DOCSLIB.ORG

1 Vojnosanitetski Pregled Vojnomedicinska Akademija

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
1 Vojnosanitetski Pregled Vojnomedicinska Akademija VOJNOSANITETSKI PREGLED VOJNOMEDICINSKA AKADEMIJA Crnotravska 17, 11 000 Beograd, Srbija Tel/faks: +381 11 2669689 [email protected] ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Accepted manuscripts are the articles in press that have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication by the Editorial Board of the Vojnosanitetski Pregled. They have not yet been copy edited and/or formatted in the publication house style, and the text could still be changed before final publication. Although accepted manuscripts do not yet have all bibliographic details available, they can already be cited using the year of online publication and the DOI, as follows: article title, the author(s), publication (year), the DOI. Please cite this article MEDICINE IN THE HIPPOCRATIC AND POST- HIPPOCRATIC AGE Authors Tatjana Lazarevic||, Zoran Kovacevic*, Mirjana A. Janicijevic Petrovic‡, Biljana Ljujic**, Milos Glisic§ and Katarina Janicijevic†, Vojnosanitetski pregled (2021); Online First May, 2021. UDC: DOI: https://doi.org/10.2298/VSP210325057L When the final article is assigned to volumes/issues of the Journal, the Article in Press version will be removed and the final version appear in the associated published volumes/issues of the Journal. The date the article was made available online first will be carried over. 1 HISTORY OF MEDICINE MEDICINE IN THE HIPPOCRATIC AND POST-HIPPOCRATIC AGE Tatjana Lazarevic||, Zoran Kovacevic*, Mirjana A. Janicijevic Petrovic‡, Biljana Ljujic**, Milos Glisic§ and Katarina Janicijevic† ||Department of Internal medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences University of Kragujevac, Serbia *Department of Internal medicine, Clinical Centre of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia ‡Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences University of Kragujevac, Serbia **Department of Genetic, Faculty of Medical Sciences University of Kragujevac, Serbia §Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences University of Kragujevac, Serbia †Department of Social medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences University of Kragujevac, Serbia †Corresponding author: †Katarina Janicijevic, Ass. Department of Social medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences University of Kragujevac, Serbia Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia E-mail: [email protected] Tel: +381 64 2183797 Fax: +381 34 306 800 2 Introduction From the historical aspect, medicine is divided into pre-Hippocratic, Hippocratic and post- Hippocratic. Hippocratic medicine represents a period in which medicine developed under the influence of Hippocrates. The Hippocratic period includes the time when he lived, but also several centuries later. People who studied and practiced medicine according to his doctrine formed a kind of direction in medicine called Hippocratic. It is not possible to precisely define the date range of the actuality of Hippocratic medicine, but its influence on medicine today is realistically immeasurable 1. Hippocrates was a Greek physician, who lived from 460 to 377 BC, and who belonged to the period of the highest scope of the classical Hellenic science of medicine. His father was Heraclid. He worked within the medical school in Kos. He traveled extensively and died in Thessaly 1, Fig. 1. Figure 1. Hippocrates Hippocrates was the first to separate medicine from superstition, which was a kind of turning point in medicine, and he became a legend of medicine. The name "father of medicine" rightly belongs to him, because it represents the prototype and ethical ideal of the doctor, who spoke about human life and the doctor's attitude towards the patient. He influenced medical practice centuries in advance. He put the patient at the center of the treatment process, and the patient's well-being, that is, the welfare of the patient, as a priority in treatment. He believed that man was a part of nature and that diseases were a natural phenomenon, and in accordance with that, they were treated with natural methods. He believed that a man was treated, not a disease. He was the first doctor to ask a person how he/she felt. There are a lot of valid terms and methods of treatment that he left us. He was the originator of the concept of humoral medicine, which marked the diagnosis and understanding of pathology until the end of the New Century. He individualized medical therapy. He was a pioneer of medical propaedevtic. With him began what we call medical ethics. He practiced surgery, orthopedics, pharmacology, diet therapy and philosophy 1. Hippocrates's aphorism is well known: "Human life is short, medical skill is enormous; a favorable moment passes quickly; experience is deceptive, making a decision is difficult" 1. After Hippocrates, medicine was marked by the Dogmatic and Alexandrian schools. The most valuable representatives of the Dogmatic school were Diocletian and Praxagoras. The Alexandrian school was marked by Herophilos and Erasistratus. Aristotle made a great 3 contribution to medicine in this period 