DOCSLIB.ORG

America's Empire of Bases

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Volume 1 | Issue 5 | Article ID 2029 | May 23, 2003 The Asia-Pacific Journal | Japan Focus America's Empire of Bases Chalmers Johnson America's Empire of Bases weapons for the armed forces or, like the now well-publicized Kellogg, Brown & Root by Chalmers Johnson company, a subsidiary of the Halliburton Corporation of Houston, undertake contract As distinct from other peoples, most Americans services to build and maintain our far-flung do not recognize -- or do not want to recognize outposts. One task of such contractors is to -- that the United States dominates the world keep uniformed members of the imperium through its military power. Due to government housed in comfortable quarters, well fed, secrecy, our citizens are often ignorant of the amused, and supplied with enjoyable, fact that our garrisons encircle the planet. This affordable vacation facilities. Whole sectors of vast network of American bases on every the American economy have come to rely on continent except Antarctica actually constitutes the military for sales. On the eve of our second a new form of empire -- an empire of bases with war on Iraq, for example, while the Defense its own geography not likely to be taught in any Department was ordering up an extra ration of high school geography class. Without grasping cruise missiles and depleted-uranium armor- the dimensions of this globe-girdlingpiercing tank shells, it also acquired 273,000 Baseworld, one can't begin to understand the bottles of Native Tan sunblock, almost triple its size and nature of our imperial aspirations or 1999 order and undoubtedly a boon to the the degree to which a new kind of militarism is supplier, Control Supply Company of Tulsa, undermining our constitutional order. Oklahoma, and its subcontractor, Sun Fun Products of Daytona Beach, Florida. Our military deploys well over half a million soldiers, spies, technicians, teachers,At Least Seven Hundred Foreign Bases dependents, and civilian contractors in other nations. To dominate the oceans and seas of It's not easy to assess the size or exact value of the world, we are creating some thirteen naval our empire of bases. Official records on these task forces built around aircraft carriers whose subjects are misleading, although instructive. names sum up our martial heritage -- Kitty According to the Defense Department's annual Hawk, Constellation, Enterprise, John F. "Base Structure Report" for fiscal year 2003, Kennedy, Nimitz, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Carl which itemizes foreign and domestic U.S. Vinson, Theodore Roosevelt, Abraham Lincoln, military real estate, the Pentagon currently George Washington, John C. Stennis, Harry S. owns or rents 702 overseas bases in about 130 Truman, and Ronald Reagan. We operate countries and HAS another 6,000 bases in the numerous secret bases outside our territory to United States and its territories. Pentagon monitor what the people of the world, including bureaucrats calculate that it would require at our own citizens, are saying, faxing, or e- least $113.2 billion to replace just the foreign mailing to one another. bases -- surely far too low a figure but still larger than the gross domestic product of most Our installations abroad bring profits to civilian countries -- and an estimated $591,519.8 industries, which design and manufacture million to replace all of them. The military high 1 1 | 5 | 0 APJ | JF command deploys to our overseas bases some which is voluntary, bears almost no relation to 253,288 uniformed personnel, plus an equal the duties of a soldier during World War II or number of dependents and Department of the Korean or Vietnamese wars. Most chores Defense civilian officials, and employs an like laundry, KP ("kitchen police"), mail call, additional 44,446 locally hired foreigners. The and cleaning latrines have been subcontracted Pentagon claims that these bases contain to private military companies like Kellogg, 44,870 barracks, hangars, hospitals, and other Brown & Root, DynCorp, and the Vinnell buildings, which it owns, and that it leases Corporation. Fully one-third of the funds 4,844 more. recently appropriated for the war in Iraq (about $30 billion), for instance, are going into private These numbers, although staggeringly large, do American hands for exactly such services. not begin to cover all the actual bases we Where possible everything is done to make occupy globally. The 2003 Base Status Report daily existence seem like a Hollywood version fails to mention, for instance, any garrisons in of life at home. According to the Washington Kosovo -- even though it is the site of the huge Post, in Fallujah, just west of Baghdad, waiters Camp Bondsteel, built in 1999 and maintained in white shirts, black pants, and black bow ties ever since by Kellogg, Brown & Root. The serve dinner to the officers of the 82nd Report similarly omits bases in Afghanistan, Airborne Division in their heavily guarded Iraq, Israel, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Qatar, and