22 Jan. 14 New Haven 60 Fr. & Marsh. 15 Jan. 17 New Haven 59 Wesleyan 16 Jan. 20 New Haven 43 Columbia 32 Jan. 21 Amherst 48% Amherst 26% Jan. 28 West Point 49 Army 26 Feb. 1 New Haven 52 Springfield 23 Feb. 4 Hanover 54 Dartmouth 21 Feb. 8 New Haven 51 Brown 24 Feb. 11 New Haven 22 Michigan 53 Feb. 15 New Haven 74 N. Y. Boys CI. 41 Rider 45 Feb. 18 New Haven 57 Pennsylvania 17 Feb. 25 Annapolis 47 Navy 28 Mar. 4 New Haven 45 Rutgers 30 Mar. 8 New Haven 42 Princeton 33 Mar. 11 Cambridge 45 Harvard 30

1940 Won: 17 Lost: 1 Dec. 16 New Haven 43 Alumni 2 3 Jan. 10 New Haven 55 Fr. & Marsh. 20 Jan. 11 Middletown 63 Wesleyan 12 Jan. 13 New Haven 60 Cornell 15 Jan. 19 New Haven 29 Michigan 46 Jan. 20 Philadelphia 57 Pennsylvania 18 320 Date Place Yale Opponent

Jan. 27 New Haven 61 N. Y. Boys Cl. 39 Rider 33 Feb. 3 New Haven 55 Amherst 20 Feb. 7 New Haven 45 Brown 30 Feb. 10 Annapolis 60 Navy 15 Feb. 17 New York 62 Columbia 13 Feb. 22 New Haven 55 Ohio State 20 Feb. 24 New Haven 43 Dartmouth 32 Feb. 28 New Haven 49 Springfield 26 Mar. 2 New Haven 47% Wayne 2 7% Mar. 6 Princeton 61 Princeton 14 Mar. 12 New Haven 55 Harvard 20

1941 Won: 14 Lost: 0

Dec. 14 New Haven 62 Fr. & Marsh. 13 Jan. 11 New Haven 40 Alumni 26 Jan. 18 New Haven 66 Pennsylvania 9 Jan. 25 New Haven 51 Rider 24 Feb. 1 West Point 56 Army 19 Feb. 7 Hanover 47 Dartmouth 28 Feb. 12 New Haven 56 Brown 19 Feb. 15 Columbus 51% Ohio State 23% Feb. 15 Cleveland 49 Cleveland AC 16 Feb. 22 New Haven 55 Navy 20 Feb. 26 New Haven 56 Columbia 19 Mar. 1 New Haven 48 Wayne 2 7 Mar. 5 - New Haven 53 Princeton 22 Mar. 11 Cambridge 56 Harvard 19

1942 Won: 13 Lost: 0

Jan. 10 New Haven 39 Alumni 2 7 Jap. 16 Amherst 46 Mass. State 29 Jan. 17 New Haven 58 Pennsylvania 17 Jan. 24 New Haven 64 Rider 11 Jan. 31 Annapolis 59 Navy 16 Feb. 4 Springfield 49 Springfield 26 Feb. 7 New Haven 62 Army 13 Feb. 11 New Haven 68 Brown 7 Feb. 14 New Haven 51 Dartmouth 23 Feb. 21 Ann Arbor 59 Michigan 16 Feb. 27 New York 52 Columbia 23 Mar. 7 Princeton 45 Princeton 30 Mar. 13 New Haven 55 Harvard 20 321 Date Place Yale Opponent

Jan. 9 New Haven 44 Alumni 22 Jan. 16 New Haven 52 Coast Guard 23 Jan. 20 New Haven 60 Brown 15 Jan. 23 P hi1adelphi a 63 Pennsylvania 12 Jan. 30 New Haven 59 Springfield 16 Feb. 5 Hanover 41 Dartmouth 34 Feb. 17 New Haven 60 Mass. State 15 Feb. 20 New Haven 44 Navy 31 Feb. 27 West Point 60 Army 15 Mar. 3 New Haven 45 Columbia 30 Mar. 6 New Haven 42 Princeton 33 Mar. 13 Cambridge 50 Harvard 25

1944 Won: 10 Lost: 0

Jan. 8 New Haven 61 Brown 13 Jan. 15 Hartford 58 Trinity 17 Jan. 19 New Haven 63 Coast Guard 12 Jan. 22 New Haven 76 Olneyville BC 46 Naugatuck 24 Jan. 26 Princeton 43 Princeton 32 Jan. 29 New Haven 52 Pennsylvania 22 Feb. 5 New Haven 49 Army 26 Feb. 12 New Haven 59 Columbia 23 Mar. 11 Annapolis 47 Navy 28

1945 Won: 8 Lost: 1

Dec. 16 New Haven 59 Williams 16 Jan. 6 New Haven 63 Brown 12 Jan. 17 New Haven 61 Wesleyan 14 Jan. 20 New York 57 Columbia 18 Jan. 27 New Haven 60 Princeton 15 Feb. 3 New Haven 51 Navy 24 Feb. 10 West Point 31 Army 44 Mar. 10 New Haven 49 Coast Guard 26 Mar. 17 New Haven 55 Melville Base 20

1946 Won: 7 Lost: 0

Dec. 15 Philadelphia 57 Pennsylvania 11 Dec. 19 New Haven 57 Kings Point 18 Jan • 12 New Haven 55 Brown 20 Jan. 26 New Haven 38 Army 37 Feb. 6 New Haven 53 Columbia 22 Feb. 9 Princeton 52 Princeton 23 Mar. 16. New Haven 48 Harvard 27 322 Date Place Yale Opponent

194 7 Won: 14 Lost: 0

Dec. 14 New Haven 58 Brown 17 Dec. 18 New Haven 68 Kings Point 7 Jan. 11 New Haven 59 Pennsylvania 16 Jain. 15 New Haven 50 Springfield 25 Jan. 18 Annapolis 63 Navy 12 Feb. 1 West Point 53 Army 22 Feb. 5 New Haven 62 Duke 13 Feb. 8 New Haven 5-3 Alumni 13 Mar. 1 New Haven 51 Dartmouth 24 Feb. 22 New York 66 Columbia 9 Mar. 5 New Haven 53 N. Y. A. C. 31 La Salle 14 Mar. 8 Cambridge 49 Harvard 26 Mar. 15 New Haven 64 Princeton 11

1948 Won: 12 Lost: 0

Dec. 13 New Haven 47 Brown . 27 Dec. 17 New Haven 64 N. Y. U. 11 Jan. 10 New Haven 61 Columbia 14 Jan. 14 New Haven 44 Springfield 31 Jan. 17 Philadelphia 55 Pennsylvania 20 Jan. 21 New Haven 51 La Salle 24 Jan. 24 Hanover 46 Dartmouth 29 Feb. 7 New Haven 58 Duke 17 Feb. 11 West Point 47 Army 28 Feb. 18 New Haven 47 Rutgers 28 Feb. 21 New Haven 55 Navy 20 Mar. 13 New Haven 62 Harvard 13

1949 Won: 13 Lost: 0

Jan. 8 New Haven 48 La Salle 27 Jan. 15 New Haven 54 Pennsylvania 21 Jan. 19 New Haven 49 Springfield 26 Jan. 22 New Haven 60 Army 15 Feb. 2 New Haven 57 Fordham 18 Feb. 5 New Haven 60 Bridgeport 15 Feb. 9 New Haven 59 Brown 16 Feb. 16 New Haven 50 Rutgers 25 Feb. 19 New Haven 42 Dartmouth 33 Feb. 23 New York 50 Columbia 25 Feb. 26 Annapolis 45 Navy 30 Mar. 5 New Haven 60 . Princeton 15 Mar. 12 Cambrideg 53 Harvard 22 323 Date Place Yale Opponent

1950 Won: 15 Lost: 0

Dec. 17 New Haven 43 Colgate 32 Jan • 11 Providence 48 Brown 2 7 Jan. 14 New Brunswick 48 Rutgers 2 7 Jan. 18 Bridgeport 57 Bridgeport 18 Feb. 3 Hanover 61 Dartmouth 14 Feb. 8 West Point 41 Army 34 Feb. 15 New Haven 50 La Salle 25 Feb. 18 Philadelphia 48 Pennsylvania 2 7 Feb. 22 New Haven 49 Columbia 26 Feb. 25 New Haven 64 Navy 11 Mar. 1 New Haven 42 Springfield 33 Mar. 4 Princeton 49 Princeton 26 Mar. 11 New Haven 50 Harvard 2 5

1951 Won: 13 Lost: 0

Jan. 6 New Haven 47 Fordham 28 Jan. 10 New Haven 57 Brown 18 Jan. 13 Annapolis 53 Navy 22 Jan. 31 New Haven 49 Springfield 26 Feb. 3 New Haven 49 Pennsylvania 26 Feb. 7 New Haven 42 Colgate 33 Feb. 10 New Haven 61 Army 14 Feb. 14 New York 55 Columbia 20 Feb. 21 New Haven 45 Dartmouth 30 Feb. 24 New Haven 63 Bridgeport 12 Feb. 28 - New Haven 57 La Salle 18 Mar. 3 New Haven 52 Princeton 23 Mar. 10 Cambridge 51 Harvard 24

19 52 Won: 13 Lost: 0

Dec. 15 Philadelphia 57 Pennsylvania 2 7 Jan. 9 New Haven 61 Brown 23 Jan. 12 New Haven 67 Cornell 17 Feb. 2 West Point 61 Army 23 Feb. 6 New Haven 56 Springfield 28 Feb. 9 New Haven 56 Navy 28 Feb. 13 New Haven 63 Columbia 21 Feb. 20 New Haven 62 Colgate 22 Feb. 23 Hanover 53 Dartmouth 31 Feb. 27 New Haven 49 La Salle 35 Mar. 1 Princeton 61 Princeton 23 Mar. 5 New Haven 51 Bainbridge 33 Mar. 8 New Haven 56 Harvard 28 324 Date Place Yale Opponent

