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Home , Herophilos, Panacea

Greeks

• Graikoi = Admirers of Mother Earth – Hunters, shepherds, animal-breeders, traders History of Veterinary Medicine – Their history is divided into 3 ages • Their own culture has become the main basis of our present European culture and Animal animal healing in the ancient civilization , Alexandria • – Often illustrated their gods in animal form – – ram, – raven, – fish

Zeus Dual healing King of the Gods God of the sky, lightning, thunder, law, order, justice • Asclepios cult (healing gods) – mythology – admire their gods in animal form also means to offer them the animals in which form they appeared on Earth • God satisfied with the favorite animal, would not demand the whole stock • would keep away episotics! • Homer: Ilias – about the (1218 BC) – first victims: dogs, horses, mules and men • Scientific healing

After the era of intuitive, naive-empiric and superstitious Pigs magic healing, came the era of rational-empiric healing Less magic, more logic and structure • Egyptians, Jews, Phoenicians: The – Pig = impure animal, wild boar = evil Sources: Egyptian, Babylonian, Persian • Greeks Connection to mythology: Apollo (Sun- – The first nation to breed pigs, consume pork god): sends brightness and life, but also his arrows carry plague and death – Sacrified pigs to , the god of cereals • Only good-looking, healthy animals were used for – after that they were not consumed, but burnt • The more valuable the animal was more likely is the success of sacrifice • Gods became angry when sick or succumbed animals were placed on their altars His son was (Latin Aesculapius)

1 • Apollo, the sun god – and god of music and reason – had many lovers. One was Coronis, who was pregnant with his child. In one of his many absences, he became fearful that she would take another lover, so he enlisted the help of a white raven to spy on her. The news wasn’t good, and in his anger Apollo turned the white raven black. He also killed Coronis but saved the child and named him Asclepius, then trained him in the healing arts. Asclepius, we may know, grew up to become the “father of modern medicine.”

Asclepius was rescued by performing the first caesarean section. His mother Coronis became pregnant and later killed by Apollo. The baby was given to the wise , Cheiron (partly human, partly equine body) to raise. Cheiron taught Asclepius the art of surgery, teaching him to be the most well-respected doctor of his day.

Asclepius is the demigod of medicine and healing in ancient . Asclepius represents the healing aspect of the medical arts, while his daughters Hygineia, Meditrina (the serpent-bearer), (literally, "all-healing") symbolize the forces of cleanliness, medicine and healing, respectively.

The rod of Asclepius is the symbolic mark of the WHO and our faculty

Hippocrates: Greek Asclepius' powers to revive the dead drew the ire of Zeus physician (c460 - c377 BC) (acceptance of money for resurrection?). one of the most outstanding figures in the history of Described (with his two sons) in Homer’s medicine (the „father of medicine„), the founder of Asclepios' most famous the Hippocratic school of medicine (Kos)  separated sanctuary was in Epidaurus it from other branches of in the North-eastern science. Recognised the Peloponnese. Another benefits of opium poppy famous "asclepieion" was juice as a narcotic. on the island of Kos, where Trikala The Hippocratic Oath is Hippocrates, the legendary Pergamum The therapeutic approach of an oath traditionally taken Hippocrates was passive, doctor, begun his career. by physicians pertaining to based on "the healing power the ethical practice of Other asclepieions were of nature". medicine. situated in Trikala, Gortys Gortys (in Arcadia), and Pergamum „Primum nil nocere!” A Byzantine manuscript in . of the Oath „Above all: do not harm!” The network of asclepions ( )

2 His knowledge • From of animals – , pathophysiology, high level surgery • For each case – Pathogenesis, prognosis, therapy • Most important to gain experiences! • Large pharmacy – 300 herbal, animal or mineral drugs – used medicaments described in Egypt, India • Instrumentarium • Collection of previous works - history

