DOCSLIB.ORG

History of Veterinary Medicine Greeks Dual Healing Pigs

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
History of Veterinary Medicine Greeks Dual Healing Pigs Greeks • Graikoi = Admirers of Mother Earth – Hunters, shepherds, animal-breeders, traders History of Veterinary Medicine – Their history is divided into 3 ages • Their own culture has become the main basis of our present European culture and Animal animal healing in the ancient civilization Greece, Alexandria • polytheism – Often illustrated their gods in animal form – Zeus – ram, Apollo – raven, Aphrodite – fish Dual healing Pigs • Egyptians, Jews, Phoenicians: • Asclepios cult (healing gods) – Pig = impure animal, wild boar = evil – mythology • Greeks – admire their gods in animal form also means – The first nation to breed pigs, consume pork to offer them the animals in which form they – Sacrified pigs to Demeter, the god of cereals appeared on Earth • Only good-looking, healthy animals were used for • God satisfied with the favorite animal, would not sacrifice demand the whole stock – after that they were not consumed, but burnt • would keep away episotics! • The more valuable the animal was more likely is • Homer: Ilias – about the Trojan war (1218 BC) the success of sacrifice – first victims: dogs, horses, mules and men • Gods became angry when sick or succumbed • Scientific healing animals were placed on their altars After the era of intuitive, naive-empiric and superstitious magic healing, came the era of rational-empiric healing Less magic, more logic and structure The ancient Greek medicine Sources: Egyptian, Babylonian, Persian Connection to mythology: Apollo (Sun- god): sends brightness and life, but also his arrows carry plague and death Asclepius was rescued by performing the first caesarean section. His mother Coronis became pregnant and later killed by Apollo. The baby was given to the wise centaur, Cheiron (partly human, partly equine body) to raise. His son was Asclepius (Latin Aesculapius) Cheiron taught Asclepius the art of surgery, teaching him to be the most well-respected doctor of his day. 1 Asclepius is the demigod of medicine and healing in ancient Greek mythology. Asclepius represents the healing aspect of the medical arts, while his daughters Hygineia, Meditrina (the serpent-bearer), Panacea (literally, "all-healing") symbolize the forces of cleanliness, medicine and healing, respectively. The rod of Asclepius is the symbolic mark of the WHO and our faculty Hippocrates: Greek Asclepius' powers to revive the dead drew the ire of Zeus physician (c460 - c377 BC) (acceptance of money for resurrection?). one of the most outstanding figures in the history of Described (with his two sons) in Homer’s Iliad medicine (the „father of medicine„), the founder of Asclepios' most famous the Hippocratic school of medicine (Kos) separated sanctuary was in Epidaurus it from other branches of in the North-eastern science. Recognised the Peloponnese. Another benefits of opium poppy famous "asclepieion" was juice as a narcotic. on the island of Kos, where The Hippocratic Oath is Hippocrates, the legendary The therapeutic approach of an oath traditionally taken Hippocrates was passive, doctor, begun his career. by physicians pertaining to based on "the healing power the ethical practice of Other asclepieions were of nature". medicine. situated in Trikala, Gortys (in Arcadia), and Pergamum „Primum nil nocere!” A Byzantine manuscript in Asia. of the Oath „Above all: do not harm!” The network of asclepions ( ) His knowledge • From dissection of animals – Anatomy, pathophysiology, high level surgery • For each case – Pathogenesis, prognosis, therapy • Most important to gain experiences! • Large pharmacy – 300 herbal, animal or mineral drugs – used medicaments described in Egypt, India • Instrumentarium • Collection of previous works - history 2 The Hippocratic school held that all illness was the result of an imbalance in Examination the body of the four humours (blood, black bile, yellow bile, phlegm). When the four humours were not in balance, a person would become sick. „Humourism” ( Humoral immunity – antibodies, versus cellular) • Age, sex, temperament, mood Types (temperament): • tongue, voice, posture, Sanguine (= blood) courageous, hopeful, amorous Melancholic (= melan chole = black bile) despondent, sleepless • appetite, pulse, respiration, Phlegmatic (= phlegm = lymph) calm, unemotional Choleric (= chole= bile) easily angered, bad tempered • state of nourishment • eyes • condition of skin and hair • sweating „Corpus Hippocraticum” The concept was directly linked with another popular theory of the four elements (air, fire, earth, and water) Aphorisms (Empedocles). Paired qualities were associated with each humour and each season. • „Spasms following traumatic injury are fatal” • „In acute disease it is a bad sign if the Spring Air Sanguine Summer Fire Choleric extremities are cold” Autumn Earth Phlegmatic Empedocles (ca. • „It is a good sign if the patient eats with Winter Water Melancholic 490–430 BC) good appetite” Clubbing of fingers secondary • It is a bad sign when rales due to plenty of to pulmonary hypertension in a patient with was first described secretion is heard but no secretion leaves by Hippocrates, and is also the lungs” known as "Hippocratic fingers" He did not practice animal healing, but had big influence on it Another important concept in Hippocratic medicine was that of a crisis, a point in the progression of disease at which either the illness would begin to triumph and the patient would succumb to death, or the opposite would occur and natural processes would make the patient recover. After a crisis, a relapse might follow, and then another deciding crisis. According to this doctrine, crises tend to occur on critical days, which were supposed to be a fixed time after the contraction of a disease. Fix days: 4., 7., 11., 14, crisis on another day is considered bad omen. The plane tree of Hippocrates in Kos town 3 Aristotle (384 BC – 322 BC) Greek philosopher, student of Plato and teacher of Xenophon (ca. 431 – 355 BC) Alexander the Great. Raised in asclepiadian Soldier and mercenary. family, prepared to be a physician, but he wrote on diverse subjects, including medicine and A well known hippiater (horse-doctor): wrote the book on „Horsemanship” in zoology. He was among the most influential of which he describes diseases of horses the ancient Greek philosophers transforming pre-Socratic Greek philosophy into the deals with horse breeding and riding. foundations of Western philosophy as it is known today. Classification of animals: based on anatomical, behavioural and nutritional features His book „Anabasis” (The expedition) Description of embryonic development describes the expedition of Greek by investigating chicken embryos in eggs soldiers in Persia, and served as field Description of several disease of swine, „Historia animalium” guide for Alexander the Great. cattle and horses, elephants, honey bees and fish, rabies in dogs („History of Animals” is one of the major texts on biology.) Treatments, medications The school of Alexandria The city was founded by Alexander the Great in the delta of the Nile and enlarged by his successor, Ptolemy I. The greatest centre of science in the ancient times, its library had 700.000 manuscripts. Herophilos (335-280 BC), Greek physician. Together with Erasistratos he is regarded as a founder of the great medical school of Alexandria. The first to base confluence of sinuses, torcular herophili his conclusions on dissection. Studied the brain, recognizing it as the centre of the nervous system and the site of intelligence. His works were lost but were much quoted by Galen in the 2nd century AD. One of the founders of the experimental scientific method in medicine. He was among the first to introduce conventional terminology. A part of the skull torcular Herophili is named after him. Erasistratos (250 BC), Herophilos’s rival at Alexandria, made remarkable progress in anatomy, describing the brain even more accurately than Herophilos. • Distinguished the cerebrum from the cerebellum • Determined that the brain was the origin for all nerves • Distinguished sensory from motor nerves • In his account of the heart and its function, he distinguished between pulmonary and systemic circulation. • Recognized connection between nerve system and circulation In 48 B.C. the "burning of the Library„ ended the most prosperous era of the school (Terrorist act? Romans?) 