JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY CIRCULARS

PublisAed witk tAe approbation oft/~e Board of Trustees

YoL. YJ.—No. 5g.] BALTIMORE, AUGUST, 1887. [PRICE, 10 CENTS.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES. Including Communications to the University Societies, etc.

On the Etymology of Nekasim. By PAUL HAUPT. (2) K after a preceding vowel must have been spiraled as in Hebrew and Syriac, the k in ArtakAatsu certainly being pronounced like the Hebrew 3, [Abstract ofa paper* read before the UniversityPhilological Association, January7,1887]. thus answering the Persian kh. For 3= ~ cf. Syriac ri~’% ~n Barhebr. As a rule the Hebrew word o’~ “wealth” (Aram. PP?~) is regarded as a Chron. pag. 215 = Arabic Ijdkirn ijalife. (3) tsu in ArtakAatsu stands for tAu, ArtakAatAu, A becoming a in Assyro- metathesis of ~ from ~ “to gather” or “amass.” This explanation, however, is untenable. The word is evidently connected with Assyrian Babylonian after a dental, as in Aapatsu “his lips” instead of AapatAu. In nikdsu or rather nikd.su “offering” which is found ASKT. 108, 4 preceded the Old Testament form of the name, ArtakhAaat (written either ‘~5 or by qi~tu “gift,” taklimu “present” and nindab~2 (Hebr. ~‘~9) “free-will offer- we have the Hebrew rendering of the Babylonian form of the name with the peculiar Hebrew transposition of the consonantal group Isto at ing.” The primitive meaning of nikasu is “Schlachtopfer,” the primitive as in ~ “to be burdened” for ‘PTh~. Or ~ for ~ only may meaning of ~ (from a singular D?]*) “Schlachtvieh.” Both come from the be based on the Babylonian form Arta&Aat.su, the other spelling Nnr’~vniv~x for common Assyr. verb nakdsu “to cut down, to slaughter,” Aram. Dp~. From the meaning “Schlacht~iels,” “cattle to be killed” there was developed the ~ possibly being an attempt to render the Persian original form meaning “cattle, herds” in general, and finally, “property, wealth.” Cf. ArtakhAatrd. Greek ‘Apra4ip~~g evidently stands for ArtakhAetAea. for this Lat. pecus and pecunia; Assyr. sugullatu “herd,” Hebr. ~ “pro- Consequently ti~ which is rendered in the Babylonian form of the name Uitraiitakhma by a real tr (Babylonian Sitranta~ma) must have sounded in perty;” Hebr. ~‘‘~ “cattle” from ~ “to acquire”; Greek Krivo~ = ici-icvov, ArtakhAatrd and Atrina more like tA, ~. The r in this Persian consonantal icr sa ; Assyr. mar~itu “herd” pass. partic. of rahil “to possess”; Syr. K~i? group tr must have been a spirantic alveolary r not trilled as in English. “property” and then especially “animal for riding,” just as Assyr. ruk~1Au It is a well-known fact that words like tried very often sound almost like (V R. 9, 36) means “animal for riding” while the corresponding Hebr. chide, cf. Sievers, Phonetik, 3rd ed. p. 108, ~ 12, 1 b. ~ has the general meaning “property.” Accordingly D’P?~ is certainly I should like to add here a few remarks ad (2). not a transposition of ~ On the other hand it is possible that the The spiration of the r~n in Assyro-Babylonian was first pointed out by stem ‘~ “to offer” (whence Arabic nasike “victim” and Hebr. ~ “liba- me in ii ZK 282, 1. Compare also my CV. 29, 7 and ii ZK 264 where tions,” Aram. P?~i) rests only on a metathesis from ~. Pinches remarks that a Babylonian duplicate to YR. 14, 10 d exhibits instead ofna-ba-au “wool” (?) na-ba-ti. Another example for the rendering of Persian kh by Babylonian 3 is Umaku-iAtar = Persian UvakhAatra, i. e. On the Pronunciation of tr in Old Persian. By PAUL Kva~ip~. (II R. 57, 29 cd aniku = anihu is not a case in point). The name HAUPT. Kvc~jipr~ possibly originated by transposition from the barbarian ‘Ta~aKp~, ‘Tc~ai-pr~. A similar metathesis seems to underlie Babyl. Aruhatti, ‘ApaXcs- (Abstract oC a paper read before the University Philological Association, January 7,1887]. ata = Pers. Harauvati. Aru~atti or ratherA ~atti,Ar6~atti may have arisen from Har6atti, perhaps for the sake of avoiding the hiatus. However this In the Babylonian version of the Achaemenian cuneiform inscriptions Persian tr is rendered in three different ways. For the Persian Uiti~afttakhma is very doubtful. For the reduction of the diphthong compare Babyl. PiAi’4umadu = Pers. PaiAiyauvddd, Babyl. Si we findin Babylonian 8itranta~.ma(Si-it-ra-an-t~4~-rnaBeh. 