DOCSLIB.ORG

Climate Projections Used for the Assessment of the Western United States

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Climate Projections Used for the Assessment of the Western United States Climate Projections Used for the Assessment of the Western United States By Anne Wein, Todd J. Hawbaker, Richard A. Champion, Jamie L. Ratliff, Benjamin M. Sleeter, and Zhiliang Zhu Chapter 7 of Baseline and Projected Future Carbon Storage and Greenhouse-Gas Fluxes in Ecosystems of the Western United States Edited by Zhiliang Zhu and Bradley C. Reed Professional Paper 1797 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior KEN SALAZAR, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Marcia K. McNutt, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2012 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment, visit http://www.usgs.gov or call 1–888–ASK–USGS. For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod To order this and other USGS information products, visit http://store.usgs.gov Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report. Suggested citation: Wein, Anne, Hawbaker, T.J., Champion, R.A., Ratliff, J.L., Sleeter, B.M., and Zhu, Zhiliang, 2012, Introduction to scope, methodology, and ecosystems of the assessment, chap. 7 of Zhu, Zhiliang, and Reed, B.C., eds., Climate projections used for the assessment of the Western United States: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1797, 10 p. (Also available at http://pubs.usgs/gov/pp/1797.) iii Contents 7.1. Highlights..................................................................................................................................................1 7.2. Introduction..............................................................................................................................................1 7.3. Climate Patterns .....................................................................................................................................4 7.3.1. Baseline Climate Patterns of the Western United States ....................................................4 7.3.2. Projected Climate Patterns of the Western United States ..................................................4 7.4. Summary and Discussion of Caveats Using the Climate Data ........................................................9 Figures 7.1. Maps showing the baseline (1970–1999) seasonal mean daily temperature (in degrees Celsius, °C) and total precipitation (in centimeters) by season …… 2 7.2. Chart showing the baseline summaries of mean daily temperature (in degrees Celsius, °C) and total precipitation (in centimeters) by season and grouped by both level II and level III ecoregions …………………………………………… 3 7.3. Maps showing the projected changes in mean daily temperature (in degrees Celsius, °C) and total precipitation (in centimeters) by season, calculated using the difference in mean values from 2040 to 2069 and from 1970 to 1999 ……… 5 7.4. Chart showing summaries of the projected seasonal changes in mean daily temperature (in degrees Celsius, °C) and total precipitation (in centimeters) by season and grouped by both level II and III ecoregions for all general circulation models and scenarios ………………………………………………………… 6 Tables 7.1. Projected changes in precipitation patterns derived from averaging the results from all the scenarios and general circulation models ………………… 8 This page intentionally blank Chapter 7. Climate Projections Used for the Assessment of the Western United States By Anne Wein1, Todd J. Hawbaker2, Richard A. Champion1, Jamie L. Ratliff1, Benjamin M. Sleeter1, and Zhiliang Zhu3 7.1. Highlights 7.2. Introduction • Models of projected climate change were used in this Climate-change projections are required for modeling assessment to further interpret the effects of climate future potential ecosystem properties and processes. This change on the potential for carbon sequestration chapter characterizes the baseline climate data and the projected and greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions in terrestrial climate-change data from general circulation models (GCMs); ecosystems in the ecoregions of the Western United these data were used in this assessment for the wildland‑fire‑ States. Climate-change data were used to support two emission modeling discussed in chapter 8 and for the terrestrial modeling exercises: future potential wildland‑fire ecosystem carbon‑storage and GHG‑flux modeling discussed in emissions (chapter 8 of this report) and future potential