Association for Safe International Travel Road Safety Review: (East) Know Before You Go Driving Culture ‰‰ Eastern Canada is comprised of the provinces of , , New • Drivers are typically polite. Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador. • Drink driving is a problem, ‰‰ Driving is on the right. particularly in remote areas. ‰‰ Drivers are required to carry proof of insurance and a valid national driving • Despite laws, driver use of handheld license. US and UK driving licenses are good for up to three months. An devices remains a problem. International Driving Permit (IDP) is required of visitors from other countries. • In some remote areas, driver Car rental agency rules vary; an IDP may be necessary for UK drivers to rent in behavior reflects an opinion some locations. that fate rather than personal ‰‰ While fatalities have decreased, pedestrian injuries in Canada are the leading cause of injury-related fatalities for children under the age of 14. responsibility determines road ‰‰ rules and regulations may vary between provinces. safety. ‰‰ Blood alcohol limit is specific to province. Range: 0.04–0.08 g/dl for general • There are many large trucks on population and 0.00–0.08 g/dl for young or novice drivers. trans-national routes; driver ‰‰ There are 5.8 road deaths per 100,000 people in Canada, compared to 2.8 in fatigue may result in inattention Sweden and 3.1 in the UK. or other risky behavior.

Road Conditions • There are 1,042,300 km (647,655 miles) of in Canada. 415,600 km (258,241 miles) are paved, including 17,000 km (10,563 miles) of expressways; 626,700 km (389,413 miles) are unpaved. • Inter-provincial road systems are limited to the National System and the Trans-Canada Highway. • Road transportation is the main form of transport nationwide. • The road network is extensive, but less developed in extreme northern territorial areas. • Roads are regarded as being in moderately good condition nationwide. • Provincial and smaller roads often have damaged verges and deep . • Toll roads include Ontario Highways 407 and 412, the Cobequid Pass in Nova Scotia and Quebec Autoroute 30. • Roads are subject to winter closures due to icy surfaces, winds and deep snow. During winter months, remote stretches of roads and highways may not be cleared quickly. • Pedestrian infrastructure is well developed in cities and towns. • Large animals on roadways are common, particularly in remote areas. Many large animals are nocturnal. Use care at dusk, dawn, and when driving at night. • Drivers should avoid roads designated as “ice roads.” These temporary winter roads often traverse the frozen surfaces of lakes or sea water.

Source: CIA Factbook ©ASIRT 2019 1 Association for Safe International Road Travel Road Safety Review: Canada (East) • The following roads may present particular challenges to motorists: »» In ,Highway 401 between Whites Rd. in Pickering and Courtice Rd. east of Oshawa regularly sees a high number of crashes. »» Canadian Automobile Association lists Highway 40 in Quebec as one of Canada’s worst highways. Deterioration has resulted in sections of the road collapsing, making it a very dangerous drive. »» Quebec Provincial Highway 389 links Quebec with the province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The has sections of asphalt alternating with gravel. Gravel sections are in poor repair with deep potholes. The road has many twists and turns. There have been multiple fatal crashes. During severe weather the road may be closed without advance notice. »» Located along the southern shore of Nova Scotia, Highway 103 is regarded by the provincial Department of Transportation as a dangerous road. Multiple fatal crashes have occurred in this area. »» The Trans-Labrador Highway (TLH) in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador has a surface of mixed asphalt and gravel. The winding road has many narrow , steep grades and sharp curves. The road has many potholes and stretches of washboard surface. Loose gravel and ice contribute to road hazards. Speed Limits Unless Otherwise Signed: Regional and Seasonal Conditions Speed Limits May Vary by Province • Canada is subject to heavy snow, avalanches, earthquakes, Type of road Maximum speed tsunamis, hurricanes, severe thunderstorms, tornadoes and 50 to 70 kph Urban areas forest fires. (31 to 43 mph) 40 to 50 kph • Winter driving can be treacherous. Extreme snow and icy Residential areass conditions are common throughout Canada. (25 to 31 mph) • Forest fires occur year-round. Risks are higher in western Rural two- 80 to 90 kph highways (50 to 55 mph) forests and grasslands. 110 kph Multi-lane highways • Tornadoes are common from May to September, peaking in (68 kph) June and July in southern Ontario, southeast Quebec and western New Brunswick. Always adjust speed according to signage, hazards and weather conditions. • Thunderstorms with heavy rain are common year-round. Hurricane season in coastal areas is generally from July to November. • Be familiar with emergency procedures. The Red Cross • The network extends from coast to coast and provides a website and free, downloadable emergency app: serves most major cities. http://www.redcross.org/get-help/prepare-for-emergencies/ • Multiple taxi companies operate throughout cities. types-of-emergencies • Official licensed taxis are metered and display identification cards on the dashboard. Public Transportation • Taxis may be hailed on the , found in queues • Public transportation is well developed in most towns and and at stands, or booked via phone. cities, but less so in rural areas. • Well-organized, modern ferryboats provide routes • Public transport options include buses, , subways, light in coastal areas. Larger ferries provide passenger rail, streetcars and ferries. and car transport. • All forms of public transportation are generally regarded as safe and efficient. Traffic Regulations • Bus routes include city systems and long distance service. • Language on traffic and roads signs varies between Greyhound operates most long distance buses. provinces.

