BORDER SECURITY REPORT VOLUME 17 For the world’s border protection, management and security industry NOVEMBER / DECEMBER 2019 policy-makers and practitioners COVER STORY Lessons from Algeria on foreign terrorist fighters

SPECIAL REPORT AGENCY NEWS SHORT REPORT INDUSTRY NEWS

Navigating borderlands in A global review of the World Migration Report 2020 Latest news, views and the Sahel Border security latest news and challenges Launched p.4 innovations from the governance and mixed from border agencies and industry. p.36 migration p.14 agencies at the border. p.18 2 COMMENT

contacts Johnson Wins! What does this mean for European border security? Editorial: Tony Kingham Boris Johnson’s emphatic election win that can be said to be one of the main E: [email protected] means that he will now almost certainly catalysts of Brexit in the first place. get the Brexit withdrawal agreement Assistant Editor: The rapid expansion of Frontex to passed through the UK parliament Neil Walker operationally support member states by the 31st January, and the UK will E: [email protected] struggling with irregular migration is an formally leave the European Union (EU). expedient forced upon a reluctant EU Design, Marketing & Production: Of course, once the agreement is by the migrant crisis. Neil Walker approved, , then starts the twelve- E: [email protected] But changing times require changing month transition period when nothing attitudes and actions, and it may be much changes whilst the equally Subscriptions: time for a properly EU funded agency painful process of negotiating a trade Tony Kingham to take on full responsibility for all the deal gets done. E: [email protected] EU’s external borders, land, sea and air But where does this leave European and an FBI style role for Europol. Border Security Report is a bi-monthly security? electronic magazine and is the border Of course, that’s not going happen for management industry magazine With the UK leaving the EU and their the foreseeable future. But one day! delivering agency and industry news and security relationship is undecided, developments, as well as more in-depth the EU has some hard decisions to features and analysis to over 20,000 make regarding its future security Tony Kingham border agencies, agencies at the borders arrangements. Editor and industry professionals, policymakers Now it is highly likely that pragmatism and practitioners, worldwide. will win the day and the future UK/EU security deal won’t be too dissimilar to current arrangements. But nothing in this process can be taken for granted! After all, it was the concerns over the free movement of people and insecure Copyright of KNM Media and Torch internal and external European borders Marketing.

READ THE FULL VERSION The digital version of Border Security Report contains all the additional articles and news listed in the contents page below. The full digital version is available for download at www.border-security-report.com/BSR

Border Security Report | November/December 2019 CONTENTS 3 CONTENTS BORDER SECURITY REPORT 4 World Migration Report 2020 Launched

Launched at the 2019 IOM Council meeting by IOM Director General, António Vitorino, the latest edition of its flagship publication. 5 Lessons from Algeria on foreign terrorist fighters

States must take responsibility for removing their nationals from conflicts raging in the Sahel.

»»p.5 8 AGENCY REPORTS

Latest news and reports reports from key agencies INTERPOL, OSCE, EUROPOL and the IOM. 14 Navigating borderlands in the Sahel Border security governance and mixed migration in Liptako-Gourma

Introduction to a research report published by the Mixed Migration Centre. 18 AGENCY NEWS

»»p.14 »»p.18 A global review of the latest news, views, stories, challenges and issues from border agencies and agencies at the border. 22 Passive Terahertz Technology Enables International Customs Agencies to Fill a Critical Gap in Border Security

Thruvision has over 250 passive terahertz people screening units in operational service around the world and shares its experiences. 28 World Border Security Congress

A look at the annual international border security gathering being hosted in Athens, Greece on March 31st-2nd April 2020. »»p.22 36 industry news

Latest news, views and innovations from the industry.

Border Security Report | November/December 2019 4 SHORT REPORT

World Migration Report 2020 Launched

In a global media at risk, and most likely result in the forced relocation of environment highly our people, and the loss of our homeland.” interested in the issue German Ambassador Michael von Ungern-Sternberg of migration, the need pointed out that migration has become an intensely for verified, evidence- debated issue in societies around the globe. based analysis on this defining issue of “This is a good development. However, we have to face our time has never the risk of undue politization and misrepresentation of been more urgent. facts,” he said. “The World Migration Report will contribute As the UN-related agency responsible for migration, it to a constructive discussion of this highly sensitive has long been IOM’s imperative to promote a balanced issue and lay the ground for much needed international understanding of migration across the world. cooperation”. Launched at the 2019 IOM Council meeting by IOM The report builds on the critical success of WMR 2018, Director General, António Vitorino, the latest edition of with various chapters written in collaboration between its flagship publication, the World Migration Report 2020 IOM experts, migration practitioners and some of the (WMR 2020), continues the organization’s commitment to leading migration researchers in the world. providing information on migration that is well-researched, Marie McAuliffe, co-editor of the WMR 2020, stressed the rigorous and accessible. significance of partnerships. “IOM has an obligation to demystify the complexity and “To capture the latest evidence on migration, the diversity of human mobility,” Director General Vitorino told thematic chapters are authored by some of the leading representatives of IOM’s member states. researchers in the field, and the report was co-edited with “As this report shows, we have a continuously growing the distinguished scholar, Professor Binod Khadria, of and improving body of data and information that can help Jawaharlal Nehru University in India,” she said. us ‘make better sense’ of the basic features of migration “To ensure WMR 2020 provides a high-quality contribution in increasingly uncertain times,” he said. as a major reference report on migration, the draft report First published 20 years ago, this tenth edition in the was peer-reviewed by leading migration academics and World Migration Report series provides the latest data IOM thematic specialists prior to finalization.” and information on migration as well as analysis of The WMR 2020 is the first to be published in a digital- complex and emerging migration issues. WMR 2018 was only format, a measure taken in recognition of the need downloaded over 400,000 times. for environmentally sustainable material in both process Topics covered in the report include human mobility and and content. Readers from around the world, including environmental change, migrants’ contributions in an era of policymakers, academics, migration practitioners, disinformation, children and unsafe migration, migration journalists, students and the general public, will be able to and health (among others), which are not only timely, but download the publication for free in English and Spanish, are also highly relevant for both specialist and general while work on other translations continues. audiences. As migration continues to be an issue of heightened Ambassador Doreen Debrum, Permanent Representative interest, the WMR 2020 is key to meeting the growing to the United Nations in Geneva of the Republic of demand for evidence-based, high-quality research on this the Marshall Islands, who also spoke at the launch, issue, while also helping to debunk the ‘fake news’ and welcomed the report, stressing that “the Republic of the misinformation designed to influence public and political Marshall Islands is now at the brink. Each scientific report discourse. brings home a more profound and serious exposé of the Download Report at https://publications.iom.int/books/ imminent risks, threats and dangers posed by climate world-migration-report-2020 change; this would put the entire Marshallese population

Border Security Report | November/December 2019 SPECIAL REPORT 5

Lessons from Algeria on foreign terrorist fighters

States must take responsibility for Over the past two and a half years, from those three countries, with removing their nationals from conflicts Algeria has convinced many of many fighting close to their homes. raging in the Sahel. its citizens fighting in the Sahel However, a small cadre of foreign to surrender. While this alone fighters linked to al-Qaeda or Dr Matthew Herbert, Senior Research Consultant, ISS. won’t end the region’s conflicts, Islamic State are also present. In The article was first published by ISS for peacebuilding to succeed the the wake of Islamic State’s losses Today. presence of foreign fighters must in Syria, there are fears these For more go to: https://issafrica.org/ be addressed. Algeria’s programme numbers in the Sahel will grow. iss-today. shows a way of doing so. Algerians in particular stand out for The security situation in the Sahel their involvement in the Sahelian is getting worse, as a network of conflicts. Their presence poses a conflicts driven by terrorist groups, security challenge for Algeria, and insurgents and local militias has led the government to institute spreads across Mali, Burkina Faso a programme to demobilise Algerian and Niger. Most combatants are terrorists in the Sahel. Since 2017

Border Security Report | November/December 2019 6 SPECIAL REPORT

2016. Forty-one out of the 156 became involved with terrorist groups in 2012 alone. This suggests that most Algerians fighting in the Sahel are not long-time militants who were driven from their country into the Sahel. Instead they were new fighters pulled into the Sahelian conflict in the wake of 2011. Even terrorists with significant experience are susceptible to appeals to demobilise This timing partly reflects the conflict dynamics in northern Mali, which accelerated during these years, and the strong social close to 200 Algerians, mainly within Algeria. and ethnic connections between active in Mali, have surrendered. southern Algeria and Mali that While much about the Algerian helped mobilise some Algerian In exchange for surrendering, programme is opaque, the Algerian fighters. However the arrest of 11 Algerian fighters are granted military has released some young men in north-western Algeria immunity from prosecution. Algeria information on 156 terrorists who in November for trying to join reportedly coordinates with Mali have surrendered in the south. Sahelian terrorist groups shows that and France to allow surrendering This includes names and assumed the attraction of fighting in the Sahel terrorists to move unmolested to names, and the years they joined isn’t restricted to Algeria’s south. rendezvous points in Algeria’s terror groups. Similar information southern provinces. exists on terrorists who were killed, Rather there is continued captured or who surrendered susceptibility of some young Algerians in particular stand in Algeria’s north. This data Algerians to terrorist recruitment. out for their involvement in the underscores several salient points. Eschewing fighting within the Sahelian conflicts country, or – as many Tunisians did First, there is a divide between Algeria’s approach to foreign – heading to Syria, most Algerian ageing terrorists in Algeria and far fighters in the Sahel is part of a foreign fighters have headed south. younger and more vibrant Algerian reconciliation strategy towards fighters in the Sahel. More than The second key trend is that even terrorists dating back to the half of terrorists killed or captured terrorists with significant experience country’s 1990s civil war. This in northern Algeria for whom data are open to appeals to demobilise. practical approach to deflating the is available became involved in Most of the demobilised fighters power of terror groups achieved terrorism during the 1990s. Only 16 became involved with terrorist significant success in the 1990s and joined terrorist groups this decade. groups between 2012 and 2016, 2000s, leading tens of thousands while few had joined before 2011 of combatants to demobilise and Among those Algeria has or after 2017. Organisational reintegrate into society. While demobilised from the Sahel, the disenchantment or exhaustion operationally effective, the strategy trend differs significantly. Eighty among more experienced fighters was and remains socially divisive percent joined between 2011 and

