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Joint Force Quarterly 0204Prelims 3/3/04 10:05 AM Page ii A landing on a foreign coast in face of hostile troops has always been one of the most difficult operations of war. — Captain Sir Basil H. Liddell Hart Cover 2 0204Prelims 3/27/04 8:32 AM Page iii JFQ Page 1—no folio 0204Prelims 3/3/04 10:05 AM Page 2 CONTENTS A Word from the Chairman 4 by John M. Shalikashvili Introducing This Issue 6 by the Editor-in-Chief Paradoxes of War 7 by Grant T. Hammond Dealing with Anarchy 17 by Frederick L. Wettering and John N. Petrie JFQ Revolutions in Military Affairs 24 by James R. FitzSimonds and Jan M. van Tol JOINT FORCE QUARTERLY Revolutions OUT OF JOINT in Military Affairs JFQ Roles and Missions Roles and Missions: Back to the Future Joint Littoral Warfare 32 by Carl H. Builder Joint Operations in the Civil War World War II Campaigns Logistics: The Way Ahead 38 by Gary H. Mears and Ted Kim Spring94 A PROFESSIONAL MILITARY JOURNAL Thunder and Lightning: Joint Littoral Warfare 45 by Carl E. Mundy, Jr. PHOTO CREDITS The reproduction of the portrait of General of the Army George C. Marshall on the cover is Army Prepositioning Afloat after the original in the National Gallery of Art by Thomas E. Stephens. The cover insets (from 51 by Richard A. Chilcoat and David S. Henderson top) show Blackhawk and Cobra helicopters being loaded on USS Capella after Desert Storm (U.S. Army/Robert Reeve), Marine am- JFQ FORUM phibious assault vehicle coming ashore during Restore Hope (U.S. Navy/Terry C. Mitchell), Mulling the Campaigns Allied tanks in Italy during World War II (U.S. Navy/Naval Historical Center), Douglas 58 of World War II Skymaster transport on Okinawa (U.S. Marine Corps/Duncan), and USS West Virginia steam- ing off the coast of Okinawa. Joint Power Projection: Operation Torch The front inside cover and cross-over page by John Gordon IV depict a CH–53E Super Stallion (left) and a 60 CH–53 Sea Stallion (right) flying over an am- phibian assault vehicle and a mechanized landing craft (foreground) as a utility landing Southern Italy: Strategic Confusion, craft brings Marines to shore from amphibian 70 Operational Frustration assault ship at anchor (U.S. Navy/Jeff Elliott). The background illustration on these pages by Peter F. Herrly and Lillian A. Pfluke is of Marines advancing (U.S. Marine Corps). The insets (from top) are of F–16s from Misawa Air Base, Japan (U.S. Air Force/Lem Robson); Interservice Rivalry hulks of Sherman tanks inland from Anzio near 76 in the Pacific Cisterna in mid-1944 (U.S. Navy); the United Nations crest; and the Australian guided by Jason B. Barlow missile destroyer HMAS Brisbane (Royal Australian Navy). The back inside cover captures an F–16 Grave of a Dozen Schemes taking off during Team Spirit ’93 (Joint Combat by H.P. Willmott Camera Center/Ken Wright). 82 Page 2 - no folio 0204Prelims 3/3/04 10:05 AM Page 3 SPRING 1994 / NUMBER 4 Challenging Joint Military Intelligence 92 by James R. Clapper, Jr. Joint Force Quarterly A PROFESSIONAL MILITARY JOURNAL Is U.N. Peacekeeping a Growth Industry? Editor-in-Chief 100 by Eugene V. Rostow Hans Binnendijk Executive Editor Patrick M. Cronin Managing Editor Robert A. Silano Associate Editors Martin J. Peters, Jr. Calvin B. Kelley Of Chiefs and Chairmen: Art Direction 106 Nathan Farragut Twining Typography and Design Division Government Printing Office FROM THE FIELD AND FLEET Joint Force Quarterly is published by the Institute for National Strategic Studies, 107 Letters to the Editor National Defense University, to promote understanding of the integrated employ- ment of land, sea, air, space, and special THE JOINT WORLD operations forces. The journal focuses on joint doctrine, coalition warfare, con- 108 Doctrine, Education, and Documentation tingency planning, combat operations conducted by the unified commands, and joint force development. 113 A Quarterly Survey of Joint Literature The editors invite articles and other contributions on joint warfighting, inter- service issues that support jointness, and OFF THE SHELF topics of common interest to the Armed Forces. Please direct manuscripts, letters, and editorial communications to: 114 China’s Military Classics: A Book Essay by Arthur Waldron Managing Editor Joint Force Quarterly National Defense University 117 Falaise, The Highway of Death, and Mogadishu: Fort Lesley J. McNair A Book Review Washington, D.C. 20319–6000 by Steve E. Dietrich Commercial Telephone: (202) 475–1013 Defense Switched Network (DSN): 335–1013 120 Much More Than “From the Sea”: A Book Review FAX: (202) 475–1012 / DSN 335–1012 by John N. Petrie The opinions, conclusions, and recom- mendations expressed or implied within 123 Australia and the Gulf War: are those of the contributors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the