62, Si-tir-an-tah-mu 4~iiivatti = Pers. SikayauvatiA. Beh. kl. No. 6), instead of ArtakhAatrd “Apra~tp~” ArtakAatsu (cf. YR. 37, The spiration of n after vowels is proved for Babylonian by the fact that 58), and the name Atrina is rendered in Babylonian by Akina. Persian th in the beginning is rendered by a, but in the middle of a word by (1) It is clear that Babylonian .~ (i. e. sh) is used here to render Persian ~ the Babylonian n. A clear illustration for the pronunciation of intervo- (i.e. tsh or English ek as in child). Cf. Babylonian Si.ipiA = Persian CaiApi.~ calic n as a sibilant in Assyrian is the spelling ma’asau, ma’aasi in several “Tetair~,” SinAa4ri~ = Gin~ikri~, AspaAina = Aspa&sna (I ZK 18). Accord- passages in the texts of Sardanapalus for ma’attu, gen. ma’atti, fem. to ma’adu ingly AAina may stand for Atslsina, A&na. “much;” e.g. dikt4iu ma’asau Assurb. Sm. 98 and 291 = diktaAu ma’attu

*Publiahed in full in the January number of Hebraica, 1887, Vol. iii, No. 2, p. 107. ibid. 259. Cf. also ibid. 170 ~dbtu ma’aaau and YR. 2, 61 and 71 itti tirhati ma’a.sai. Lyon in his A.sryriaa Maaucd, p. 73 (notes on p. 21,1. 10) remarks 118 JOHNS HOPKINS [No. 59. on this: tirhati ma’assi means apparently the same as nudunnfi ma’adi, “a large dowry;” ma’assi may stand for ma’dsi, from a stem ~cz; cf. also ibid., p. 11, ~ 22, he clearly and plainly says: “La prononciation, du reste, sem- p. 116. Ma’assi, however, is merely an attempt to render the pronunciation ble n’avoir pas toujours ~ la mbme ~ Babylone et ~ Ninive. Les lettres of ma’atti, which was sounded as ma’dti, ma’dthi, fl~R. qul contiennent un a’ paraissent avoir 6t~ prononc~es par un s dans le nord, et par un sh (ch fran9ais) dans le midi; juste le contraire eut lieu pour la The sibilant instead of the dental in ma’assi — ma’atti is a phonetic spell- lettre a. Nous pouvons conclure ce fait de la transcription assyrienne des ing, the choice of~, on the other hand, to express ~ is based on historical orthography. We know that in later time, at least since the accession of noms bibliques; voir Exp. de Mis. t. II, p. 12.” (Cf. also GGA. 1878, pp. 1030—33; 1881, p. 914 note; 1882, p. 808). Sargon II, ~ in Assyrian was pronounced not s, but ~. Consequently, the spelling ma’assi for ma’atti must have come up at a relatively early period. That is precisely what we should say on this point to-day. I presume Accordin,, to the pronunciation of the sibilants at the time of Sardanapalus tha.t Schrader, p. 89 of his paper of March 5,1877, had only in mind the ma’atti should have been phonetically written ma-’-a~i-~ii, ma-’-a-~i. One remarks of EM. it, 12 (1859). In face of the above cited extracts from mi,,ht think that the sh (expressed by ~)was due to the influence of the the second edition of the Ellments de la grommaire assyrienne he would cer- following i-vowel, did we not find ma’assm alongside of ma’assi. tainly have expressed himself somewhat differently about Oppert’s priority. On this spiration of n and ~ after vowels rests the transition of ds and ts to However, Oppert was not the first discoverer of this principal difference ss, while ts on the other hand remains unchanged. We find for emid~u, between the Assyrian and Babylonian dialects. In this instance, as. in so many others, the priority belongs to E. Hincks. The great Irish scholar “I placed on him,” emissa; so too issa, “her hand “ __ idsa, id~a; efiitt, “new,” remarked in 1857 in a short essay, which I have recently acquired from ed~u (had~u, hado~m); ~ieftim,“sixth,” ~ed~u; nwssa, “her husband,“ the library of the late Richard Lepsins: mutsa, mutia; a~assu, “his wife” — oftiatsu, afiictMu, but that e. g. ukamissu occurred instead of uhammitsu (with a) I at least have never found. a of “In the Achaemenian inscriptions Samech has the value 5, and Shin SH. course always remained a dental while n and i after vowels were pronounced The Sibilant in the name of Darius and the former of those in that ofHys- like sibilants. The transition of ds and ts is