1953 Won: 14 Lost: 0

Dec. 13 New Haven 69 Pennsylvania 15 Jan. 7 New Haven 59 Fordham 25 Jan. 17 New Haven 49 Dartmouth 35 Feb. 4 New Haven 47 Springfield 36 Feb. 6 New Haven 51 N. Y. U.. 33 Feb. 7 New Haven 63 Army 21 Feb. 11 New Haven 48 Wesleyan 36 Feb. 17 New Haven 64 Connecticut 20 Feb. 18 New York 62 Columbia 22 Feb. 21 Annapolis 50 Navy 34 Feb. 23 New Haven 55 Colgate 29 Feb. 25 Providence 65 Brown 19 Feb. 28 New Haven 57 Princeton 27 Mar. 7 Cambridge 55 Harvard 29

19 54 Won: 13 Lost: 0

Jan • 6 New Haven 74 Fordham 10 Jan. 13 New Haven 63 Brown 21 Jan. 30 West Point 65 Army 19 Feb. 2 New Haven 58 Springfield 26 Feb. 5 Hanover 53 Dartmouth 31 Feb. 17 New Haven 59 Columbia 25 Feb. 20 New Haven 60 Navy 24 Feb. 22 New Haven 49 Colgate 35 Feb. 23 Middletown 67 Wesleyan 17 Feb. 27 Phi1adelphi a 70 Pennsylvania 14 Mar. 3 Storrs 53 Connecticut 31 Mar. 6 Princeton 60 Princeton 24 Mar. 13 New Haven 59 Harvard 25

1955 Won: 14 Lost: 0

Dec. 11 New Haven 64 Pennsylvania 20 Dec. 15 New Haven 76 Fordham 8 Jan. 8 New Haven 76 Brown 8 Jan. 12 New York 6V7 Columbia 17 Jan. 15 New Haven 70 Army 14 Jan. 22 New Haven 55 Springfield 29 Feb. 5 Ithaca 52 Cornell 32 Feb. 16 New Haven 63 Connecticut 21 Feb. 19 Annapolis 58 Navy 26 Feb. 22 New Haven 64 Colgate 20 Feb. 23 Middletown 58 Wesleyan 26 Feb. 26 New Haven 60 Dartmouth 24 Mar. 5 New Haven 68 Princeton 16 Mar. 12 Cambridge 44 Harvard 40 325 Date Place Yale Opponent

1956 Won: 15 Lost: 0

Dec. 7 Amherst 65 Amherst 19 Dec. 10 Philadelphia 61 Pennsylvania 23 Dec. 14 New Haven 76 Fordham 8 Jan. 14 New Haven 64 Cornell 20 Jan. 21 West Point 57 Army 27 Jan. 28 New Haven 61 Springfield 23 Feb. 4 New Haven 69 Brown 8 Feb. 8 New Haven 65 Wesleyan 19 Feb. 15 New Haven 64 Columbia 20 Feb. 18 New Haven 66 Navy 18 Feb. 22 New Haven 65 Colgate 12 Feb. 25 Hanover 60 Dartmouth 24 Mar. 1 Storrs 49 Connecticut 35 Mar. 3 Princeton 58 Princeton 26 Mar. 10 New Haven 63 Harvard 21

1957 Won: 14 Lost: 0

Dec. 8 New Haven 73 Pennsylvania 12 Jan. 12 Ithaca 63 Cornell 23 Jan. 16 Middletown 50 Wesleyan 35 Feb. 2 New Haven 54 Army 32 Feb. 6 New Haven 64 Brown 31 Feb. 8 New Haven 72 Amherst 14 Feb. 15 New York 69 Columbia 17 Feb. 16 Annapolis 58 Navy 28 Feb. 22 New Haven 64 Colgate 22 Feb. 23 New Haven 52 Dartmouth 34 Feb. 27 New Haven 63 Connecticut 23 Mar. 2 New Haven 66 Princeton 20 Mar. 6 New Haven 55 Springfield 31 Mar. 9 Cambridge 59 Harvard 27

1958 Won: 13 Lost: 0

Dec. 14 Philadelphi a 67 Pennsylvania 19 Jan. 11 New Haven 70 Cornell 16 Jan. 15 New Haven 53 Wesleyan 33 Feb. 1 West Point 51 Army 35 Feb. 5 New Haven 47 Brown 39 Feb. 8 New Haven 63 Navy 23 Feb. 14 New Haven 59 Columbia 27 Feb. 21 Hanover 58 Dartmouth 28 Feb. 22 New Haven 60 Colgate 26 Feb. 26 Storrs 60 Connecticut 26 Mar. 1 Princeton 56 Princeton 30 Mar". 5 New Haven 6 5 Springfield 21 Mar. 8 New Haven 58 Harvard 28 !6 Date Place Yale Opponent

1959 Won: 13 Lost;

Dec. 13 New Haven 65 Pennsylvania 20 Jan. 10 Ithaca 60 Cornell 26 Jan. 14 Middletown 60 Wesleyan 26 Jan. 17 New Haven 61 Army 25 Feb. 4 New Haven 59 Brown 27 Feb. 7 Annapolis 61 Navy 25 Feb. 11 New York 57 Columbia 29 Feb. 21 New Haven 62 Colgate 24 Feb. 21 New Haven 65 Dartmouth 21 Feb. 24 New Haven 62 Connecticut 23 Feb. 28 New Haven 69 Princeton 17 Mar. 4 New Haven 73 Springfield 13 Mar. 7 Cambridge 60 Harvard 26 APPENDIX B

SUMMARY OF KIPHUTH'S COACHING RECORD

W L Captain Char

1918 9 1 Ro Mayer ISA (New York A. c.)

1919 7 0 J. M. Hincks ISA

1920 10 0 J. M. Hincks ISA

1921 14 0 L„ P. Thurston ISA

1922 14 0 c. D. Pratt ISA

1923 15 0 w. L. Jelliffe ISA

1924 10 5 R. P. Colgate (N. Y. Boys Club) (Princeton—2) (Navy)(Alumni)

1925 15 0 R. Sullivan ISA

1926 15 0 Jo Do Bronson ISA

1927 15 0 P. W. Bunnell ISA

1928 15 0 J. A. House ISA

1929 13 0 Jo Ao Pope ISA

1930 15 0 J. Howland ISA

1931 15 0 R. L0 Messimer ISA

1932 12 0 L. B. Osborne ISA

1933 14 1 A. To Hapke ISA (Alumni)

1934 15 0 J. Barker ISA

1935 13 0 Do Livingston ISA 327 328 W L Captain Championships

1936 15 0 N. D. Hoyt No ISA League

1937 15 1 R0 A0 Cooke (Harvard)

1938 12 3 Jo Jo Macionis (Michigan) (Princeton) (Harvard)

1939 17 1 J. W. Good (Michigan)

1940 17 1 R0 P. Duncan EISL (Michigan)

1941 14 0 W. H. Sanburn, III WISL

1942 13 0 Howard R. Johnson EISL NCAA AAU Indoor L. Do Dannenbaum (Summer)

1943 12 0 E. T. Davidge EISL AAU Outdoor

1944 10 0 R. Lyon NCAA

1945 8 1 A0 R. Ford (Army)

1946 7 0 P. Stetler EISL

1947 14 0 E. K. Hueber EISL

1948 12 0 A. M. Stack EISL

1949 13 0 R. P0 Baribault EISL AAU Indoor

1950 13 0 A. J. Ratkiewich EISL AAU Outdoor

1951 13 0 R. M. Reid EISL NCAA AAU Indoor & Outdoor

1952 13 0 Jo Jo Carroll EISL AAU Indoor 329 W L Captain Championships

1953 14 0 W. R. Moore EISL NCAA AAU Indoor & Outdoor

1954 13 0 K. S. Welch EISL AAU Indoor

1955 14 0 M. P. Aldrich, Jr, EISL AAU Indoor & Outdoor

1956 15 0 J. P. Phair EISL AAU Outdoor

1957 14 0 W. T. Clinton EISL AAU Indoor

1958 13 0 Peter R» Taft EISL

1959 13 0 P. To Jecko EISL

ISA—Intercollegiate Swimming Association

EISL—Eastern Intercollegiate Swimming League

NCAA—National Collegiate Athletic Association

AAU—Amateur Athletic Union

ON RETIREMENT

Won 550 Lost 14 (10 Collegiate, 4 Non-Collegiate)

183 consecutive victories APPENDIX C

YALE WATER POLO

W L Captain Championships

1918 7 2 Eugene Peterson Champions

1919 1 4 Arthur Vorys

1920 5 3 Arthur Vorys

1921 5 3 D. Hamilton Row

1922 1 7 Neville Usher

1923 8 2 Neville Usher

1924 8 1 Siegried Langner Co-Champions

1925 8 1 Frederick Howden Champions

1926 9 0 David Burt Champions

1927 8 2 David Graham Champions

1928 9 1 Juan Hutcheson Champions

1929 7 4 Charles Poore

1930 7 4 Louis Rappaport

1931 0 9 Frederic Loeser

1932 5 4 Thomas Underwood

1933 3 5 John Jameson

1934 4 4 Walter Martin

1935 4 5 Edgar Downs

1936 No Compe- Jacob Bilewitz tition

330 APPENDIX D

Alan Ford's Assault On The Records

1942 - 1943

Meet Event Course Time

Dual 100 Yards Short 51.0 (Tied World- American Record)

Dual 100 Yards Short 51„1 (Tied Inter­ collegiate Record)

Dual 100 Yards Short 5007 (New World Record)

Dual 50 Yards Short ! 22«8 (New Inter­ collegiate Record)

Carnival 100 Yards Short 50„6 (New World Record)

1943 - 1944

Dual 100 Yards Short 50.1 (New World Record)

Dual 50 Yards Short 22.7 (New Pool & Yale Record)

Carnival 100 Yards Short 49o7 (New World Record)

NCAA- 50 Yards Short 22o2 (New Yale Championships Record)

NCAA- 100 Yards Short 49o7 (Tied World Championships Record)

AAU Record 100 Meters 25 Meters 55„9 (New World Attempt Record) 331 332 Meet Event Course Time