1, 2. Another physician who marked the Hippocratic period was Galen. Galen was a Roman physician who is claimed to have lived between 125 and 215 AD. His life expectancy is almost three times longer than expected in the Old Century, which raises doubts about the reliability of this information. Like Hippocrates, Galen developed the idea of humoral medicine, which practically meant that human health was defined by body fluids. Galen influenced medicine so much that his name bears not only the vein, but also the methods of preparing medicines in the pharmacy, and the prepared medicines are called Galena preparations. His teaching was considered a dogma for a period of 15 centuries 1, 2. Roman medicine did not leave anything original on its own, except for a few personal discoveries. It was mainly about elaborating the ideas and methods of Greek medicine. Notable Roman physicians in this period were Themison, Soranus, and Celsus 1, 2. It is important that the doctors of that time had open access to museums and other selections of archeological discoveries. The concept of pathogenic factors varied depending on the cultural context and historical period. In this sense, subdisciplines developed, such as paleopathology. Old methods and treatments that we neglected and overlooked may prove useful. Modern medicine should take into account past experiences in treatment, at least as a basis for research 3. Ancient Greek medicine of the Hippocratic period Greek medicine was a turning point in human treatment. The ancient Greeks separated medicine from superstition and divine manipulations and turned it towards a naturalistic concept (Truumees, 2015). This opened the way for the development of scientific medicine, and already in the 5th century BC, Greek doctors had their own association. There were permanent doctors (demiurges) and traveling doctors (periodeuts). Demiurges performed interventions in surgeries, where patients sometimes stayed in recovery, and without charge. The concept of hospitals did not exist at the time, but it can be said that this was its beginning. Periodeuts went to places where there were no doctors and charged according to the agreement. In treatment, they used herbs, examination, observation, surgery, and not prayer and spells. Nevertheless, Hippocrates made medicine a science 1, 2, 3. The most famous schools of medicine were in Kos, Kroton, Cnidus and Alexandria 1, 4. Nemesius was the first to theorize about the division of the brain in the 4th century BC. He believed that feelings and imagination were located in two lateral chambers in the frontal lobe of 4 the brain, and he called it the first cell. The mind was the function of the second cell, and in the posterior part of the brain was the third cell, which was in charge of remembering 5. Chrysippus of Soli, who lived between 279 and 206 BC, was the first to mention cataract surgery 6. Theophrastus is considered the father of botany. He wrote Decausisplantarum and Dehistoriaplantarum, important collections of herbal medicines 7. Hippocratic teaching He claimed that man was nature and a part of nature. So the disease had natural causes. He believed that climate, atmosphere, pollution, miasmatic fumes, food, colds and other external influences significantly affected human health. He assessed the signs and symptoms by following human feelings, as well as objective factors. He adjusted the therapy to the patient. A significant part of his treatment was diet therapy. Many aspects of which medicine is proud today, we really owe to him. The saying "Let your food be your medicine" is attributed to him 1, 7. He viewed man as a being who functioned in harmony with his environment. A person was treated as a complete being and everything related to his external and internal interactions was seen as a factor of illness. Therefore, Hippocrates is considered the originator of the concept of holistic medicine. Today, holistic medicine is seen as the ideological forerunner of complementary medicine 1, 7. He laid important foundations of medical ethics 1, 7. Hippocrates did not distinguish veins and arteries. All blood vessels were called phlebes, hollow tubes. He understood the brain in the same way as Alcmaeon: its function was to analyze information from the outside world, which created our thoughts and feelings1, 7. By the term neura he meant fibers such as veins, nerves, tendons, ligaments, and he believed that there were also hollow neurons such as pores, which could be opened to enter fluid if necessary. He claimed that the compression of the leg caused pallor, or blue discoloration of the extremities. He described how a carotid artery injury caused contralateral hemiplegia. He introduced inspection, palpation and the primitive variant of auscultation 4 - 7. Hippocratic humoral medicine Hippocrates based his teaching on Empedocles's idea of four elements: water, fire, air and earth. Thus, humans were a phenomenon, a consequence of the activity of four fluids: blood, phlegm, yellow and black bile. These liquids had four properties: hot, cold, dry and wet. He 5 believed that these aspects were governed by the force of physis. All harmful liquids tended to be expelled from the body after cooking (pepsis), which gave a fever.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Vascular Function and Structure in the Rat Aorta