accordingly to be compared taspes [Babylonian Ultaspa] are represented by Shin, and in the first kind of Persepolitan writing by SH; the latter of the Sibilants in the name of with the change of ~i-~i,z-~i, s-~i to ss, e. g. karassa “his stomach” — karwi-iu, Hystaspes is represented by Samech, and by S. This is in conformity with izflssu “he distributed to him” — iniz-~tt, muru~su ‘his sickness” — muruslfu. Concerning the pronunciation of the sibilants ~ and a’ in Assyro-Baby- received opinion; but when we go back to the Assyrian inscriptions, we find lonian there still prevails grcat confusion. Schrader is mistaken in assum- a very different state of things. There, in the Assyrian representations of ing in his article openina the first volume of ZK, that his paper on the foreign proper names, the Hebrew Shin is represented by Samech; although in the roots which were common to the two languages Samech corresponds sibilants in the Proceedings of the Berlin Academy of Science of March 5, 1877, met with general approval. to Samech, and Shin to Shin, no matter where the diacritical point of the Very strange, too, is his assertion, p. 5, n. 1, that I had thought of calling Masoretes be placed.” into question the connection of the Egyptian kin In proof of the facts that the Assyrians pronounced I as s, using their s, 0 Necho with the Saitic on the other hand, to render Hebrew I, Hincks quoted the following tran- dynasty. Such an idea never occurred to me. I say BAL, 110: The only scriptions of Hebrew names, occurring in Assyrian inscriptions: Asdiidu exception, in any way certain, occurs in the name of the city of Sais, Greek “Ashdod” — ~ Ursalimmu “Jerusalem” — Hebr. ~ or rather ~ Coptic CAl, old Egyptian Sau, later Sai. Here Egyptian has an D~?1~fl (a transposition of ~?~Y~Th~N),Kilsu “Ethiopia” = ak~, Qarqamis or initial D, but in the annals of Sardanapalus the name is written in three rather Gargamis Carchemish ~ Lakism “Lachish” — ~2’~’ Sab’u passages Sa-a-a, i. e. Sd’a, Shd’a with sh. Consequently I admit the identity “Sheba” Ne’, Samerina “Samaria” ~ Isqaliina “Askelon” of Sd’a and Sais in spite of the strange spelling. And it is only after this that I mention, Adolf Erman did not think it impossible that Sd’a repre- l~”~i’t~, Dimasqi “Damascus” — Pa’~ Muski or Mnlki “Meshech” sented something entirely different, perhaps a derivative from old Egyp- Accordin0 to Ilincks, Shin and Samech, where they precede Kaph or Qoph, seem to be used indiscriminately in Assyrian. Hiucks no doubt had tian y~, Coptic Na’ “a festival.” This was certainly not my own idea, but in mind cases like ilqur izkur (discussed by Lotz, TP. 97), cf. also izkss when an Egyptologist like Erman expresses such an opinion, it deserves to be quoted under all circumstances. Erman, too, says expressly, AZ, 1883, and ilqu “fetter” (CV. pp. xxxvii and xxxviii), ulalkirlundti YR. 1, 22, p. 83, that he takes back his—not my—remarks doubting the identity of instead of ulazkirlenllti YR. 8, 45~ &c. As I pointed out, BAL. 99, 4 (cf. Skd’a and Sais. In spite of the unusual spelling the city must be identical Lagarde, Miittheiluagea, 152) a was according to Hincks a double sound sk or st. He says: “That 8K was the original value of Samech is ~onfirmed with Sais, since its ruler bears the Saftic name Necho. It is impossible to by the value of the Greek letter which corresponds in figure and position connect it with old Egyptian y~ as the Assurbanipal texts still constantly to the latter which is KS, and which was ori0inally 8K. It is also con- render the old n by Ii. Accordingly the change to ~ipresupposed in his ex- firmed by the etymological relation of ‘1~ “a bowl,” with aKI~~ and Z~* “a planation could not have come in as early as 700 B. c. Schrader’s assertion that I had doubted the connection of Necho with the sword,” [Syriac saipd, Arabic seif, s4f] with ~i~og. The Ephraimites in Judges xii, 6, pronounced skibboleth instead of shibboleth. It is 8K, and not Saitic dynasty is accordin0lyas groundless as his opinion that Assyriologists 5, that a person would naturally utter, who was making an unsuccessful had accepted the view of E. Hincks, brought forth by Schrader in his attempt to pronounce Sli.” essay of March 5,1877, of the change of I to s and s to I in Assyrian. The small paper containing only nine pages bears the following title: To be sure, Hommel in his Jagdinschr~ften, p. 29. 