AAU Record 100 Meters 20 Meters 55.7 (New American Attempt Record)

AAU Record 220 Yards 25 Yards 2:07o8 (New Yale Attempt Record)

AAU Record 200 Meters 25 Yards 2:06o9 (New. Yale Attempt Record)

1944 - 1945

AAU Record 40 Yards 20 Yards 1704 American Note­ Attempt worthy Record

AAU Record 50 Yards 20 Yards 22.0 American Note­ Attempt worthy Record

AAU Record 60 Yards • 20 Yards 2705 American Note­ Attempt worthy Record i AAU Record 110 Yards 20 Yards 56»4 New American Attempt Record

AAU Record 100 Yards 20 Yards 56„4 New American Attempt back Record

AAU Record 50 Yards 20 Yards 26.1 American Note­ Attempt back worthy Record

AAU Record 100 Yards 20 Yards 49o4 New American Attempt Record

AAU Record 150 Yards 20 Yards l:31o6 Yale-Pool Attempt back Record

Lto Cmdr. John Miller (ed.), "Outstanding War Time Swimmers," The NCAA Swimming Guide 1946 (New York: A0 S. Barnes and Company, 1945), p. 480 { APPENDIX E

YALE OLYMPIC SWIMMING PERSONNEL

Country Person Degree Place Year

U.S.A. Kiphuth, R. Jo H. 1950 Amsterdam 1928 (Coach) (honorary) Los Angeles 1932 Berlin 1936 London 1948

U.S.A. McAleenan, Arthur Jr. 1915 1912

U.S.A. Kiphuth, DeLaney 1941 Los Angeles 1932 (FINA steward)

U.S.A. Macionis, John J. 1938 Berlin 1936

U.S.Ao Ford, Alan R« 1945 London 1948

U.S.A. Stack, Allen Mc 1949 London 1948 Helsinki 1952

U.S.A. McLane, James P. 1953 London 1948 Helsinki 1952

Australia Marshall, John B. 1953 London 1948 Helsinki 1952 Melbourne 1956

U.S.A. Chamberlain, Frank 1953 Helsinki 1952

U.S.A. Moore, Wayne R0 1953 Helsinki 1952

U.S.A. Sheff, Donald A. 1953 Helsinki 1952

Australia Aubrey, Rex 1957 Helsinki 1952

U.S.A. Jecko, Perry T. 1959 Melbourne 1956

U.S.A. Moriarty, Philip Ec Rome 1960 (Coach)

U.S.A. Farrell, Lt» F» Rome 1960 Jeffrey Yale No R. 0. To CD 333 APPENDIX F

KIPHUTH'S ACTIVITIES OTHER THAN AT YALE

1921 Honolulu, Hawaii, Yale vs0 All-Hawaii Meet

1922 Swimming Director Long Point Camp, Lake Champlain

1923 To England with Yale-Harvard track team, then to continent for study

1924 U. So Official of International Swimming Federation, Olympic Games, Paris

1925 Germany—1st study in Mensendieck exercise

1926 Germany, France, England

1927 Germany, Scandinavia for study of exercise systems

1928 Head Coach, U. S. Women's Olympic Team, Amsterdam

1929 Swimming Director, Camp Marienfeld, Keene, N. H.

1930 Yale vs. Meiji University, Dual Meet, Honolulu, Hawaii (Three day meet—Score 72-72)

1931 Japan, Coach All U. S. Team vs. All-Japan, Tokyo

1932 Coach U„ S. Men's and Women's Olympic Teams, Los Angeles

1934 Coach All U. S. Team vs. All-Japan, Tokyo

1935 Coach All U0 S. Team vs0 All-Japan, Tokyo

1936 Coach UD So Men's Olympic Team, Berlin

1938 Coach All UD S. Team vs. All-Europe, Berlin

1940 Designated Coach UD S<, Men's Olympic Team, Helsinki (Games Cancelled)

1941 Director, Camp Timanous, Luther Gulick Camps, Raymond, 334 335 1946 Yale vs. All-Cuba Meet, Havana U. S. Delegate to International Swimming Meetings, London

1947 U. S. Delegate to International Swimming Meetings, London European Swimming Championships, Monte Carlo

1950 Coach All U. S. Team vs. All-Japan, Tokyo

1951 Coach All U. S„ Team vs. All-Bermuda, Hamilton Coach Yale vs. Mexico, Mexico City Director U. S. Army Swimming Clinic, Bad Tolz, Germany

1952 Director U. So Army Swimming Clinic, Berlin U„ So Official, International Swimming Federation, Olympic Games, Helsinki

1953 Director U. S. Army Swimming Clinic, Bad Tolz, Germany

1954 Director U. S. Army Swimming Clinic, Furstenfeldbruck, Germany Director Uc S. State Department Swimming Clinic for Icelandic Athletes, Reykjavick

1955 Director Swimming Clinic Tel Aviv, Israel for U. S„ Committee for Sports in Israel Coach All U. So Team vs. All-Japan, Tokyo

1956 U0 S. Official, International Swimming Federation, Olympic Games, Melbourne Director Swimming Clinic for South African Swimming Federation, Johannesburg

1957 Around the world with Meg Kiphuth

1959 Director Swimming Clinic, Tel Aviv for Ue So Committee for Sports in Israel

1960 U„ S. Official, International Swimming Federation, Olympic Games, Rome

1961 Maccabiah Games, Tel Aviv with Louise Kiphuth

1963 State Department Representatives to India to direct swimming clinic for Indian Swimming Federation

1964 Honored guest of Organizing Committee at Olympic Games, Tokyo APPENDIX G

YALE BODY BUILDING EXERCISES (SWIMMING)

Warm-up—Bounce Steps (2 to 8 minutes)

1. Mild bounce, both feet 6. Cross arms and legs 2o Jump stride 7. Double leg 3. Stride, cross 8. Forward, back side, side 4. Stride, cross, stride, 9. Swing steps right for­ together ward left forward 5. Walk stride

1. Swing Sit-ups (50 times) 15. Neck firm (double knee 2. Push up to back leaning bends) (50-100 times) rest (50 times) 16. Sitting straight, legs 3. Neck Firm (alternate knee off floor cross arms and bends) (100 times) legs (50-100 times) 4. Prone Position chest 170 Push-ups (second round) raising (30-50 times) (25-50 times) 5. Prone position (double leg 18. Trunk 1/2 raise, 1/4 raising) (30-50 times) twist, single knee raise 6. Push-ups (25-30 times) and bend (10-20 right, 7. Front rest knee raising to left alternating) chest (50-100 times each 19. Push-up to straight arm leg) bridge (15-30 times) 8. Double leg raise toe touch 20. On back, tuck position (30-50 times) (hands at sides on floor, 90 Alternate leg lifts (100- draw knees to chin) 200 times) (25-50 times) 10o Sit in Hurdle trunk bend- 21 „ On back,legs held up­ ing (30-50 times) ward, Arms outstretched, 11o Trunk twist leg cross shoulders on floor legs (50-100 times) move side to floor 12. Prone position chest through perpendicular raised arms extended over­ (30-50 times) head spread arms and legs 22. Resting on forearms and (50-100 times) top of insteps hips 13o Side leaning rest, top leg raising to tight pike lift (30-50 times) position (30-50 times) 14. Side leaning rest, hip 23. Sitting, wide spread of raising side upward (30- legs grasp ankles with 50 times) hands, bend forward head to floor (30-50 times) 336 337 24. Bent knee sit-ups, free 25. Burpee 4 count (30 corn- arm swing (30-50 times) plete sets)

Medicine Ball Throwing

Sitting Overhead Throw Standing Overhead Throw 15 feet (50-100 times) 20 feet (50-100 times)

Standing Throw between Legs 20 feet (50-100 times)

Pulley Weights

Forward, Downward Side, Downward (100-200 times) (100-200 times)

Middle Handles Forward Together (Adduction) (100-200 times) APPENDIX H

PROFESSIONAL, CIVIC, AND SERVICE ORGANIZATIONS

Olympics Member, U. S. Olympic Swimming Committee 1929- 1949; 1953-1960 Member, U. S. National Olympic Committee 1948- 1952; 1956-1960

NCAA Member, NCAA Swimming Rules Committee 1930- 1946 (Chairman, 19 38-1946)

AAU President, Connecticut AAU 194 7-19 50; 1965- 1967 Member, Swimming Committee of the AAU of the U. S. 1926-1967 (Chairman, 19 33-1935) (Vice-Chairman 19 36-193 7) Chairman, Youth Activities Program of the U. S. Member, National Board of Governors of the AAU of the U. S. Member, Executive Committee of the AAU of the U. S. Treasurer of the AAU of the U. S. 19 59-196 7

YMCA Member, Board of Directors of the YMCA of New Haven Member, National YMCA Physical Education Committee

BSA Member, National Health and Safety Committee, Boy Scouts of America Member, National Council, Boy Scouts of America

ARC Member, Board of Directors, New Haven Chapter of the American Red Cross Chairman, Life Saving Committee, New Haven Chapter of the American Red Cross

338 BIBLIOGRAPHY

339 A. PERSONAL INTERVIEWS

Ashbrook, Willard P., Ph.D., former professor at Ohio State University and noted swimming official, August 13, 1973

Burke, Harry, former Yale Freshman Coach, December 27, 19 72

Carlile, Forbes, world renowned Australian coach, April 8, 19 72.

Chalmers, Gordon, Director of Athletics, Indiana State University and former Swimming Coach at West Point, October 16, 19 72.

Clotworthy, Robert, Diving Coach, University of Texas and former Swimming Coach at Princeton University, April 8, 19 72.

Daland, Peter, Swimming Coach, University of Southern California and former Kiphuth aide, August 16, 19 72.

Dawson, Bobbie, Mrs., former secretary to Robert Kiphuth, November 26, 19 71, August 5, 19 73.

Dawson, Buck, Executive Director, International Swimming Hall of Fame, April 9, 19 72.

Fadgen, Richard, Swimming Coach, Memphis State University and former New England schoolboy swimmer, April 9, 19 72

Gallagher, J. Roswell, M. D. Close friend of Robert Kiphuth December 20, 19 72.