chapter 9. The relation between this chapter and other chapters carbon storage and sequestration (chapter 9 of of this report is shown in figure 1.2 of chapter 1 of this report, this report). where climate data is featured in the “input data” and “climate projections” boxes of the diagram. • Climate-change data were represented in three general The term “climate change” refers to the changes in daily circulation models (GCMs) for each of three scenarios and weekly weather over months, seasons, centuries, and (A1B, A2, B1). The models of wildland fires and millennia. The climate affects the carbon cycle in terrestrial the biogeochemical modeling of carbon and GHGs and aquatic systems through biogeochemical processes and used different sources of downscaling for the same natural disturbances (such as wildland fires), and also influences GCMs because of the tasks’ unique requirements. The where land-use and land-cover (LULC) changes occur. This projected patterns of precipitation differed between the assessment sought to answer two questions related to the effects two sources, particularly in mountainous areas. of climate change on carbon sequestration and GHG fluxes: • The models indicated a projected seasonal increase (1) What are the projected potential changes to the critical in mean temperature throughout the Western United climate variables within the ecoregions of the Western United States. Warming was projected to be most prevalent in States, and (2) What are the uncertainties for the climate-change summer and fall and in the eastern part of the Western projections in each of the ecoregions? United States. The climate-change data described here, along with the projected LULC scenarios (chapter 6) were aligned with the • The projected warming was greater in scenarios A1B Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Special Report and A2; the MIROC 3.2-medres model projected on Emission Scenarios (IPCC–SRES; Nakicenovic and others, the most warming and the CSIRO–Mk3.0 model 2000). Although multiple scenarios (A1B, A2, and B1) provided projected the least. The projected increases in seasonal the emission projections, the assessment used outputs from temperature extremes (minimums and maximums) the GCMs, which were forced by the scenarios to capture the generally followed patterns of projected increases in uncertainties of the analyses. The three GCMs used in this mean temperature. study are The Third Generation Coupled Global Climate Model • The projected precipitation patterns were highly of the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis variable among the GCMs, scenarios, seasons, and (CCCma CGCM 3.1), Australia’s Commonwealth Scientific and within the level II ecoregions, which necessitated the Industrial Research Organisation Mark 3.0 (CSIRO–Mk3.0) analyses of variabilities within each ecoregion. model, and the Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate version 3.2, medium resolution (MIROC 3.2-medres). The • The variability in temperature and precipitation selection of GCMs represents a range of projected climate changes of the GCMs made the ranges of climate change that was constrained by the availability of suitably change for each scenario less distinct. downscaled versions and resources to simulate multiple effects 1U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, Calif. of climate change. 2 U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colo. 3U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Va. 2 Baseline and Projected Future Carbon Storage and Greenhouse-Gas Fluxes in Ecosystems of the Western United States The GCMs are mathematical representations of the most common variables used in this assessment when the atmospheric, oceanic, cryospheric, and land-surface processes influence of climate change on carbon cycling was simulated. that express how those processes interact and respond to Other climate-related variables, such as humidity, were then changes in GHG concentrations (Randall and others, 2007; U.S. derived from temperature and precipitation. Therefore, the Climate Change Science Program (CCSP), 2008). The GCMs discussion of potential climate change focuses on temperature subdivide the world into volumetric pixels (voxels) representing and precipitation variables. the layers of the atmosphere, land, and ocean at regularly spaced Climate and weather input data were required in locations. The GCM outputs may include hourly, daily, and order to model both wildland fires (chapters 3 and 8) and monthly estimates of temperature, precipitation, air pressure, biogeochemical processes of carbon and GHG fluxes (chapters 5 wind, cloud cover, soil moisture, snow, humidity, or short- and and 9); however, two sources of downscaled climate and long‑wave fluxes of solar radiation. According to McAvaney and weather data were used for the same GCMs because of the others (2001), projected surface-air temperatures generally