5 recognizes that in “On the relation between the newly-discovered Accadian Language and Babylonia the pronunciation of the sibilants had never changed; so, too, he the Indo-European, Semitic, and Egyptian Languag~s; with remarks on admits that a’ in Assyrian was later pronounced a, but he (lenies that, on the the original valuesof certain Semitic Letters, and on the state of the Greek other hand, a had changed to a’. Cf. also Hommel, Semiten 509. Alphabet at different periods. By the Rev. E. Hincks, LL. D.” Friedrich Delitzsch in his Paradies completely ignores even the difference According to a notice on the accompanying litho0raphic plate it was between Assyrian and Babylonian in the treatment of the sibilants. He printed in the 27th Report of the British Association, 1857. remarks, p. 131, in reference to the word sdndn combined by him with Hebrew ant~: Babylonish-Assyrian a in opposition to Hebrew a’ is not ex- [P. 5. Dr. Collitz has called my attention to the paper by Chr. Bartholo- ceptional. Since the Babylonians (!) and Assyrians in later times pronounced mae in Betzenberger’s Beitrilge, Vol. IX, pp. 126—133, which is devoted to the a’ more and more like a, &c. As far as I know Delitzsch still simply a discussion of the value of the character transcribed by me above as ti~. assumes that a’ in Assyrian as well as in Babylonian later became confounded Bartholomae thinks that the character represents a single sound, whose with a just as in Ethiopic, in spite of Schrader’s clear remarks on p. 90 of pronunciation was similar to that of sharp fits more accurate definition his essay of March 5, 1877: “es versteht sich nach dem Ausgefiihrten von being impossible. Accordingly he proposes to transcribe it half phoneti- selbst, dass es sich nicht etwa um eine blosse und einseitige Abschwiichung cally, half etymolo0ically, f. his remarks could not induce me to make des breiten Zischlantes a’ zu a handelt, ~vieim Athiopischen.” The chan,,e any alteration in my pa r. I keep to Spiegel’s transcription ft. This of Assyrian s to I is denied by Delitzsch as well as by Horninel. was originally not a single sound, but it sounded to the inventors of the The truth was tau0ht by Oppert twenty years ago. He says expressly on Persian all)habet like 6, and was accordingly rendered by a single sign. page 4 of the second edition of his Ellrnents de la grammaire assyrienne, We must always bear in mind that the inventors of the Persian cuneiform ~vhich appeared in 1868: “11 est bien entendo que la transcription du a~ou writing were probably not Persians but Babylonians.J du ~‘ par a’, ne pr~juge rien sur la prQnonciation m~me des Assyriens~” And AUGUST, 1887.] UYIVERSITY CIRC ULAI?S. 119

Que, et, atque in Latin Inscriptions, in Terence and This use is, however, quite distinct from that with which Schmalz wishes in Cato. By H. C. ELMER. to identify it. It is exactly parallel to our “and too” (a.g., “and me too”), at here acting the part of an introductory and transitional particle in addi- [Abstractof a paper read before the University Philological Association,March 4,1887. tion to its function of adding. There is no instance in Terence where at is This paper will appearin a fuller form in theAmericen Jeurnal ef Philelegy]. used in the sense of “also” pure and simple. In this paper the inscriptions from the time of the Republic were made Not infrequently in Latin a clauseis added to express the purpose of an the central point of investigation, Terence and Cato being used chiefly by act just specified. This is especially frequent with clauses of command way of comparison and contrast, as convenient representatives of poetry, on where the verbs are in the imperative mood, a. g., abi atque aum require. the one hand, and of prose on the other. Ordinarily such imperatives stand without any connective, and Schmalz The most common of the copulative conjunctions are que and et, and (Lat. Synt., ~ 