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could have led them to accept the opportunity to demobilise. Third, Algeria’s programme has had a practical impact on the ground, though not enough to significantly alter the overall dynamics of Sahelien conflicts. Héni Nsaibia, founder of Menastream, notes that demobilising Algerian foreign fighters has weakened the al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb unit in north- western Mali, near Timbuktu. It has also impacted the Islamic State- linked Katiba Salaheddine in Mali, combatants in the Sahel, they are whose leader and associates part of the conflict ecosystem. surrendered in 2018. Efforts to build peace through negotiation with local militants or The demobilisation programme’s tackling underlying conflict drivers impact on the combat capacity of won’t fully end the conflicts as long terrorist groups is significant as fighters remain organised and Even as terrorist groups hosting armed. foreign fighting units have been The challenge for Sahelien weakened, inter-communal conflict governments and the international and locally recruited militant groups community is how to address these have surged. This has obscured the combatants. Strategies focused Algerian programme’s impact. on tracking and eliminating them Finally, the demobilisation – such as those of France and the programme’s impact on combat United States – aren’t enough. capacity of groups with many Ways to deal with the challenge of Algerian fighters is probably more foreign fighters must be thought significant than its numbers imply. out and implemented as part of Algerians are over-represented in an overall peacebuilding strategy. the leadership of some Sahelien Algeria’s demobilisation efforts terrorist groups. The surrender should be more closely studied by of commanders can disrupt other states whose nationals have the capacity and unity of terror joined terrorist groups in the Sahel. groups. Even non-leaders who By removing their nationals from have surrendered are experienced the battlefield, these states can help fighters with significant operational reduce the duration and intensity of and institutional knowledge that’s the conflicts raging in the region. difficult to replace. While foreign fighters do not constitute the majority of

Border Security Report | November/December 2019 8 EUROPOL REPORT

Crime Group Suspected of Smuggling Nuclear Materials Arrested Austrian law enforcement together with the General attempted to sell nuclear container which allegedly Police Inspectorate of The Republic of Moldova (National contained radiological material to an army for €3 million. Investigative Inspectorate) coordinated and supported by During the comprehensive operation three individuals Europol, have jointly investigated and arrested a criminal were arrested in Vienna, Austria, two of them had criminal organised crime group suspected of smuggling nuclear records, and one of them had been already convicted for a materials. similar crime in the past.. The cooperation, that included transnational investigative measures, targeted a group of criminals when they

3800 Money Mules Identified in Global Action Against Money Laundering place between September – November 2019, resulting in the identification of 3833 money mules alongside 386 money mule recruiters, of which 228 were arrested. 1025 criminal investigations were open, many of them are still ongoing. More than 650 banks, 17 bank associations and other financial institutions helped to report 7520 fraudulent money mule transactions, preventing a total loss of €12.9 million. This year, law enforcement, judicial and financial authorities from Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Law enforcement authorities from 31 countries, supported Estonia, Finland, Greece, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, by Europol, Eurojust and the European Banking Federation Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, (EBF), have stepped up their efforts to crack down on Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, money mule schemes that rope in victims often unaware Australia, Moldova, Norway, Switzerland, the United that the money they are sending is part of an elaborated Kingdom, the United States and Ukraine participated in this money laundering scheme. international swoop. The fifth European Money Mule Action (EMMA 5) took

Multi-Agency Meeting Targeting Illicit Cigarette Production (FIOD), Belgium (Customs), Sweden (Customs), and Spain (Guardia Civil). The meeting targeted an international organised crime group engaged in illicit cigarette production, drug and cigarette smuggling and money laundering. Following the operational meeting an action day was carried out on 25 November, during which the Belgium Customs raided an illegal cigarette factory in Lanaken, Belgium. Eight arrests were made and a complete production line was seized, preventing it from being packed and moved to another location.

Europol’s AP Smoke organised an operational meeting at Europol’s headquarters in The Hague. This multi-agency meeting was attended by authorities from the Netherlands

Border Security Report | November/December 2019 INTERPOL REPORT 9

INTERPOL and OSCE discuss ways to strengthen cooperation in countering transnational threats

focused on the long-standing cooperation between the OSCE and INTERPOL and was attended by high-level representatives of the two organizations. Participants discussed the current threat spectrum and ways to mitigate risks and combat any challenges faced by members of INTERPOL and OSCE participating States. They also exchanged views on how to counter the ever-evolving nature of transnational threats - such as terrorism, organized crime and human trafficking - by amplifying the strength and effectiveness of their actions, from policy to practice. The threats posed by terrorism-related activities remain a crucial issue for the international community as a whole and A high-level side event on “Border Security and Counter- for the OSCE region in particular.. Terrorism” was held today on the margins of the OSCE Ministerial Council in Bratislava. The panel discussion

A multi-sector approach to tackling wildlife crime

The meeting looked at how wildlife crime can implicate industries beyond those which focus on the environment, such as illegal trade via air, land and sea transport systems or the illicit sale of animals and wildlife products online. For the first time, representatives of these sectors were invited to offer their perspectives and build relationships with law enforcement. Highlighting the challenges of fighting wildlife crime, INTERPOL’s Assistant Director of Illicit Markets Daoming Zhang said: “We see animals and their parts trafficked using ships and airplanes, sold online via the Darknet and the illicit profits unknowingly passed through financial institutions.

Wildlife crime is a global concern, and these illicit activities “It is clear that the only way to truly eradicate these crimes can encompass many sectors and industries. and protect the world’s wildlife is through a united effort bringing together all stakeholders to develop multi-sector The consequences of wildlife crime are equally far-reaching, solutions,” he concluded. not only affecting the environment but also economies, communities and societies. Such multi-sector challenges require a multi-sector solution. During the 30th meeting of the INTERPOL Wildlife Crime Working Group, some 160 participants from police, government agencies, international organizations, the transport and financial sectors, academia and social media companies gathered to review the latest environmental threats, trafficking trends and challenges to tackling the criminal networks behind such crime.

Border Security Report | November/December 2019 10 OSCE REPORT

Monaco Minister of Foreign Affairs, OSCE Secretary General sign agreement on project Combating Human Trafficking along Mediterranean Migration Routes Minister of Foreign Affairs and Co-operation of the officers to prosecutors, labour inspectors, social services Principality of Monaco Laurent Anselmi and OSCE providers and civil society among others. Secretary General Thomas Greminger signed an “The methodology used in these simulation-based agreement on Monaco’s support for the OSCE project trainings is innovative and effective”, said Greminger. “Combating Human Trafficking along Mediterranean “Practitioners from different stakeholder groups not only Migration Routes”. have a unique opportunity to practice and master skills Throughout the seven simulation-based trainings, in a safe learning environment and a live-action setting, the OSCE has successfully trained 529 anti-trafficking receive immediate feedback from other professionals, practitioners from fifty-five participating States and 7 but the training also gives them the opportunity to Partners for Co-operation, ranging from law enforcement develop real-life closer collaboration among themselves.” Impact of OSCE projects aimed at non-proliferation of small arms and light weapons

A high-level side event on the margins of the OSCE SCA projects already implemented or in the process of Ministerial Council in Bratislava focused on how practical implementation. assistance projects can help achieve a comprehensive The participants discussed challenges and concerns approach in preventing the uncontrolled spread of related to excessive and destabilizing accumulation, illicit small arms and light weapons (SALW) and stockpiles trafficking and uncontrolled spread of SALW and SCA. of conventional ammunition (SCA). The discussion was They also shared success stories on how the organization’s organized by the OSCE Conflict Prevention Centre and work in this area contributes to wider efforts in supporting supported by Germany. arms control and disarmament, combatting terrorism In the past fifteen years, the OSCE has achieved a and organized crime, border security, and addressing remarkable track record, with a total of over 110 SALW/ environmental threats. OSCE trains Tajik officials from Drug Control Agency on methods of investigating drug trafficking crimes on Internet

The aim of the course was to build the capacity of law enforcement agencies of Tajikistan in combating transnational organized crime, including the fight against illicit drug trafficking, psychotropic substances and their precursors. It used interactive methods and practical examples that showed participants methods of how cell phones and personal computers are used in drug-related crimes.

Some 22 officials from the Drug Control Agency under the President of the Republic of Tajikistan and other law enforcement agencies of Tajikistan attended the course, which was conducted by experts from the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation.

Border Security Report | November/December 2019 IOM REPORT 11

UN Migration Chief Appeals for Solidarity and Support to Ease Migration Pressures in Greece

DG Vitorino welcomed the government’s policy initiative to protect and assist unaccompanied migrant children and efforts to ease overcrowding on the islands. Here, he offered IOM’s steady support to the Greek government through the continued provision of humanitarian services to migrants and refugees in need, the movement of vulnerable people from the islands and their accommodation on the mainland. “The transfer of migrants and refugees from overcrowded, very poor conditions on the islands to the Greek mainland is a humane and practical demonstration of solidarity within Greece itself,” Vitorino said following the meeting. The IOM Director General António Vitorino said in Athens that the significant migration pressures facing Greece should “Likewise, Greece needs continued solidarity and support from be met with greater political and practical support from the fellow EU member states to share the responsibility and to European Union (EU). buffer against any future shocks,” he continued..

IOM Launches Return and Reintegration Platform

The platform is intended to share knowledge, expertise and lessons learnt among practitioners in host, transit and origin countries. Through this unique community of practice, users will be able to take part in online discussions with peers through thematic groups, attend online courses and webinars, share resources and publications and showcase flagship initiatives. The platform will also act as a depository of knowledge, gathering relevant publications and resources on return and reintegration in one place.

The IOM with support from the European Union launched “Strengthening information sharing and disseminating the Return and Reintegration Platform, a global tool that knowledge and lessons learnt is key to promoting multi- aims at disseminating knowledge and good practices in stakeholder cooperation towards dignified return and the field of migrant return and reintegration. sustainable reintegration,” explained Renate Held, Director of Migration Management Department at IOM.