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ecoregions of New England Forested Land Cover, Nutrient-Poor Frigid and Cryic Soils (Mostly Spodosols), and Numerous High-Gradient Streams and Glacial Lakes
    58. Northeastern Highlands The Northeastern Highlands ecoregion covers most of the northern and mountainous parts of New England as well as the Adirondacks in New York. It is a relatively sparsely populated region compared to adjacent regions, and is characterized by hills and mountains, a mostly Ecoregions of New England forested land cover, nutrient-poor frigid and cryic soils (mostly Spodosols), and numerous high-gradient streams and glacial lakes. Forest vegetation is somewhat transitional between the boreal regions to the north in Canada and the broadleaf deciduous forests to the south. Typical forest types include northern hardwoods (maple-beech-birch), northern hardwoods/spruce, and northeastern spruce-fir forests. Recreation, tourism, and forestry are primary land uses. Farm-to-forest conversion began in the 19th century and continues today. In spite of this trend, Ecoregions denote areas of general similarity in ecosystems and in the type, quality, and 5 level III ecoregions and 40 level IV ecoregions in the New England states and many Commission for Environmental Cooperation Working Group, 1997, Ecological regions of North America – toward a common perspective: Montreal, Commission for Environmental Cooperation, 71 p. alluvial valleys, glacial lake basins, and areas of limestone-derived soils are still farmed for dairy products, forage crops, apples, and potatoes. In addition to the timber industry, recreational homes and associated lodging and services sustain the forested regions economically, but quantity of environmental resources; they are designed to serve as a spatial framework for continue into ecologically similar parts of adjacent states or provinces. they also create development pressure that threatens to change the pastoral character of the region.
    [Show full text]
  • Top Reasons to Choose Portland, Maine
    Top Reasons to Choose Portland, Maine Portland Named One of America’s Most Learned Cities Back-to-School Report gives high ranks for Portland’s educated residents PORTLAND, Maine – This month, CardHub released its Back-to-School Report, which identifies cities and states with the best learning environments for children. The report listed Portland, Maine as one of twenty cities in the country that had the most highly educated citizens. With more than seventeen percent of its residents aged eighteen to twenty-four having earned a Bachelor’s Degree, Graduate or Professional Degree, Portland ranked third in the country as most learned with Charlottesville, Virginia and Madison, Wisconsin topping the list. The report identified a highly educated population as an important consideration for parents looking to raise their children in communities that will support their academic growth. “Our highly educated citizenry has been a key component for our continued economic and educational success,” remarked City of Portland Mayor Michael Brennan. “Our educated workforce attracts businesses, fosters the entrepreneurial spirit and perhaps most importantly, provides words of wisdom as well as educational and professional opportunity to the next generation. Today’s report highlights the fact that Portland’s quality of life, cultural opportunities and professional atmosphere serve as a magnet attracting people and economic opportunity to the city.” CardHub used information from the U.S. Census Bureau, the National Center for Education Statistics, the Institute for Museum and Library Services, NeighborhoodScout.com, AmericasPromise.org, K12.com, and US News to compile its report. CardHub is a credit card comparison website. - September 4, 2013 For more information about the report, visit http://www.cardhub.com/edu/back-to-school- rankings/#most-learned Techie.com Lists Portland, Maine as One of its 10 Most Unexpected Cities for High-Tech Innovation Techie.com lists Portland, Maine as one of its ten most unexpected cities for high-tech innovation.