Gangwish, Meta, Robert Kiphuth"s sister, January 16, 19 72.

Geigengack, Robert, Track Coach, Yale University, December 27, 1972.

Hainesworth, Harry, AAU consultant and personal friend of Robert Kiphuth, February 17, 19 72.

Harper, Donald, Ph.D., former champion diver at Ohio State University, August , 19 73.

Henning, Dr. Harold, FINA official, March 23, 19 72.

340 341 Higgins, John, Swimming Coach, U. S. Naval Academy and former Ohio State swimmer, April 8, 19 72.

Keller, Deane, Professor of Painting and Drawing, Yale University, School of Fine Arts, December 20, 19 72.

Kennedy, Ed, former Swimming Coach, Columbia University, March 23, 19 72.

Kiphuth, DeLaney, Athletic Director, Yale University and son of Robert Kiphuth, November 24, 19 72, July 28, 19 73.

Lovett, Rev. Sidney, former Chaplain, Yale University and personal friend of Robert Kiphuth, December 20, 19 72.

McCaffree, Charles, former Swimming Coach, Michigan State University, April 8, 19 72.

Mclntyre, David, former NROTC swimmer under Robert Kiphuth, June 8, 19 72.

Michael, Karl, former Swimming Coach, Dartmouth College and former assistant coach at Yale University, December 28, 19 72.

Moriarty, Philip, Swimming Coach, Yale University and former assistant coach under Robert Kiphuth, November 26, 19 71, July 28, 19 72, May 17, 19 73, July 10, 19 73, July 28, 19 73.

Munhall, Edgar, Joint Acting Director, the Frick Collection, New York City, December 23, 19 72.

Niawa, Jiro, member of Japanese Consulate, New York City, July 15, 19 73.

Peppe, Mike, retired coach of swimming, Ohio State University, August 14, 19 73.

Philcox, Betty, national AAU official, April 9, 19 72.

Ryan, Jack, Swimming Coach, U. S. Military Academy and former Ohio State swimmer, March 23, 19 72.

Smith, R. Jackson, architect with the firm of Eggers and Associates, New York City, July 24, 19 73.

Steadman, Richard, Swimming Coach, Monmouth College and former assistant at Yale University, April 8, 19 72. 342

B. PERSONAL CORRESPONDENCE

1. Letters to the Author

Brown, Gwyneth King (Mr. and Mrs. Brown were personal friends of Robert Kiphuth), November 15, 19 72.

Buxbaum, Philip L., Director, B'nai B'rith Boston Office and former sports broadcaster, March 2, 19 73.

Chillman, Helen, Art Librarian, Yale University, October 18, 19 72.

Cummins, B. W., former Editor, Swimming Times. July 30, 19 72.

Friermood, Dr. Harold T., Executive Director, Council for National Cooperation in Aquatics, December 2, 19 72.

Gallagher, J. Roswell, M. D., personal friend of Robert Kiphuth, December 5, 19 72.

Gangwish, Meta, sister of Robert Kiphuth, January 14, 19 72.

Hainesworth, Harry, AAU consultant, February 17, 19 72, March 20, 19 72.

Juba, Kelvin, Editor, Swimming Times. July 10, 19 72.

Keller, Deane, Professor of Painting and Drawing, Yale University School of Fine Arts, October 17, 19 72.

Kiphuth, DeLaney, Athletic Director, Yale University and son of Robert Kiphuth, Jaunary 14, 19 72.

Kiphuth, Robert, July 17, 1964, July 20, 1964, September 23, 1964, November 18, 1964.

Lovett, Rev. Sidney, former Chaplain, Yale University and personal friend of Robert Kiphuth, November 7, 19 72.

Mercier, John R., Director of Community Relations, YMCA, Buffalo and Erie County, October 20, 19 72. 343 Michael, Karl, former Swimming Coach, Dartmouth College and former Assistant Coach, Yale University, February 17, 19 72.

Munhall, Edgar, Joint Acting Director, The Frick Collection New York City, October 16, 19 72.

Newton, William, former Freshman Coach, Yale University, November 6, 19 72.

Randle, John, Assistant Librarian, New York YMCA Historical Library, November 29, 19 72.

Schoenfield, Albert, Editor, Swimming World magazine, October 8, 19 72.

Taylor, Charles, Provost, Yale University, December 8, 19 72

2. Letters to Robert Kiphuth

Angell, President James R., March 14, 1930.

Day, George P., April 11, 1919.

House, R. J., March 5, 1930.

3. Miscellaneous

Foreign Relations Committee of the AAU, from Robert Kiphuth undated (probably November, 1938).

Otto Brewitz, from Robert Kiphuth, May 29, 1938.

4. Letters in the Robert Nelson Corwin Papers. Archives. Yale University Library (chronologically)

Robert Corwin from Andrew Wilson, March 22, 1917.

Robert Corwin from Thomas Lyman Dunnell, April 25, 1917.

Robert Corwin from Commander Carl V. Schlaet, May 5, 1917.

Commander C. V. Schlaet from Robert Corwin, May 7, 1917.

Robert Corwin from Richard Mayer, September 8, 1917. 344 Richard Mayer from N. P. Elliott (secretary to Robert Corwin), September 10, 1917.

Robert Corwin from Richard Mayer, September 12, 1917.

Richard Mayer from N. P. Elliott, September 15, 1917.

Robert Corwin from Matthew Mann, October 5, 1917.

Matthew Mann from Robert Corwin, October 10, 1917.

Matthew Mann from Robert Corwin, December 11, 1917.

Ogden Reid from Robert Corwin, December 11, 1917.

Robert Corwin from Matthew Mann, December 15, 1917.

Matthew Mann from Robert Corwin, December 20, 1917.

Robert Corwin from Matthew Mann, December 23, 1917.

Matthew Mann from Robert Corwin, December 31, 1917.

Robert Corwin from W. Mallory Chamberlin, November 1, 1918.

George P. Day from Robert Corwin, March 29, 1919.

W. Mallory Chamberlin from Robert Corwin, April 9, 1919.

Dr. William G. Anderson from Robert Corwin, April 9, 1919.

George P. Day from Robert Corwin, April 10, 1919.

Robert Corwin from W. Mallory Chamberlin, April 10, 1919.

Robert Corwin from George P. Day, April 11, 1919.

Robert Kiphuth from George P. Day, April 11, 1919.

C. PUBLICATIONS BY ROBERT J. H. KIPHUTH (chronologically)

1. NCAA Guides

Kiphuth, R. J. H. "Transcontinental Hawaiian Trip of the Yale Swimming Team." Official intercollegiate Swimming Guide 19 31. New York: American Sports Publishing Co., 1930, pp. 30-31. 345 . "Swimming Tour." NCAA Swimming Guide 1931. New York: American Sports Publishing Co., 1930, p. 31.

. "American Swimming Team Visits Japan." National Collegiate Athletic Association Official Rules 1936. New York: American Sports Publishing Co., 1935, pp. 71-75.

. "Fourteenth Annual National Collegiate Swimming Championships." NCAA Official Rules for Swimming. Fancy Diving. Water Polo 1938. New York: American Sports Publishing Co., 193 7, pp. 68-69.

. "Training for 1500 Meters Free Style." NCAA Official Rules for Swimming. Fancy Diving. Water Polo 1938. New York: American Sports Publishing Co., 1937, pp. 46-51.

. "Fifteenth Annual National Collegiate Swimming Championships." NCAA Official Rules for Swimming. Fancy Diving. Water Polo 1939. New York: American Sports Publishing Co., 1938, pp. 72-75.

. "Sixteenth Annual National Collegiate Swimming Championships." NCAA Official Rules for Swimming, Fancy Diving. Water Polo 1940. New York: American Sports Publishing Co., 19 39, pp. 96-98.

. "Seventeenth Annual National Collegiate Swimming Championships." NCAA Official Rules for Swimming. Fancy Diving. Water Polo 1941. New York: American Sports Publishing Co., 1940, pp. 9 5-9 7.

. "Eighteenth Annual National Collegiate Swimming Championships." The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 1942. New York: A. S. Barnes and Co., 1941, pp. 23-26.

. "Nineteenth Annual National Collegiate Swimming Championships." The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 1943. New York: A. S. Barnes and Co., 1942, pp. 22-26.

. "Twentieth Annual NCAA Championships." The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 1944. New York: A. S. Barnes and Co., 1943, pp. 23-26.

. "21st Annual NCAA Championships." The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 1945. New York: A. S. Barnes and Co., 1944, p. 43.

. "22nd Annual NCAA Championships." The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 1946. New York: A. S. Barnes and Co., 1945, pp. 53-57. 346 2. Yale Daily News

Kiphuth, Robert, "The Swimming Team's Transcontinental- Hawaiian Trip," September 29, 1921, p. 7.

, "Coach Kiphuth Advocates More Swimming Events," May 31, 1922, p. 5.

, "The Old Order Changeth in Collegiate Swimming," December 6, 1922,p.1.

, "International Swimming Meet Won by Japanese," September 30, 1931, p. 4.

, "New Gymnasium Makes Possible Program of 'Athletics for all,'" December 10, 19 32, p. 3.

, "Pool Features," December 10, 19 32, p. 7.

, "Japan Extends Challenge to American Swimming. Failure of United States To Retain Olympic Swimming Championships Due to Economic Conditions," December 15, 1932, p. 3.

3. Yale Swimming News Letters

Kiphuth, Bob, "Gentlemen," June 19 51, p. 1.

, "Kiphuth1s Comments," Summer 1953, p. 2.

, "Prospects for the 1954-55 Team," Winter 1955, p. 1.

, "Comments from Bob," Spring 19 58, p. 1.

, "Comments from Bob," Spring 1959, p. 1.

4. Periodicals

Kiphuth, Robert J. H., "Speed and Skill in Swimming," Scholastic Coach (November 1932)

, "The Payne Whitney Gymnasium of Yale University," The Research Quarterly. IV (March 1933), pp. 131-136.

, "Japan Challenges America in the Water," Literary Digest. CVTI (May 12, 1934), p. 24. 347 , "National A. A. U. Swimming Championships," Beach and Pool (January 1935), p. 12.