Aphorisms Examination

• „Spasms following traumatic injury are fatal” • Age, sex, temperament, mood • „In acute disease it is a bad sign if the • tongue, voice, posture extremities are cold” • appetite, , respiration • „It is a good sign if the patient eats with • state of nourishment good appetite” • eyes • „It is a bad sign when rales due to plenty of • condition of skin and hair secretion is heard but no secretion leaves the lungs” • sweating

The Hippocratic school held that all illness was the result of an imbalance in The concept was directly linked with another popular the body of the four humours (, black bile, yellow bile, phlegm). When theory of the four elements (air, fire, earth, and water) the four humours were not in balance, a person would become sick. (Empedocles). Paired qualities were associated with „Humourism” ( Humoral immunity – antibodies, versus cellular) each humour and each season. Types (temperament):

Sanguine (= blood)  courageous, hopeful, amorous Spring Air Sanguine Melancholic (= melan chole = black bile)  despondent, sleepless Summer Fire Choleric Phlegmatic (= phlegm = lymph)  calm, unemotional Autumn Earth Phlegmatic Choleric (= chole= bile)  easily angered, bad tempered Empedocles (ca. Winter Water Melancholic 490–430 BC)

Clubbing of fingers secondary to pulmonary hypertension in a patient with was first described by Hippocrates, and is also known as "Hippocratic fingers"

He did not practice animal healing, „Corpus Hippocraticum” but had big influence on it

3 Another important concept in Hippocratic medicine was that of a crisis, a point in the progression of disease at which either the illness would begin to triumph and the patient would succumb to death, or the opposite would occur and natural processes would make the patient recover. After a crisis, a relapse might follow, and then another deciding crisis. According to this doctrine, crises tend to occur on critical days, which were supposed to be a fixed time after the contraction of a disease. Fix days: 4., 7., 11., 14, crisis on another day is considered bad omen.

The plane tree of Hippocrates in Kos town

Aristotle (384 BC – 322 BC) Greek philosopher, student of Plato and teacher of Xenophon (ca. 431 – 355 BC) Alexander the Great. Raised in asclepiadian Soldier and mercenary. family, prepared to be a physician, but he wrote on diverse subjects, including medicine and A well known hippiater (horse-doctor): wrote the book on „Horsemanship” in zoology. He was among the most influential of which he describes diseases of horses the ancient Greek philosophers transforming pre-Socratic Greek philosophy into the deals with horse breeding and riding. foundations of Western philosophy as it is known today. Classification of animals: based on anatomical, behavioural and nutritional features His book „Anabasis” (The expedition) Description of embryonic development describes the expedition of Greek by investigating chicken embryos in eggs soldiers in Persia, and served as field Description of several disease of swine, „Historia animalium” guide for Alexander the Great. cattle and horses, elephants, honey bees and fish, rabies in dogs („History of Animals” is one of the major texts on biology.) Treatments, medications

Classification of animals • Nutritional: – Carnivores – Ruminants – Rodents –…

4 The school of Alexandria

The city was founded by Alexander the Great in the delta of the Nile and enlarged by his successor, Ptolemy I. The greatest centre of science in the ancient times, its library had 700.000 manuscripts.

Herophilos (335-280 BC), Greek physician. Together with Erasistratos he is regarded as a founder of the great medical school of Alexandria. The first to base his conclusions on dissection. Studied the , recognizing it as the centre of the nervous system and the site of intelligence. His works were lost but were much quoted by in the 2nd century AD. One of the founders of the experimental scientific method in medicine. He was among the first to introduce conventional terminology. A part of the torcular Herophili is named after him.

Erasistratos (250 BC), Herophilos’s rival at Alexandria, made remarkable progress in anatomy, describing the brain even more accurately than Herophilos. • Distinguished the from the • Determined that the brain was the origin for all • Distinguished sensory from motor nerves • In his account of the and its function, he distinguished between pulmonary and systemic circulation. • Recognized connection between system confluence of sinuses, torcular herophili and circulation

In 48 B.C. the "burning of the Library„ ended the most prosperous era of the school (Terrorist act? Romans?)