compound, and the first Burger King has Uzbekistan, although the U.S. military has already gone up inside the enormous military established colossal base structures throughout base we've established at Baghdad the so-called arc of instability in the two-and-a- International Airport. half years since 9/11. Some of these bases are so gigantic they For Okinawa, the southernmost island of Japan, require as many as nine internal bus routes for which has been an American military colony for soldiers and civilian contractors to get around the past 58 years, the report deceptively lists inside the earthen berms and concertina wire. only one Marine base, Camp Butler, when in That's the case at Camp Anaconda, fact Okinawa "hosts" ten Marine Corps bases, headquarters of the 3rd Brigade, 4th Infantry including Marine Corps Air Station Futenma Division, whose job is to police some 1,500 occupying 1,186 acres in the center of that square miles of Iraq north of Baghdad, from modest-sized island's second largest city. Samarra to Taji. Anaconda occupies 25 square (Manhattan's Central Park, by contrast, is only kilometers and will ultimately house as many as 843 acres.) The Pentagon similarly fails to note 20,000 troops. Despite extensive security all of the $5-billion-worth of military and precautions, the base has frequently come espionage installations in Britain, which have under mortar attack, notably on the Fourth of long been conveniently disguised as Royal Air July, 2003, just as Arnold Schwarzenegger was Force bases. If there were an honest count, the chatting up our wounded at the local field actual size of our military empire would hospital. probably top 1,000 different bases in other people's countries, but no one -- possibly not The military prefers bases that resemble small even the Pentagon -- knows the exact number fundamentalist towns in the Bible Belt rather for sure, although it has been distinctly on the than the big population centers of the United rise in recent years. States. For example, even though more than 100,000 women live on our overseas bases -- For their occupants, these are not unpleasant including women in the services, spouses, and places to live and work. Military service today, relatives of military personnel -- obtaining an 2 1 | 5 | 0 APJ | JF abortion at a local military hospital isstrategy against "rogue states," "bad guys," and prohibited. Since there are some 14,000 sexual "evil-doers." They have identified something assaults or attempted sexual assaults each year they call the "arc of instability," which is said to in the military, women who become pregnant run from the Andean region of South America overseas and want an abortion have no choice (read: Colombia) through North Africa and then but to try the local economy, which cannot be sweeps across the Middle East to the either easy or pleasant in Baghdad or other Philippines and Indonesia. This is, of course, parts of our empire these days. more or less identical with what used to be called the Third World -- and perhaps no less Our armed missionaries live in a closed-off, crucially it covers the world's key oil reserves. self-contained world serviced by its own airline Hoehn contends, "When you overlay our -- the Air Mobility Command, with its fleet of footprint onto that, we don't look particularly long-range C-17 Globemasters, C-5 Galaxies, well-positioned to deal with the problems we're C-141 Starlifters, KC-135 Stratotankers, KC-10 now going to confront." Extenders, and C-9 Nightingales that link our far-flung outposts from Greenland to Australia. Once upon a time, you could trace the spread For generals and admirals, the militaryof imperialism by counting up colonies. provides seventy-one Learjets, thirteenAmerica's version of the colony is the military Gulfstream IIIs, and seventeen Cessna Citation base. By following the changing politics of luxury jets to fly them to such spots as the global basing, one can learn much about our armed forces' ski and vacation center at ever larger imperial stance and the militarism Garmisch in the Bavarian Alps or to any of the that grows with it. Militarism and imperialism 234 military golf courses the Pentagon operates are Siamese twins joined at the hip. Each worldwide. Defense secretary Donald Rumsfeld thrives off the other. Already highly advanced flies around in his own personal Boeing 757, in our country, they are both on the verge of a called a C-32A in the Air Force. quantum leap that will almost surely stretch our military beyond its capabilities, bringing Our "Footprint" on the World about fiscal insolvency and very possibly doing mortal damage to our republican institutions. Of all the insensitive, if graphic, metaphors The only way this is discussed in our press is we've allowed into our vocabulary, none quite via reportage on highly arcane plans for equals "footprint" to describe the military changes in basing policy and the positioning of impact of our empire.
Recommended publications
  • Wishful Thinking Or Buying Time? the Logic of British Appeasement in the 1930S