, "Swimming the Crawl," Sport Street (June 25, 1935)

, "Best American Swimming Performances of 1935," Beach and Pool (November 1935), pp. 321, 326.

. "Trip to Japan." Beach and Pool (November 1935), pp. 313-314, 332-334.

"In the Olympic Swim," Sports Illustrated (August 1936), pp. 23, 40.

, "You Can't Sink," American Magazine (August 1936), pp. 72- 74.

. "Surveying the Swimmers," Beach and Pool (April 1937), pp. 7, 32-34.

, "Speed Swimming." Amateur Athlete (July 1944). pp. 15, 24-25.

, "Speed Swimming," Click (July 1944), pp. 46-48.

, "Survival Aquatics for Your Community," Journal of the American Association for Health. Physical Education. Recreation (April 1952), p. 52.

, "U. S., Australia, Japan Contend," Amateur Athlete (September 1960), pp. 31, 38-39.

, "Kiphuth Defends Orthodox Breaststrokef" Amateur Athlete (December 1963), pp. 24-25.

5. Books

Phelps, Winthrop Morgan, M. D. and Robert J. H. Kiphuth. The Diagnosis and Treatment of Postural Defects. Springfield, Illinois and , Maryland: Charles C. Thomas, 1932.

Kiphuth, Robert J. H. How To Be Fit. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1942.

. Swimming. New York: A. S". Barnes and Co., 1942. 348 . "Introduction" to the National YMCA Aquatic Program. Vol. I Revised 1948, New York, New York: Association Press.

, and Burke, Harry M. Basic Swimming. New Haven: Yale University Press, 19 51.

D. N. C. A. A. SWIMMING GUIDES (chronologically)

Kistler, G. "Historical Sketch of Intercollegiate Swimming Association." Intercollegiate Swimming Guide. New York: A. S. Barnes and Co., 1915, pp. 39-44.

Daley, George. "Eastern Intercollegiate Swimming Season 1917-18." Official Swimming Guide 1919-20. New York, Chicago, San Francisco: Thos. E. Wilson and Co., 1920, pp. 65-6 7.

Handley, L. deB. "Intercollegiate Swimming Association Review of 1920-21." Intercollegiate Swimming Guide 1922. New York: American Sports Publishing Co., 1921, pp. 11-15.

"Intercollegiate Swimming Association Individual Championships." Intercollegiate Swimming Guide 1929. New York: American Sports Publishing Co., 1928, p. 42.

Handley, L. deB. "Review of the 1928 Season in the Intercollegiate Swimming Association." Intercollegiate Swimming Guide 1929. New York: American Sports Publishing Co., 1928, p. 17.

Kennedy, Edward T. "Review of Intercollegiate Swimming Season 1931." NCAA Swimming Guide 19 32. New York: American Sports Publishing Co., 19 31, pp. 3 7-39.

Harburger, Philip S. "Review of the 19 33 Season in the Intercollegiate Swimming Association." National Collegiate Athletic Association Official Rules 1934. New York: American Sports Publishing Co., 19 33, pp. 71-74.

Luehring, F. W. "Tenth Annual National Collegiate Swimming Championships." National Collegiate Athletic Association Official Rules 19 34. New York: American Sports Publishing Co., 1933, p. 67. 349 Handley, L. deB. "Review of the 1934 Season in the Intercollegiate Swimming Association." National Collegiate Athletic Association Official Rules 19 35. New York: American Sports Publishing Co., 19 34, pp. 61-62.

Luehring, F. W. "Eleventh Annual National Collegiate Swimming Championships." National Collegiate Athletic Association Official Rules 1935. New York: American Sports Publishing Co., 1934, pp. 58-60.

Handley, L. deB. "Review of the 1935 Season in the Intercollegiate Swimming Association." National Collegiate Athletic Association Official Rules 1936. New York: American Sports Publishing Co., 19 35, pp. 76-77.

Luehring, F. W. "Twelfth Annual National Collegiate Swimming Championships." National Collegiate Athletic Association Official Rules 19 36. New York: American Sports Publishing.Co., 1935, pp. 73-75.

"Intercollegiate Swimming Association Championships." National Collegiate Athletic Association Official Rules 1937. New York: American Sports Publishing Co., 1936, p. 83.

Luehring, F. W. "Thirteenth Annual National Collegiate Swimming Championships." National Collegiate Athletic Association Official Rules 1937. New York: American Sports Publishing Co., 1936, pp. 80-82.

Harburger, Philip S. "Eastern Intercollegiate Swimming League Season." NCAA Official Rules for Swimming. Fancy Diving. Water Polo 19 39. New York: American Sports Publishing Co., 19 38, pp. 77-79.

. "Eastern Intercollegiate Swimming League Season." NCAA Official Rules for Swimming. Fancy Diving. Water Polo 1940. New York: American Sports Publishing Co., 1939, pp. 99-101.

Stepp, Howard W. "Review of Intercollegiate Swimming Season 1940." NCAA Official Rules for Swimming. Fancy Diving. Water Polo 1941. New York: American Sports Publishing Co., 1940, pp. 91-94.

Harburger, Philip S. "Eastern Intercollegiate Swimming League Season." NCAA official Rules for Swimming, Fancy Diving. Water Polo 194.L. New York: American Sports Publishing Co., 1940, pp. 99-101. . "Eastern Intercollegiate Swimming League Season, 1941." The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 1942. New York: A. S. Barnes and Co., 1941, pp. 31-34. Bushnell, Asa S. "Eastern Intercollegiate Swimming League. The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 1945. New York: A. S Barnes and Co., 1944, pp. 53-54. . "Eastern Intercollegiate Swimming League." The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 1946. New York: A. S. Barnes and Co., 1945, p. 64. Miller, John L. Cmdr. (ed.). "Outstanding War Time Swimmers." The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 1946. New York: A. S. Barnes and Co., 1945, p. 48. Bushnell, Asa S. "Eastern Intercollegiate Swimming League. The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 194 7. New York: A. S Barnes and Co., 1946, pp. 33-35. Kennedy, Edward T. "23rd Annual NCAA Championships." The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 194 7. New York: A. S. Barnes and Co., 1946, pp. 21-26. "Eastern Intercollegiate League." The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 1948. New York: A. S. Barnes and Co., Inc., 1947, p. 37. Kennedy, Edward T. "24th Annual NCAA Championships." The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 1948. New York: A. S. Barnes and Co., Inc., 1947, pp. 23-28. "Eastern Intercollegiate League." The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 1950. New York: A. S. Barnes and Co., Inc., 1949, pp. 27-29. Kennedy, Edward T. "26th Annual NCAA Championships." The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 19 50. New York: A. S. Barnes and Co., Inc., 1949, pp. 13-19. The Review Committee. "Intercollegiate Swimming Review." The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 1950. New York: A. S. Barnes and Co., Inc., 1949, p. 8. . "EISL Invitation Championships." The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 19 51. New York: The National Collegiate Athletic Bureau, 1950, pp. 36-38. Kennedy, Edward T. "2 7th Annual NCAA Championships." The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 19 51. New York: The National Collegiate Athletic Bureau, 1950, pp. 13-26. 351 Shiebler, George L. "Eastern Intercollegiate League." The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 1951. New York: The National Collegiate Athletic Bureau, 1950, p. 39. . "EISL Invitation Meet." The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 19 52. New York: The National Collegiate Athletic Bureau, 1951, pp. 25-26. Kennedy, Edward T. "29th Annual NCAA Championships." The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 1953. New York: The National Collegiate Athletic Bureau, 1952, pp. 13-18. Mann, Matt. "Intercollegiate Swimming and the Olympics." The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 1953. New York: The National Collegiate Athletic Bureau, 1952, pp. 19-20. Shiebler, George L. "EISL Invitation Meet." The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 1953. New York: The National Collegiate Athletic Bureau, 1952, p. 25. "EISL Individual Championships." The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 1954. New York: The National Collegiate Athletic Bureau, 1953, p. 23. Stepp, Howard W. "National Collegiate Championships." The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 19 54. New York; The National Collegiate Athletic Bureau, 1953, pp. 15-19. Shiebler, George L. "EISL Individual Championships." The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 1955. New York: The National Collegiate Athletic Bureau, 1954, pp. 23-24. Stepp, Howard W. "National Collegiate Championships." The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 1955. New York: The National Collegiate Athletic Bureau, 1954, pp. 13-18. Royer, Robert. "National Collegiate Championships." The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 1956. New York: The National Collegiate Athletic Bureau, 1955, pp. 11-15. Shiebler, George L. "EISL Individual Championships." The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 1956. New York: The National Collegiate Athletic Bureau, 1955, pp. 21-23. Royer, Robert. "National Collegiate Championships." The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 1957. New York: The National Collegiate Athletic Bureau, 1956, pp. 11-17. Shiebler, George L. "EISL Individual Championships." The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 195 7. New York: The National Collegiate Athletic Bureau, 1956, pp. 25-26. 352 Barr, A. R. "National Collegiate Championships." The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 1958. New York: The National Collegiate Athletic Bureau, 1957, pp. 11-17. Shiebler, George L. "EISL Individual Championships." The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 1958. New York: The National Collegiate Athletic Bureau, 1957, pp. 23-24. Barr, A. R. "National Collegiate Championships." The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 19 59. New York: ' The National Collegiate Athletic Bureau, 1958, pp. 11-17. Shiebler, George L. "EISL Individual Championships." The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 19 59. New York: The National Collegiate Athletic Bureau, 1958, pp. 21-22. Moriarty, Philip E. "National Collegiate Championships." The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 1960. New York: The National Collegiate Athletic Bureau, 1959, pp. 15-20. Shiebler, George L. "EISL Individual Championships." The Official NCAA Swimming Guide 1960. New York: The National Collegiate Athletic Bureau, 1959, pp. 25-26.