4 Veterinary Medicine in ancient Rome, Roman Empire and Byzantine Empire (B.C. 500 – A.D. 1000) History of Veterinary Medicine Animal animal healing in the ancient Rome. Galen Agriculture and animal husbandry Veterinary medicine • Primary importance • Wide knowledge about animal diseases • Particularly horses, but • Haruspices (diviners) • Cattle, sheep and pig breeding – less importance: trade – Etruscan oracles • Gliaria for fattening dormouse • Foretelling based on the liver – Muscardinus avellanarius • College for 60 people – Feeding with mast and chestnut • Leader: Magister publicus • Geographical differences − • Extispicina (examination of viscera of animals) differences in animal husbandry – North: forests • Augurs – South: barren pastures and scrubs • Foretelling the future on the number of flying birds • Bird ethology Augurs Haruspex = man trained to practice a form of Wooden wand, often divination called haruspicy, hepatoscopy or hepatomancy with a curled end Producatio prodigiorum = taking care of prodigies Ars fulguratoria = sacrifice after thunderbolt Extispicina = examination of the viscera 5 Augur with lituus Origin of „veterinarius” • Roman writers and Columella – Mulomedicus: Doctor
Load more

Recommended publications
  • How Hippocratic Traditions Revolutionized Greek Medicine Presenter: Emily Siniscalco Faculty Sponsor: Robert Sullivan
    A Sense of Humor: How Hippocratic Traditions Revolutionized Greek Medicine Presenter: Emily Siniscalco Faculty Sponsor: Robert Sullivan The Hippocratic Corpus is a collection of medical texts written by Hippocrates, an ancient Greek physician, and his students. These texts describe specific medical practices followed by Hippocratic physicians and contain many observations about diseases and their progression in the human body. Ancient Greek medicine did exist before the development of Hippocratic medicine; however, it was much less organized and sophisticated. Here, I aim to identify the ways in which Hippocratic medicine revolutionized medical traditions in ancient Greece. This research is based on analysis of multiple Hippocratic works, including Aphorisms, Epidemics, Affections, and The Hippocratic Oath. These works are all original documents developed during and after the life of Hippocrates in the fourth and fifth centuries BCE. Examination of such texts reveals the influence of Hippocratic tradition on many advancements in Greek medicine, particularly in the way physicians understood and treated diseases as well as the way medicine was practiced as a whole. In particular, Hippocratic tradition contributed to Greek medicine by removing disease from a supernatural context, increasing accurate prognoses based on detailed observations, and promoting personalized medical treatments. These were all significant developments in western medical tradition, as they increased the accuracy of prognoses and effectivity of treatments, ultimately resulting in a higher standard of patient care. This presentation will primarily focus on Hippocratic methods of observation-based prognosis and the effects of such methods on physician-prescribed treatments. Additionally, it will briefly address the ways in which Hippocratic medicine has influenced modern medicinal practices, and the ways in which modern medicine could still learn from the ancient Greek Hippocratic tradition.
    [Show full text]
  • The Depiction of Acromegaly in Ancient Greek and Hellenistic Art
    HORMONES 2016, 15(4):570-571 Letter to the Editor The depiction of acromegaly in ancient Greek and Hellenistic art Konstantinos Laios,1 Maria Zozolou,2 Konstantinos Markatos,3 Marianna Karamanou,1 George Androutsos1 1Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 2Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 3Henry Dunant Hospital, Orthopedics Department, Athens, Greece Dear Editor, Hellenistic age (323-31 BC), all with the characteris- tics of acromegaly, have been found in various parts In 1886, Pierre Marie (1853-1940) published the of the ancient Greek world of the times.2 All these first accurate scientific description of acromegaly while also coining the term that we now employ (ac- romegaly today being used when the disease appears in adulthood, and gigantism when it is seen in child- hood). While several other physicians had, previous to Marie, spoken about this disease, starting with the Dutch physician Johann Wier (ca. 1515-1588),1 numerous representations of the human figure with characteristics of acromegaly were fashioned by an- cient Greek and Hellenistic craftsmen. For example, five terracotta male figurines