163 Anm.) claims that this was, without doubt, the original between these two the inscriptions present striking differences. In the construction. If this be true, we should naturally expect the fewest in- legal enactments here preserved, et is avoided and pee is used indiscrimi- stances of a connective in the oldest writings and in writings which repre- nately in all connections. This is clearly shown in the Lex Agraria, where sent the language of the lower classes; for it is among the lower classes that que appears 46 times, et only once; in the Lex Repetundarum, que 39, et 9, primitive expressions and constructions are longest preserved. We are, and so throughout. This remarkable preponderance of que over et led to however, confronted by the fact that the comic poets, who introduce so the snspicion that there was an attempt to make que the universal copulative much from the sermo vulgaris, are just thee ones to employ the connective conjunction in the laws and that where et, atque, or ac occurs, the use of que freely, while most of the later writers, with more polished diction, regu- could not, for some reason, be allowed. An examination of all these laws larly have asyndeton, a. g., Livy and Vergil, while Horace, Ovid, Martial shows that in all but 14 of the passages where et, atque, or ac occurs, the use and Seneca use the connective only when it is accompanied by nunc of que would have giveis rise to ambiguous words (e. g., quoque), or to unusual (Schamalz, p. 301). Ballas cites a large number of instances of a connective combinations (e. g., sique, undeque). A closer study of the language would from Plautus. Many instances are found in Terence. In the inscriptions undoubtedly reduce these 14 remaining cases and, if our hypothesis be such imperatives always have a connective. These observations are perhaps correct, should account for them all. not extended enough to warrant contradicting the statement of Schmalz Qua is, however, preferred only in legal forms. Elsewhere at is the more that, historically, abi require preceded abi at require. But there is nothing common connective (qua 100, et 153). The statement in Harper’s Diction- in Plautus, Terence, or the inscriptions to justify such a statement; on the ary, credited to Driiger, that qua is preferred in archaic language to et, is, as contrary, there is much to favor the view that the use of a connective with far as the inscriptions are concerned, inexact, and should be modified so as such imperatives lays claim to equally remote antiquity as asyndeton. to apply only to those inscriptions prior to the Second Punic War and to legal language. It is well known that que, in classical Latin, is not appended to words ending in short a. The inscriptions at first sight seem to violate this rule, Note on a Passage in the Gins. By M. WARREN. but only in the case of the active infinitive of verbs, e. g., Corp. I, 198, 34 [Abstractof a paper read before the University Philological Association, May 6, 1887]. profarrequa. The inscriptions present 8 instances of qua thus attached to In the Ciris, v. 94 if., the MSS. rt~ad as follows: the infinitive, but with all other classes of words, the appending of qua to Pierides, quarum castos altaria postes short e is carefully guarded against, either by using another conjunction, or Munere saepe meo inficuint, foribusque hyacinthi by avoiding the order of words. The exception which the active infinitive deponunt fibres ant suave rubens narcissus. forms to this rule is undoubtedly to be accounted for by supposing that its For altariavarious readings have been proposed, violceria or topiaria Heyne, final a was long in quantity. But it is surprising tha.t no other case occurs libamina Silhig, ealparia Haupt, alaba.stria Bergk, alvearia Unger, none of of que appended to a word of which the final e was originally long (a. g., abl. which are entirely satisfactory. It was shown that the ancients in anoint- of 3d declen.) This may signify that the final ~ of the act. inf. remained ing postas used adaps by reference to Pliny N. H. 28, 135 and 142, Servius firm in quantity after it had begun to waver in other classes of words. Comm. on