    Vascular Function and Structure in the Rat Aorta Vascular Function and Structure in the Rat Aorta By Keith Wan Kee Ng Vascular Function and Structure in the Rat Aorta, by Keith Wan Kee Ng This book first published 2013 Cambridge Scholars Publishing 12 Back Chapman Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2XX, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2013 by Keith Wan Kee Ng All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-4438-4823-9, ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-4823-7 To My parents My best friends TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures............................................................................................. xi List of Tables ............................................................................................ xiii Acknowledgements ................................................................................... xv Preface ..................................................................................................... xvii List of Acronyms ...................................................................................... xix Chapter One ................................................................................................. 1 Introduction Chapter Two ...............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • “And Her Heart Fluttered”: the Psychopathology of Desire in the Argonautika
    “And Her Heart Fluttered”: The Psychopathology of Desire in the Argonautika Julia Simons A thesis submitted to Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Arts in Classics 2014 School of Art History, Classics and Religious Studies 1 Frontispiece: Medea contemplating the death of her children, from the House of the Dioscuri: Pompeii, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples. Gurd (1974), fig. 2. 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to extend my greatest thanks to Dr. Mark Masterson, my supervisor, whose advice and guidance was much required and appreciated. I would also like to thank my parents for their support and unwavering belief in me. Thank you as well to Alex Wilson and James McBurney for their help. A special thanks goes to James McLaren for constantly supporting and encouraging me. 3 ABSTRACT This thesis investigates the way that Apollonios constructs Medea’s psyche and body in response to contemporary medical and philosophical influences in order to portray realistically the way that erōs manifests itself in Medea as both sickness and mental illness. Apollonios delves into Medea’s psyche and exposes how it functions in moments of intense desire, pain, indecision and introspection while under the powerful sways of erōs. Medea’s erōs manifests as erratic and dangerous behaviour and crippling indecision, the analysis of which is done in light of Chrusippos’ discussion of Euripides’ Medea’s akrasia. Apollonios draws from Euripides’ version to depict Medea in a different stage of her life, making a similar life-altering decision: whether or not to help Jason and betray her family or stay at home and watch him die.
    [Show full text]
  • Kwast Chapter 1 MCB 244 2013
    1 An Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations prepared by Jason LaPres Lone Star College—North Harris NOTE: Presentations extensively modi6ied for use in MCB 244 & 246 at the University of © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Illinois by Drs. Kwast & Brown (2013-2014) Chapter 1 Learning Objectives • Describe the basic functions of organisms. • Define anatomy & physiology and the various specialties of each. • Identify and understand the major levels of organization of our bodies. • Identify and describe the 11 organ systems of the body. • Understand and be able to explain the concept of “homeostasis” and describe the roles of negative and positive feedback in regulating body functions. • Identify the major body cavities using proper anatomical terms. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Anatomy & Physiology: The study of structure- function relationships in biology • Anatomy • Describes the structures of the body including • What they are made of • Where they are located • Associated structures • Physiology • Is the study of the function of biological systems including, of course, anatomical structures • It includes both individual and cooperative functions • Anatomy & Physiology: forms the foundation for understanding the body’s parts and functions in concert. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Introduction – A Brief History of Anatomy • Anatomy (anatome = to cut up): study of “cutting up” of the structural parts • Oldest medical science; cadaver dissection (dis = apart; secare = to cut) Egypt: • Anatomical or Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus (1600 BCE): • Contains 48 case histories of medical trauma and their treatment; describes closing wounds with sutures, preventing and curing infection with honey, stopping bleeding with raw meat as well as immobilizing the head and neck to prevent spinal cord injuries during transport.