    [Show full text]
  • Number of Living Species in Australia and the World
    Numbers of Living Species in Australia and the World 2nd edition Arthur D. Chapman Australian Biodiversity Information Services australia’s nature Toowoomba, Australia there is more still to be discovered… Report for the Australian Biological Resources Study Canberra, Australia September 2009 CONTENTS Foreword 1 Insecta (insects) 23 Plants 43 Viruses 59 Arachnida Magnoliophyta (flowering plants) 43 Protoctista (mainly Introduction 2 (spiders, scorpions, etc) 26 Gymnosperms (Coniferophyta, Protozoa—others included Executive Summary 6 Pycnogonida (sea spiders) 28 Cycadophyta, Gnetophyta under fungi, algae, Myriapoda and Ginkgophyta) 45 Chromista, etc) 60 Detailed discussion by Group 12 (millipedes, centipedes) 29 Ferns and Allies 46 Chordates 13 Acknowledgements 63 Crustacea (crabs, lobsters, etc) 31 Bryophyta Mammalia (mammals) 13 Onychophora (velvet worms) 32 (mosses, liverworts, hornworts) 47 References 66 Aves (birds) 14 Hexapoda (proturans, springtails) 33 Plant Algae (including green Reptilia (reptiles) 15 Mollusca (molluscs, shellfish) 34 algae, red algae, glaucophytes) 49 Amphibia (frogs, etc) 16 Annelida (segmented worms) 35 Fungi 51 Pisces (fishes including Nematoda Fungi (excluding taxa Chondrichthyes and (nematodes, roundworms) 36 treated under Chromista Osteichthyes) 17 and Protoctista) 51 Acanthocephala Agnatha (hagfish, (thorny-headed worms) 37 Lichen-forming fungi 53 lampreys, slime eels) 18 Platyhelminthes (flat worms) 38 Others 54 Cephalochordata (lancelets) 19 Cnidaria (jellyfish, Prokaryota (Bacteria Tunicata or Urochordata sea anenomes, corals) 39 [Monera] of previous report) 54 (sea squirts, doliolids, salps) 20 Porifera (sponges) 40 Cyanophyta (Cyanobacteria) 55 Invertebrates 21 Other Invertebrates 41 Chromista (including some Hemichordata (hemichordates) 21 species previously included Echinodermata (starfish, under either algae or fungi) 56 sea cucumbers, etc) 22 FOREWORD In Australia and around the world, biodiversity is under huge Harnessing core science and knowledge bases, like and growing pressure.
    [Show full text]
  • Countries and Continents of the World: a Visual Model
    Countries and Continents of the World http://geology.com/world/world-map-clickable.gif By STF Members at The Crossroads School Africa Second largest continent on earth (30,065,000 Sq. Km) Most countries of any other continent Home to The Sahara, the largest desert in the world and The Nile, the longest river in the world The Sahara: covers 4,619,260 km2 The Nile: 6695 kilometers long There are over 1000 languages spoken in Africa http://www.ecdc-cari.org/countries/Africa_Map.gif North America Third largest continent on earth (24,256,000 Sq. Km) Composed of 23 countries Most North Americans speak French, Spanish, and English Only continent that has every kind of climate http://www.freeusandworldmaps.com/html/WorldRegions/WorldRegions.html Asia Largest continent in size and population (44,579,000 Sq. Km) Contains 47 countries Contains the world’s largest country, Russia, and the most populous country, China The Great Wall of China is the only man made structure that can be seen from space Home to Mt. Everest (on the border of Tibet and Nepal), the highest point on earth Mt. Everest is 29,028 ft. (8,848 m) tall http://craigwsmall.wordpress.com/2008/11/10/asia/ Europe Second smallest continent in the world (9,938,000 Sq. Km) Home to the smallest country (Vatican City State) There are no deserts in Europe Contains mineral resources: coal, petroleum, natural gas, copper, lead, and tin http://www.knowledgerush.com/wiki_image/b/bf/Europe-large.png Oceania/Australia Smallest continent on earth (7,687,000 Sq.