Fifty-eight Migrants Confirmed Dead After Boat from The Gambia Capsizes

At least 58 men, women and children are confirmed dead Laura Lungarotti says. after a vessel carrying an estimated 150 migrants sank as it approached the coast of Mauritania. Eighty-three others, including two women and at least 10 minors who managed to swim to shore are receiving medical assistance. The vessel left The Gambia bound for the Canary Islands when it ran low on fuel, IOM Mauritania Chief of Mission

Border Security Report | November/December 2019 12 AMERIPOL NEWS

Over 56kgs of Cocain Detected Inside Panels of Truck

The troops dependent on the 59th Santiago “Estero” Core Squadron, while carrying out controls on the intersection of National Route No. 157 and Provincial Route No. 11, stopped a Renault Duster Oroch vehicle, from from Salta to CABA, led by a man of Bolivian nationality. When requesting the documentation of the vehicle, the driver showed nervousness, contradicting his sayings, which motivated the suspicions of the gendarmes before a possible transfer of drugs. Immediately, the uniformed officer with the support of the narcotic canine detector “Jasy”, confirmed the existence of an illicit load, before the active reaction of the dog when passing through the National Gendarmerie, under the Ministry of National sector of the wheeled box. Security, confiscated 56 kilos 925 grams of cocaine that were transported hidden inside the box of a van. This Through the use of tools, Force personnel deepened the occurred in the town of Santiagueña de Frías, where the requisition by removing the plastic cover from the side driver was stopped. panels, finding 54 rectangular packages wrapped in ocher- colored packing tape.

Federal Police and Sedena Seize 235 Kilos of Methanphetamine in Mexico

of the Intelligence Division of the Federal Police, who in coordination with personnel of the Secretariat of National Defense, insured about 235 kilos of apparent methamphetamine, which represent a approximate cost of more than 66 million pesos. When carrying out inspection and surveillance work in the vicinity of La Rumorosa, Baja California, Mexico, federal forces noticed that the driver of a van evaded the safety filter, which was given scope to mark the stop. It carried various sacks with plastic containers that contained a granulated substance. In total 590 packages were found. The Ministry of Security and Citizen Protection recognizes the operational capabilities of the elements AMERIPOL/EU Host International Course on Global Terrorism

AMERIPOL and European Union held the First International Quito as the appropriate way to institutionalize AMERIPOL. Course on Crime Investigation related to Global Terrorism Pontel also commented on the importance of the - a project in conjunction with the Federal Police and the institution for the formation of joint investigation teams, International Advisory Office of the Ministry of Justice with the specific objective of combating transnational and Public Security. The training included police experts crime in the region. and prosecutors from Brazil, Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, The course covered topics such as the coordination of anti- Spain, Ecuador, Paraguay, Paraná, Peru, Dominican terrorist investigations, the general situation of jihadist Republic and the European Union. terrorism in Europe, the mechanisms for assessing the The Executive Secretary of MJSP, Luiz Pontel, referred to terrorist threat, the financing of this crime, the domain the signing of the Buenos Aires agreement in the city of extinction law and work on the triple border.

Border Security Report | November/December 2019 SHORT REPORT 13

ASEANAPOL Secretariat Host Inspector General of RMP and Commissioner of RBP Secretariat and its Directors, Officers and Staff of the Secretariat. The official visit commenced with the Executive Director expressing his gratitude and appreciation to both ASEANAPOL key persons, who had spared time of their busy schedule to visit the office of the Secretariat. The Executive Director then shared on the current ASEANAPOL activities and briefed on other matters to be reported at the 39th ASEANAPOL Conference. As the Host of the permanent ASEANAPOL Secretariat, Hon. Dato’ Seri Abdul Hamid bin Bador reiterated his pledge of full support to ASEANAPOL and encouraged the Secretariat The Honourable IG Dato’ Seri Abdul Hamid Bin Bador, the to enhance its role in ensuring ASEANAPOL remains Inspector General of Police (IGP) of the Royal Malaysia Police relevant as a notable regional policing stakeholder. (RMP), the Host of Permanent ASEANAPOL Secretariat and On the same note, the Hon. Dato Paduka Seri Haji the Honourable CP Dato Paduka Seri Haji Mohammad Mohammad Irwan also expressed his utmost gratitude and Irwan Bin Haji Hambali, the Commissioner of Police (CP) appreciation to the Secretariat in effectively executing the of Royal Brunei Police Force (RBPF), the Current Chairman roles and functions of the Secretariat during his tenure as of ASEANAPOL, made their official visit to the Secretariat’s the Current Chairman of ASEANAPOL. He hoped that the office. Secretariat would continue to perform its best to promote They were welcomed by Police Colonel Kenechanh and advance internationally as a strong police organization Phommachack, the Executive Director of ASEANAPOL in the South East Asia region.

Communications – Major Component in Border Security A border security field test illustrated the potential efficacy along the remote U.S./Canadian border and improves U.S. of innovative airborne and terrestrial tactical surveillance Custom and Border Protection’s (CBP) ability to track and technologies designed to provide portable situational prevent incursions in these vulnerable areas. awareness capabilities with a hybrid communications S&T and USBP brought in agents and vehicles to simulate network. illegal border crossing activities. They then used a The test conducted in Montana was part of the Homeland wide range of technologies, including a man-portable Security Enterprise (HSE) efforts to improve security surveillance system, autonomous surveillance towers, short- vulnerabilities along the US/Canadian border, the US range surveillance sensors, small unmanned aerial systems Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Science and (SUAS), team awareness kit (TAK), satellite communications Technology Directorate (S&T) and the Border Patrol (USBP). and mesh communications. The area lacks persistent surveillance, inadequate The test was successful, sensor alerts were received in communications links to share relevant tactical data, and real time, covered ground, improved response times, unavailability of secure mobile devices to view this data. communicated with each other effectively, and achieved situational awareness across nearly 120 square miles The tested network connects commercial cellular, local VHF of coverage, including remote areas where there was mesh and agent-portable satellite communications devices previously no cellular or radio reception

Border Security Report | November/December 2019 14 SPECIAL REPORT

Navigating borderlands in the Sahel Border security governance and mixed migration in Liptako-Gourma

The following is the introduction to a The Liptako-Gourma is the area “three-borders zone”. Despite research report published by the adjacent to the River Niger its administrative divisions, Mixed Migration Centre bend between the cities of Gao environmental, sociological and (Mali) and Niamey (Niger), which historical commonalities mean broadly comprises the adjacent that this area is characterized by administrative regions of Gao coherence and homogeneity. It in Mali, Sahel in Burkina Faso, therefore provides a valuable case and Tillabéry in Niger. Because study on the mutual relationships, of its tri-state composition, since influences and variations between decolonization the region has security and mobility in border also come to be known as the areas.

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in Central Mali, Ansarul Islam in the north of Burkina Faso, and the Islamic State in the Greater Sahara (Etat Islamique au Grand Sahara, EIGS) in Tillabéry Region. The borders among these groups remained porous, in terms of both membership and ideology, and observers suggest that they are loosely coordinating under the umbrella organization of the Group to Support Islam and Muslims (Jama’a Nusrat ul-Islam wa al- Muslimin, JNIM). An escalation of local and regional conflicts has been fuelled by Significant cross-border flows governance frameworks have made the unconstrained circulation of have shaped the unity of Liptako- the Liptako-Gourma region a fertile weapons, people and ideas and Gourma. Livelihoods in the region ground for the entrenchment of the inherent tensions between depend on the management illicit activity, organized criminal traditional and state rule. of natural resources, which in groups, non-state armed actors and turn is closely linked to mobility. jihadist insurgents. Moreover, since The Sahel: a testing ground for Seasonal rainfall variability dictates 2012, the collapse of the Malian security policies the movements of transhumant state has further undermined state As security has rapidly deteriorated, pastoralism (mobile livestock raising presence, contributing to the spread Liptako-Gourma has attracted using regular migration routes) of transnational threats across the growing international concern.6 and small-scale farming, leading region. Multilateral initiatives and strategies to the development of a common The Movement for Unity and Jihad to respond to these challenges way of life built on cross-border in West Africa (Mouvement pour have proliferated. Restricting cross- interdependence and cultural l’unicité et le jihad en Afrique de border mobility and enhancing interaction. As a result, the same l’Ouest, MUJAO), which in 2012 controls over borders and social, livelihood and ethnic groups managed to attract recruits from borderlands have emerged as the are found throughout Liptako- across Liptako-Gourma, is a standard approach to forestalling Gourma, including the Fulani, the case in point. Military action by the spread of violent insurgency Tuareg, and the Songhai/Zarma. international and Malian forces and transnational threats in Liptako- Weak governance & transnational chased MUJAO from northern Gourma. On the one hand, the rise “threats” Mali’s towns in 2013; but failed to of transnational and transborder regain control of Liptako-Gourma’s phenomena has helped further After gaining independence, the porous borderlands. This prompted cement the continuity of Liptako- three neighbouring states did not the reorganization of the MUJAO Gourma’s security dynamics across apply strict border controls both into smaller units, giving rise in national divides. On the other because of weak enforcement subsequent years to a variety of hand, Liptako-Gourma has become capacity and the need to win over splinter jihadist armed groups with something of a laboratory for the border communities which feared strong local rooting, such as the experimentation of internationally marginalization. In the past decade, Macina Liberation Front (Front sponsored policies designed to however, the fragility of regional de Libération du Macina, FLM) strengthen national sovereignties states and the lack of adequate and international boundaries.

Border Security Report | November/December 2019 16 SPECIAL REPORT

These measures are usually negotiated in international forums and adopted under the pressure of emergencies unfolding on the ground. As a result, they often fail to adequately consider the complexity of the context, and they may yield unexpected, if not counterproductive results. For instance, recent research has suggested that state force projection alone is unlikely to prevent the rise of insecurity, radicalization, and crime, unless underlying socio-political issues are addressed, including respect for human rights, good governance,8 equitable management of natural resources9 and job creation. same time, escalating local and migration. The portrayal of violent regional conflicts have generated insurgencies as a transnational Border security governance: a both internal and cross-border phenomenon reinforces the response to rising mobility and forced displacement. As of early framing of Sahelian borderlands as forced displacement? 2019, approximately 80,000 Malian “ungoverned” spaces characterised A growing international focus on refugees were hosted in camps in by cross-border irregular activity. At migration management and the fight neighbouring Niger and Burkina the intersection of these dynamics, against irregular migration have Faso, while at least 160,000 people border security governance has caused these tensions to become were displaced by conflict in the rapidly gained prominence as even more acute. Strategically regions of Gao, Ménaka, Tillabéry, one of the top priorities pursued positioned over routes connecting Sahel, and Nord.11 While forced by the international community in West Africa with North Africa, the displacement increased significantly Liptako-Gourma. in the first half of 2019, these flows Liptako-Gourma region has been Research gaps, driving intermesh with widespread mobility greatly affected by an increase in questions, and objectives of the habits of cross-border communities regional and interregional migration, report with hundreds of thousands of living in Liptako-Gourma, including people in transit since 2014. Well- transhumant pastoralists, nomadic In spite of much policy discourses, established regional networks of people and dual-nationals. the relationships between cross- border mobility and border cross-border trade, both small- While mobility has traditionally been security governance remain poorly scale and large-scale, formal and a resilience strategy in the region, understood to date. While there is informal, have helped grow the an alarmistic rhetoric conflating some research about how border infrastructure that supports these mixed migratory flows with “irregular security governance and migration movements of people. As a result, migration” and “human smuggling” influence each other, it has mostly the towns of Gao, Tillabéry and has helped fuel a narrative of a focused on other migration routes Dori have emerged as important global migration “crisis”. In this from and across Africa, including hubs and transit points for migration context, the views of foreign those from the Horn of Africa to towards Libya, Algeria and, in interveners and outsiders contrast Libya, from Gao to Algeria, from some cases, to Europe. At the sharply with local perceptions of Agadez (Niger) to Libya, and from