Signs are generally pictorial and may not follow European Union conventions.

French and Overtaking Shared Bicycle Yield Parking Must turn Yield No stopping English stop permitted pathway lane ahead allowed left or right at allowed sign (Quebec)

©ASIRT 2019 2 Association for Safe International Road Travel Road Safety Review: Canada (East) • Speed cameras are common. Ottawa, Ontario (Capital) • Right turns on red are generally »»Roads are generally in good condition. allowed unless signed »»Traffic jams may occur during morning and evening rush hours. otherwise; right turns on red »»The Ottawa is a system of roads, and restricted to buses from are prohibited in parts of 6 a.m. to 6 p.m. on weekdays. Even during these hours, motorists must cross restricted Quebec. lanes to make right turns, contributing to traffic jams. »» frequently change names in different parts of the city. • Drivers are required to yield the »»Many downtown streets are one-way. entire roadway at pedestrian »»Public transportation is generally regarded as safe and efficient. crossings, school crossings, or »»Public transport options include buses and light rail. any location where there is a »»The light rail O-Train has one line. A second line is currently under construction; crossing guard present. many city roads are currently impacted by detours and closures to accommodate • In most provinces and territories construction. drivers must be a minimum »»Taxis are metered and may be found at downtown stands or booked by phone. of 18. »»The city’s position in Ontario on the across the water from Quebec • Rental agencies generally sometimes affects taxi service. Ottawa taxis are restricted from picking up fares require drivers to be a streetside on the Quebec side of the river. If traveling into Quebec, phone for a Quebec-based taxi service. minimum of 21; restrictions »»Ottawa Station is the main train station. Routes are operated by . Daily trains may vary with company. connect to multiple cities including and . • Seat belt use is compulsory »»Pedestrian infrastructure is well developed. for driver and all passengers »»There are 170 km (105 miles) of bicycle paths. Some paths are shared with pedestrians throughout Canada. or are located within lanes shared by motorists. • Children may not ride in front »»Macdonald-Cartier International Airport is 12.3 km (7.6 miles) from city center. seat unless contained in a »»Bus 97 from the airport to city center is operated by OC Transpo. Fares can be paid child restraint appropriate to onboard, or with a Presto city transportation card. age and height. »»Licensed, metered taxis can be found outside of the arrivals area. • Winter tires are mandatory in »»Most major car rental agencies are represented, and are located in the parking garage directly across from the arrivals terminal via a . Quebec Dec. 15 to March 15. Toronto, Ontario • In other areas winter tires »»Largest Canadian city. are recommended but »»Toronto’s major highways are the QEW, the 404, the 401, the 400 and the 427. not required; these areas »»Traffic is often heavy throughout the day, particularly on incoming highways. experience high volumes »»City streets are laid out in a grid. Roads are well signed. of snow and frequent icy »»Traffic congestion is common, especially during rush hours. conditions. »»Turn restrictions frequently apply on city streets at connections to main roads. • Helmet use is compulsory »»Drivers must yield to buses merging into traffic. for motorcycle drivers and »»Drivers may not pass streetcars traveling in the same direction if doors are open. passengers. Helmets must be »»The far right lane on some streets including may be reserved for transit fastened; enforcement is high. vehicles, taxis and bicycles from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. Other drivers may enter lane only to • Police may carry out random make a right turn. »»Public transportation is crowded, but generally regarded as safe and efficient. Options breath tests for alcohol use. include buses, streetcars, three subway lines and the Scarborough Rapid Transit line. »»An extensive subway network extends to suburban areas. »»The Blue Night Network includes overnight bus and streetcar routes operated by Toronto Transit Commission (TTC). »»Drivers should be alert to passengers leaving or boarding streetcars. »»The bus network is large. GO Transit operates regional trains and buses to surrounding areas. »»Licensed, metered taxis are plentiful. »»Bike Share Toronto offers a public bike system with 80 downtown stations. »»Cyclists under 18 years of age must wear helmets; bicycles must be equipped with reflectors and bells. »»Ferry service is available to nearby islands. »»Toronto Pearson International Airport is 28 km (17 miles) from city center. »»The Union Pearson Express Train (UP Express) provides direct service to and from city center.