    [Show full text]
  • Physiological and Pathophysiological Aspects in Herophilos Writings
    CONTENTS GENERAL ASPECTS OF HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF MEDICINE Herophilus and vivisection: a re-appraisal . 5 J. Ganz HISTORY OF MEDICAL DISCIPLINES Philippe Ricord – prominent venereologist of the XIX century . 13 K.A. Pashkov, M.S. Betekhtin Development of national system of pharmaceutical education in 1920–1930: Moscow medico-pharmaceutical combine . 18 M.S. Sergeeva FROM THE HISTORY OF HEALTHCARE Zemstvo district medicine and charity in Russia . 29 L.E. Gorelova, T.I. Surovtseva The formation of factory legislation on health protection in Europe and Russia in the 19th to early 20th centuries . 35 I.V. Karpenko FROM THE HISTORY OF RUSSIAN MEDICINE Stages of formation and further development of domestic cardiology. Part 1 . 40 V.I. Borodulin, S.P. Glyantsev, A.V. Topolianskiy On the Biography of Professor and Psychiatrist Anatoly Kotsovsky (1864−1937) . 48 K.K. Vasylyev, Yu.K. Vasylyev Professor of surgery at the University of Moscow I.P. Aleksinsky: his life and work in Russia and in emigration . 55 O.A. Trefi lova, I.A. Rozanov INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH Some evidence of the worship of Apollo Physician (Ietroos) in ancient Greece and the Black Sea Coast . 73 E.S. Naumova SPECIFIC QUESTIONS IN THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE Physiological and pathophysiological aspects in Herophilos writings . 81 L.D. Maltseva SOURCE Continuity in the views of Hippocrates and Galen on the nature of the human body . 89 D.A. Balalykin 4 SPECIFIC QUESTIONS IN THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE Physiological and pathophysiological aspects in Herophilos writings L.D. Maltseva I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation The results of studies of the physiological and pathophysiological aspects of the scientifi c practice of physician Herophilus of Alexandria are presented.
    [Show full text]
  • The Apodictic Method in the Tradition of Ancient Greek Rational Medicine: Hippocrates, Aristotle, Galen
    GENERAL ASPECTS OF HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF MEDICINE History of Medicine. 2016. Vol. 3. № 4. DOI: 10.17720/2409-5834.v3.4.2016.37z The apodictic method in the tradition of ancient Greek rational medicine: Hippocrates, Aristotle, Galen Dmitry A. Balalykin1,2, Nataliya P. Shok1,2 1Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University 8 Trubetskaya St., building 2, Moscow 119991, Russia 2Institute of World History, Russian Academy of Sciences 32A Leninsky Prospekt, Moscow 119334, Russia The authors suggest a definition of the apodictic method that can be applied to the history of medicine and reveal its development in the works of Hippocrates, Aristotle, and Galen. The apodictic method of proof in medicine is anatomical dissections, the rational doctrine of general pathology and clinical systematics. The particular approach to using this method of rigorous proof in the works of ancient authors allows us to distinguish three stages in the development of ancient medicine’s methodology. The first was the period of the apodictic method’s birth, which determined the foundations of Greek rational medicine based on the principles of Hippocrates. Under these principles, an explanation for the phenomena of nature, and the human body as a part of it, is based on the search for, and study of, natural causes. The foundation period of the apodictic method is associated with the works of Aristotle, which are devoted to the theory of argumentation, contain a formulation for the strict requirements for proof, movement theory, and systematic dissections of animals based on this practice. They also include the formation of the principles of comparative anatomy, which subsequently influenced the development of Herophilos’ practice of systematic anatomic autopsies and the development of his health concepts.