Border Security Report | November/December 2019 SPECIAL REPORT 17

Libya to Italy. a source of resilience or of danger and cross-border mobility in (or both) in a conflict context? Liptako-Gourma, this plurality of Research specifically on Liptako- And how does border security, actors, standards and practices Gourma has mostly focused on and variations thereof, affect cannot be overlooked. In other border(lands) security governance mixed migration flows, in terms of words, one needs to pay attention in relation to radicalization and both infrastructure (routes, use of to governance more than to security. Less research has been smugglers, means of transportation, governments in order to capture devoted to understanding how etc.) and composition (nationality, this inherent hybridity between the variations of border security, gender, legal status, social origin, government control and government including the weakening and etc.)? What does “security” actually outsourcing. strengthening of border controls mean in these contexts and to by state and non-state actors, has different actors? What are the threat affected mixed migration flows perceptions of refugees, migrants, The Mixed Migration Centre is a across Liptako-Gourma. This paper IDPs, smugglers, local authorities, leading source for independent aims to bridge the gap between security and defence forces (SDF) and high-quality data, research, the research on migration and and international actors? Who are, analysis and expertise on mixed border management, and violent or who are perceived to be, security migration. To read the full report, go insurgency, and responses thereto, spoilers and security providers to: http://www.mixedmigration.org/ and aims to shed light on their where state authority fluctuates wp-content/uploads/2019/12/083_ mutual interactions. between local challenges and navigating_borderlands-.pdf This research addresses several international sponsorship? questions relevant to policy-makers, Analytical approach and humanitarian agencies, migration structure of the report actors, and scholars. Exploring the extent to which various security The prism of governance provides considerations affect mobility our entry point to address these choices and practices, for example, questions. Throughout Liptako- can provide insight as to whether Gourma, state actors do not have a mixed migration flows are more monopoly on coercion and political likely to occur in conflict zones, authority but rather operate in where violent insurgencies thrive, a densely populated and highly or in peaceful zones fully controlled competitive environment. Alongside by state authorities. In other words, (admittedly weak) states, one finds do unstable borderlands tend to other important actors, both non- reduce migration flows – because governmental (international NGOs, of insecurity, unpredictability, and local civil society organizations, disruption of communication – or customary authorities) and attract them because of reduced intergovernmental (regional and border controls? international organizations, UN agencies, foreign donors), to In a context where research which the region’s states have suggests that security providers, a demonstrated tendency to both state and non-state actors, outsource some of their sovereign engage in abusive behaviours, to functions. what extent does state presence or absence impact the safety of To fully understand the complex refugees and migrants? Is mobility dynamics between border security

Border Security Report | November/December 2019 18 AGENCY NEWS

Agency News and Updates

SF working on tech Friday to break up a smuggling ring that solutions to combat it said had exported 1.2 tonnes of illegal dronesB along Indo-Pak border gold bought since 2017 from wildcat miners in the frontier region between Brazil and Venezuela.

Federal police carried out 85 search warrants in five states as part of an investigation centered on the northern state of Roraima. They also searched the According to the statement, agents aided offices of a company called RBM in Sao by the San Diego Fire & Rescue service Paulo suspected of laundering the gold found three migrants who had become prior to export, a police spokesman said. stuck in a flooded drainage tunnel about The Border Security Force (BSF) is two miles west of the San Ysidro Port working on technical solutions to combat The gold originated in the indigenous of Entry, around 11 p.m. on the night of the threat of rogue drones along the India- Yanomami reservation in Roraima, which Thanksgiving. Pakistan International Border, the chief of straddles the border with Venezuela and the force said. where the number of illegal miners has The three migrants informed officers that a soared into the thousands since last year, number of other individuals had fallen down BSF Director General V K Johri also said the spokesman said. the drainage tube and become stuck. Fire that the force has expanded its “strategic rescue services were called to help remove capabilities” by using new technology the aliens as waters began to rise. and intelligence to guard the over 6,386 km long borders with Pakistan and an Diego Border Patrol Bangladesh. Rescues 22 Illegal ImmigrantsS in 24 Hours igeria border closure causes economic San Diego Sector Border Patrol Agents shockN razil police crack down rescued 22 aliens attempting to illegally on gold smuggling on enter the United States on Nov. 28 amid The unexpected nature of the VenezuelaB border heavy rains, U.S. Customs and Border announcement gave traders and Protection said in a statement. communities little time to prepare for Brazilian police launched an operation on the economic shock that followed.

Border Security Report | November/December 2019 AGENCY NEWS 19

and Nogales, Sonora, that serves both cities.

According to a press release from U.S. Customs and Border Protection, the tunnel was located 10 feet underground and extended 20 feet into the United States. The entrance was concealed in the floor of an existing drainage National Council of Provinces (NCOP) system by a pile of dirt covered with a but the protection and regulation of by Styrofoam-and-concrete mixture. In October, Nigeria – which shares far the majority of the country’s close boundaries with Benin, Niger and to 5 000 km land border remains in Border Patrol has found 124 cross- Cameroon – closed all of its land the hands of 15 companies of soldiers border smuggling tunnels in the Tucson borders to the movement of goods in from both the regular and Reserve Sector since 1990 — mostly in the a bid to tackle smuggling. Force. Nogales area. This is at least the fourth tunnel discovered this year. “All goods, for now, are banned from A snapshot of their successes since being exported or imported through our the beginning of the year gives some land borders and that is to ensure we indication of the sweat equity put in have total control over what comes in,” by soldiers deployed on Operation ussia detains conman Hameed Ali, the comptroller-general of Corona, the SA National Defence who built fake border the Nigerian Customs Services, told Force (SANDF) border protection withR Finland to trick migrants journalists in Abuja in October. tasking. They are mostly infantry troops, supplemented from time to Russian authorities have detained a The federal government had initially time by units from other formations man accused of building a fake fence imposed a partial closure of its borders including armour and engineers. in the woods close to the country’s in August to facilitate a joint operation, border with Finland in order to trick named Swift Response, involving Contraband goods valued at just a group of migrants into believing he customs, immigration, police, and under R40 million were confiscated by had smuggled them across into the army officers. The borders will now soldiers on South Africa’s land borders European Union. remain closed until at least 31 January. with Botswana, eSwatini, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia and Zimbabwe The man set up fake border posts and At the heart of the problem, according in the first 11 months of 2019. persuaded four men from South Asia to the government, is the smuggling that he could lead them over the border of rice and illicit exports of cheaper, for the cost of roughly 10,000 euros subsidised petrol from Nigeria to (about $11,100), according to Russia’s its neighbours. According to the ncomplete Cross-Border FSB border service. Major Oil Marketers Association Tunnel Discovered In of Nigeria some 10-20% of INogales Nigerian fuel is smuggled abroad. U.S. and Mexican authorities found an igrant Protection incomplete tunnel running underneath Protocols Implemented the streets of Nogales this week. Mat Port of Nogales peration Corona border Tunnels are a common problem in the security seizures and area. U.S. Customs and Border Protection Osuccesses officials have implemented Migrant U.S. Border Patrol agents and Mexican Protection Protocols at the Port of Improved control mechanisms at federal police found the tunnel during Nogales. South Africa’s 57 official points of entry a routine inspection of a storm water were recently under discussion in the drainage system in Nogales, Arizona,

Border Security Report | November/December 2019 20 AGENCY NEWS

Wednesday, nine Venezuelan nationals ran’s Border Guards ecord number of African without proper documentation arrived Smash Major Drug Ring, migrants at U.S.-Mexico at the Port of Nogales using vehicle ISeize 500kg of Opium borderR lanes. The number of African migrants The group consisted of three family heading to the U.S. through Mexico units and two single adults. All nine has more than doubled this year — were detained and processed under from roughly 2,700 in 2018 to 5,800, Migrant Protection Protocols. They according to data from the federal were returned to Mexico through the government. Port of El Paso to await the next steps in the immigration process. That figure has been steadily rising Iran’s border guards in the southeastern since 2007 — the year the Mexican province of Sistan and Balouchestan government began including migrants have managed to smash a major drug from African countries who have omeland Security ring, capturing 500 kilograms of opium, contact with immigration officials in Withdraws Proposal the commander of the province’s their annual migration reports — when forH Compulsory Facial border police announced. the number was 460. Recognition at Airports for U.S. Citizens Following intelligence activities, the forces of the Mirjaveh Border Regiment were informed of the intention of a order apprehensions major drug gang to smuggle a heavy dropped in November cargo by car to the city, Brigadier forB 6th consecutive month, General Mohammad Mollashahi said. per DHS data

The border guards immediately Law enforcement apprehended or identified the members of the drug turned away 42,649 migrants at trafficking gang and ambushed them, the southern border in November, he stated. according to preliminary data - a The Department of Homeland sixth month of declines that the Security is changing course on a During the operation, the border guards administration is hailing as proof that policy introduced recently that would arrested two smugglers and seized two the set of policies and initiatives to have required all US citizens traveling vehicles, 500kg of opium, and a large combat the border crisis is working. internationally to have their faces amount of ammunition, the commander scanned and added to a biometric went on to say. The numbers (33,510 apprehended database. and 9,139 deemed inadmissible) Police and security forces have been represented a decline of roughly six That proposed policy is now being quite successful in ensuring security in percent since October, and a drop of abandoned, and US citizens will not the province despite its long borders over 70 percent since the height of the be required to participate in facial with Pakistan and Afghanistan, harsh crisis in May, when more than 144,000 recognition tracking at airports, weather and vast desert areas. migrants were encountered. Customs and Border Protection said. Iran, which has a 900-kilometer The Department of Homeland Security CBP said the reversal was the result of common border with Afghanistan, has (DHS) data showed that the number conversations with “privacy experts,” been used as the main conduit for of apprehensions of Central American lawmakers, and travel-industry smuggling Afghan drugs to narcotics family units has decreased by stakeholders. kingpins in Europe. approximately 85 percent since May. The numbers were lower compared to

Border Security Report | November/December 2019 AGENCY NEWS 21

the last fiscal year (FY) as well. So far lacked the necessary paperwork. so far this year, with 2,418 of those in FY 2020, enforcement actions have attempts being made this month, been 29 percent lower than FY 2019 Gergely Gulyás told a regular press at this time. briefing. ungarian police find 2 tunnels used by migrantsH on border akistan, Iran forces ack of fencing, conduct patrolling on surveillance tech borderP Lhamper anti-smuggling tasks Security forces of Pakistan and Iran conducted patrolling on their respective sides of the border between the two countries near Taftan town of Chagai district.