©ASIRT 2019 3 Association for Safe International Road Travel Road Safety Review: Canada (East)

»»The transit center for express GO Bus and Go Train (subway) to city center is located at terminal 1, ground level. »»Licensed, metered taxis can be found outside of the arrivals area. »»Most major car rental agencies are represented at the airport. Montreal, Quebec »»Main roads are generally in good condition. Many secondary and provincial roads have potholes and damaged shoulders. »»Traffic is heavy, particularly in popular tourist areas. »»Right turns on red are strictly prohibited. »»One-way streets are common, and may not be adequately signed. »»Flashing green lights equivalent to green arrows at intersections indicate priority left turns. »»The city’s historic section has narrow streets. »»Many road signs are in French only. Four-way stops are common at intersections. »»Public transportation is generally regarded as safe and efficient. Options include the Metro subway and buses. »»The public transit network operates from 5:30 am to 1 a.m. daily and until 1:30 a.m. on Sundays. »»There is an extensive bus network operated by STM with day and night routes. »»Metro station signs and announcements are typically in French only. »»Commuter trains offer routes to suburbs and nearby towns. Main stations are (Gare Central) and Lucien-L’Allier Station. »»Train service to other parts of Canada is provided by VIA Rail Canada. Amtrack provides routes to New York. »»Pedestrian infrastructure is well developed, with several pedestrian-only street zones. »»Foot travelers should be cautious, as traffic includes many visitors unfamiliar with road patterns and signs. »»Motorists and bicyclists often ignore pedestrian crossings and lights. »» are subject to ice during winter months. »»A network of underground pedestrian tunnels connects to metro stations, shopping centers and area office buildings. »»Pierre Elliott Trudeau Airport is located 20 km (12.4 miles) west of city center. »»Express Bus 747 operates 24 hours a day between the airport and city center. »»Regional buses service nearby areas. »»VIA Rail Canada provides intercity connections from nearby station; free service to the station is provided by VIA from the airport. »»Licensed, metered taxis can be found outside of the arrivals area; dispatchers manage passenger queues. »»Most major car rental agencies are represented, and are located in the parking garage directly across from the arrivals terminal via a pedestrian crossing. Emergency Information • Pre-program emergency numbers into your phone before departure. »» Police, ambulance and fire: 911 • Responders to emergency situations are generally good, but may take longer in remote areas. • If involved in a crash: »» Call police. »» Remain at the scene until emergency services arrive and police give permission to leave. »» Exchange contact information, license plate number, driver’s license number and insurance company details with other driver(s). If possible, take photographs of scene for insurance and car rental companies. • If involved in a crash without injuries: »» Crashes without injuries and only minor damage may be handled by insurance companies. »» Exchange contact information, license plate number, driver’s license number and insurance company details with other driver(s). Take photographs of scene for insurance and car rental companies.

ASIRT is a non-profit humanitarian organization established in memory of Aron Sobel, age 25, who was killed along with 22 other passengers in a Pamukkale Bus Company crash on the roads of Turkey.

Disclaimer: ASIRT provides this information as a service to travelers. This Road Safety Review is intended to provide general guidelines for travelers to countries around the world. Any electronic links provided in this Report are for illustrative purposes and ASIRT is not responsible for the content provided within these electronic links and/or videos.

Copyright: Purchasers of this Road Safety Review are entitled to use it for purposes of research, education, information on health, safety and general road and traffic conditions or other non-commercial uses. Neither the whole nor any part of this ASIRT Road Safety Review may be copied in any form or provided to any other party without the prior written consent of the copyright owner. Flag images are © Central Intelligence Agency World Factbook.