    [Show full text]
  • The Constitution of the United States [PDF]
    THE CONSTITUTION oftheUnitedStates NATIONAL CONSTITUTION CENTER We the People of the United States, in Order to form a within three Years after the fi rst Meeting of the Congress more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic of the United States, and within every subsequent Term of Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote ten Years, in such Manner as they shall by Law direct. The the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one Constitution for the United States of America. Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode-Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut fi ve, New-York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland Article.I. six, Virginia ten, North Carolina fi ve, South Carolina fi ve, and Georgia three. SECTION. 1. When vacancies happen in the Representation from any All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Sen- Election to fi ll such Vacancies. ate and House of Representatives. The House of Representatives shall chuse their SECTION. 2. Speaker and other Offi cers; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment. The House of Representatives shall be composed of Mem- bers chosen every second Year by the People of the several SECTION.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparison of the Constitutions of Australia and the United States
    Buffalo Law Review Volume 4 Number 2 Article 2 1-1-1955 A Comparison of the Constitutions of Australia and the United States Zelman Cowan Harvard Law School Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.buffalo.edu/buffalolawreview Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, and the Constitutional Law Commons Recommended Citation Zelman Cowan, A Comparison of the Constitutions of Australia and the United States, 4 Buff. L. Rev. 155 (1955). Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.buffalo.edu/buffalolawreview/vol4/iss2/2 This Leading Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at Digital Commons @ University at Buffalo School of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Buffalo Law Review by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ University at Buffalo School of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A COMPARISON OF THE CONSTITUTIONS OF AUSTRALIA AND THE UNITED STATES * ZELMAN COWAN** The Commonwealth of Australia celebrated its fiftieth birth- day only three years ago. It came into existence in January 1901 under the terms of the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act, which was a statute of the United Kingdom Parliament. Its origin in a 1 British Act of Parliament did not mean that the driving force for the establishment of the federation came from outside Australia. During the last decade of the nineteenth cen- tury, there had been considerable activity in Australia in support of the federal movement. A national convention met at Sydney in 1891 and approved a draft constitution. After a lapse of some years, another convention met in 1897-8, successively in Adelaide, Sydney and Melbourne.
    [Show full text]
  • Learn About the United States Quick Civics Lessons for the Naturalization Test
    Learn About the United States Quick Civics Lessons for the Naturalization Test M-638 (rev. 02/19) Learn About the United States: Quick Civics Lessons Thank you for your interest in becoming a citizen of the United States of America. Your decision to apply for IMPORTANT NOTE: On the naturalization test, some U.S. citizenship is a very meaningful demonstration of answers may change because of elections or appointments. your commitment to this country. As you study for the test, make sure that you know the As you prepare for U.S. citizenship, Learn About the United most current answers to these questions. Answer these States: Quick Civics Lessons will help you study for the civics questions with the name of the official who is serving and English portions of the naturalization interview. at the time of your eligibility interview with USCIS. The USCIS Officer will not accept an incorrect answer. There are 100 civics (history and government) questions on the naturalization test. During your naturalization interview, you will be asked up to 10 questions from the list of 100 questions. You must answer correctly 6 of the 10 questions to pass the civics test. More Resources to Help You Study Applicants who are age 65 or older and have been a permanent resident for at least 20 years at the time of Visit the USCIS Citizenship Resource Center at filing the Form N-400, Application for Naturalization, uscis.gov/citizenship to find additional educational are only required to study 20 of the 100 civics test materials. Be sure to look for these helpful study questions for the naturalization test.
    [Show full text]
  • Find Alaska Info!
    Find Alaska Info! Dear Student: Thank you for writing to request information about Alaska. This fl yer contains some interesting information about our great state. Alaska became the 49th state in 1959, right before Hawaii became the 50th state that same year. Many of Alaska’s 722,200 people live in modern cities, and many live in small remote villages where their families have lived for thousands of years. The population of Anchorage, Alaska’s largest city, is 296,000. Juneau (population 32,300) is the State Capital.. We also have a website where you can learn more about Alaska’s history, cultures, geography, animals, and more: http://alaska.gov/kids/ Here are other helpful websites: • For information about visiting Alaska, visit www.travelalaska.com • You can also visit the Alaska State Library on-line at www.lam.alaska.gov • Looking for wildlife info? Go to http://www.wildlife.alaska.gov • Want to know more about Alaska’s Forest and Park Lands? visit www.alaskacenters.gov Did you know? If you place Alaska, with all of its islands, on top of the “continental” United States, it spans from the Great Lakes to Texas, and from Florida to California. At 591,000 square miles, Alaska is larger than Texas, California, and Montana combined. The coastline of Alaska is longer than the coastline of the continental United States. Of Alaska’s 3 million lakes, the largest (Lake Iliamna) is the size of Connecticut. Alaska’s mainland is only 51 miles away from Russia. Alaska has 17 of the 20 highest mountains in North America (Denali is the highest at 20,320 feet).