Human

Horse

5 Veterinary Medicine in ancient Rome, Roman Empire and Byzantine Empire (B.C. 500 – A.D. 1000)

History of Veterinary Medicine

Animal animal healing in the ancient Rome. Galen

Agriculture and animal husbandry Veterinary medicine • Primary importance • Wide knowledge about animal diseases • Particularly horses, but • Haruspices (diviners) • Cattle, sheep and pig breeding – less importance: trade – Etruscan • Gliaria for fattening dormouse • Foretelling based on the – Muscardinus avellanarius • College for 60 people – Feeding with mast and chestnut • Leader: Magister publicus • Geographical differences − • Extispicina (examination of viscera of animals) differences in animal husbandry – North: forests • Augurs – South: barren pastures and scrubs • Foretelling the future on the number of flying birds • Bird ethology

Augurs Haruspex = man trained to practice a form of Wooden wand, often called haruspicy, hepatoscopy or hepatomancy with a curled end

Producatio prodigiorum = taking care of prodigies Ars fulguratoria = sacrifice after Extispicina = examination of the viscera

6 Augur with lituus Origin of „veterinarius” • Roman writers and Columella – Mulomedicus: Doctor of horses and mules – Expiatory sacrifice (lustrum) • Sus + ovis + taurus = su-ove-taurilia • Suovetaurinarius: caretaker of animals to be sacrificed

 Medicus veterinarius

Suovetaurilia

Poets, historians Virgil’s case descriptions • Ovid, Lucretius, Plutarch • Ovine scabies • Songs, histories of epizootics – Recommends ointment and bath • Animal devastations • Footrot – as natural disasters • Oestrosis (nasal myiasis) • Cattle plague (rinderpest) • Anthrax – Paramyxoviridae, Morbillivirus genus – Bacillus anthracis – Acute, highly contagious disease with fever – Severe coughing in swine – hemorrhages, necrosis on mucosal membranes • Cattle pox – Virgil (70 – 19 B.C.): „Georgica” • Ovine pox (pustula maligna) – notable description of the cattle plague • Rabies – Starvation, lack of draught animals

7 „First dogs became ill, then birds in flight fell down, dead deer were lying in the forrest, and humans died in mass” Centre of Asclepius cult

• Sending delegates to Epidaurus • Greek physicians could practice in Rome

Asclepiades Methodics • Born and educated in Greece • Stratus strictus and stratus laxus – Settled in Rome – Tonicity and laxation of pores • Rejected the tenets of Greek medicine – Recommended wine as universal remedy – Stratus mixtus • Vital processes • Simplified medication – Mechanical – movements of atoms – 6 months learning – Health = symmetry of atoms and pores – Successes in surgery, obstretrics • No examination, action – Constructing medical instruments – Immediately, safely, pleasantly – Mechanical, hygienic and dietetic methods • Four oversimplified causes of diseases • New school: methodics (cito, tuto, iucundi = fast, – Foreign bodies, dislocations, abscesses, safely, pleasantly) developmental anomalies

Historians mentioning Two groups in human medicine epidemics • Pneumatics and eclectics • Mago (550 – 500 BC) – Recognized smallpox and diphteria as disease entities – Famous agricultural work in Phoenician – Studied leprosy – Animal healing (castration, wound healing) – Used glowing iron to arrest bleeding • Cassius Dionysius – Ligated – Translation of the 28 chapters – Necropsied monkeys • Marcus Portius Cato (234-149 BC) – Achieved great advances in medical science and practical curing – „De Agricultura”  encyclopaedia • Aurelius Cornelius Celsus (30 BC – 50) • veterinary medicine lagged behind – Animal healing more influenced by him

8 Cardinal symptoms of inflammation Encyclopaedists calor, rubor, tumor, dolor, functio laesa

• Aurelius Cornelius Celsus – „Artes” – lost (symptoms of inflammation) – Chapters: Dietetics, Pathology, Prognostics, Therapeutics, Surgery • Pliny (Plinius, 23 – 79 AD) – „Historia naturalis” – Most widely read • Dioscurides – „Materia medica” – Healing herbs and pharmacology (distillation)