According to official sources, dozens Hungarian police said that they of soldiers belonging to Levies Force discovered two tunnels used by and Frontier Corps from Pakistan’s migrants to enter the country from The lack of fencing along the Malaysia- side and the Border Security Force of Serbia. Thailand border in Kelantan has Iran participated in the patrolling. They proven to be difficult for the authorities, carried their national flags. Police said that a tunnel 34 meters (37 especially the police in curbing yards) long was discovered near the smuggling activities in the state. The patrolling commenced from border southern village of Asotthalom, where pillar number 76 and ended at number they also detained 44 migrants who Kelantan police chief Datuk Hasanuddin 88 near Taalap area. The officials of had used the precarious passageway. Hassan said this had also made it the two sides shared their experiences strenuous for the police to monitor with each other. Police Col. Jeno Szilassi-Horvath said the areas more effectively in efforts to a Serbian citizen suspected of human prevent the smuggling of contraband trafficking had been detained along items including drugs. with the migrants. 0 tonnes of smuggled “As we know, the border in Kelantan beef seized in SW China The tunnel near Asotthalom was about stretches over 134 km of land and 2 50 centimeters (20 inches) wide, 60 water, giving rise to hundreds of illegal Border police in southwest China’s centimeters (2 feet) high, and had routes and monitoring them can be Yunnan Province have captured five been dug as deep as about 6 meters very challenging.” suspects for smuggling 20 tonnes of (20 feet) below the surface without any frozen beef into China, local authorities. support beams or other elements to “Over at Padang Besar, Perlis, fencing prevent its collapse. has been installed throughout the After receiving a tip-off, police at border, but not here,” he said during the China-Vietnam border county of The number of migrants looking to a town hall session at Dewan Apam Maguan intercepted 10 suspected off- enter Hungary illegally from Serbia has Putra here Saturday. road vehicles in Jinchang Township, risen significantly over the past month, from which they seized a total of 20 the head of the Prime Minister’s Office Hassanuddin said apart from the tonnes of frozen beef. said. absence of fences, the lack of smart surveillance technologies at the border The suspects confessed that the frozen Altogether 11,808 people have crossing points too has posed a meat was smuggled from Vietnam and attempted to enter Hungary illegally challenge for the authorities to prevent illicit goods from entering the country.

Border Security Report | November/December 2019 22 SPECIAL REPORT

Passive Terahertz Technology Enables International Customs Agencies to Fill a Critical Gap in Border Security

By Colin Evans, Chief Executive of Due to a lack of viable technology customs enforcement. Thruvision. Thruvision has over 250 solutions, screening of pedestrians Customs agencies face a growing passive terahertz people screening at ports of entry has often been a tide of illicit trade and smuggling units in operational service around lower priority, while customs and the world. border security agencies have As the global economy has relied on screening technologies to evolved, cross-border trade, travel inspect baggage, vehicles, mail and and migration has increased cargo containers for illicit goods and dramatically. contraband. As a result, pedestrian- According to the World Trade based smuggling of items such Organization, for example, the value as currency, opioids, narcotics of cross-border trade increased and other illicit items is a point of from $10 trillion in 2010 to over $17 vulnerability for border security and trillion in 2017 – a 70% increase in

Border Security Report | November/December 2019 SPECIAL REPORT 23

less than 10 years. cargo containers and even moving First, each point of entry – land rail cars are dedicated. In addition, border crossing, airport, or seaport At the same time, international many customs agencies perform – can have different characteristics tourist and business travel arrivals periodic inspections of baggage in terms of types of pedestrian increased from approximately at airports, seaports and in some traffic, peak volumes, and real 800 million to 1.4 billion – a 75% cases, land-border crossings, using estate available to support increase. checkpoint X-Ray systems. screening operations. Permanent cross-border migration Routine screening of people, on Second, pedestrian “non- has also risen, from 107 million the other hand, to detect concealed compliance” is a serious problem. persons in 2010 to 130 million contraband and threats has not Unlike airport security checkpoints, persons in 2019. been as widespread in the customs where only a tiny fraction of International customs and border environment. In some ways this travellers pose a potential security security agencies are on the is understandable. Vehicles can threat, and virtually all persons frontline of resulting challenges that transport much larger quantities of comply with screening protocols, include an increase in smuggling all types of illicit goods, compared smuggling by pedestrians is of goods and contraband to evade to an individual pedestrian, and endemic in the customs and customs duty collection, as well using traditional security checkpoint border security environment. as criminal trafficking in weapons, screening approaches to check Smugglers vary from travelers currency, and narcotics. large volumes of people in a very over-stepping their duty-free Recent data from the World short period of time, i.e. during flight allowance, to sophisticated crime Customs Organization (WCO) arrivals or at high-traffic land border gangs smuggling for material gain, and other sources highlights the crossings, is almost impossible to to “innocents” being coerced into magnitude and growth of these implement. running drugs across a border. To make matters worse for customs smuggling activities: Narcotics Nevertheless, there is evidence that agencies, professional smugglers and Opioids: Increases in seizures the lack of people screening is a change their tactics in response range from 8% (Cannabis) to serious gap in customs enforcement to new border security measures. Opiates (30%). Currency; the and border security. For example, In practice, this means customs United Nations estimates that for narcotics, opioids, currency, agencies must evolve their security approximately $870 billion in illegal precious metals, and other high processes faster than these cross-border currency flows were value goods, pedestrian-based sophisticated criminals. tied to criminal activity. Contraband; smuggling is common and, in some the WCO reports that seizures regions, represents approximately Finally, the type of contraband being of the most common types of 20% of the volume of seizures smuggled can change over time smuggled goods increased by more made. Considering the impact that and can include an incredibly wide than 23% between 2016 to 2017. such smuggling can have, this range of items – from adulterated represents a major problem that baby formula, through counterfeit “Pedestrian” Smuggling of needs to be addressed. smartphones, to weapons, currency, Contraband: A Serious Problem gold, and narcotics. Because most smuggled goods are Unique Challenges in Tackling transported by vehicles of some Pedestrian Smuggling and These challenges have important type: trucks, cars, rail, air cargo, Customs Evasion implications for potential technology solutions. Customs agencies need and maritime transport, customs There are several factors that make pedestrian screening solutions that agencies have focused their it challenging for customs and can support both detection and inspection staff and technologies border security agencies to tackle deterrence. They need to be able on these modes of transportation. pedestrian-based smuggling of illicit to operate at high visibility fixed Investments of millions of dollars goods, and in turn impact customs checkpoints (for example, a land for large, high-energy X-Ray inspection technology solutions that border crossing) and at random systems that can scan vehicles, can be deployed. ‘mobile’ checkpoints (for example

Border Security Report | November/December 2019 24 SPECIAL REPORT

on an air bridge as passengers terahertz cameras – a new, excellent throughput – if it does leave an aircraft). Covert screening, but already proven pedestrian not detect concealed items on a with appropriate legal safeguards, inspection technology that has been consistent basis. While all people is also an important approach successfully deployed by customs screening systems claim excellent for covering known smuggling agencies worldwide. Passive detection capabilities, customs locations. terahertz technology provides high officials need to consider what throughput while being comparable types of contraband and illicit goods Available People Screening in threat detection performance to they are targeting and ask detailed Technologies for Customs and “stand-inside” scanners. In addition, questions: Border Security the technology can support covert - Has the system been evaluated To meet these requirements, screening, is compact and is highly by US Department of Homeland international customs and border deployable. Security, generally considered the security agencies have several “gold standard” for security testing? potential technology solutions at Selecting the Most Appropriate their disposal: Pedestrian Screening Technology - Which other customs and border How can a customs or border security agencies are using the “Walk through” metal detectors – security agency determine which technology? a mature, relatively inexpensive of these solutions best fits their technology, but which cannot - Does it detect non-metallic items, people screening requirements? detect non-metallic items such as such as opioids, narcotics and The following are common-sense narcotics, opioids, paper currency paper currency? criteria based on our experience and other non-metallic contraband; working with international customs Health, Safety, and Privacy “Stand inside” active millimeter departments worldwide. From a public and operator wave scanners – used in airport acceptance standpoint, health checkpoints, these offer proven Proven, Independently Validated safety and privacy are important detection performance but are Detection Performance considerations. “Stand inside” body large, immobile, with low throughput Proven threat detection scanners, used in airport security and no covert inspection capability; performance is the most important checkpoints, have struggled to criteria. After all, any people “Detection at Range” passive gain broader market acceptance screening solution can achieve in part because they “actively” emit radiation during the screening process to create a high-resolution image of the person screened. And like walk-through metal detectors, these systems can require a physical inspection or “pat down” to resolve an alarm. By contrast, people screening solutions that use passive terahertz technology, emit no radiation, making employee health and safety concerns a non-issue. Thermal contrast between the heat emitted by a person’s body and objects concealed in a person’s clothing is measured. This information is