    [Show full text]
  • State Abbreviations
    State Abbreviations Postal Abbreviations for States/Territories On July 1, 1963, the Post Office Department introduced the five-digit ZIP Code. At the time, 10/1963– 1831 1874 1943 6/1963 present most addressing equipment could accommodate only 23 characters (including spaces) in the Alabama Al. Ala. Ala. ALA AL Alaska -- Alaska Alaska ALSK AK bottom line of the address. To make room for Arizona -- Ariz. Ariz. ARIZ AZ the ZIP Code, state names needed to be Arkansas Ar. T. Ark. Ark. ARK AR abbreviated. The Department provided an initial California -- Cal. Calif. CALIF CA list of abbreviations in June 1963, but many had Colorado -- Colo. Colo. COL CO three or four letters, which was still too long. In Connecticut Ct. Conn. Conn. CONN CT Delaware De. Del. Del. DEL DE October 1963, the Department settled on the District of D. C. D. C. D. C. DC DC current two-letter abbreviations. Since that time, Columbia only one change has been made: in 1969, at the Florida Fl. T. Fla. Fla. FLA FL request of the Canadian postal administration, Georgia Ga. Ga. Ga. GA GA Hawaii -- -- Hawaii HAW HI the abbreviation for Nebraska, originally NB, Idaho -- Idaho Idaho IDA ID was changed to NE, to avoid confusion with Illinois Il. Ill. Ill. ILL IL New Brunswick in Canada. Indiana Ia. Ind. Ind. IND IN Iowa -- Iowa Iowa IOWA IA Kansas -- Kans. Kans. KANS KS A list of state abbreviations since 1831 is Kentucky Ky. Ky. Ky. KY KY provided at right. A more complete list of current Louisiana La. La.
    [Show full text]
  • Fitting in Or Falling Out? Australia's Place in the Asia-Pacific Regional
    FITTING IN OR FALLING OUT? AUSTRALIA’S PLACE IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGIONAL ECONOMY Mark Beeson alliance.ussc.edu.au October 2012 US STUDIES CENTRE | ALLIANCE 21 FITTING IN OR FALLING OUT? AUSTRALIA’S PLACE IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGIONAL ECONOMY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ■■ At■the■centre■of■the■new■economic■and■political■realities■that■shape■the■Asia- Pacific■region■is■the■relationship■between■China■and■the■United■States,■Australia’s■ The Alliance 21 Program is a multi-year research initiative respective■principal■trade■partner■and■long-standing■security■guarantor. that examines the historically strong Australia-United ■■ Australia■needs■to■adapt■to■new■market■forces■in■the■international■ States relationship and works to address the challenges economy■in■order■to■escape■the■resource■curse. and opportunities ahead as the alliance evolves in a changing Asia. Based within the United States Studies ■ ■ Despite■the■changing■dynamics■of■the■region■and■the■potential■rivalries■that■may■ Centre at the University of Sydney, the program was exist,■Australia■must■ensure■its■national■interests■continue■to■be■advanced. launched by the Australian Prime Minister in 2011 as a public-private partnership to develop new insights and policy ideas. Australia is caught between two worlds. On one hand, it has the opportunity to take advantage of Asia’s rise and intergrate with Asian economies in order to guarantee its inclusion in the region’s rapid growth. On the other The Australian Government and corporate partners Boral, hand, it faces a series of challenges. Asian economies are developing with great speed and promise. Adapting Dow, News Corp Australia, and Northrop Grumman to changing market complementarity and escaping the resource-curse will be crucial to Australia ‘fitting in’.