    [Show full text]
  • FROM EPIDAUROS to GALENOS the PRINCIPAL CURRENTS of GREEK MEDICAL THOUGHT* by A
    FROM EPIDAUROS TO GALENOS THE PRINCIPAL CURRENTS OF GREEK MEDICAL THOUGHT* By A. P. CAWADIAS, O.B.E., M.D. DURH., AND PARIS, M.R.C.P., LOND. LONDON HE object of this paper is to that unites the irrational medicine of show the evolution of Greek the ancient Eastern people to the medical thought from the scientific medicine of the Greeks. practices of religious medi- In the scientific medicine of the cine, as symbolized by the Faith-healGreeks- four periods can be distin- Ting of Epidauros, which forms the guished. Every period is based on link with the pre-Hellenic or irra- physiological work, and it is in part tional medicine, to the death of the application of this physiological Galenos which marks the end of the work to medicine, and its develop- creative period of Greek medicine. ment through special clinical methods For the understanding of this im- of diagnosis and treatment that char- portant period of the history of acterizes the medical work of every medicine, the history of the Greeks, in period. Physiology, taken in its large general, must be taken into considera- sense, that is, including anatomy, is tion; and principally the work of the the scientific basis of medicine, and physiologists and philosophers, who thus the only way to understand the mark the various stations of Greek evolution of Greek medical thought thought, must be studied. Greek medi- will be to place distinctly at the cine bound with Greek thought, in beginning of each period, the physio- general, shows a remarkable progres- logical work on which this period is sion, from the first conceptions of based.
    [Show full text]
  • Anatomy, Physiology, Medicine in the Ancient World Hippocrates 460 to 370 BC
    Anatomy, Physiology, Medicine in the ancient world Hippocrates 460 to 370 BC Born on isle of Kos. Two schools of medicine: the Knidian School and the Koan School (Hippocrates and his followers). x The Hippocrac bench Hippocrates categorized • Endemic, epidemic • Acute, chronic • Crisis, resoluHon, relapse, convalescence • Diagnosed pulmonary diseases: e.g., clubbing of fingers • Cauterized wounds • Importance of exercise Herophilos b 335 to 280 BC • Born in Chalcedon. x • Educated in Alexandria under Praxagoras (Koan). • Greatest Physician of x AnHquity Herophilos’ wriHngs • None exist: perhaps lost in Alexandrian fire (4th C). • Galen (129 to 200+ AD) le[ detailed comparave references to his work (and that of Erasistratus) • Von Staden, H. 1989 Herophilus: the Art of Medicine in early Alexandria. Cambridge U DisHnguished arteries/veins Classified and categorized pulse variaons Did first detailed study of brain Studied the eye and its connecHon with the brain How did he do it? • Herophilus and Erasistratus • Von Staden, H. 1992. The discovery of the body: human dissecHon and its cultural contexts in Ancient Greece. Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 65: 223-241. Empiricism • Knowledge comes uniquely from sensory experience. • Early empiricism: advocated data collecHon for things as they present themselves. • More acHve intervenHons became associated with empiricism in and aer the Renaissance Erasistratus 304 BC to 250 BC. • David Leith 2015. Erasistratus’ triplokia of arteries veins and nerves. Apeiron 48: 251– 262. • Arteries carry vital pneuma: basic bodily funcon • Veins carry blood; nutriHon and growth • Nerves carry psychic pneuma; sensaon and movement. Disease occurs when substance of one vessel is allowed to enter another vessel type.