of the ancient Greek era (Alexandria, Graeco-Roman Museum: 10039 Figure 1 and 22631, Delos, Archaeological Museum: ǹ9DWLFDQR0XVHR*UHJRULDQR(WUXVFR Geneva, Collection De Candolle: 21) and three ter- racotta female figurines (Taranto, Museo Nazionale Archeologico, Figure 2 Athens, Benaki Museum: 8210, Tarsus, Tarsus Museum: 35-1369) dated to the Key words: Acromegaly, Ancient Greek art, Ancient Greek medicine, Hellenistic art, Terracotta figurines Address for correspondence: Konstantinos Laios PhD, 1 Athinodorou Str., Kato Petralona, 118 53 Athens, Attiki, Greece; Tel.: +30 6947091434, Fax: +30 2103474338, E-mail: [email protected] Figure 1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Birth of Unani Medicine
    Pregledni rad Acta Med Hist Adriat 2015; 13(2);323-328 Review article UDK: 61(091)(38)(294) THE IMPACT OF ANCIENT GREEK MEDICINE IN INDIA: THE BIRTH OF UNANI MEDICINE UTJECAJ STAROGRČKE MEDICINE U INDIJI: ROĐENJE UNANI MEDICINE Effie Poulakou-Rebelakou, Marianna Karamanou, Androutsos George* Summary Background: Unani Medicine, also called “Unani-tibb”, has a long and impressive record in India based on the grecoarabic medicine and teachings of Hippocrates, Galen and Arab physicians. Its main principle is the maintenance of equilibrium among the various aspects of the body, made up of four elements, different temperaments, simple and compound organs, and four humours. Methods: The main bibliographic sources concerning the impact of an- cient Greek medicine in India and the principles of Unani Medicine have been investigated and analysed. Results: The assimilation of Hippocratic principles in a country with a differ- ent philosophy and worldview was successful. The ancient Greek medical system enriched with local elements encountered a large response to the Indian people and to the physicians. Conclusions: Nowadays Unani medicine is not only popular in India where several Unani practitioners are registered but it enjoys a worldwide upsurge of interest. Key words: Unani medicine; Hippocratic medicine; Arab physicians; humoral theory; tra- ditional medicine. * History of Medicine Department, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece. Corresponding author: Marianna Karamanou, MD, Ph.D. 4, Themidos St, Kifissia, 14564, Athens, Greece, Electronic address: [email protected] 323 Introduction The term Unani Tibb denotes a medical system of Greek origin which has encountered a great propagation since the 11th century, and was widely applied in modern India, particularly in primary health care system.
    [Show full text]
  • Medicin and Philosophy in Direct Dialectic Relation During The
    Medicin and Philosophy in Direct Dialectic Relation During the Classical and Late Antiquity1 Medicina e Filosofia em Relação Dialética Direta Durante a Antiguidade Clássica e Tardia Medicina y Filosofía en Relación Dialéctica Directa Durante la Antigüedad Clásica y Tardía Sophia KARYMPALI-KYRIAZIS 2 Abstract: Medicine and Philosophy, in classical antiquity mainly, coexisted and joined hands as activities of the human intellect, with one exerting fruitful influence on the other in the course of time. The influence of philosophy on ancient medicine is generally accepted, as the theories of pre-Socratic philosophers from the 6th century BC for the interpretation of the world and human nature were the main inspiration for the formulation of the first medical texts. Natural philosophers from Ionia, such as Thales of Miletus, Anaximander, Anaximenes and Heraclitus, through their theories, laid the foundations towards future medical advances. Hippocrates of Kos, with his medical treatises in “Corpus Hippocraticum” was greatly influenced by the philosophical thought. Hippocrates is considered the “father of medicine” because he broadened the medical knowledge of his time and laid the foundations of medicine as science, releasing it from magic and superstitions. Plato and Aristotle refer to Hippocrates in their works and speak with respect about him acknowledging his enormous contribution to the healing of serious diseases. In the ancient world, Asclepius, who was considered a great healer of many serious diseases, was worshiped as the patron god of medicine. In his honor temples were erected and next to them great therapeutic centers, the well known “Asclepieia”, scattered in many cities of Ancient Greece and Asia Minor.