    [Show full text]
  • Travel Trends in New England and the Northeast United States: Updating Post 9-11 Trends
    TRAVEL TRENDS IN NEW ENGLAND AND THE NORTHEAST UNITED STATES: UPDATING POST 9-11 TRENDS Rodney B. Warnick, Ph.D. vacation travel trends. Selected travel variables and Professor recreational/sport activities associated with travel are 107 Flint Lab, Department of Hospitality and Tourism examined across destination subregions within New Management England – Northern New England and Southern New 90 Campus Center Way England – to determine if travel to these subregions is University of Massachusetts at Amherst similar or not, and how the markets have changed. Amherst, MA 01003-9247 2.0 REVIEW OF Literature In previous studies (Kelly and Warnick, 1999; Abstract.—This paper examines the travel market Warnick, 2002, 2004, 2006), the major data sets trends in New England after September 11, 2001 (9- employed to examine trends over time were either 11). Comparisons of travel to New England are also Simmons Market Research Bureau’s Study of Media made with overall national domestic travel trends and Markets or Standard Rate and Data Service’s and vacation travel trends. The primary purpose is to (SRDS) Lifestyle Market Analyst. Each data set had examine the markets that travel to both the Northeast it limitations. The Simmons data sets often were not 1 United States and New England regions to determine current and data were difficult to extract although if and when the markets had rebounded since 9-11. the data has become available in CD format in recent Subregions of New England are also examined. years and does allow queries and data analysis customization. The SRDS data was available in tabular form and did not allow one to break down the data 1.0 BACKGROUND AND beyond the presentation tables but was perhaps the INTRODUCTION most current and was available on a yearly basis by The overall purpose of this paper is to re-examine and major metro areas or designated market areas (DMAs) update trends in travel and tourism activity markets by (SRDS, 1995-2007).
    [Show full text]
  • Adaptation of Arab Immigrants to Australia: Psychological, Social' Cultural and Educational Aspects
    ,l q o") 'no ADAPTATION OF ARAB IMMIGRANTS TO AUSTRALIA: PSYCHOLOGICAL, SOCIAL' CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL ASPECTS Nina Maadad,8.4., Dip. Ed., MBd. Studies Research Portfolio submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Bducation in the University of Adelaide, March 2007. ADDENDUM Table B (cont) Eclucational and Occupational Background of Respondents page 45b. ERRATA Page Line AMENDMENT 7 11 delete etc 10 13 l¡r should be lts 26 5 from that shouldbe thctn bottom 34 I4 group should be groups 53 6 from Add century afÍer nineteenth bottom 4 I Tuttisia should be Cairo 8 2 Insefi (Robinson, 1996) 19 1 Delete is and insert has an 2 Delete a 26 4 Delete of 28 2from Delete to the extent and delete lr bottom 70 9 suit case should be suitcase 98 4 there nationality should be their nationality 110 t7 ¿v¿r should be every t20 16 other shouldbe others 160 l7 than shouldbe then 161 t7 Arabian should be Arab r70 4 Arabian should be Arabic 1 9 1 4 from convent should be convert bottom 230 1 Abdullah, S. should be Saeed, A. 234 6 from Taric shouldbe Tarigh bottom TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract lv Declaration vt Äcknowledgements vll Dedication lx INTRODUCTION TO PORTFOLIO Introduction 2 Støtement of the Problem 4 Arabian Cultural Background 7 Arøbían Core Values 7 Islnm ínthe Arab World t4 Hístory of Druze Sect 22 Educatíon ìn the Arab World 26 Muslíms ín Australía 30 Druze ìn Australia 32 Theoretical Framework and Research Method Theoríes of ImmigraÍíon ønd Interactíon 33 Assumptions 38 Research MethodologY 38 S ele ctíon of
    [Show full text]