Border Security Report | November/December 2019 SPECIAL REPORT 25

presented as the outline of a person Throughput staff than other solutions – in many from which a customs official configurations, a single person To support legitimate trade cannot distinguish the age, gender can both operate the system and and commerce, ports of entry or ethnicity of the individual in resolve alarms quickly. need to handle large volumes question, but does allow operators of people quickly. Long, airport- Helping International Customs to see, in real-time, the size, shape style queues are just impractical. Agencies Meet the Pedestrian and location of concealed objects. In order to be effective, screening Screening Challenge This is an especially important technologies need to help customs benefit considering that smugglers Customs and border security officers quickly find “unusual” may hide contraband in their groin agencies worldwide have the dual concealments, generally items that area. This safety and privacy challenge of a growth in pedestrian- given their position on the body, are enhancing capability reduces false based smuggling a wide range of clearly not in pockets and therefore alarms and enables non-intrusive, contraband including drugs, paper suspicious, in overt or covert no-touch ‘virtual pat-downs’. currency, weapons and other illicit screening applications. Individuals can remove and show items, with the need to handle ever any suspicious concealed item Particular passive terahertz rising volumes of people crossing without a physical search. technologies allow customs their borders. and border security staff to see Until recently, there have been no Flexibility of Operation the size, shape and location of cost-effective people screening Being able to support a wide concealed items and determine if technologies to address these number of concepts of operation in the concealed item needs further requirements. However, the a range of different environments investigation. Because of this emergence of passive terahertz is critical for tackling the range of capability, one company, Thruvision, people screening technology, offers different types of smuggler. has logged throughput at up to 600 customs agencies an operationally pedestrians per hour. Combining the use of high proven solution that is safe and visibility fixed, and mobile ‘pop- Return on Investment Via affordable. This type of technology up’ inspection checkpoints offers Seizures has been successfully deployed for an effective mix of deterrence and customs, border security and other A critical measure of customs detection. The technology solution people screening applications in 20 inspection technology is its ability used needs to be flexible enough to countries around the world. to increase seizures of smuggled be used at land pedestrian border and illicit goods. Passive terahertz crossing points, for screening coach technology has demonstrated this passengers as they disembark capability in actual deployments at a border, in cruise liner and by international customs agencies. high-speed railway terminals, at For example, its ability to detect other ferry ports, and in a range even small quantities of high value of different locations in airports narcotics and opioids concealed including at point of disembarkation on a pedestrian at a port of entry from the aircraft, at immigration differentiates it from all other desks, in secondary inspection potential inspection technologies. areas, and at baggage reclaim areas. Passive terahertz technology has a smaller physical footprint than Passive terahertz technology, is active millimeter wave systems, can used by international Customs be battery-powered, and is easily agencies in each of these moved to meet changing security environments, resulting in seizures requirements. It requires fewer every day.

Border Security Report | November/December 2019 26 SHORT REPORT

Operation Mombasa - Large-Scale Document Forgery Sting Leads to Arrests The Garda National Immigration Bureau (GNIB) carried conducted searches in Barcelona as part of operation out a search and arrest operation – operation Mombasa Mombasa and seized false documents, flight tickets and – which was supported by officers from the Spanish bookings and evidence from parcel delivery services. Two National Police (Policía Nacional) and Europol. people were also arrested during the search in Spain.

Two individuals have been arrested and are currently Operation Mombasa is a multi-jurisdictional investigation detained in Ireland. Suspected false documents, phones, that was launched in late 2018 and centres on an financial documentation and cash were also seized. A organised crime group of non-EU nationals (primarily third individual was arrested during a search and arrest from Georgia) who are known to be resident in Ireland. action day and is also currently detained by the Irish This organised crime group is involved in the facilitation authorities. of bringing Georgian nationals to Ireland and the UK via Spain and France. While the initial connections identified This operation was attended by the Garda liaison officer that Ireland and the UK are currently targeted by this to Spain and three officers from the Spanish National criminal gang, further exchanges of information through Police who are in Ireland to advance the investigation Europol identified links to other European countries and in both jurisdictions. The Spanish National Police the USA.

No Safe Shores for Migrant Smugglers

During the conference, the Netherlands Forensic Institute presented their preliminary finding on an examination of a rubber boat used to smuggle 78 irregular migrants in life-threatening conditions to Spain. The experts shared the operational value of specialist forensics in the investigations against criminal networks smuggling vulnerable migrants in extremely dangerous condition by sea. A profitable and widespread criminal activity, migrant smuggling has attracted the most ruthless criminal networks active in the EU and beyond. In 2019, estimated WorldBorderSecurity.net smuggling price varied from €300 for a jet ski to €5 000 for World Border Security Network (WorldBorderSecurity.net), a global network for agency officials at the borders. Sharing expertise and knowledge is crucial to combat a yacht. Authorities from source, transit and destination ruthless criminals risking migrants’ lives for their highly countries work to reinforce cooperation and disrupt this The purpose of the network is to encourage and facilitate inter-agency co-operation and communication. profitable criminal activity. Europol has hosted experts highly life-threatening criminal activity. JOT Mare annual Members of the network will be able to: from EU Members states, third party countries and meeting provided a platform to strengthen and deepen international organisations gathered at the annual cooperation by the exchange of best practices and • communicate securely • view past presentations meeting of Joint Operational Team (JOT) MARE. experience in the fight against migrant smuggling. • share information • keep up-to-date with the latest technology developments The experts focused on modern communication • share documents • share training opportunities A particular emphasis was put on the cooperation with • share best practise technologies involved in facilitation of illegal migration, • and more... African countries. The United Nations Office on Drugs use of specialised forensic examinations and cooperation and Crime – Regional Office for West Africa highlighted WorldBorderSecurity.net is open to all World Border Security Congress government agency delegates past and present. with source and transit countries to tackle the criminal the challenges and opportunities in cooperation with networks involved in migrant smuggling. Access is restricted to government and intergovernmental personnel; border, customs, immigration agency officials and countries in the region. specialist law enforcement officers. Non-delegate agency officials will also be welcome but by member invitation only.

Border Security Report | November/December 2019

WBSNet A5 Ad.indd 1 04/06/2019 11:16:37 SHORT REPORT 27

World Drug Report 2019 is now available online

criminal justice, drug trafficking and prices, drug production, and drug use. Data disseminated by UNODC are mainly sourced from national statistical systems. Data on drugs are submitted through the Annual Report Questionnaire (ARQ) and the Individual Drug Seizure (IDS) reports, while data on crime and criminal justice are supplied through the annual United Nations Survey on Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice Systems (UN-CTS). UNODC processes data to increase data comparability and to produce regional and global estimates. One of the key tasks of UNODC is to produce and Further information on statistical standards developed disseminate accurate statistics on drugs, crime and by UNODC in the field of crime, criminal justice and illicit criminal justice at the international level. UNODC also drugs is available at: works to strengthen national capacities to produce, disseminate and use drugs, crime and criminal justice www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/statistics. statistics within the framework of official statistics. html UNODC regularly updates statistical series on crime,

WorldBorderSecurity.net World Border Security Network (WorldBorderSecurity.net), a global network for agency officials at the borders.

The purpose of the network is to encourage and facilitate inter-agency co-operation and communication. Members of the network will be able to:

• communicate securely • view past presentations • share information • keep up-to-date with the latest technology developments • share documents • share training opportunities • share best practise • and more...

WorldBorderSecurity.net is open to all World Border Security Congress government agency delegates past and present. Access is restricted to government and intergovernmental personnel; border, customs, immigration agency officials and specialist law enforcement officers. Non-delegate agency officials will also be welcome but by member invitation only.

Border Security Report | November/December 2019

WBSNet A5 Ad.indd 1 04/06/2019 11:16:37 28 CONGRESS NEWS

Border managements annual gathering EVENT PREVIEW

The annual gathering of the Recent years has seen unprecedented international border management crisis on a global scale, from the Middle and protection community will take East warring factions creating mass place in the historic city of Athens, refugee movements across Europe, Greece on March 31st to 2nd April illegal economic migrants from Africa 2020. and Asia have created increasing challenges for the international border Supported by the Ministry of Citizen management and security community. Protection & KEMEA (Center for Security Studies under the Ministry of 2019/20 is expected to see a March 31st-2nd April 2020 Citizen Protection), the World Border continuation of the migration Athens, Greece Security Congress is delighted to be challenges for the border management www.world-border-congress.com positioned in the heart of some of the and security community, as little sign most recent migration challenges. of peace and security in the Middle East is apparent.

Border Security Report | November/December 2019 CONGRESS NEWS 29

International organised criminal gangs Supported by the Organization for and human and drug trafficking groups Security & Cooperation in Europe Co-Hosted by: exploit opportunities and increasingly (OSCE), the European Association of use the internet and technology to Airport and Seaport Police (EAASP), enhance their activties. the African Union Economic, Social and Cultural Council (AU-ECOSOCC), Controlling and managing international National Security & Resilience borders in the 21st Century continues Consortium, International Security to challenge the border control and Industry Organisation and International immigration agencies around the Association of CIP Professionals, world. It is generally agreed that in the World Border Security Congress a globalised world borders should remains the premier multi-jurisdictional be as open as possible, but threats global platform where the international continue to remain in ever evolving border management and protection circumstances and situations. policy makers and practitioners and community gathers to share views, Advancements in technology are thoughts and challenges. assisting in the battle to maintain Lanyard Sponsor: safe and secure international travel. As well as the 3 day main congress The border security professional still agenda, the event will also have remains the front line against these a series of Closed Agency Only threats. Workshops and opportunities for delegates to visit Athens International The World Border Security Congress Airport of Piraeus Seaport during Delegate Folder Sponsor: is a high level 3 day event that will the Site Visits being hosted. Great discuss and debate current and opportunities to gain insights into future policies, implementation how operational and technological issues and challenges as well as new aspects combine for successful and developing technologies that border security, migration and cargo contribute towards safe and secure management. border and migration management. Badge Sponsor: Register your interest to attend the We need to continue the discussion, event at www.world-border-congress. collaboration and intelligence sharing. com/registration.

The World Border Security Congress We look forward to welcoming you to is the premier multi-jurisdictional Athens, Greece on March 31st-2nd transnational platform where the April 2020. border protection, management and security industry policy-makers Further details can be viewed at and practitioners convene to discuss www.world-border-congress.com. the international challenges faced in protecting borders.