Aen., IV, 458, Isidorus, IX, 7, 12, and Arnobius, III, 25. The The facts above pointed out make it probable that Corp. I, 198, 78 latter says nisi postas virorum adipali unguina obhinerentur, etc. Aliparia eque) has been incorrectly restored by Bruns (immunitoteque). was therefore proposed as a possible reading for attaria. The author of the They also have an important bearing upon certain emendations which have Ciris is fond of words borrowed from the Greek, using sop/cia, storax, psalta- been made in the text of Plautus to avoid the ictus on the supposed short e risern, chorda, paplon, tropaaum, haliaaatos, and others in the course of the of the infinitive. Compare, for instance, the following passages which the poem. Adeps is commonly regarded as borrowed from the Greek /i2Lropap, editors have deemed it necessary to emend: Pseud., 355; Truc., 2, 4, 74; and in the popular pronunciation it must have been often called alipas, for Stich., 513, and elsewhere. It is safe to say that all such changes in the in the Appendix Probi we are told to write “adipas non alipas.” In Greek text of Plautus are utterly groundless, in so far as they are based on the /iAvopap is used as a general word for ointment, and in this broader sense supposition that the final e of the infinitive was short. aliparia may have been used by the poet. The adj. adipalis — aliparis was The old rule that que is usually appended to a noun rather than to a used by Cicero, Orator, c. 8., “asciverunt aptum suis aurihus opimum quod- monosyllabic preposition governing it, unless the preposition is repeated dam et tanquam adipata dictionis genus,” although thee editors following (a rule still given in Harper’s Dictionary), has been modified. Kla,nmer, Nonius have changed here to adipataa. The common usage would require Binge, Draeger claim that this rule began to fall into neglect in the time an adj. following at in the same case. Compare Cic. pro Arch. 3 novo quo- of Livy. The inscriptions show this to be misleading, for here que is dana at inusitato ganara dicandi. Piso 48, nova quaadam at inaudita luxuries. always appended to the preposition, whether monosyllabic, or not, and The proposed reading follows the MSS. much more closely than alabastria, whether repeated, or not. Terence, however, attaches qua to a preposition and gives essentially the same meaning. only when the same preposition has preceded. Cato attaches it to preposi- tions twice, but in neither case is the preposition repeated. In one passage of his orations (Jordan, p. 34, 1. 6), we have ad Illibrim adqaa Ruscionern where Jordan is in doubt whether adque is the conjunction or the preposi- The Development of -el + cons. in the Langue d’Oil tion with qua. Drilger (Hist. Synt., II, p. 35) regards it as the preposition. Dialects. By J. E. MATZKE. But as there is no other instance in Cato of qua connecting repeated preposi- [Abstractof a paper read before the University Philological Association, April 1,1887]. tions, while there are 15 instances of at in a similar position and 7 of atqua; and since Cato often uses atqua to connect proper names, it seems better to The investigation was based upon an article by Fdrster in Z. f. B. Ph.,vol.1, take this as the conjunction. This would, moreover, be in accordance with p. 564 if. Fbrster there shows that the development of bellum > beau was the general rule of Cato, to make a single preposition govern both substan- b~als > beals > beaus > beau, contrary to Diez, Grammar 1~, p. 437. It was tives. shown that bians from biels> bials is not a Wallonian nor specially Picard Schmalz (Lat. Synt., ~ 169) wrongly attributes to Terence the use of at in characteristic. The Wall. according to the Po~me moral, ed. W. Cloetta, the sense of “also.” He cites Adelph., 129 (curaa ast mihi.