    [Show full text]
  • What Do We Know About Erasistratus? Part 3*
    History of Medicine, 2018, 5(3): 213–220 DOI 10.3897/hmj.5.3.32484 What do we know about Erasistratus? Part 3* Dmitry A. Balalykin1 1 FSSBI “N.A. Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health” 12 Vorontsovo Pole St., building 1, Moscow 105064, Russia Corresponding author: Dmitry A. Balalykin ([email protected]) Received: 10 August 2018 Accepted: 10 September 2018 Published online: 19 December 2018 Citation: Balalykin DA (2018) What do we know about Erasistratus? Part 3. History of Medicine 5(3): 213–220. https://doi. org/10.3897/hmj.5.3.32484 Abstract The writings of Galen are an important source of information about Erasistratus. A comprehensive analysis of this source ma- terial provides an idea of Erasistratus’s and his followers’ approaches to solving practical problems of clinical medicine. The article’s author cites arguments confirming that Erasistratus’s clinical practice, the basis of which was the natural philosophy of atomism, should be considered as the foundation of methodologists’ teachings. Methodist physicians, guided by Erasistratus’s medical postulates, needed a theory that logically explained the phenomena they observed, while for rationalist physicians the- oretical medicine was the impetus for experimental studies, the results of which became its foundation. The third part of the article presents historical and medical commentary of the Galen treatise “Treatment by Bloodletting,” which, along with his two other writings – “Bloodletting, against Erasistratus” and “Bloodletting, against the Erasistrateans at Rome,” contains valuable information about Erasistratus, allowing us to reconstruct his view of clinical practice and medicine in general. In his opinion, anatomical knowledge could not form the basis for reliable ideas about the structure of the human body.
    [Show full text]
  • Health, Economics and Ancient Greek Medicine
    Health, Economics and Ancient Greek Medicine Carl Hampus Lyttkens* Department of Economics Lund University, Sweden January 2011 Abstract A period of two and a half millennia separates us from the Classical period of ancient Greece. Nevertheless, looking at ancient Greek medicine from the perspective of modern health economics is an interesting endeavour in that it increases our understanding of the ancient world and provides insights into contemporary society. Ancient Greece is rightly famous for pioneering secular and scientific medicine, but equally noteworthy is the prominence of healing cults, such as that of Asklepios. In this paper, the market for secular physicians is illuminated with tools from modern economics, for example the concern for the physician’s reputation. The simultaneous emergence in ancient Greece of a scientific and rational approach to medicine and the proliferation of religious medicine provides an interesting vantage point for a study of the current market for alternative medicine. Similar circumstances arguably lie behind the dual nature of the health market that was present then and is still present now. The underlying mechanism in both periods is hypothesised to be increased uncertainty in everyday life. Keywords: health; economics; medicine; ancient Greece; alternative JEL classification: I11; N33 * Corresponding author: Carl Hampus Lyttkens, Professor of Economics, Department of Economics, Lund University, P.O. Box 7082, SE-220 07 Lund, Sweden. [email protected] 1 1. Introduction More than 2000 years separate us from ancient Greece of the Classical period. There are perhaps few areas where the apparent differences between our societies are as striking as in medicine.