To order more copies or to order Road Travel Reports for other countries please contact: Association for Safe International Road Travel, 11769 Gainsborough Road, Potomac, MD 20854 USA, Phone: 1-240-249-0100; Email: [email protected]; Website: www.asirt.org; Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/ASIRT.org/ ©ASIRT 2019 4 Association for Safe International Road Travel Road Safety Review: Canada (West) Know Before You Go Driving Culture ‰‰ Western Canada is comprised of the provinces of British Columbia, • Drivers are typically polite. , Saskatchewan and Manitoba; and Yukon Territory, Northwest • Drink driving is a problem, particularly in Territories and Nunavut Territory. remote areas. In Saskatchewan, there ‰‰ Driving is on the right. are high rates of crashes involving ‰‰ Drivers are required to carry proof of insurance and a valid national impaired drivers. driving license. US and UK driving licenses are good for up to three • Driver use of handheld devices remains a months. An International Driving Permit (IDP) is required of visitors from problem despite laws. other countries. Car rental agency rules vary; an IDP may be necessary for • In some remote areas, driver behavior UK drivers to rent in some locations. ‰‰ While fatalities have decreased, pedestrian injuries in Canada are the reflects an opinion that fate rather than leading cause of injury-related fatalities for children under the age of 14. personal responsibility determines road ‰‰ Traffic rules and regulations may vary between provinces. safety. ‰‰ Blood alcohol limit is specific to province. Range: 0.04–0.08 g/dl for • There are many large trucks on trans- general population and 0.00–0.08 g/dl for young or novice drivers. national routes; driver fatigue may ‰‰ There are 5.8 road deaths per 100,000 people in Canada, compared to 2.8 result in inattention or other risky in Sweden and 3.1 in the UK. behavior. Road Conditions • There are 1,042,300 km (647,655 miles) of roads in Canada. 415,600 km (258,241 miles) are paved, including 17,000 km (10,563 miles) of expressways; 626,700 km (389,413 miles) are unpaved. • Inter-provincial road systems are limited to the National Highway System and the Trans-Canada Highway. • Road transportation is the main form of transport nationwide. • The road network is extensive, but less developed in extreme northern territorial areas. • Roads are regarded as being in moderately good condition nationwide. • Provincial and smaller roads often have damaged verges and deep potholes. • Distances between cities may be great in some parts of Western Canada. • Pedestrian infrastructure is well developed in cities and towns. • There are many high mountain passes subject to winter closures, icy surfaces, strong winds and deep snow. During winter months, remote stretches of roads and highways may not be cleared quickly. • Large animals on roadways are common, particularly in remote areas. Many large animals are nocturnal. Use care at dusk, dawn, and when driving at night.

Source: CIA Factbook

©ASIRT 2019 1 Association for Safe International Road Travel Road Safety Review: Canada (West) • The following roads may present particular challenges to motorists: »» Sea to Sky Highway in British Columbia is part of Highway 99 from Horseshoe Bay to Pemberton. The coastal highway has guardrails and an asphalt surface in good condition, but the cliffside road is subject to severe weather conditions including torrential rains, ice, snow and wind. Collisions between motorists and wildlife are common. Poor visibility, speeding, drink driving and passing vehicles in areas hemmed in by cliffs and the ocean are major factors in high numbers of road fatalities. »» Trans-Canada Highway in Headingley, Manitoba has heavy traffic. The highway is undivided. There have been a large number of fatal crashes along its length. »» The stretch of Highway 11 between and Prince Albert is regarded as the most dangerous road in the Saskatchawan province. »» Highway 63 in Alberta is a narrow, two-lane road with substantial traffic. Regional and Seasonal Conditions • Canada is subject to heavy snow, avalanches, earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes, severe thunderstorms, tornadoes and forest fires. • Winter driving can be treacherous. Extreme snow and icy Speed Limits Unless Otherwise Signed: conditions are common throughout Canada. Avalanche Speed Limits May Vary by Province danger exists in mountainous areas including Alberta and Type of road Maximum speed British Columbia (BC). 50 to 70 kph Urban areas • Forest fires occur year-round. Risks are higher in western (31 to 43 mph) forests and grasslands. 40 to 50 kph Residential areas • Tornadoes are common from May to September, peaking in (25 to 31 mph) June and July in areas including Alberta, the interior of British Rural two-lane 80 to 90 kph Columbia, and parts of Saskatchewan and Manitoba. highways (50 to 55 mph) 110 kph • Thunderstorms with heavy rain are common year-round. Multi-lane highways Hurricane season in coastal areas is generally from July to (68 kph) November. Always adjust speed according to signage, hazards and • British Columbia and Yukon are active earthquake zones. The weather conditions. coast of BC is vulnerable to tsunamis. • Be familiar with emergency procedures. The Red Cross provides a website and free, downloadable emergency app: http://www.redcross.org/get-help/prepare-for-emergencies/ • Bus routes include city systems and long distance types-of-emergencies service. Greyhound operates most long distance buses. Public Transportation • The train network extends from coast to coast and • Public transportation is well developed in most towns and serves most major cities. cities, but less so in rural areas. • Multiple taxi companies operate throughout cities. • Public transport options include buses, trains, subways, light • Officiallicensed taxis are metered and display rail, streetcars and ferries. identification cards on the dashboard. • All forms of public transportation are generally regarded as safe • Taxis may be hailed on the street, found in queues and efficient. and at stands, or booked via phone.