—at mihi curaa est). Bom. Forschs. III, Heft 1, and the Po~siee r6higieuses es~ dialecte Li~geois, 120 JOHNS hOPKINS [No. 59. ed. P. Meyer in iRev. d. Soc. say. S~rie V, vol. VI, pp. 241 if. has only eals. was shown to be an appearance due to the fact that a single long filament of It has been suggested that the e and e of the modern Wall. is the result of a chromatin lay coiled up like a pieceof unravelled yarn when roughly balled gradual assimilation ofthe ea of the older period. As the form jels was not together, and hence the figure became termed the kniiuci or skein. The found anywhere, iau was explained as coming everywhere through the series filament itself was termed the mitom. Possibly in some cases the mitom is els> gals> edls > jals > iau. It was shown also that iau is not a specially preceded by a true reticulum. When a cell is about to divide, the mitom Picard form, but is found in Ile de France (cf. Metzke, Herrig’s Archiv gets shorter and thicker, then breaks up into a number of U-shaped loops LXV, p. 75), in Champagne, and Norman, where we can see the gradual or of short rods as the case may be. These elements (to which we limit coming in of iau (cf. G6rlich, Die nordwestlichen Dialecte, p. 37). The the term karyos ata) are then crowded into the equator of a spindle formed following explanation was given for modern Picard ieu. The declension of of achromatic fibres where each divides into two daughter karyosomata that oiseau was found to be: nom. sing. oisiaus (Mousquet, v. 6475), acc. sing. move to the poles of the spindle to become reconstructed into the daughter oisiel (v. 10386), nom. plur. oissiel (v. 13296), acc. plur. oizians (v. 2402). nuclei respectively. In the most complex cases of indirect division, the As long as the rule of the s was strictly held to, this was the declension; daughter karyosomata are formed by the longitudinal splitting of the loops when however, the rule commenced to be neglected and the s commenced before the latter reach the equatorial plane, and thus no true equatorial to be the sign of the nom. plur., it was of course added to the existing nom. plate is formed. plur. (oissiel in this case), thus giving *oissiels > oissieus. (Or is this to In place of the pseudo-reticulum of chromatin, Carnoy has discovered a be explained as Raynaud, Bibl. d. ~col. d. Chartes, vol. XXXVII, p. 26, true achromatic reticulum in the nucleus which by transformation becomes explains an (= lat. alis) > en, by a tendency of the Picard to change the spindle. Thus we may truly say that the mitom is an elongated nucicoises. au > eu? cf. Leurens Lat. Lanrentius, journeus — Lat. diurnalis). The ordinary nucleolus seen to be present besides is really thus a paranu- A special investigation was made of the modern dialects; the material cleolus. The Remakian scheme of direct cell division is: first the nucleolus was, however, too scanty to allow very definite conclusions. The Wallonian divides, then the nucleus, and lastly the cell body. We know instances in and Lorraine dialects have e and e. Picard has ieu and iau. Nor n has ~ the Protozoa where the nucleolus divides several times before the nucleus in the sing., id in the plur. (according to Joret). Towards the boundaries does so, and the like is true of the nucleus before the cell divides, and we of the dialect io and ja are also found in the sing. and i6 in the plur. lie also have discovered many intermediate forms of nuclear division gradually de France has ian. The western dialects have iau; the southwestern dialects uniting the simplest direct division with the most complicated indirect (Poiteuin) have ea, and towards the boundaries of the Proven~al en. Bur- forms, hencewe may say that all ccli divisions conform to thc 1?emakian schema. gundian has ea and ia. Champagne has iau. The following line seemed to The reason for this will be evident when we show that the nucleolus is the be the boundary line of the dialects that dropped 1 in the combination els repository of the Idioplasm. and did not break e> ea. Starting at Langres (Ddp. de la Hante Maine) In some cases the nucleus as well as nucleolus divides up at times into a going north, touching Possesse, M~n~houd, Billy au Ojes, passing just east of finely granular condition, and in such cells the chromatin is in the “dis-