    Wishful Thinking Or Buying Time? the Logic of British Appeasement in the 1930S

    Wishful Thinking or Buying Time? Wishful Thinking or Norrin M. Ripsman and Buying Time? Jack S. Levy The Logic of British Appeasement in the 1930s The “lessons of the 1930s,” based on British and French appeasement of Germany, have pro- foundly inºuenced U.S. security policy for a half century. Presidents have invoked these lessons in decisions for war in Korea, Vietnam, and Iraq in 1990–91 and 2003, and in presidential campaigns.1 Among policymakers and publics, and among many scholars as well, the futility of appeasement has ac- quired the status of a lawlike generalization.2 The implicit assumption is that the Western allies’ primary aim was to secure a lasting peace with Germany through concessions to resolve Adolf Hitler’s grievances. If that was the aim, the policy clearly failed. But, as we shall demonstrate, that was not appease- ment’s primary aim. Scholars need to rethink both the concept of appeasement and the goals of appeasement in the 1930s. The popular image of appeasement was fueled by the scholarship of tra- ditional historians, who condemned British and French appeasement of Germany as politically naïve and morally bankrupt. In their view, the policies Norrin M. Ripsman is Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science at Concordia University. He is the author of Peacemaking by Democracies: The Effect of State Autonomy on the Post–World War Settlements (University Park: Penn State University Press, 2002). Jack S. Levy is Board of Gover- nors’ Professor of Political Science at Rutgers University, Senior Associate at the Arnold A. Saltzman Insti- tute of War and Peace Studies at Columbia University, and past president of both the International Studies Association (2007–08) and the Peace Science Society (2005–06).
  • The Insurgent Archipelago

    The Insurgent Archipelago

    THE INSURGENT ARCHIPELAGO JOHN MACKINLAY The Insurgent Archipelago From Mao to bin Laden Columbia University Press Publishers Since 1893 New York Chichester, West Sussex Copyright © 2009 John Mackinlay All rights reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mackinlay, John. The insurgent archipelago : from Mao to Bin Laden / John Mackinlay. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-0-231-70116-7 (alk. paper) 1. Counterinsurgency—Asia. 2. Peacekeeping forces—Asia. 3. Counterinsurgency—Afghanistan. 4. Peacekeeping foreces—Afghanistan. 5. Communism—Philosophy. 6. War on Terrorism, 2001- 7. Afghan War, 2001– 8. Mao, Zedong, 1893–1976. 9. Bin Laden, Osama, 1957– I. Title. U241.M332 2009 355.02'18095—dc22 2009032743 ∞ Columbia University Press books are printed on permanent and durable acid-free paper. This book is printed on paper with recycled content. Printed in India c 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 References to Internet Web sites (URLs) were accurate at the time of writing. Neither the author nor Columbia University Press is responsible for URLs that may have expired or changed since the manuscript was prepared. CONTENTS Acknowledgements vii Introduction 1 PART I MAOISM Introduction 9 1. Mao the Prototype 15 2. Evolution 27 3. Gaps in Our Knowledge 43 4. The Chronology of Neglect 61 PART II POST-MAOISM Introduction 77 5. Multiple Populations and Mass Communications 81 6. The Migration Factor 99 7. The Virtual Battlefield 123 8. Post-Maoism 143 PART III RESPONDING TO POST-MAOISM Introduction 163 9. The Expeditionary Approach 171 10. The Domestic Approach 197 11. The Insurgent Archipelago 221 Notes 237 Bibliography 267 Index 279 v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Very many colleagues have helped me to produce this book.
  • Anglo‐German Rivalry and the 1939 Failure of Deterrence William R

    Anglo‐German Rivalry and the 1939 Failure of Deterrence William R

    This article was downloaded by: [National Chengchi University] On: 24 April 2012, At: 20:07 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Security Studies Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/fsst20 Anglo‐German rivalry and the 1939 failure of deterrence William R. Thompson a a Professor of political science, Indiana University, Available online: 24 Dec 2007 To cite this article: William R. Thompson (1997): Anglo‐German rivalry and the 1939 failure of deterrence, Security Studies, 7:2, 58-89 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09636419708429342 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms- and-conditions This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. ANGLO-GERMAN RIVALRY AND THE 1939 FAILURE OF DETERRENCE WILLIAM R. THOMPSON LOBAL WARS involve situations in which declining system leaders confront ascending challengers.
  • European Journal of American Studies, 2-2 | 2007 Taking up the White Man’S Burden? American Empire and the Question of History 2