E. NEWSPAPERS (chronologically)

1. New York Times

"College Swimming Title Won by Yale," March 17, 1918, p. 21. "Swimming Titles for Yale Merman," March 21, 1920, p. 19. "Varsity 'Y1 Given Five Eli Swimmers," March 24, 1921, p. 21. "Eli Swimmers Win at Brighton Beach," June 26, 1921, p. 5. "Yale Mermen Set Record in Relay," March 4, 1922, p. 12. "Yale Swimmers Clip Two World Records," March 12, 1922, p. 29.

"Gurnsey Breaks Record in Plunge," March 16, 1922, p. 10. "World Records Slashed at Yale," March 18, 1922, p. 10. "Yale Coach Would Add 440-Yard Swim," March 21, 1922, p. 23. 353 "Navy Challenges Yale To Prove Its Tank Superiority," March 22, 1922, p. 11. "Yale Decisively Proves Superiority Over Navy Swimmers in Challenge Meet," April 2, 1922, p. 26. "Kiphuth Is Reappointed," November 23, 1922, p. 27. "Banks Sets New Record for Swim," February 14, 1923, p. 14. "Two Tank Records Lowered in Meet," February 24, 1923, p. 8. "League Aquatic Titles Clinched," March 4, 1923, p. 4. "Yale Swimmers Set World Marks," March 10, 1923, p. 11. "Yale Held Swim Title 13 Out of 15 Seasons," March 27, 1924 p. 15. "College Swim Body To Be Reorganized," April 28, 1924, p. 12. "Six Records Set by Yale Swimmers," March 11, 1925, p. 1. "Yale Clinches Title in Swim League," March 15, 1925, p. 1. "Yale Swim Team Invited To Swim in Hawaii," January 9, 1926 p. 21. "Yale Natators Set 3 World's Records," March 3, 1926, p. 19 "Rademacher Sets World Swim Mark," March 10, 1926, p. 17. "Yale Team Clinches College Swim Titles," March 14, 1926, P. Drebinger, John, "The Week in Sports—Swimming," March 29, 1926, p. 17. "Eight Yale Swim Stars Going to Europe: Seek A. A. U. Sanction To Compete There," March 31, 1926, p. 17. "A. A. U. Sanctions Yale Swim Tour," June 16, 1926, p. 21. "Yale Natators Win Two Championships," March 20, 192 7, Sec. X, p. 1. "Three Yale Athletes Receive Major 'Y'," April 20, 1927, p. 22. 354 "Swimmers Clipped 23 College Marks," April 22, 1927, p. 17. "National Marks by Yale Swimmers," January 19, 1928, p. 21. "Yale Tankmen Set 7 World's Records," January 25, 1928, p. 17. "Sullivan Resigns as Princeton Coach," February 29, 1928, p. 19. "Yale Lends Coach to Princeton To Train Swimmers for Meet of the Two Schools," March 4, 1928, p. 1. "Yale Swim Coaches Drill Princeton Men: Plan Advanced To Make System Permanent," March 6, 1928, p. 24. "Yale Swimmers Set Two World's Records," March 21, 1928, p. 22. "3 Records Broken by Yale Swimmers," March 23, 1928, p. 18. "Yale Swimmers Set Three World Marks," March 29, 1928, p. 31. Williams, Wythe, "5 More Swim Titles Taken by U. S. Team," August 12, 1928, Sec. IX, p. 1. "Swim Body Amends Water Polo Rules," October 29, 1928, p. 27. "Arising by Alarm, Cold Dip, Bending to Radio, All Held Silly and Harmful by Professor," April 8, 1929, p. 27. "Physicians. Defend Morning Exercises," April 9, 1929, p. 22. "Yale Coach Backs Williams," April 9, 1929, p. 22. "Kojac and Schwartz the Leaders in Record College Swimming Year," April 22, 1929, p. 32. "U. S. Swimmers Set Many Indoor Marks," May 20, 1929, p. 3. "Yale Engages Michael," June 12, 1929, p. 21. "Breast Stroke Swim To Be Eliminated, ICiphuth Predicts in P. S. A. L. Lecture," January 19, 1930, Sec. X, p. 1. "Yale Swimmers To Go to Hawaiian Islands To Compete in Several Meets Next Summer," February 26, 19 30, p. 29. "Yale Tops Rutgers To Win Swim Title," March 13, 19 30, p. 28. 355 "Millard, Yale Sets Swimming Records," March 2 7, 1930, p. 32. "Yale Tops Michigan in Swim by 42-20," April 1, 1930, p. 32. "Two Swim Marks Made by Millard," May 24, 1930, p. 13. "Yale Swimmers To Take Part in Events in Western Cities," June 12, 1930, p. 21. "League Lengthens Swim Race," October 27, 1930, p. 25. "Yale Swimmers Set Three Records," March 3, 1931, p. 35. "Yale Defeats Navy. Takes Swim Title," March 15, 1931, Sec. XI, p. 1. Fishkind, Silas B. , "Bob Kiphuth—Yale's Successful Swim Coach," March 16, 19 31, p. 9. "12 Man U. S. Team To Meet Japanese Swimmers at Tokyo," March 31, 19 31, p. 35. "Kiphuth Will Coach American Swimmers," May 26, 1931, p. 34. "Yale's Swimmers Break World Mark," March 2, 1932, p. 23. "Yale Swimmers Win League Title," February 26, 1933, Sec. Ill, p. 1. "U. S. Team To Visit Japan," January 19, 1934, p. 26. "Clips Swim Mark," March 3, 1934, p. 16. "Yale Swim Team Sets World Mark," March 13, 1934, p. 28. "Vande Weghe, Medica Score in Swim Meet." August 12, 1934, Sec. Ill, p. 8. "Vande Weghe Is Victor," August 13, 19 34, p. 19. "Japanese Titles Go to 2 U. S. Swimmers," August 14, 1934, p. 22. "Two Swim Marks Fall," February 26, 1935, p. 25. "Yale Clips Swim Record," February 27, 1935, p. 25. "Three Records Set by Yale Swimmers," March 5, 19 35, p. 25. "18 Man Yale Swimming Team Sets Record in One-Mile Relay at New Haven Carnival," March 6, 1935, p. 26. 356 "Hoyt of Yale Wins Two Swim Titles; Sets Another Mark," March 24, 1935, Sec. V, p. 1. Daley, Arthur J., "U. S. Swimming Comeback Unequaled in the Sport," April 8, 1935, p. 25. "Announces Plans for Tokyo Swim," June 30, 1935, Sec. V, p. 1. "15 U. S. Swimmers Leave for Japan," July 17, 1935, p. 23. "Higgins Clips Swim Mark," July 22, 1935, p. 11. "Medica Clips World Mark in 400 as U. S. Mermen Cut Japan's Lead," August 19, 1935, p. 22. "Two World Marks Are Bettered as Japanese Defeat U. S. Mermen," August 20, 1935, p. 2 7. "Yale Not in the League," December 13, 1935, p. 34. "Coach Dives to Pool Bottom with Helmet To Look at Yale Swimmer's Technique," January 9, 1936, p. 26. "Fick Breaks Record in Yale Swim Meet," February 12, 19 36, p. 28. "Macionis of Yale Sets Swim Record," February 18, 1936, p. 28. "Kiphuth Foresees Swimming Victory," July 28, 1936, p. 12. "Swim Stars Practice," July 29, 1936, p. 15. "Lindegren, U. S. Wins in Free-Style Swim," August 18, 1936, p. 23. "Flanagan Beats Medica," August 21, 1936, p. 19. "U. S. Swimmers Triumph," August 22, 1936, p. 8. "Sweep by U. S. Swimmers," August 23, 1936, Sec. V, p. 3. Childs, Kingsley, "Yale Takes Lead in N. C. A. A.," March 28, 1942, p. 12. Effrat, Louis, "Ford of Yale Clips World Swim Mark on Books 16 Years," January 31, 1943, Sec. Ill, p. 1. "Navy Policy Scraps Star Sports Teams," April 6, 1945, p. 19. 357 Danzig Allison, "Bainbridge Takes Swim Title as Ris Beats Ford in 100," April 8, 1945, Sec. Ill, p. 1. "Ogden Mills Reid of Herald Tribune Dies of Pneumonia," January 4, 194 7, pp. 1, 16. "Kiphuth Honored by Japan at Yale," February 28, 1953, p. 11. Sheehan, Joseph M., "Yale Dethrones Ohio State: Oyakawa Swims to 2nd Mark," March 29, 1953, Sec. V, p. 1. "Kiphuth To Hold Clinic in Israel," August 7, 1955, Sec. V, p. 1. Werden, Lincoln A., "Aubrey and Moore Equal Mark in N. C. A. A. Swimming Final," March 31, 1956, p. 10. , "Kuhn Clips Mark in N. C. A. A. Swim," April 1, 1956, Sec. V, p. 1. "In the 'Swimme1 of 1595," June 29, 1958, p. 47. "Bob Kiphuth, Yale Swim Coach, Retires Nov. 17 on Reaching 68," October 16, 1958, p. 50. "Yale Names Moriarty," November 6, 1958, p. 49. "Kiphuth1s Successor Is Confident," March 14, 1959, p. 60. "Sport Museum Formed To Exhibit Art Work," December 16, 1959, p. 60. Danzig, Allison, "Museum Fosters Art-Sports Link," January 28, 1962, p. 2. O'Doherty, Brian, "Art and Sports Meet in Display," November 13, 1962, p. 39. Hunter, Marjorie, "President Names 81 for Freedom Medal," July 5, 1963, p. 1. "An American Honors List," July 14, 1963, Sec. VI, p. 16. Wicker, Tom, "Freedom Medal Honors Kennedy," December 7, 1963, p. 1. "Bob Kiphuth Dies; Yale Swim Coach," January 9, 196 7, p. 39. 358 2. Yale Daily News