De- A Book Review partment of Defense or any other agency by Alan L. Gropman of the Federal Government. Copyrighted portions of this journal may not be re- produced or extracted without permis- 126 Cumulative Index (1993–94): Issues 1–4 sion of copyright proprietors. An ac- knowledgment to Joint Force Quarterly should be made whenever material is quoted from or based on its contents. POSTSCRIPT This publication has been approved by 128 A Note to Readers and Contributors the Secretary of Defense. May 1994 ISSN 1070–0692 Page 3 - no folio 0304Shali 3/3/04 10:09 AM Page 4 Joint Force Quarterly A PROFESSIONAL MILITARY JOURNAL Publisher GEN John M. Shalikashvili, USA Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff AWordfrom th Chairman of the Advisory Committee LTG Paul G. Cerjan, USA National Defense University Members of the Advisory Committee BG David A. Armstrong, USA (Ret.) Office of the Chairman Brig Gen Marvin R. Esmond, USAF Armed Forces Staff College Maj Gen John C. Fryer, Jr., USAF National War College Brig Gen Hal M. Hornburg, USAF The Joint Staff BG Randolph W. House, USA U.S. Army Command and General Staff College VADM R.C. Macke, USN The Joint Staff Col Andrew Nichols Pratt, USMC Marine Corps Command and Staff College Maj Gen Peter D. Robinson, USAF Air War College RADM Jerome F. Smith, Jr., USN Industrial College of the Armed Forces MG William A. Stofft, USA U.S. Army War College RADM Joseph C. Strasser, USN Naval War College Col John A. Warden III, USAF Air Command and Staff College COL Lawrence B. Wilkerson, USA Marine Corps War College Chairman of the Editorial Board n what turned out to be a cool Hans Binnendijk May evening in the devastated city Institute for National Strategic Studies of Berlin, the final act of the Members of the Editorial Board drama was played out. With Soviet Richard K. Betts O Columbia University troops only blocks away, grim figures moved Eliot A. Cohen up the steps of a bunker, carrying a limp The Johns Hopkins University COL Robert A. Doughty, USA corpse. As “Stalin’s organs” lit up the night U.S. Military Academy sky with bright flashes of orange, punctu- CAPT George L. Drummond, USN Armed Forces Staff College ated by the deafening roar of the largest con- LtCol Robert C. Figlock, USMC centration of artillery fire in history, a circle Marine Corps War College Aaron L. Friedberg of men laid the lifeless bundle on the Princeton University ground, soaked it in petrol, and struck the COL Robert A. Gimbert, USA U.S. Army Command and General Staff College match that turned a mass murderer into Alan L. Gropman vapor and ash. Hitler’s death ended years of Industrial College of the Armed Forces war that had begun when Nazi forces pulver- COL Peter F. Herrly, USA National War College ized Poland’s frontier and ignited the most Col Douglas N. Hime, USAF terrible conflict ever seen. With his suicide, Naval War College William T. Hodson the world was free to start anew. Information Resources Management College Americans and Europeans will join COL Richard L. Irby, Jr., USA th U.S. Army War College hands this spring to mark the 50 anniver- Mark H. Jacobsen sary of the counter-invasion of Europe, an Marine Corps Command and Staff College Thomas L. McNaugher effort made irreversible on June 6, 1944 Brookings Institution when the greatest armada ever assembled set John J. Mearsheimer University of Chicago sail from Portsmouth harbor for the short Col Philip S. Meilinger, USAF voyage to the beaches of Normandy, a voy- Air Command and Staff College LTG William E. Odom, USA (Ret.) age that would liberate Europe. Hudson Institute This issue of Joint Force Quarterly revisits Stephen Peter Rosen Harvard University the lessons learned from some of the cam- James H. Toner paigns of that war. But while the articles in Air War College JFQ Forum examine specific strategic and LtGen Bernard E. Trainor, USMC (Ret.) Harvard University operational aspects of the European and Pa- LTG C.A.H. Waller, USA (Ret.) cific theaters, I want to elevate the historical RKK, Limited 4 JFQ / Spring 1994 0304Shali 3/27/04 8:37 AM Page 5 mtheChairman level of this retrospective by dwelling for a new world under the rule of law and nur- moment on the larger, enduring lessons of tured by free markets and the spread of World War II. democratic institutions. The first lesson was the strategic realiza- We embraced these three lessons and tion that the fate of Europe and America was made them the focus of our Cold War policies one and the same. During the 19th century and strategies. But in embracing them we cre- Americans could watch as Europeans fought ated an uneasy alliance between experience each other, using the expanse of the Atlantic and wisdom, on one hand, and the attitudes moat as a barrier to involvement.
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