    European Journal of American Studies, 2-2 | 2007 Taking up the White Man’S Burden? American Empire and the Question of History 2

    European journal of American studies 2-2 | 2007 Autumn 2007 Taking up the White Man’s Burden? American Empire and the Question of History Johan Höglund Electronic version URL: https://journals.openedition.org/ejas/1542 DOI: 10.4000/ejas.1542 ISSN: 1991-9336 Publisher European Association for American Studies Electronic reference Johan Höglund, “Taking up the White Man’s Burden? American Empire and the Question of History”, European journal of American studies [Online], 2-2 | 2007, document 5, Online since 14 December 2007, connection on 08 July 2021. URL: http://journals.openedition.org/ejas/1542 ; DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.4000/ejas.1542 This text was automatically generated on 8 July 2021. Creative Commons License Taking up the White Man’s Burden? American Empire and the Question of History 1 Taking up the White Man’s Burden? American Empire and the Question of History Johan Höglund 1. Introduction 1 If Britain obtained its empire in ''a fit of absence of mind,'' as Sir John Seeley once remarked,1 the United States has acquired its empire in a state of deep denial, or so Michael Ignatieff argued in an article from 2003.2 It would seem that this denial characterizes large portions of the American public and most members of the current Presidential administration. However, an increasing number of political and historical writers and journalists have begun to discuss the notion that the United States may, after all, resemble a traditional empire.3 2 The two Bush administrations have been forced to react to this notion on a number of occasions.
  • Models of the Developmental State

    Models of the Developmental State

    Models of the developmental state Luiz Carlos Bresser-Pereira Abstract This paper seeks to understand the developmental state and its historical role in industrial revolutions and afterwards. First, the developmental state is defined as an alternative to the liberal state. Second, it is argued that industrial revolutions have always taken place within the framework of a developmental state. Third, four models of developmental states are defined according to the point in time at which the industrial revolution took place and the central or peripheral character of the country. Fourth, the paper describes how the state withdraws partially from the economy after the industrial revolution, but the developmental state continues to have a major role in directing industrial policy and in conducting an active macroeconomic policy. Keywords Public administration, economic planning, macroeconomics, liberalism, nationalism, economic policy, economic development JEL classification O10, O11, O19 Author Luiz Carlos Bresser-Pereira is an Emeritus Professor with the Department of Economics of the Sao Paulo School of Economics, Getulio Vargas Foundation, Brazil. Email: [email protected]. 36 CEPAL Review N° 128 • August 2019 I. Introduction In the 1950s, Brazilian political scientists and economists identified “developmentalism” as a set of political ideas and economic strategies that drove Brazil’s rapid industrialization and underpinned the coalition of social classes identified with national development. Hélio Jaguaribe (1962, p. 208) stated in the early 1960s that “the core thesis of developmentalism is that the promotion of economic development and the consolidation of nationality stand as two correlated aspects of a single emancipatory process”. Through “national developmentalism”, which would become the established term for the country’s development strategy, Brazilian society was successfully overcoming the patrimonial state that characterized its politics until 1930.
  • Comparing War's End in Iraq and in Germany

    Comparing War's End in Iraq and in Germany

    The European Think Tank with a Global Outlook Post-conquest Civil Affairs: Comparing War’s End in Iraq and in Germany Correlli Barnett February 2005 First published in 2005 by The Foreign Policy Centre 49 Chalton Street London NW1 1HY UNITED KINGDOM Email: [email protected] © Correlli Barnet 2005 All rights reserved ISBN: 1 903558 492 About the Author Correlli Barnett is a distinguished author and historian. His books range from military and naval history (The Desert Generals, The Swordbearers, Britain and Her Army, Engage the Enemy More Closely: The Royal Navy in the Second World War) to the ‘Pride and Fall’ sequence (The Collapse of British Power, The Audit of War, The Lost Victory, The Verdict of Peace) analysing Britain’s decline as a great power. He has written many articles on the Anglo- American invasion of Iraq and its present aftermath. As early as August 2002 he accurately predicted that the invaders could well find themselves entangled in protracted guerrilla warfare. He is a Fellow of Churchill College, and a former Keeper of the Churchill Archives Centre. In 1997 he was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE). i Acknowledgements The author would like to thank Miss Mary Kendall, the librarian at Churchill College, and the staff of the Churchill Archives Centre. Disclaimer The views in this paper are not necessarily those of the Foreign Policy Centre. ii About the Foreign Policy Centre The Foreign Policy Centre (FPC) is a marketplace of ideas for the global good. It was launched under the patronage of the British Prime Minister Tony Blair to develop a vision of a fair and rule-based world order.
  • Models of Developmental State

