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Defense Primer: National and Defense Intelligence

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Updated December 30, 2020 Defense Primer: National and Defense Intelligence The Intelligence Community (IC) is charged with providing Intelligence Program (NIP) budget appropriations, which insight into actual or potential threats to the U.S. homeland, are a consolidation of appropriations for the ODNI; CIA; the American people, and national interests at home and general defense; and national cryptologic, reconnaissance, abroad. It does so through the production of timely and geospatial, and other specialized intelligence programs. The apolitical products and services. Intelligence products and NIP, therefore, provides funding for not only the ODNI, services result from the collection, processing, analysis, and CIA and IC elements of the Departments of Homeland evaluation of information for its significance to national Security, Energy, the Treasury, Justice and State, but also, security at the strategic, operational, and tactical levels. substantially, for the programs and activities of the Consumers of intelligence include the President, National intelligence agencies within the DOD, to include the NSA, Security Council (NSC), designated personnel in executive NGA, DIA, and NRO. branch departments and agencies, the military, Congress, and the law enforcement community. Defense intelligence comprises the intelligence organizations and capabilities of the Joint Staff, the DIA, The IC comprises 17 elements, two of which are combatant command joint intelligence centers, and the independent, and 15 of which are component organizations military services that address strategic, operational or of six separate departments of the federal government. tactical requirements supporting military strategy, planning, Many IC elements and most intelligence funding reside and operations. Defense intelligence provides products and within the Department of Defense (DOD). services on foreign military capabilities, plans and intentions, orders-of-battle, disposition of forces, and the political, cultural and economic factors influencing the Statutory IC Elements environment in areas of actual or potential military DOD Elements: operations. Military Intelligence Program (MIP) Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) appropriations fund military service intelligence personnel, National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) their training, and tactical military intelligence programs National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) and activities. National Security Agency (NSA) U.S. Air Force Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance National and defense intelligence are not discrete (AF/A2) enterprises. The 17 organizational elements of the IC are U.S. Army Intelligence (G2) required to collaborate closely to address intelligence gaps U.S. Marine Corps Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance and disseminate products to appropriately cleared personnel Enterprise (MCISR-E) across the government in a timely manner. The IC also U.S. Naval Intelligence (N2) cultivates ties to international partners to address mutual Non-DOD Elements: national security concerns. Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) Who Does What? Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Executive Order (EO) 12333, codified in 50 U.S.C. §3001, Department of Energy (DOE) intelligence component: Office of Intelligence and Counter-Intelligence (I&CI) establishes general duties and responsibilities for each Department of Homeland Security (DHS) intelligence components: element of the IC. Other laws, executive orders, and policy Office of Intelligence and Analysis (I&A) and U.S. Coast Guard issuances may establish additional duties and Intelligence (CG-2) responsibilities for particular IC elements. Department of Justice (DOJ) intelligence components: the Drug Enforcement Agency’s Office of National Security Intelligence DIA is a DOD combat support agency that collects, (DEA/ONSI) and the Federal Bureau of Investigation‘s Intelligence analyzes, and disseminates foreign military intelligence Branch (IB) to policymakers and the military. DIA serves as the Department of State (DOS) intelligence component: Bureau of Intelligence and Research (INR) nation’s primary manager and producer of foreign Department of Treasury intelligence component: Office of military intelligence, and a central intelligence producer Intelligence and Analysis (OIA) and manager for the Secretary of Defense, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the combatant commands. Source: 50 U.S. Code §3003(4); ODNI. NGA produces geospatial intelligence products and National and Defense Intelligence services in support of policymakers, warfighters, other National intelligence addresses the strategic requirements intelligence agencies, and first responders. of national security policymakers such as the President and Secretaries of Defense and State. National intelligence NRO builds and operates satellites and ground stations programs and activities are funded through National whose main purpose is collecting imagery and signals https://crsreports.congress.gov Defense Primer: National and Defense Intelligence intelligence to support other agencies’ intelligence Strategic, Operational, and Tactical products and services. Intelligence Table 1 provides an overview of the intelligence NSA specializes in cryptology, encompassing signals corresponding to what the DOD refers to as the strategic, intelligence and information assurance, and is operational and tactical levels of war. responsible for computer network operations in support of national security requirements. Table 1. Levels of Intelligence Military service intelligence elements collect and Strategic Intelligence assists senior military and civilian analyze strategic, operational and tactical intelligence leaders in developing national strategy and policy; monitors the supporting the requirements of the military services international or global situation; assists in developing military jointly or separately. Tactical and operational plans; assists in determining major weapon systems and force intelligence supports military commanders and deployed structure requirements; and supports the conduct of strategic warfighters. National military service intelligence operations. organizations such as the Navy’s Office of Naval Operational Intelligence focuses on military capabilities and Intelligence specialize in threat analysis and strategic intentions of enemies and adversaries; analyzes the operational intelligence assessments that can support defense environment; identifies adversary centers of gravity and critical platform and weapons systems development. vulnerabilities; monitors events in the joint force commander’s area of interest; and supports the planning and conduct of joint CIA collects, analyzes, evaluates, and disseminates campaigns. foreign intelligence and counterintelligence in support of a broad range of senior national security consumers Tactical Intelligence supports military commanders in the including the President, NSC, and military. In addition planning and execution of battles, engagements, and other joint to its clandestine and open source collection activities, force activities; provides commanders with information on CIA has been the leading agency in conducting covert imminent threats to their forces and changes in the operational action as directed by the President. environment; and provides commanders with obstacle intelligence. Other Non-DOD elements within the Departments of Energy, Homeland Security, Justice, State, and the Source: CRS adapted from Joint Publication 2-0, Joint Intelligence, October 2013, p. I-24. Treasury provide intelligence supporting national requirements particular to the expertise of each department. They also contribute valuable strategic Relevant Statutes analysis of cross-cutting issues such as treaty Title 10, U.S. Code, Chapter 21 – DOD Intelligence Matters compliance, counterterrorism, transnational finance, and transnational organized crime. Title 50, U.S. Code, Chapter 44 – National Security IC Leadership Together, the DNI and Under Secretary of Defense for CRS Products Intelligence and Security (USD(I&S)) coordinate programs CRS In Focus IF10523, Defense Primer: Under Secretary of and activities across the IC to promote an integrated Defense for Intelligence and Security, by Michael E. DeVine approach to intelligence collection, analysis and dissemination. CRS In Focus IF10524, Defense Primer: Budgeting for National and Defense Intelligence, by Michael E. DeVine Director of National Intelligence (DNI) CRS In Focus IF10574, Defense Primer: Intelligence Support to The DNI is the principal advisor to the President on Military Operations, by Michael E. DeVine intelligence matters. Created by the Intelligence Reform CRS Report R45175, Covert Action and Clandestine Activities of and Terrorism Prevention Act (IRTPA) of 2004 (P.L. 108- the Intelligence Community: Selected Definitions in Brief, by 458), the core mission of the DNI and, by extension, the Michael E. DeVine Office of the DNI (ODNI), is “to lead the IC in intelligence integration” and ensure the 17 elements are appropriately integrated. Other Resources Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence and DOD, Joint Publication 2-0, Joint Intelligence, October 22, 2013 Security (USD(I&S)/Director of Defense DOD, Joint Publication 2-01, Joint and National Intelligence Intelligence (DDI)) Support to Military Operations, July 5, 2017 The USD(I&S) position is dual-hatted. When acting as the USD(I&S), the incumbent reports directly to the Secretary (Note: This
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