"New Gymnasium Instructor," October 13, 1914, p. 1. "Max Swartz Retires," October 19, 1917, p. 2. "Meeting for Swimming and Water Polo Candidates at 1:15," November 15, 1917, p. 1. "Swimming Meet with Penn Scheduled for 8:30 To-Night," January 18, 1918, p. 1. "Life Saving Instruction To Be Given at Carnegie Pool," March 26, 1918, p. 1. "Successful Swimming Year Ends with Banquet To-Night," April 12, 1918, p. 1. "Seventy-Five Candidates Report for Swimming Team," January 7, 1919, p. 5. "University Swimming Team Finishes Successful Season," April 4, 1919, p. 1. "Sixty-Five Candidates at Swimming Meeting," December 11, 1919, p. 1. "L. P. Thurston, 1921, Elected Captain of Swimming Team," March 23, 1920, p. 1. "University Swimming Team Is Greatest in Sport's History," March 30, 1920, p. 5. "Meeting for Swimmers Begins Season's Work," November 22, 1921, p. 1. "Intra-Mural Swimming in Carnegie To-Night," January 24, 1922, pp. 1, 4. "Kiphuth Favors 440-Yard Swim as College Distance Race," March 25, 1922, p. 3. "College Swimming Coaches Form National Organization," November 22, 1922, p. 1. "Meeting of Candidates Opens Swimming Season," November 29, 1922, p. 1. "Weismuller Is Feature in Intramural Meet," March 6, 1923, p. 1. 359 "Kiphuth Will Go to Europe," April 17, 1923, p. 1. "Sports Writers Praise Achievements of 1931 Swimming Team and Coach R. J. H. Kiphuth," March 25, 1931, p. 5. "Kiphuth Uses Diving Helmet To Coach Elis," January 8, 1936, p. 4. "Kiphuth Writing for New Magazine," January 10, 1936, p. 4. "Kiphuth Beaten Only Six Times," March 14, 1936, p. 5. "Noted Coaches Praise Kiphuth for Victories," March 14, 19 36 , p. 6. "Cooke Will Captain Tankmen Next Year," April 30, 1936, p. 6. "Yale Well Represented at Olympics by Students, Alumni and Coaches," September 28, 1936, p. 6. "Kiphuth Praises U. S. Olympic Swimmers, Says Medica Gave Best Performance," September 29, 1936, p. 10. "Jesse Owens Visits Yale Campus; Explains Ideas on Politics, Sports," October 1, 1936, p. 4. "Yale Swimmer Chosen South African Coach," October 14, 1936, p. 5. "Yale To Host AAU Nationals," December 5, 1936, p. 4. "Kiphuth in Undershirt, Eli Natators' Feet Snapped by •Life's' Candid Cameraman, Alfred Eisenstaedt," March 10, 1937, p. 1. "Harvard Topples Yale from 13 Year Reign Over Eastern Swimming World," March 15, 1937, p. 1. "Final Sprint by Macionis Fails To Catch Haynie in 500," April 12, 1937, p. 3. "Hole York Sees Summer Work for Hockey Men," May 29, 193 7, p. 4. "Kiphuth Represents U. S. at Meeting of Swimming Federation," June 7, 1946, p. 7. "Yale Swimmers Fly to Cuba for Two-Day Contest," June 17, 1946, p. 4. 360 "Verdeur Outswims Local Entrants To Register EISL, World Record," March 22, 1948, p. 6. Samsonov, Harry, "Michigan Captures Swimming Title; Yale Places Sixth with 14 Points," April 12, 1948, p. 4. "Stack Wins AAU Backstroke Title: Ohio State Captures Crown, Yale 3rd, Michigan 2nd," April 12, 1948, p. 4. Fewer, Stan, "Eli Mermen Rout Harvard, 62-13," March 15, 1949, p. 4. "Ratkiewich Wins Backstroke Title in Eastern Swim," March 19, 1949, p. 6. "Eli Relay Establishes New Meet Mark in Capturing National Intercollegiate Crown," April 11, 1949, p. 3. Schumacker, Harry, "Swimmers Cop AAU Crown," April 11, 1949, p. 3. Schumacker, Richard, "Yearlings Boast Olympic Stars on Swim Team," November 3, 1949, p. 7. "Kiphuth Collapses in AA Yesterday," November 6, 1949, p. 6. "Swimmers Start Practice in Pool—Moriarty Leads Varsity in Absence of Kiphuth," November 16, 1949, p. 6. Schumacker, Richard, "Kiphuth Retires as Athletic Director— Tighe Heads Search for Successor," January 5, 1950, p. 11. Imey, Bill, "Marshall Breaks 3 World Marks, Relay Team New Mark," February 13, 1950, p. 6. "Swimmers Take Nine Eastern Titles," March 20, 1950, p. 1. "Blum 220, Yale Relay Posts NCAA Triumphs," March 25, 1950, p. 1. "Ohio State Strength in Backstroke, Dive Wins NCAA (Yale 2)," March 27, 1950, p. 1. Schumacker, Richard, "Moore Smashes Collegiate '440' Record," January 8, 1951, p. 6. Alien, Herb, "Eli Swimmers Cop Eight Wins in 3 Day EISL," March 19, 1951, p. 1. "Swimmers Sweep NCAA, AAU Meets," April 9, 1951, p. 1. 361 Escoda, Tony, "Swimmers Demolish Records To Highlight Water Carnival," February 18, 1952, p. 7. Bachelder, Joe, "Moore Outdistances Marshall," March 17, 1952, p. 1. Douglass, Jerry, "Mermen Top AAU's, Bow in NCAA Meet," April 7, 1952, p. 1. Wallace, Tom, "World Record Features 31st Swim Carnival," February 16, 1953, p. 1. Newman, Larry, "Swimmers Cop NCAA's, AAU's," April 7, 1953, p. 1. "Mermen Take Easterns, Capture 6 Final Events," March 22, 1954, p. 1. "Eli Mermen Nip Harvard," March 14, 1955, p. 1. Wheeler, Bob, "Glover, Sonner Double Winners, Twelve Records Set in Easterns," March 21, 1955, p. 1. Jackson, Andrew, "Eli Mermen Take Second in NCAA's, March 19, 1956, p. 7. "Aubrey Scores Twice in EISL Meet," March 19, 1956, p. 7. "NCAC Captures AAU's by Two-Point Margin," April 9, 1956, p. 1. "Swimmers Upset by Michigan in NCAA Championships, 69-61," April 1, 1957, p. 10. "AAU Swim Title to New Haven," April 8, 1957, p. 6. Jacobson, Carl, "Jecko, Anderson Take Six First Places in EISL Championships at Anapolis," March 7, 1958, p. 6. Corcoran, Pat, "Yale Swimmers Take Second Place in NCAA Meet," April 7, 1958, p. 6. "Michigan Swims Away with NCAA Championship," April 1, 1959, p. 6.

3. Miscellaneous Newspapers

"Yale Swimming Coach To Study the Sport Abroad," Boston Evening Transcript, June 5, 1923, General Athletic File 1906-25, Archives, Yale University Library. 362 Sedgwick, Hubert, "Yale Supremacy in Swimming the Result of Intensive Study," Boston Evening Transcript, January 7, 1924, General Athletic File 1906-25, Archives, Yale University Library. Kennedy, Doug, "Kiphuth, Swimming Champions' Coach, Has Own Pool Mark," New York Tribune. February 4, 1949, p. 24.

F. PRESIDENTIAL REPORTS—YALE UNIVERSITY

Annual Report of the President of Yale University 1915-1960.

G. YALE SWIMMING NEWSLETTERS (chronologically)

"Swimming Season," Yale Swimming News Letter, Spring 192 7, as found in Yale Old and New Swimming, Archives, Yale University Library. "University Swimming Season," Yale Swimming News Letter, Spring 1929, as found in Yale Old and New Swimming. Archives, Yale University Library. "The University Swimming Season," Yale Swimming News Letter, Spring 1930, as found in Yale Old and New Swimming. Archives, Yale University Library. "Swimming Season," Yale Swimming News Letter. Spring 1937, as found in Yale Old and New Swimming, Archives, Yale University Library. "Swimming Season," Yale Swimming News Letter. Spring 1938, as found in Yale Old and New Swimming, Archives, Yale University Library. "Swimming Season," Yale Swimming News Letter. Spring 1941, as found in Yale Old and New Swimming, Archives, Yale University Library. "Swimming Season," Yale Swimming News Letter, Spring 194-2, as found in Yale Old and New Swimming. Archives, Yale University Library. "Swimming Season," Yale Swimming News Letter, Spring 1943, as found in Yale Old and New Swimming, Archives, Yale University Library. 363 "Eastern, NCAA, AAU Results," Yale Swimming News Letter. Summer 1953, p. 2. "Yale Swimmers Prominent in Three Championship Meets," Yale Swimming News Letter. Spring 1954, p. 3. Aldrick, Malcolm, "Captain's Report to the Team," Yale Swimming News Letter. Summer 1955, pp. 1, 2, 6. "Kiphuth To Travel to Israel and Japan," Yale Swimming News Letter. Summer 1955, p. 1. "Yale Harvard Dual Meet Results," Yale Swimming News Letter. Summer 1955, p. 4. "A New and Bigger Look," Yale Swimming News Letter. Fall 1955, p. 6. "Bob and Yale Honored by 'Omnibus'," Yale Swimming News Letter. Fall 1955, p. 1. "United States vs. Japan," Yale Swimming News Letter. Fall 1955, p. 3. "AAU Swimming Championships," Yale Swimming News Letter. Spring 1956, p. 6. "Foreign Visitors at Yale," Yale Swimming News Letter. Spring 19 56, p. 4. Phair, J. P., "Captain's Report," Yale Swimming News Letter, Spring 19 56, pp. 5, 7. "Yale Places Second in NCAA Championships," Yale Swimming News Letter, Spring 1956, p. 6. "E1SL Championships," Yale Swimming News Letter. Spring 1957, p. 7 "NCAA Swimming Championships," Yale Swimming News Letter. Spring 19 57, p. 7. "New Haven Swim Club Captures National AAU Title," Yale Swimming News Letter. Spring 1957, p. 6. "The Championships—1958," Yale Swimming News Letter. Spring 19 58, pp. 1, 3. "Eastern Intercollegiate Swimming League," Yale Swimming News Letter. Spring 1959, pp. 1, 4. 364 Jecko, Tim, "Captain's Report," Yale Swimming News Letter. Spring 1959, p. 1. "NCAA Championships," Yale Swimming News Letter, Spring 1959, p. 4.

H. UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS

Deegan, William, "Yale Swimming 1899-1948," typed manuscript located at the Payne Whitney Gymnasium, Yale University. Hetzler, Peter, "Manager's Report on the Yale Swimming Season, 1948-1949," typed manuscript located at the Payne Whitney Gymnasium, Yale University. Jamerson, Richard Elmer, "The Administration of Intercollegiate Swimming in the United States." Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. Teachers College, Columbia University, May 24, 1949. "Robert John Herman Kiphuth." New Haven, Connecticut: Resume, 1963 (mimeographed). Saltonstall, Nathaniel, "Manager's Report—Swimming Histories of the 1949-50 Season," typed manuscript located at the Payne Whitney Gymnasium, Yale University. Steele, Leonard E., "Manager's Report--Swimming History of the 19 50-51 Season," typed manuscript located at the Payne Whitney Gymnasium, Yale University. , "Manager's Report—Swimming History of the 1951-52 Season," typed manuscript located at the Payne Whitney Gymnasium, Yale University.

I. SCRAPBOOKS

1. Yale University

Articles in the 19 30 Meiji-Yale Dual Meet Scrapbook: D'Eliscu, Francois, "Bob Kiphuth and His Yale Swimmers Leave for the Mainland Today," unidentified newspaper clipping (probably Hawaii Advertiser. July 25, 1930). 365 , "True Strength of Meiji and Yale Swimming Stars Revealed at Meet," unidentified newspaper clipping (probably Hawaii Advertiser. July 23, 1930). , "Yale's Coach—Robert J. H. Kiphuth," Hawaii Advertiser. July, 1930. , "Yale Team Has Fine Record in College Swims," unidentified newspaper clipping (probably Hawaii Advertiser. late May 1930). "Luncheon Yesterday at Walalae for Yale Swimmers," unidentified newspaper clipping (probably Hawaii Advertiser. July 14, 1930).

Peet, William, "Howland, Osborne To Swim in Big Meet,"o unidentified newspaper clipping (probably Hawaii Advertiser. July 13, 1930). , "Yale-Meiji Meet Is a Tie," unidentified newspaper clipping (probably Hawaii Advertiser. July 20, 1930). , "Yale Swimmers Work Out at Waikiki," unidentified newspaper clipping (probably Hawaii Advertiser. July 9., 1930). "Present Trophies to the Yale and Meiji Swimmers," unidentified newspaper clipping (probably Hawaii Advertiser, July 21, 19 30). Sunia, John, "Greatest World Athletes Shatter Records of Past at First Swimming Event," unidentified newspaper clipping (probably Hawaii Advertiser. July 18, 1930). Watson, Don, "Three Thousand Fans See Records Fall at Swim Meet," The Star Bulletin [Hawaii], July 18, 1930. "Yale's Championship Swimming Team Shoves Off for Hawaii, But Plans To Stop Over Enroute at Milwaukee, St. Paul, Seattle and Frisco," Hawaii Advertiser. June 25, 1930. "Yale Mermen at Palama on Sunday Morn," unidentified newspaper clipping (probably I-Iawaii Advertiser, July 19, 1930). "Yale Swim Stars Heard Over Radio," unidentified newspaper clipping (probably Hawaii Advertiser, July 26, 1930). 366 "1931 Scrapbook. of the Yale Swimming Team," located at the Payne Whitney Gymnasium, Yale University.

Article in 19 34 U. S.-Japanese Meet Scrapbook: Kiphuth, Robert, "Japan's Powerful Swimming Organization," The Japan Advertiser. Tokyo, August 11, 1934. (This article appears in a scrapbook located at the Payne Whitney Gymnasium, Yale University.)

2. Buffalo Public Library

Clubs, Associations. . . .of Buffalo Scrapbook, Vol. 7, Buffalo Public Library.

J. PERIODICALS

Bennett, Bruce L., "The Contributions of Dr. Sargeant to Physical Education," The Research Quarterly, XIX (May 1948), pp. 77-92. Birmingham, Frank. "What's Behind the Records," Columbia (May 1960), pp. 12, 13, 39. "Bob Kiphuth: Yale's Body Builder," The Literary Digest. CXVII (February 3, 1934), p. 28. Colwin, Cecil, "Kiphuth Cathedral Yale University," The International Swimmer. VIII (January 1971), p. 6. Daland, Pete, "Year-Round Training," Swimming World. XIII (August 19 72), p. 11. Frierwood, Harold T. , "Robert J. I-I. Kiphuth, Distinguished Physical Educator," Journal of Physical Education. LXIV (May-June 1967), pp. 17, 119. "Grudge Fight," Time (February 28, 1938), p. 25. Hapke, A1, "Bob Kiphuth—Builder of Men" Swimming World. IX (February 1968), p. 4. "Honor Award Fellows. . . .1946," Journal of Health and Physical Education. XVII (June 1946), pp. 329-331. 367 Hart, Larry A., "The Old Soft Ball Game," Water Polo Scoreboard (July 1971), p. 19. Joyce, Arnold W. , "Taper: A Phase of Training," Swimming Technique (April 19 70), p. 27. Knowles, John, "How To Make Champions," The Saturday Evening Post (March 3, 1956), pp. 26-27, 87, 89, 91-92. Loftus, Charles, "A Tribute to Bob Kiphuth," Amateur Athlete (February 1967), p. 11. "Milestone," Time (January 20, 1967), p. 82. "Natatutorees," Time (April 6, 1942), p. 58. "Orders and Medals of Japan," Japan. No. 4 (1971), pp. 27-31. "Out of the Backwash," Time (July 17, 19 52), p. 45. "1890 - Robert (Bob) Kiphuth - 196 7," Amateur Athlete (February 1967), p. 9. Rose, Murray, "My Approach to Swimming," Swimming Technique (July 1967), p. 11. Spannuth, John R., "AAU Aquatics," Swimming World, XII (December 1971), pp. 28, 44. "The Swimming Team's Summer Trip," The Yale Alumni Weekly (October 14, 1921), p. 95 (Archives, Yale University Library, swimming team documents.) Van Wycke, Clarence, "The Harvard Summer School of Physical Education," The Research Quarterly. XIII (December 1942), pp. 403-431. "Yale's Australian Star," Life (April 17, 1950), pp. 75-81.

K. BOOKS

American Sports Publishing Company. How To Swim. New York: American Sports Publishing Co., 1914. 19 73 Ayer Directory of Publications. Philadelphia: Ayer Press, 19 73. Candee, Marjorie Dent (ed.). Current Biography. New York: The H. W. Wilson Co., 1957. 368 Carlile, Forbes. Forbes Carlile on Swimming. London: Pelham Books, Ltd., 1949. Class of 1953. Our Five Years with Bob. New Haven: Class of 19 53, undated. Conningham, Frederic A. Currier & Ives Prints. New York: Crown Publishers, Inc., 19 70. Coote, James. A Picture History of the Olympics. New York: The Macmillan Co., 19 72. Corson, George H. The Diving and Swimming Book. New York: A. S. Barnes and Co., 1925. Councilman, James E. The Science of Swimming. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-I-Iall, Inc., 1968. Cureton, Thomas Kirk, Jr. How To Teach Swimming and Diving. New York: Association Press, 19 34. Dawson, Buck (ed.). International Swimming Hall of Fame— The First 104 Honorees (1965-19 70). Fort Lauderdale, Florida: International Swimming Hall of Fame, 19 71. Distinguished Biographers (ed.). The National Cyclopedia of American Biography. New York: James T. White and Co., 1947. The Gallery of Modern Art. George Bellows. New York: Heleographic Company, 1966. Guild, Warren R. How To Keep Fit and Enjoy It. New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1962. Handley, L. deB. Swimming for Women. New York: American Sports Publishing Co., 1927. Henning, Jean M. Six Days To Swim—A Biography of Jeff Farrell. North Hollywood, California: Swimming World. 19 70. Hickok, Ralph. Who Was Who in American Sports. New York: Hawthorn Books, Inc., 19 71. History and Records of the National Collegiate Championships 1970. Kansas City, Missouri: The National Collegiate Athletic Association, 1969. Luehring, Frederick W. Swimming Pool Standards. New York: A. S. Barnes and Co., Inc., 19 39. 369 McCallister, William F. (ed.). Directory of Newspapers and Periodicals 1961. Philadelphia: N. W. Ayer and Son Inc., 1961 . Directory of Newspapers and Periodicals 1962. Philadelphia: N. W. Ayer and Son Inc., 1962. Maynard, Olga. American Modern Dancers. Boston and Toronto: Little, Brown and Co., 1965. Menke, Frank G. The Encyclopedia of Sports. 4th Revised Edition, New Brunswick and New York: A. S. Barnes and Co., 1969. Nelligan, Richard F. The Art of Swimming. Boston: American Gymnasium Company, 1906. Oppenheim, Francois. The History of Swimming. North Hollywood, California: Swimming World Publishers, 19 70. Pope, John Russell. Yale University: A Plan for Its Future Building. New York: Cheltemham Press, 1919. Terry, Walter. The Dance in America. New York: Harper and Brothers Publishers, 1956. Thomas, Ralph. Swimming. London: Sampson, Low, Marston and Co., 1904. Tonawanda City Directory. Lockport, New York: Robert Brothers, 1913. White, Milton. A Yale Man. Garden City, New York: Doubleday and Co., Inc., 1966. Withington, Paul, M. D. The Book of Athletics. Boston: Lothrop, Lee and Shepard, 1922. YMCA of the Tonawandas. One Thousand Strong. North Tonawanda, New York: Rand Co., 1906.

L. MISCELLANEOUS PRINTED MATERIALS

The Bob Kiphuth Memorial Fund, printed brochure, undated. Archives, Yale University Library. Easton, Peter (ed.), Yale University Swimming 19 72-19 73. New Haven: Sports Information Office, Yale University, 19 72. News from The National Art Museum of Sport, Inc., March 1967. Twentieth Century Club Gymnasium from 1905 to 1915. Buffalo, New York: Twentieth Century Club, 1915.