    [Show full text]
  • Hippocrates Now
    Hippocrates Now 35999.indb 1 11/07/2019 14:48 Bloomsbury Studies in Classical Reception Bloomsbury Studies in Classical Reception presents scholarly monographs offering new and innovative research and debate to students and scholars in the reception of Classical Studies. Each volume will explore the appropriation, reconceptualization and recontextualization of various aspects of the Graeco- Roman world and its culture, looking at the impact of the ancient world on modernity. Research will also cover reception within antiquity, the theory and practice of translation, and reception theory. Also available in the Series: Ancient Magic and the Supernatural in the Modern Visual and Performing Arts, edited by Filippo Carlà & Irene Berti Ancient Greek Myth in World Fiction since 1989, edited by Justine McConnell & Edith Hall Antipodean Antiquities, edited by Marguerite Johnson Classics in Extremis, edited by Edmund Richardson Frankenstein and its Classics, edited by Jesse Weiner, Benjamin Eldon Stevens & Brett M. Rogers Greek and Roman Classics in the British Struggle for Social Reform, edited by Henry Stead & Edith Hall Homer’s Iliad and the Trojan War: Dialogues on Tradition, Jan Haywood & Naoíse Mac Sweeney Imagining Xerxes, Emma Bridges Julius Caesar’s Self-Created Image and Its Dramatic Afterlife, Miryana Dimitrova Once and Future Antiquities in Science Fiction and Fantasy, edited by Brett M. Rogers & Benjamin Eldon Stevens Ovid’s Myth of Pygmalion on Screen, Paula James Reading Poetry, Writing Genre, edited by Silvio Bär & Emily Hauser
    [Show full text]
  • What Does Hippocrates Mean? the Historiographical Construction Of
    What does Hippocrates mean ? The Historiographical Construction of the Greek physician as the ‘Father of Medicine’ Hélène Castelli To cite this version: Hélène Castelli. What does Hippocrates mean ? The Historiographical Construction of the Greek physician as the ‘Father of Medicine’. The Postgraduate Journal of Medical Humanities, 2016, 3, p. 39-51. hal-01415732 HAL Id: hal-01415732 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01415732 Submitted on 13 Dec 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 39 What does ‘Hippocrates’ mean? The Historiographical Construction of the Greek physician as the ‘Father of Medicine’ Hélène Castelli (Université Paris) Thomas Lilti’s 2014 film Hippocrate presents the beginnings of the career of a young physician in a Parisian hospital. Despite this, Hippocrates himself is completely absent from the film: ‘Hippocrate’ is used as a synonym for ‘Medicine’. Who hides behind this name? ‘Hippocrates, a Greek physician of the fifth century before Jesus Christ, has long been considered the Father of Medicine’ wrote Jacques Jouanna at the beginning of his important biography of Hippocrates.1 Indeed, historians of ancient Greek medicine usually work on the Hippocratic Collection, a set of sixty medical treatises transmitted under his name.
    [Show full text]
  • Katherine Hall, Did Alexander the Great Die from Guillain-Barré Syndrome?
    The Ancient History Bulletin VOLUME THIRTY-TWO: 2018 NUMBERS 3-4 Edited by: Edward Anson ò Michael Fronda òDavid Hollander Timothy Howe ò John Vanderspoel Pat Wheatley ò Sabine Müller òAlex McAuley Catalina Balmacedaò Charlotte Dunn ISSN 0835-3638 ANCIENT HISTORY BULLETIN Volume 32 (2018) Numbers 3-4 Edited by: Edward Anson, Catalina Balmaceda, Michael Fronda, David Hollander, Alex McAuley, Sabine Müller, John Vanderspoel, Pat Wheatley Senior Editor: Timothy Howe Assistant Editor: Charlotte Dunn Editorial correspondents Elizabeth Baynham, Hugh Bowden, Franca Landucci Gattinoni, Alexander Meeus, Kurt Raaflaub, P.J. Rhodes, Robert Rollinger, Victor Alonso Troncoso Contents of volume thirty-two Numbers 3-4 72 Fabrizio Biglino, Early Roman Overseas Colonization 95 Catherine Rubincam, How were Battlefield Dead Counted in Greek Warfare? 106 Katherine Hall, Did Alexander the Great Die from Guillain-Barré Syndrome? 129 Bejamin Keim, Communities of Honor in Herodotus’ Histories NOTES TO CONTRIBUTORS AND SUBSCRIBERS The Ancient History Bulletin was founded in 1987 by Waldemar Heckel, Brian Lavelle, and John Vanderspoel. The board of editorial correspondents consists of Elizabeth Baynham (University of Newcastle), Hugh Bowden (Kings College, London), Franca Landucci Gattinoni (Università Cattolica, Milan), Alexander Meeus (University of Mannhiem), Kurt Raaflaub (Brown University), P.J. Rhodes (Durham University), Robert Rollinger (Universität Innsbruck), Victor Alonso Troncoso (Universidade da Coruña) AHB is currently edited by: Timothy Howe (Senior Editor: [email protected]), Edward Anson, Catalina Balmaceda, Michael Fronda, David Hollander, Alex McAuley, Sabine Müller, John Vanderspoel, Pat Wheatley and Charlotte Dunn. AHB promotes scholarly discussion in Ancient History and ancillary fields (such as epigraphy, papyrology, and numismatics) by publishing articles and notes on any aspect of the ancient world from the Near East to Late Antiquity.