Signs are generally pictorial and may not follow European Union conventions.

French and Cree language Inuktitut Bicycle Yield Parking Must turn Yield No stopping English stop stop sign language stop lane ahead allowed left or right at allowed sign sign roundabout

©ASIRT 2019 2 Association for Safe International Road Travel Road Safety Review: Canada (West) • Well-organized, modern ferryboats provide routes (Alberta ) in coastal areas. Larger ferries provide passenger »»Traffic is heavy. Gridlock is common throughout the day. and car transport. »»Be alert to lane direction reversals in place during rush hours. »»Streets run north to south; avenues run east to west. Traffic Regulations »»There has been much new development; many new streets in • Official national languages are English and French. outlying area are not yet available through GPS. Wording on traffic and roads signs may vary »»Winter driving can be challenging. Snow removal and icy surface between provinces; some areas may include conditions impact travel times. Aboriginal languages. »»Public transport options include bus and light rail. »»Public buses serve most city areas; commuter traffic is heavy and • Speed cameras are common. seats are limited during rush hours. • In British Columbia, a flashing green light at an »»Most bus routes cease service by 9 p.m. indicates driver may proceed. »»Taxis are regulated and can be found at multiple city locations. • Right turns on red are generally allowed unless »»C-Train light rail consists of two lines (Red and Blue) serving city signed otherwise. and suburban areas. • Drivers are required to yield the entire roadway »»Raised, enclosed pedestrian walkways called the Plus 15 system at pedestrian crossings, school crossings, or any connect numerous buildings in the downtown area. location where there is a crossing guard present. »»There are many bicycle paths. The network is extensive, but • In most provinces and territories drivers must be a paths may be disregarded by motorists. minimum of 18; in Alberta the legal driving age is »»There is currently no long-distance railway service to Calgary. »»Calgary International Airport is 18.7 km (11.6 miles) from city 14 with an accompanying passenger who holds a center. full license. »»Transport to city center is available via bus, taxi and car. • Most rental agencies require drivers to be a »»Calgary Transit buses offer multiple routes from the airport to minimum of 21; restrictions may vary with city locations. company. »»Airport taxis are regulated by the city. Stands are located outside • Seat belt use is compulsory for driver and all of both the domestic and international arrivals terminals. passengers throughout Canada. »»Most major rental car agencies are represented; desks are • Children may not ride in front seat unless contained located in the rental center across the roadway from the in a child restraint appropriate to age and height. domestic terminal on the departures level. • In BC, Manitoba and Ontario, winter tires are required in some mountain areas from October 1 Vancouver (British Columbia) to April 30. In Saskatchewan, Alberta, Northwest »»The Trans-Canada Highway (Highway 1) connects to the city’s Territories, Yukon and Nunavut, winter tires are outer edge from eastern Canada. Highway 99 links to US recommended but not mandatory; these areas Interstate 5 at the Canadian border. »»Traffic is often heavy, particularly during rush hours. experience high volumes of snow and frequent icy »»Bridges provide entry on three sides of the city, causing frequent conditions. bottlenecks. • Helmet use is compulsory for motorcycle drivers »»Public transportation is widespread. TransLink operates a and passengers. Helmets must be fastened; network of buses, passenger ferries (SeaBus) and rapid transit enforcement is high. including SkyTrain. • Police may carry out random breath tests for »»Limited connections to suburbs are available via SkyTrain alcohol use. elevated rapid transit. »»The city bus network includes rapid transit lines called B-Lines. »»SeaBus passenger ferries connect to multiple islands and coastal areas. »»Pedestrian infrastructure is well developed. Pedestrians should exercise caution due to large numbers of visitors who may be unfamiliar with traffic rules and road networks. »»There are multiple bicycle rental agencies. Bike paths are extensive and well maintained; some paths may be multi-use. »»Scooter rentals are growing in popularity. Motorists should be alert to visitors on scooters. »»Vancouver International Airport is located 13 km (8 miles) from city center. »»SkyTrain rapid transit line connects the airport to city center in approximately 30 minutes. ©ASIRT 2019 3 Association for Safe International Road Travel Road Safety Review: Canada (West)