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Closed Agency Workshops ARICAN UNION ECOSOCC FOR BORDER AGENCIES, AGENCIES AT THE WORKSHOP BORDER AND GOVERNEMTN OFFICIALS ONLY Migration - Creating Opportunities for Young The World Border Security Congress aims to promote People In Africa collaboration, inter-agency cooperation and information/ intelligence sharing amongst border agencies and Tuesday 31st March 2019 : agencies at the border to better engage and tackle the 9.30am - 12:30pm increasing threats and cross border security challenges that pertain to today’s global environment. The Social Affairs and Health Cluster Committee in conjunction with Committee on Political Affairs of the Border agencies and agencies at the border can benefit AU-ECOSOCC, will be hosting a Workshop on the from the ‘Closed Agency Only Workshops’, hosted by the margins of the Congress to understudy the situation Ministry of Citizen Protection, Organization for Security and proffer necessary solutions that will address the & Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and International issues of Migration in Africa. Organization for Migration (IOM) with a series of behind closed door discussion and working group opportunities. Africa is continuously losing its young, vibrant human resources and future through irregular migration, This years Closed Agency Only Workshop topics are: leading through the path of death to Europe and other developed Nations. This has continued to lead to loss of Challenges of Inter-Agency And International thousands of lives, brain drain and depletion of Africa’s Information Sharing human resources. Chair: Senior Representative, Ministry of Citizen Protection Legacy information systems, lack of trust, lack of sharing The situation has become a global topical issue with mechanisms, lack of a designated international agency Africa at the receiving end. We believe that the time has all contribute to a lack of information sharing. Integrated come for us to look inwards. The Workshop therefore is Border Management (IBM) is based on the premise that expected to identify the root causes, share experience agencies and the international community need to work with local and international development partners and together to achieve common aims that benefit all parties. civil society organizations with a view to curbing irregular Information sharing becomes increasingly effective as migration of African youths and even families to Europe. border management agencies gather, collate and share more data, but how is this to be achieved. The Side Event with the theme “Migration - Creating Opportunities for Young People In Africa” will be Disrupting People Trafficking Routes highly interactive with Keynote presentations, Panel Chair: International Organization for Migration (IOM) discussions centered on a meaningful dialogue among Human trafficking is one of the largest criminal enterprises participants and stakeholders. in the world. It is a multi-billion dollar criminal business on a global scale. This is because human trafficking is a Delegates of the World Border Security Congress are high profit, low risk enterprise that is also a low priority for entitled to participate in the AU-ECOSOCC Workshop most law enforcement agencies, meaning apprehension “Migration - Creating Opportunities for Young People of perpetrators is low and sentences are often minimal In Africa”. compared that of major crimes. What can be done to disrupt trafficking routes and gangs? Register online at www.world-border-congress.com

Biometrics - next steps Chair: Organization for Security & Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) Biometrics are here to stay and are an increasingly valuable tool in making borders secure. But what are the next steps and developments and implementation in biometric technology and how biometrics is lawfully used to help on the border, considering aspects such as GDPR and travel document security.

Register online at www.world-border-congress.com/ agency-reg

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Congress Programme

Tuesday 31st March 1:30pm - 2:o0pm MINISTERIAL OPENING AND WELCOME March 31st-2nd April 2020 2:15pm - 3:30pm OPENING KEYNOTE ATHENS, GREECE Chief of Greek National Police

Chief of Hellenic Coast Guard

TBC 4:00pm - 5:30pm Plenary Session - The Latest Threats and Challenges at the Border With the final collapse of the so-called IS Caliphate, returning oreignf fighters are a particular challenge for the next few years, but mass migration, transiting terrorists, cross border organised crime, human trafficking, small arms, weapons of mass destruction and drug smuggling will continue to be areas of major concern for the global border community. Latest threats and challenges in the Central Asia Senior Representative, Tajik Border Troops, Tajikistan Insider Threats at Ports Peter Nilsson, Head of Airpol Wayne Salzgaber, Director, INTERPOL Washington Senior Representative, European Migrant Smuggling Centre, EUROPOL Det. Supt Dave McGillicuddy, SIO Lead for Foreign Terrorist Fighters, UK Met Police

Wednesday 1st April 9:00am - 10:30am Plenary Session - Continuing efforts against foreign terrorist fighters, irregular migration and human trafficking How we deal with foreign terrorist fighters, irregular migration and human trafficking are inextricably linked. Because it is through clandestine trafficking networks that foreign fighters will attempt to return to their countries of origin or to other destinations. They may also attempt to return through conventional travel networks by the use of forged or lookalike documents. Or they may hide among genuine refugees as we have already seen. These experienced fighters pose a real threat to their communities. API and PNR are part of the answer but what else can we do to meet this challenge? Strengthening National Referral Mechanisms to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings Tatiana Kotlyarenko, Adviser on Anti-Trafficking Issues, OSCE The use of API/PNR data to fight trafficking in Human Beings and people smuggling James Garcia, Assistant Director, Cargo & Biometrics – Global Targeting Advisory Division National Targeting Center - U.S. Customs and Border Protection & Valdecy Urquiza, Assistant Director - Vulnerable Communities - INTERPOL General Secretariat Gerald Tatzgern, Head of Joint Operational Office, Public Security Austria Khalid Zerouali, Director General, General Directorate for Border Surveillance & Migration, Morocco* Johan Kruger, Head of Transnational Organised Crime, Illicit Trafficking & Terrorism Programmes for Eastern Africa, UNODC* Vincenzo Tagliaferri, Head of Mission, EUBAM Libya*

9.15am - 10.30am Technology Workshop See some of the latest border tech solutions demonstrated and dicussed during the Technology Workshop. The Future of Automated Border Control: Making an Informed Decision Christopher Gilliland, Director, Innovative Travel Solutions, Vancouver Airport Authority Future Technologies for improving Border Security Radu Pop, Head of Sales, Infrastructure and Frontier Security Solutions, Airbus Defence & Space & Michael Edwards, Director of Business Development & Technical Sales eGovernment, Veridos GmbH TBC

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11:15am - 12:30pm Workshops

Breakout Workshop - Capacity Building and Training in Border and Migration Management Enhancing capacity and migration management through by improved technical support and knowledge; administrative ability; promoting mechanisms for co-operation and the exchange of expertise between migration management personnel and the strengthening the monitoring and oversight. Nélson Goncalves, Immigration and Border Management Training Specialist, International Organization for Migration (IOM) Andy Palmer, Border Security Manager, Gatwick Airport Global Border Security and Management (BSM) Programme - Senior Representtaive, UNCCT

Closed Agency Workshop - Challenges of Inter-Agency And International Information Sharing Chair: Ministry of Citizen Protection, Greece Legacy information systems, lack of trust, lack of sharing mechanisms, lack of a designated international agency all contribute to a lack of information sharing. Integrated Border Management (IBM) is based on the premise that agencies and the international community need to work together to achieve common aims that benefit all parties. Information sharing becomes increasingly effective as border management agencies gather, collate and share more data, but how is this to be achieved. BSRBCC - A model for long term cross-border cooperation - Hans Peter Wagner, National Expert, Senior Chief Inspector, Federal Police Senior Representative, EUROPOL Delimitation and demarcation of state boundaries as a significant element of improving border security and cooperation between neighbors with a focus on the Balkans, the current situation and challenges - Mile Milenkoski, Senior adviser, Department for borders, passports and overflights, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of North Macedonia Trade Facilitation and National Security: The Need for Border Coordination and Cooperation - Sanusi Tasiu Saulawa, Deputy Superintendent, Nigeria Customs

2:00pm - 3:30pm Plenary Session - Securing the Littoral Border: Understanding Threats and Challenges for Maritime Borders Our coastline borders present huge security challenges for the border community. With dramatically varied terrain from mountains and cliffs to beaches and swamps. Tens of thousands of kilometers of extended coastline with multiple lonely bays, Inlets, estuaries and Islands that can all be exploited by terrorists, illegal migrants, drug and arms smugglers, human traffickers and organised crime. How do we secure this complex and challenging environment? Rear Admiral Mohammed Ashraful Haque, Director General, Bangladesh Coast Guard Force Jim Nye, Assistant Chief Constable - Innovation, Contact & Demand & NPCC Maritime Lead, Devon & Cornwall Police, UK Rear Admiral Enrico Credendino, Italian Navy EUNAVFORMED Senior Representative, Hellenic Coast Guard Rear Admiral Samantha Wimalathunga, Director General, Sri Lanka Coast Guard*

2.15pm - 3.30pm Technology Workshop See some of the latest border tech solutions demonstrated and dicussed during the Technology Workshop. Mobile Biometrics: Revolutionizing Border Security and Efficiency David Gerulski, Senior Vice President, Global Sales & Marketing, Integrated Biometrics Smart Borders start with AI-powered solutions Senior Representative, Cellebrite Addressing the challenge of land and sea borders Nicholas Phan, Market Manager Border Control and Passenger Flow Facilitation, IDEMIA Now Is The Time For The Right Kind of RADAR At Borders Senior Representative, Blighter Surveillance Systems

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4:15pm - 5:30pm Workshops Breakout Session - Pre-Travel Risk Assessment and Trusted Travellers With a plethora of trusted traveller programs around the world, how can we make legitimate travel more seamless? Is it possible to provide better connectivity between programs? How can API / PNR play a role on pre-travel risk assessment. Europe Travel Information & Authorisation System (ETIAS) Olivier Onidi, Deputy Director General, Directorate General for Migration & Home Affairs, European Commission EU’s Entry-Exit System (EES) - Borders Are Fixed But Identification Must Be Mobile Rein Süld, Program Manager, Information Technology & Development Center, SMIT (Estonian Ministry of the Interior) Integrated identification process: The case of Germany Heiko Werner, Head of Security Group, Federal Office for Migration and Refugees, Germany John P. Wagner, Deputy Executive Assistant Commissioner Office of Field Operations U.S. Customs and Border Protection

Closed Agency Workshop - Disrupting People Trafficking Routes Chair: International Organization for Migration (IOM) Human trafficking is one of the largest criminal enterprises in the world. It is a multi-billion dollar criminal business on a global scale. This is because human trafficking is a high profit, low risk enterprise that is also a low priority for most law enforcement agencies, meaning apprehension of perpetrators is low and sentences are often minimal compared that of major crimes. What can be done to disrupt trafficking routes and gangs? Border Development, Security and Migration Management in Nigeria: Challenges and Prospects Asogwa Dominic Obetta, Comptroller, Nigeria Immigration Service Ian Waterfield, Director of Operations, UK Gangmasters and Labour Abuse Authority*