Animal healing and hygiene De re • Junius Lucius Moderatus COLUMELLA rustica – „De re rustica libri XII” – the magic book – Description of animal diseases – Established the first stocks • Fixation and securing of animals – Therapy with herbs Beekeeping – Chapter about surgery „Chirurgica” • Using knife • Detailed description of castration • Burning (cauterisation) as a healing method • Stoppage of bleeding • Wound management

Columella Late 1st and 2nd century AD

• Suggestions: • Increased number of „physicians” – Inspect the animals • Uneducated practitioners every day – Isolate the sick or – After 6-month course pregnant • Importance of endemic • Physicians changed profession diseases – Keep the animals in – Gladiators small groups – Corpse-bearers – Change quarters – To eliminate diseases (Pliny: They continue to kill and bury) kill the sick animals

9 Medical GALEN (Galenus) practitioners • Various trends: • Great reformer, codifier, physician – Methodics (Asclepiades) • Born in Pergamum in 130 AD – Hippocratics • Travelled and studied for 9 years – Encyclopaedists (Cato) – Smyrna, Corinth, Palestine, Alexandria – Scepticists • Anatomy of muscles, anatomy, pharmacology, osteology – Dogmatists • Detailed description of conversations with famous – Empiricists scienctists and physicians – Rationalists • Surgeon in a gladiator school (4 years) – Theoretics • Dissection of humans and animals – Pneumatists (smallpox, diphteria) • In 162, Rome met his great luck – Eclectics (ligation of arteries, glowing iron the arrest bleeding) • heals the wife of consul Boethus, his reputation was built

Pergamum Smyrna Galen’s work Corinth Palestine Alexandria • Lectures • Experiments – Vagus nerve, respiratory movements, pulsation, motor and sensory nerves • Public animal – Swines dissected (sometimes vivisected) • „Codex Aureus” („Golden book”) – Basis of anatomy and physiology • Tutor of Marcus Aurelius’ son, Commodus

Galen’s knowledge Galen’s faith „In the living organism everything is on purpose” • 400 writing • Anatomy • Empiric and rational – Bones, muscles, joints, ligaments • Education • (Blood circulation) – 11 years • Respiration – Grammar, rhetoric, literature, mathematics • Nervous system – Practical demonstrations – Nerves originate from the spinal cord • Students need to do everything several times to – Importance of brain understand, remember and master • Course of the disease • Universal prophylactic (theriacum) – Onset, increase, critical point, remission – Mixture of special drugs using herbs – Existence of pathognomic symptoms

10 In the Roman empire

• Breeding – Horse, cattle, sheep, swine – Horse cult • Emperor Caligula (37-41) – hippomania – Icinatus - consul • Emperor Hadrian (117-138) – hunter • Emperor Commodus (180-192) – gilded the hooves

– Poultry, bee, fish – Hunting and war-dogs

Practical animal Artis veterinariae sive digestorum healing mulomedicinae libri • Palladius – several books – diseases of hens and • Mulomedicina guinea fowls • Collection with personal observations • Vegetius „Mulomedicina” – Publius Vegetius Renatus – General symptomatology • Horse breeder and trader, owner of horse racing stable – Diseases of horses – Systematic order of diseases – Bovine diseases – Anatomy of animals, – Translated to several European languages varieties of horses – No improvement was included • Pelagonius Solonius: „Veterinaria” – Erroneous anatomical statements – „absurd and full of magic” – Obstruction of veterinary development

Vegetius „Post hoc, ergo propter hoc”

immediate isolation of sick (Consequences determine causes) diseases of eye, lips and teeth … • Lack of knowledge on etiology myiasis of wounds – „after this therefore because of this” tympany • Principle of empirism malleus (glanders) Burkholderia mallei seven different fevers • Interference with improvement

• BUT - surgery on a high level

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