    [Show full text]
  • "Bibliography." Hippocrates Now: the 'Father of Medicine'
    King, Helen. "Bibliography." Hippocrates Now: The ‘Father of Medicine’ in the Internet Age. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2020. 231–254. Bloomsbury Collections. Web. 25 Sep. 2021. <http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350005921.0009>. Downloaded from Bloomsbury Collections, www.bloomsburycollections.com, 25 September 2021, 11:39 UTC. Copyright © Helen King 2020. You may share this work for non-commercial purposes only, provided you give attribution to the copyright holder and the publisher, and provide a link to the Creative Commons licence. B i b l i o g r a p h y Adams , Francis ( 1849 ), Th e Genuine Works of Hippocrates , L o n d o n : S y d e n h a m Society , 2 vols. A d e l m a n , J u l i a n a a n d H a u s h o ff er , Lisa ( 2018 ), ‘ Introduction: Food as medicine, medicine as food ’, JHM , 73 . 2 : 127–34 . Allen , James P. ( 2005 ), Th e Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt , N e w Yo r k : M e t r o p o l i t a n Museum of Art and New Haven CT , and London : Yale University Press . American Cancer Society ( 1990 ), ‘ Unproven methods of cancer management: Gerson M e t h o d ,’ CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians , 40 . 4 : 252–6 . A n a s t a s i o u , E v i l e n a ; P a p a t h a n a s i o u , A n a s t a s i a ; S c h e p a r z , L y n n e A .
    [Show full text]
  • Vascular Function and Structure in the Rat Aorta
    Vascular Function and Structure in the Rat Aorta Vascular Function and Structure in the Rat Aorta By Keith Wan Kee Ng Vascular Function and Structure in the Rat Aorta, by Keith Wan Kee Ng This book first published 2013 Cambridge Scholars Publishing 12 Back Chapman Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2XX, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2013 by Keith Wan Kee Ng All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-4438-4823-9, ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-4823-7 To My parents My best friends TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures............................................................................................. xi List of Tables ............................................................................................ xiii Acknowledgements ................................................................................... xv Preface ..................................................................................................... xvii List of Acronyms ...................................................................................... xix Chapter One ................................................................................................. 1 Introduction Chapter Two ...............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • COURSE CATALOG Institutional and Program Accreditation Information Regarding Any Violation of Civil Rights Is Available At: U.S
    2018–2019 COURSE CATALOG Institutional and Program Accreditation Information regarding any violation of civil rights is available at: U.S. Department of Education – Office for Civil Rights Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities (NWCCU) 400 Maryland Ave. SW, Washington, DC 20202 800.421.3481 | ed.gov/ocr National University of Natural Medicine is accredited by the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities. Accreditation Student complaints, or other allegations that the university has of an institution of higher education by NWCCU indicates that it failed or is failing to comply with the provisions of any laws or rules, meets or exceeds criteria for the assessment of institutional quality can be filed with the Higher Education Coordinating Commission evaluated through a peer review process. An accredited college or to investigate and resolve complaints: university is one that has available the necessary resources to achieve State of Oregon: Higher Education Coordinating Commission its stated purposes through appropriate educational programs, is (HECC) substantially doing so, and gives reasonable evidence that it will 255 Capitol Street NE, Third Floor, Salem, OR 97310 continue to do so in the foreseeable future. Institutional integrity is 503.947.5716 | oregon.gov/highered/pages/index.aspx also addressed through accreditation. Accreditation by the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities is not partial, but applies to the institution as a whole. As such, it is not a guarantee of every course or program offered, Equal Opportunity Statement or the competence of individual graduates. Rather, it provides NUNM complies with the Equal Opportunity Act of 1965, reasonable assurance about the quality of opportunities available to American Disabilities Act of 1990, Title IV of the Higher students who attend the institution.