Thursday 2nd April 9:00am - 10:30am Plenary Session - The developing role of Biometrics in identity management & document fraud Formal identification is a prerequisite for effective border control. Document fraud has become an enabler of terrorism and organised crime and is linked to the trafficking of human beings and migrant smuggling.acial F recognition, fingerprinting and iris scan are now maturing technologies with increasing accuracy and performance. What is the developing and future role of biometrics in managing identity and our borders, and how are associated technologies best utilised to bridge the gap and underdocumentation, so widespread in the developing world? The Malpensa e-Gates Project - A user perspective on e-Gates security and usability at the Malpensa Airport Jan Loeschner, Scientific Officer, European Commission - Joint Research Centre Biometrics on the Move and SEF Mobile Helio Freixial, IT Expert – Smart Borders PT Project manager, Portuguese Immigration and Borders Service Aliyu Aziz, Director General/CEO, National Identity Management Commission (NIMC), Nigeria* Dr. Michiel Van Der Veen, Director, Innovation & Development, National Office for Identity Data, Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations, The Netherlands*

9.15am - 10.30am AIRPOL Workshop - Insider Threat - setting up an insider mitigation program A step-by-step discussion to setting up an insider mitigation program, including risk assessment/vulnerabilities according to the AIRPOL model and what co-operation is required when setting up the insider mitigation program. Host: Peter Nilsson, Head of AIRPOL

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11:15am - 12:30pm Workshops Breakout Workshop - Smuggling & Trade in Illicit Goods, Antiquities and Endangered Species The global trade in endangered species, over 1.5million transactions per year, will drive some species to extinction if the trade is not stopped. The cultural damage inflicted by the global trade in antiquities, valued over $20 billion, cannot be quantified but is all too easily understood. So, what can the border community do to stem the flow and illegal trade of illicit goods, antiquities and endangered species? Chair: Orfeas-Konstantinos Sotiriou Trafficking of Underwater Cultural Heritage Peter- Campbell, Assistant Director: British School at Rome Internet and Dark Web in Antiquities Smuggling Phenomenon - Vassiliki Simi, MSc of Laws, International Law and Legal Studies, National School for Public Administration and Local Government student Borderline” Exhibitions: Ephemeral Museum Displays as Tools for Raising Awareness Against Trafficking Of Antiquities Katerina- Koukouvaou, Archaeologist, Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports, General Directorate of Antiquities and Cultural Heritage, Directorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities Education and Cultural Heritage Protection: Law Enforcement and Specialized Seminars - Angeliki Aloupi, Director of the Committee of Prevention and Management of Social Exclusion - Hellenic Community for Behavior Analysis Goran Stojkovski, Customs Advisor, OSCE

Closed Agency Workshop - Biometrics - next steps Biometrics are here to stay and are an increasingly valuable tool in making borders secure. But what are the next steps and developments and implementation in biometric technology and how biometrics is lawfully used to help on the border, considering aspects such as GDPR and travel document security. Chair: Organization for Security & Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) Glen Wimbury, Technology & Innovation Lead, Future Borders, Border Force UK* Guenter Schumacher, Researcher, European Commission, ec · Joint Research Centre (JRC)*

2:00pm - 4:00pm Plenary Session - The Future Trends and Approach to Alternatives for Securing Borders Brexit, the US/Mexico Wall, Greek/Turkish borders are forcing the debate about future border developments. But could any or all of them really supply the blue print for the future of borders for land, sea and air? Has Integrated Border Management (IBM) proven successful? What’s the latest thought leadership in enhancing border protection and management to counter the ever changing challenges? Senior Representative, Center for Security Studies (KEMEA), Greece The Role of Gender Equality in BSM Inesa Nicolaescu, Associate Border Security Officer, OSCE Health and Humanitarian border management programs Sophie Hoffmann, Deputy Programme Manager IBM, IOM / Immigration and Border management unit, Niger Use of Technology for Security and Development of South Asian Borders Manoj Kumar, Second in Command, Indian Border Security Force Strengthening Trust and Cooperation at the Eastern Border of the EU. Current and Future trends in the EU Border Management Rimutis Klevečka, Ambassador, Special Envoy for Border Management, Lithuania Achieving Effective Border Security in Nigeria: A Sustainable Social, Economic and Infrastructural Development Approach Captain Junaid Abdullahi, Executive Secretary, Border Communities Development Agency, Nigeria Non-governmental participation in integrated border management Iryna Sushko, Executive Director, Europe Without Borders The Developing Role of AI in Migration and Border Security Zsuzsanna Felkai Janssen, Head of Sector for Migration and DG Coordinator for Artificial Intelligence at European Commission* 4:00pm Congress Round Up and Close

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Site Visits to Port of Piraeus / Athens International Airport

Tuesday 31st March – 8.30am-12noon

Port of Piraeus Athens International Airport

The Port of Piraeus is the chief sea port of Piraeus, Greece, Athens International Airport is the largest international situated upon the Saronic Gulf on the western coasts of airport in Greece, serving the city of Athens and region of the Aegean Sea, the largest port in Greece and one of Attica. It began operation on March 2001 and is the main the largest in Europe. With about 18.6 million passengers base of Aegean Airlines, as well as other smaller Greek Piraeus was the busiest passenger port in Europe in 2014. airlines. Athens International is currently the 27th-busiest Since its privatization in 2009 the port’s container handling airport in Europe. The airport currently has two terminals, has grown rapidly. According to Lloyd’s list for top 100 the main terminal and the satellite terminal accessible by an container ports in 2015 Piraeus ranked 8th in Europe. underground link from the main terminal. It is designed to Piraeus handled 4.9 million twenty-foot equivalent unit be extended in a modular approach over the ensuing years containers (TEU’s) in 2018, an increase of 19,4% compared in order to accommodate increases in air travel. These with 2017 climbing to the number two position of all extensions are planned in a six-phase framework. The first Mediterranean ports. (and current) phase allows the airport to accommodate 26 million passengers per year. In 2004, it was declared European airport of the year.

Spaces are limited so ensure you book your place on the site tour early at www.world-border-congress.com

Border Security Report | November/December 2019 36 INDUSTRY NEWS

of electronic documents in 2015, the Bundesdruckerei’s Veridos modernises Cyprus Cyprus was implemented international eGovernment passport personalisation by the German business was transferred Bundesdruckerei in 2010. At to Veridos. For this reason, system the inception of Veridos, a the follow-up contract for joint venture between the system maintenance and The Civil Registry and Migration Department of the German Bundesdruckerei modernisation has now Ministry of Interior of Cyprus has commissioned and the security group been concluded between Veridos to modernise its nationwide system for Giesecke+Devrient (G+D) in Cyprus and Veridos. biometric data collection, centralized personalization, and issuance of electronic passports, ID cards, and residence permits. Rapiscan System’s RTT 110 Explosive Detection Systems tested by ECAC Rapiscan System’s RTT 110 Explosive Detection Systems (EDS) has been tested by the European Civil Aviation Conference (ECAC) and achieved the ECAC 3.1 performance standard. This is currently the highest testing standard used by ECAC for EDS systems in Europe.

Veridos has been awarded current EU regulations and a contract in Cyprus to equipped with new security refurbish and maintain features. It is planned that the nationwide system for the Cypriot authorities will biometric data collection, issue the new generation centralized personalization of documents from spring and issuance of electronic 2020 onwards. passports, electronic Veridos will support the ID cards, and electronic system infrastructure with residence permit cards, and maintenance and services to replace critical hardware and supply Cyprus with and software components electronic passports, ID of the system that have cards and residence permit The RTT 110 is an advanced- 110 to improve the speed, reached the end of their cards for the next three to technology system that is efficiency and effectiveness lifecycle with state-of-the-art five years. already in use in airports of their hold baggage new components. As part of The system for biometric and air cargo screening and air cargo screening the project, the documents data collection, central facilities around the world. operations. will also be adapted to pesonalisation, and issuance Customers choose the RTT

Border Security Report | November/December 2019 INDUSTRY NEWS 37

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Border Security Report | November/December 2019 March 31st-2nd April 2020 ATHENS, GREECE www.world-border-congress.com

Building Trust and Co-operation through Discussion and Dialogue Confirmed speakers include: - Jim Nye, Assistant Chief Constable – Innovation, Contact & Demand & NPCC Maritime Lead, Devon & Cornwall Police REGISTER TODAY - Dr Olomu Babatunde Olukayode, Deputy Register for your Delegate Pass online Today Comptroller of Customs, Nigeria Customs - Sanusi Tasiu Saulawa, Deputy Greece lies at the crossroads of East and West, Europe and the Middle East. It lies directly opposite Superintendent of Customs, Nigeria Libya so along with Italy is the primary destination for migrants coming from that conflict zone and is Customs Service a short boat trip from Turkey, the other principal migrant route for Syrians fleeing there conflict there. - Heiko Werner, Head of Security Group, Federal Office for Migration and Greece has over sixteen thousand kilometres of coastline and six thousand islands, only two Refugees, Germany hundred and twenty-seven of which are inhabited. The islands alone have 7,500 km of coastline - Gerald Tatzgern, Head of Joint Operational Office, Public Security Austria and are spread mainly through the Aegean and the Ionian Seas, making maritime security incredibly - Peter Nilsson, Head of AIRPOL challenging. - Wayne Salzgaber, Director, INTERPOL The sheer scale of the migrant crisis in late 2015 early 2016 had a devasting impact on Greek Washington finances and its principle industry, tourism. All this in the aftermath of the financial crisis in 2009. - Tatiana Kotlyarenko, Adviser on Anti- Trafficking Issues, OSCE Despite this, both Greece and Italy, largely left to handle the crisis on their own, managed the crisis - James Garcia, Assistant Director, Cargo with commendable determination and humanity. & Biometrics – Global Targeting Advisory Division National Targeting Center – U.S. With their experience of being in the frontline of the migration crisis, Greece is the perfect place Customs and Border Protection re-convene for the next meeting of the World Border Security Congress. - Valdecy Urquiza, Assistant Director – Vulnerable Communities – INTERPOL The World Border Security Congress is a high level 3 day event that will discuss and debate General Secretariat current and future policies, implementation issues and challenges as well as new and developing - Hans Peter Wagner, National Expert, technologies that contribute towards safe and secure border and migration management. Senior Chief Inspector, Federal Police - Mile Milenkoski, Senior adviser, The World Border Security Congress Committee invite you to join the international border security and Department for borders, passports and management community and Apply for your Delegate Pass at www.world-border-congress.com. overflights, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of North Macedonia We look forward to welcoming you to Athens, Greece on March 31st-2nd April 2020 for the next - Manoj Kumar, Second in Command, gathering of border and migration management professionals. Indian Border Security Force - Rear Admiral Mohammed Ashraful www.world-border-congress.com Haque, Director General, Bangladesh Coast Guard Force for the international border management and security industry

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