    [Show full text]
  • Author's Reply: the “Male Seed” Equivalent As Herophilos Spermatozoa's Concept
    Letter to the Editor www.anatomy.org.tr Received: August 10, 2016; Accepted: August 17, 2016 doi:10.2399/ana.16.028.r01 Author’s Reply: The “male seed” equivalent as Herophilos spermatozoa’s concept Dear Editor, unknown instruments for improving the power of In my article “Herophilos the great anatomist of antiqui- human vision. ty” published in Anatomy in 2015,[1] I mentioned that “He However, by his advantageous human anatomical dis- recognized that the testicles produced spermatozoa”. section, Herophilos has been credited with giving the We do not have enough evidence about Herophilos best description of the reproductive system up to that writings only a few indirect mentions from Galen and time and gives a sense that he recognized that testicles produced the “male seed” or its comparable spermato- few others like Heinrich von Staden who assembled the [3] fragmentary evidence concerning Herophilos writings. zoa. In this von Staden’s translation and essays in page 288, Rafael Romero Reverón* he declared that Herophilos made a remarkable study of Human Anatomy Department, J.M. Vargas School of male reproductive organs but he also tried to account for Medicine, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, the generation of “male seed”.[2] Venezuela The “male seed” theory was pointed out before e-mail: [email protected]; Aristotle’s times as a part of human reproduction and [email protected] this notion mentioned by Herophilos may be correspon- dent to spermatozoa’s concept. References Although during Herophilos time there is no evi- 1. Romero Reverón R. Herophilos, the great anatomist of antiquity.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Veterinary Medicine Greeks Dual Healing Pigs
    Greeks • Graikoi = Admirers of Mother Earth – Hunters, shepherds, animal-breeders, traders History of Veterinary Medicine – Their history is divided into 3 ages • Their own culture has become the main basis of our present European culture and Animal animal healing in the ancient civilization Greece, Alexandria • polytheism – Often illustrated their gods in animal form – Zeus – ram, Apollo – raven, Aphrodite – fish Dual healing Pigs • Egyptians, Jews, Phoenicians: • Asclepios cult (healing gods) – Pig = impure animal, wild boar = evil – mythology • Greeks – admire their gods in animal form also means – The first nation to breed pigs, consume pork to offer them the animals in which form they – Sacrified pigs to Demeter, the god of cereals appeared on Earth • Only good-looking, healthy animals were used for • God satisfied with the favorite animal, would not sacrifice demand the whole stock – after that they were not consumed, but burnt • would keep away episotics! • The more valuable the animal was more likely is • Homer: Ilias – about the Trojan war (1218 BC) the success of sacrifice – first victims: dogs, horses, mules and men • Gods became angry when sick or succumbed • Scientific healing animals were placed on their altars After the era of intuitive, naive-empiric and superstitious magic healing, came the era of rational-empiric healing Less magic, more logic and structure The ancient Greek medicine Sources: Egyptian, Babylonian, Persian Connection to mythology: Apollo (Sun- god): sends brightness and life, but also his arrows carry plague and death Asclepius was rescued by performing the first caesarean section. His mother Coronis became pregnant and later killed by Apollo. The baby was given to the wise centaur, Cheiron (partly human, partly equine body) to raise.
    [Show full text]
  • The Amazing Brain
    Washington University School of Medicine Digital Commons@Becker Open Access Publications 2015 The ma azing brain Krikor Dikranian Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/open_access_pubs Recommended Citation Dikranian, Krikor, ,"The ma azing brain." Biomedical reviews.26,. 1-12. (2015). https://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/open_access_pubs/7379 This Open Access Publication is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons@Becker. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Publications by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Becker. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Biomedical Reviews 2015; 26: 1-12 © Bul garian Society for Cell Biology ISSN 1314-1929 (online) THE AMAZING BRAIN Krikor Dikranian Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA It is in the human nature to be curious about how we feel pain, see the world, hear bird’s songs, remember, forget, reason. We want to understand the nature of love, anger, satisfaction, desire and madness. This is a short story about the evolution of the science on the human brain and about major brain discoveries. It gives a concise historic perspective of the understanding of the nervous system - from ancient Egypt to the birth of Renaissance, with the works of Vesalius and his esteemed contemporaries. The contributions of 17 th century neuroanatomists such as Tomas Willis followed by the pre-modern neuroscience researchers Camillo Golgi and especially Santiago Ramon y Cajal are highlighted. The contribution of transgenic mouse models and the application of modern noninvasive imaging methods such as positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging 05, IRUJURXQGEUDNLQJIXQFWLRQDOVWXGLHVRQWKHKXPDQEUDLQDUHEULHÀ\UHYLHZHG,PSRUWDQW st century projects such as the Human and Mouse Connectome projects and the White House Brain Initiative are also presented.
    [Show full text]