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Greek Medicine During Hellenistic Age and the Roman Empire
    Ancient Greek medicine during Hellenistic age and the Roman Empire Medycyna grecka w okresie hellenistycznym i rzymskim Jerzy Supady Uniwersytet Medyczny w Łodzi Medical University of Lodz Article history: Abstract Otrzymano/Received: 09.04.2020 In the Hellenistic Age and during the Roman Empire the greatest influence on the development Przyjęto do druku/Accepted: medicine was exerted by two philosophers: Plato and Aristotle. Their views demonstrated by 27.06.2020 individual approaches of physicians and medical trends of empiricists, scepticists, dogmatists, Opublikowano/Publication date: methodologists and others. Beginning from the 1st century BC the overwhelming activity of Czerwiec 2020/June 2020 Greek medicine practitioners was transferred to Rome where the most outstanding physicians such as Archagatos, Asclepiades, Temison, Soranos, Athenois, Archigenes and others appeared. In 46 BC all free foreigners practising in Rome were granted citizenship. In the first centuries of the Roman Empire medical practitioner were exempted from tax obligation and released from the performance of public service duties. Keywords: Hellenistic Age, medical trends at the turn of millennia, Greek physicians in Rome During the Hellenistic period, i.e. after the wars of Alexander thanks to the theory of knowledge and action, he came up with the Great, medicine was heavily influenced by two philosophers: the theory of Forms. He distinguished Forms recognisable by Plato (427-347 BCE) and his student Aristotle (384–322 BCE). our senses and Forms contained in concepts, i.e. Forms real and Plato lived during the times when Athensbloomed, Pericles ideal. By that logic, items were not Forms. Only indestructible, was ruling over it, Phidias was responsible for creating the cur- immortal ideas were considered Forms.
    [Show full text]
  • “And Her Heart Fluttered”: the Psychopathology of Desire in the Argonautika
    “And Her Heart Fluttered”: The Psychopathology of Desire in the Argonautika Julia Simons A thesis submitted to Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Arts in Classics 2014 School of Art History, Classics and Religious Studies 1 Frontispiece: Medea contemplating the death of her children, from the House of the Dioscuri: Pompeii, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples. Gurd (1974), fig. 2. 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to extend my greatest thanks to Dr. Mark Masterson, my supervisor, whose advice and guidance was much required and appreciated. I would also like to thank my parents for their support and unwavering belief in me. Thank you as well to Alex Wilson and James McBurney for their help. A special thanks goes to James McLaren for constantly supporting and encouraging me. 3 ABSTRACT This thesis investigates the way that Apollonios constructs Medea’s psyche and body in response to contemporary medical and philosophical influences in order to portray realistically the way that erōs manifests itself in Medea as both sickness and mental illness. Apollonios delves into Medea’s psyche and exposes how it functions in moments of intense desire, pain, indecision and introspection while under the powerful sways of erōs. Medea’s erōs manifests as erratic and dangerous behaviour and crippling indecision, the analysis of which is done in light of Chrusippos’ discussion of Euripides’ Medea’s akrasia. Apollonios draws from Euripides’ version to depict Medea in a different stage of her life, making a similar life-altering decision: whether or not to help Jason and betray her family or stay at home and watch him die.
    [Show full text]