Design and Control of Resilient Interconnected Microgrids for Reliable Mass Transit Systems by Taylor J. G. Egan A thesis submitted to the School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Applied Science in Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science University of Ontario Institute of Technology Oshawa, Ontario, Canada March 2019 c Taylor J. G. Egan 2019 THESIS EXAMINATION INFORMATION Submitted by: Taylor J. G. Egan Master of Applied Science in Electrical and Computer Engineering Thesis title: Design and Control of Resilient Interconnected Microgrids for Reliable Mass Transit Systems An oral defense of this thesis took place on September 13, 2018 in front of the following examining committee: Examining Committee: Chair of Examining Committee Dr. Shahryar Rahnamayan Research Supervisor Dr. Hossam Gaber Research Co-supervisor Dr. Ruth Milman Examining Committee Member Dr. Mohammed Youssef University Examiner Dr. Ibrahim Dincer The above committee determined that the thesis is acceptable in form and content and that a satisfactory knowledge of the field covered by the thesis was demonstrated by the candidate during an oral examination. A signed copy of the Certificate of Approval is available from the School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies. ii Abstract Mass transit systems are relied on a daily basis to transport millions of passen- gers and bring billions of dollars' worth of economic goods to market. While some forms of mass transit rely on a fuel, electrified railway systems are dependent on the electric grid. The electric grid is becoming more vulnerable to disruptions, due to extreme weather, changing supply and demand patterns, and cyber-terrorism. An interruption to the energy supply of a railway infrastructure can have cascading ef- fects on the economy and social livelihood. Resilient interconnected microgrids are proposed to maintain reliable operation of electrified railway infrastructures. An engineering design framework, and supporting methods and techniques, is proposed for an electrified railway infrastructure to be upgraded from its existing form, to one with resilient interconnected microgrids. The sizing of the interconnected microgrids is performed using an iterative sizing analysis, considering multiple resiliency key performance indicators to inform the designer of the trade-offs in sizing options. Hierarchical control is proposed to monitor and control the interconnected micro- grids. A multi-objective problem cast in the tertiary level of control is proposed to be solved using game theory. The proposed designs are modelled and simulated in Simulink. Four case studies of railway infrastructures in Canada and the United Kingdom are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed designs. While results for each case study vary, resilient interconnected microgrids for railway in- frastructures demonstrates a reduced dependence on the electric grid. The examples here are all scalable and can perform within the framework of any available energy system. The results are both extremely impressive and promising towards a more resilient and stable energy future for our railway and other critical infrastructures. Keywords: interconnected microgrids; resilience; hierarchical control; game the- ory; railway electrification; energy management iii Acknowledgements When I look back at my time at the University of Ontario Institute of Technology, there are two quotes that accurately describe the past two years: \If somebody offers you an amazing opportunity but you are not sure you can do it, say yes { then learn how to do it later!" { Richard Branson \I knew exactly what to do. But, in a much more real sense, I had no idea what to do." { Michael Scott Attending UOIT has been an aspiration I have had since beginning my post-secondary career. A Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee scholar, a 2017 finalist in the Ignite Durham OPG category competition, a 2018 UOIT 3MT finalist, promoting UOIT as a student ambassador and teaching at the undergraduate level are just some of the many highlights of my time at UOIT. As such, I would like to thank the many people in my life who made this all possible. First, I would like to express my appreciation to members of the UOIT commu- nity. I would not have been able to complete my research without the guidance of my supervisor, Dr. Hossam A. Gabbar. The opportunities he has provided to me have far exceeded my expectations and have allowed my UOIT experience to be better than what I had imagined. I would also like to extend appreciation to my co-supervisor Dr. Ruth Milman, for insightful discussions regarding my research, and helping me become a better writer. I've thoroughly enjoyed our conversations as I navigate through the process of this thesis and graduate studies. To Dr. Sheldon Williamson, I thank