    Models of Developmental State

    1 Working 426 Setembro de 2016 Paper Models of developmental state Luiz Carlos Bresser-Pereira Os artigos dos Textos para Discussão da Escola de Economia de São Paulo da Fundação Getulio Vargas são de inteira responsabilidade dos autores e não refletem necessariamente a opinião da FGV-EESP. É permitida a reprodução total ou parcial dos artigos, desde que creditada a fonte. Escola de Economia de São Paulo da Fundação Getulio Vargas FGV-EESP www.eesp.fgv.br TEXTO PARA DISCUSSÃO 426 • SETEMBRO DE 2016 • 1 Models of developmental state Luiz Carlos Bresser-Pereira July 2016. Abstract. This paper searches to understand the developmental state and its historical role in the industrial revolution and after it. First, the developmental state is defined as an alternative to the liberal state. Second, it was in the framework of a developmental state that industrial revolutions took place, and four models of developmental state are defined. Third, after the industrial revolution, the state withdraws partially from the economy, but the developmental state continues to have a major role in assuring the general conditions that make competitive the competent business enterprises in each country – in conducing an active macroeconomic policy, particularly an exchange rate policy, in coordinating the non-competitive industries, and in conducing strategic industrial and technological policy. The paper concludes by comparing developmentalism with nationalism. Key words: Developmental state, developmentalism, economic liberalism, nationalism Resumo. Este artigo busca compreender o Estado desenvolvimentista e seu papel histórico na revolução industrial e depois dela. Em primeiro lugar, o Estado desenvolvimentista é definido como uma alternativa para o Estado liberal.
  • The Battle Over Britain

    The Battle Over Britain

    The Battle over Britain Philip Dodd Open access. Some rights reserved. As the publisher of this work, Demos has an open access policy which enables anyone to access our content electronically without charge. We want to encourage the circulation of our work as widely as possible without affecting the ownership of the copyright, which remains with the copyright holder. Users are welcome to download, save, perform or distribute this work electronically or in any other format, including in foreign language translation without written permission subject to the conditions set out in the Demos open access licence which you can read here. Please read and consider the full licence. The following are some of the conditions imposed by the licence: • Demos and the author(s) are credited; • The Demos website address (www.demos.co.uk) is published together with a copy of this policy statement in a prominent position; • The text is not altered and is used in full (the use of extracts under existing fair usage rights is not affected by this condition); • The work is not resold; • A copy of the work or link to its use online is sent to the address below for our archive. By downloading publications, you are confirming that you have read and accepted the terms of the Demos open access licence. Copyright Department Demos Elizabeth House 39 York Road London SE1 7NQ United Kingdom [email protected] You are welcome to ask for permission to use this work for purposes other than those covered by the Demos open access licence. Demos gratefully acknowledges the work of Lawrence Lessig and Creative Commons which inspired our approach to copyright.
  • Recent U.S. Foreign Policy

    Recent U.S. Foreign Policy

    Recent U.S. Foreign Policy Two takes on “Empire” Bacevich – Take One American Empire from the End of the Cold War to 9/11 • “Globalization “Is” the international system that replaced the Cold War • The “desired” NSC-68 state of affairs – US economic (dollar), cultural, military and political “hegemony • The sense of “unlimited opportunities – a new global order • Claim – US policy derived from “American Exceptionalism • No to power politics ---to achieve values • No to War -- use force in measured amounts • No to limits -- Resources were no constraint The 1991 Gulf War • The War to establish a new world order – get rid of tyrants and demonstrate US military superiority --- dissuade challengers and get those not in line with the new world order in line • War a military success but little else • New problems brewing and old ones lingering • War lords (Somalia) • Terrorism (bin Laden) • Tyrants (Iraq, N. Korea, Serbia) • Revolutionary regimes (Iran) • Destabilized old empire (Russia) • Ethnic conflicts ((Rwanda, Congo, Bosnia) • As a result in the 90s the US ended up using military force more and less Gunboats and Gurkhas – the militarization of US Foreign Policy • Note our claim is that of course gunboats and gurkhas is nothing new and the militarization of US FP started long ago • Bacevich argues that in the 90s US force was heavily used (Yes) -- in Albrights language “the indispensible nation” -- but puts Somalia – low to no causalities and play to US military strengths • Gunboats – cruise missiles and precision munitions (Iraq, Bosnia,
  • British Labour Government Policy in Iraq, 1945-1950