»»Licensed, metered taxis can be found outside of the arrivals area on Level Two. »»There is no public bus from the airport to the city. Private shuttles are available. »»Most major rental car agencies are represented; desks are located in the rental center on the ground floor of the parking area across from the airport. (Manitoba) »»The city is located on the Trans-Canada Highway (Highway 1). »»Highway 100/101 is a connecting to the Trans-Canada Highway beyond the city. »»Roads are generally in good condition. »»Traffic jams may occur during morning and evening rush hours. »»Streets frequently change names in different parts of the city. »»Many downtown streets are one-way. »»Left-hand turns are limited or prohibited in many areas, particularly during rush hours. »»Many lanes are bus-only. »»Pedestrian infrastructure is well developed. »»A network of seven pedestrian tunnels and 14 skywalks in the downtown area connect to 38 buildings over a 2 km (1.2 mile) length, offering protection to walkers during harsh weather. »»Public transportation is generally regarded as safe and efficient. »»City buses are operated by Winnipeg Transit. Beyond the main urban center, routes are limited. »»Downtown Spirit buses operated by Winnipeg Transit offer free service on select routes within city center. »»Licensed taxis are equipped with video surveillance. Taxis are metered. »»Cyclists should use caution. There are few bike lanes, and existing lanes are often shared with city buses. »»Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport is located 7 km (4.4 miles) from city center. »»Multiple bus lines offer service to the city, including Winnipeg Transit, Thompson Bus Lines and Maple Bus Lines. »»Taxis are located near Exit 3 of the terminal; Unicity Taxi provides all service. »»Most major car rental agencies are represented in the arrivals hall.

Emergency Information • Pre-program emergency numbers into your phone before departure. »» Police, ambulance and fire: 911 • Responders to emergency situations are generally good, but may take longer in remote areas. • If involved in a crash: »» Call police. »» Remain at the scene until emergency services arrive and police give permission to leave. »» Exchange contact information, license plate number, driver’s license number and insurance company details with other driver(s). »» If possible, take photographs of scene for insurance and car rental companies. • If involved in a crash without injuries: »» Crashes without injuries and only minor damage may be handled by insurance companies. »» Exchange contact information, license plate number, driver’s license number and insurance company details with other driver(s). »» Take photographs of scene for insurance and car rental companies.

ASIRT is a non-profit humanitarian organization established in memory of Aron Sobel, age 25, who was killed along with 22 other passengers in a Pamukkale Bus Company crash on the roads of Turkey.

Disclaimer: ASIRT provides this information as a service to travelers. This Road Safety Review is intended to provide general guidelines for travelers to countries around the world. Any electronic links provided in this Report are for illustrative purposes and ASIRT is not responsible for the content provided within these electronic links and/or videos.

Copyright: Purchasers of this Road Safety Review are entitled to use it for purposes of research, education, information on health, safety and general road and traffic conditions or other non-commercial uses. Neither the whole nor any part of this ASIRT Road Safety Review may be copied in any form or provided to any other party without the prior written consent of the copyright owner. Flag images are © Central Intelligence Agency World Factbook.

To order more copies or to order Road Travel Reports for other countries please contact: Association for Safe International Road Travel, 11769 Gainsborough Road, Potomac, MD 20854 USA, Phone: 1-240-249-0100; Email: [email protected]; Website: www.asirt.org; Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/ASIRT.org/ ©ASIRT 2019 4