you for sparking my interest in topics related to transportation electrification and providing the familiarity I needed with mass transit systems to pursue my research. I would like to offer my thanks to members of the Energy Safety and Control Lab, specifically Mohamed Ahmed, Yahya Koraz, Mohamed Aboughaly, and Dr. Ahmed Othman, for their technical guidance and discussions on our way frequent walks to Tim Hortons. And many thanks to the UOIT staff and the students, both graduate and undergraduate, who made my time at UOIT a great experience. A special thanks to Dr. Hasimah Rahman, the staff at the Centre of Electrical En- ergy systems, and the friends I made while on international exchange to Malaysia at the Universiti Teknologi of Malaysia (yes, that is how it is spelled in Malaysia). My three-month exchange trip allowed me to live outside the boundaries of my comfort zone, gain a better perspective of the similarities and differences among various cul- iv tures and religions, and cross a few items off my bucket list. Outside of the UOIT community there are many people I need to thank who have never left my side throughout this endeavour, have patiently waited for me to com- plete this thesis and are still trying to decipher its contents. While I would like to acknowledge everyone individually, there are some who deserve special mention: | Garrett L. who gave me the push I needed to apply to UOIT, our road trip to Oshawa and tour of campus before I started, his frequent visits to Oshawa when I should have been working on this thesis, and for grudgingly reviewing parts of my thesis for spelling and grammar mistakes. You've read far more of this thesis than anyone else will. | John C. for the one time I listened to your advice and decided to pursue a thesis-based masters. While I may think twice before I take your advice next time, don't let the negative aspects of my experience deter you from pursuing graduate studies. | Kenny C.-E. for thinking my research is about protecting us from the white walkers. Was the operation a success? | Megan W. and Jenny L. for always having (sometimes colourful) words of encouragement throughout this endeavor and countless gossip hour(s). | Steve D. and Cathrine L. for providing me a place to stay and their patience as I completed this thesis, and always having a good snack on the table. What's for dinner? My friends I've made in the Durham region (except the Tupperware thief), my bro- das and sistas back in Ottawa, and my family: I am so glad that I will never again have to hear any of you say, \You're not done your thesis yet!". Throughout this process you have always provided me with a place to go when I needed to escape the graduate student life. Finally, to my parents, for the support they have provided throughout my educa- tional career. even if my father didn't know the name of the school I was attending until I gave him a sweater for Christmas. Taylor Egan, EIT March 2019 v Author's Declaration I hereby declare that this thesis consists of original work of which I have authored. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I authorize the University of Ontario Institute of Technology to lend this thesis to other institutions or individuals for the purpose of scholarly research. I further authorize University of Ontario Institute of Technology to reproduce this thesis by photocopying or by other means, in total or in part, at the request of other insti- tutions or individuals for the purpose of scholarly research. I understand that my thesis will be made electronically available to the public. Taylor J. G. Egan vi Statement of Contributions I hereby certify that I am the sole author of this thesis. I have used standard refer- encing practices to acknowledge ideas, research techniques, or other materials that belong to others. Furthermore, I hereby certify that I am the sole source of the creative works and/or inventive knowledge described in this thesis. Part of the work described in Chapter 5 and 6 has been published as: T. Egan, H. A. Gabbar, A. M. Othman and R. Milman, "Design and control of resilient interconnected microgrid for sustained railway", 2017 IEEE International Conference on Smart Energy Grid Engineering (SEGE), Oshawa, ON, 2017, pp. 131-136. doi: 10.1109/SEGE.2017.8052788 I performed the majority of the simulation testing and writing of the manuscript. Part of the work described in this thesis (Chapter 3, Chapter 5, and Chapter 6) is under consideration for publication: H. A. Gabbar, T. Egan, A. M. Othman and R. Milman, \Enhanced Resilience of Mass Transit Systems through Hierarchical Control of Interconnected Microgrids" H. A. Gabbar, T. Egan, A. M. Othman and R. Milman, \Framework for Enhanced Resilience of Mass Transit Systems with Interconnected Microgrids" I performed the majority of the design, simulation testing, and writing for each manuscript.