    British Labour Government Policy in Iraq, 1945-1950

    BRITISH LABOUR GOVERNMENT POLICY IN IRAQ, 1945-1950 Theyab Alburaas, B.A., M.A. Dissertation Prepared for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS December 2012 APPROVED: Nancy Stockdale, Major Professor Roberto Calderón, Committee Member Denis Paz, Committee Member Emile Sahliyeh, Committee Member Geoffrey D.W. Wawro, Committee Member Richard McCaslin, Chair of the Department of History Mark Wardell, Dean of the Toulouse Graduate School Alburaas, Theyab. British Labour Government Policy in Iraq, 1945-1950. Doctor of Philosophy (History), December 2012, 139 pp., bibliography, 53 titles. Britain during the Labour government’s administration took a major step toward developing Iraq primarily due to the decision of Ernest Bevin, the Foreign Minister, to start a new British policy toward the Iraqi regimes that would increase the British influence in the area. This led to Bevin’s strategy of depending on guiding the Iraqi regime to make economic and political reforms that would lead to social justice. Copyright 2012 by Theyab Alburaas ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Chapters I. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 1 II. THE BRITISH EMPIRE ENCOMPASSES THE MIDDLE EAST .............. 11 III. THE BRITISH LABOUR GOVERNMENT AND ITS POLICY IN IRAQ: RECOVERING THE BRITISH EMPIRE IN THE MIDDLE EAST ............. 43 IV. BRITISH-IRAQI POLITICAL POLICY ...................................................... 68 V. BRITAIN’S MILITARY POLICY IN IRAQ ...............................................
  • Airpower and Ground Armies : Essays on the Evolution of Anglo-American Air Doctrine

    Airpower and Ground Armies : Essays on the Evolution of Anglo-American Air Doctrine

    Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Airpower and ground armies : essays on the evolution of Anglo-American air doctrine. 1940- 1943/ editor, Daniel R Mortensen. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. Air power-Great Britain-History. 2. Air power-United States-History. 3. World War, 1939-1945- Aerial operations, British, 4. World War, 1939-1945-Aerial operations, American. 5. World War, 1939-1945-Campaigns-Africa, North. 6. Operation Torch. I. Mortensen, Daniel R. UG635.G7A89 1998 358.4’03-dc21 97-46744 CIP Digitize December 2002 from 1998 Printing NOTE: Pagination changed Disclaimer Opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of Air University, the United States Air Force, the Department of Defense, or any other US government agency. Cleared for public release: distribution unlimited. Table of Contents Page DISCLAIMER ..................................................................................................................... i FORWARD........................................................................................................................ iii ABOUT THE EDITOR .......................................................................................................v INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. vi GETTING TOGETHER ......................................................................................................1
  • The Fall of the Attlee Government, 1951

    The Fall of the Attlee Government, 1951

    This is a repository copy of The fall of the Attlee Government, 1951. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/85710/ Version: Accepted Version Book Section: Crowcroft, R and Theakston, K (2013) The fall of the Attlee Government, 1951. In: Heppell, T and Theakston, K, (eds.) How Labour Governments Fall: From Ramsay Macdonald to Gordon Brown. Palgrave Macmillan , Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire , pp. 61-82. ISBN 978-0-230-36180-5 https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137314215_4 © 2013 Robert Crowcroft and Kevin Theakston. This extract is taken from the author's original manuscript and has not been edited. The definitive, published, version of record is available here: dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137314215_4. Reproduced with permission of Palgrave Macmillan. Reuse Unless indicated otherwise, fulltext items are protected by copyright with all rights reserved. The copyright exception in section 29 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 allows the making of a single copy solely for the purpose of non-commercial research or private study within the limits of fair dealing. The publisher or other rights-holder may allow further reproduction and re-use of this version - refer to the White Rose Research Online record for this item. Where records identify the publisher as the copyright holder, users can verify any specific terms of use on the publisher’s website. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request.