1?6vin and terminating at Hug. East of this line ~ and ~, west iau. This solved state,” no morphological nucleus is present, but is physiologically line gives the boundary only in merest outline and will have to be changed represented by an infinite number of small nuclei. These granules grow in particulars. The literary French form can does not seem to be the and divide by fission and thus behave like true nuclei. They may fuse to spoken form in any dialect. a single nucleus again or they may be set free as so many spores, each of It might be added yet that it does not seem necessary to take -ellos as the which grows to a normal cell again. Balbiani showed that the mitom and type of modern eau. The nom. sing. -elms gave -els as well as the acc. plur. the resulting karyosomata are composed of a row of granules or microsomata By analogy to -cis = -elms and -cis = -ellos, -ci = -elinm and -clii have become each of a size and shape reminding us of a micrococcus. The splitting of ease. the moniliform filaments into daughter karyosomata is effected by the fission of each microsoma as a unit. In the case of sexual cells the karyosomata are composed of one or only a few microsomata. The microsomata are them- The Significance of Sex. By JULIUS NELSON. selves composed of smaller units or grannlcs, and in karyokinesis are pro- duced by the fusion of such and are at one phase or another redivided into [Abstractofa paper published in the American Naturalist, Jan.—Feb.—Mar., 1887.] the granular condition. All these bodieswhatever their rank from granule The problem of sex involves the theory of heredity, and in fact the entire to nucleus, grow by assimilation and multiply by fission. They are all of science of reproduction sheds light on this subject from every quarter. It the one substance chromatin, and we may therefore infer that all chromatin is therefore necessary to take a broad survey of the data from a general on ginatesfrom antecedent chromatin. biological standpoint. Furthermore, as any portion ‘of chromatin, no matter what its size, has Morphologicaily, we need to study the ccii in its structure, its origin and similar properties to every other body ofchromatin, we must infer that this growth, its multiplication, its differentiation into tissues and especially the substance is composed of an aggregate of molecular units that arc alikc and maturation of sexual cells, and their mutual relations in origin and in that d~Werfrom chcmicai moleculesin possessing the power of gr th by as mila- fertilisation. Physiologically, we observe the effects of conditions of environ- tion and of reproduction by fission. They also have a character by which ment in regulating sex: the principles of breeding also must be included psychic life and heredity are to be explained. Such units are no other than here. gemmuies in the Darwinian sense. They are all genetically related, that is The present paper considers only the significance of the cell nucleus in its cvcry gcmmnle arises from antecedent gemmules. The growth of chromatin is a rclation to the theory of sex. derived phenomenon due to the multiplication of these units. They possess Modern research has shown that the cell is not “a mere lump of struc- a property analagous to polymerisation by which they aggregate into masses tureless jelly, more fluid in parts and more condensed in other spots,” but and these again into larger, forming the ordersof micellae studied by Niigeli; that on the contrary, protopiasm is a complex organisation. The principles next come the granules which lie at the limit of present microscopic vision, of division of labor among differentiated units, which underlies the cell and so on up through microsomata karysomata, nucleoli, metazoon soma, doctrine must also be used to explain the unity of the cell itself. and psychically, even into civil societies and states. In 1873, Schneider inaugurated a new era in cytology by the discovery of The gemmules possess the additional property of dsffercntiating, and thus the karyokinetic metamorphoses of dividing cells. The doctrine that every of producing organisms, which could not be effected by the simple polymeri- nucleus originates by the division of a preceding nucleus was thus firmly sation of like units. The fine chromatin granules are seen imbedded in a established and it became more evident that the nucleus is of primary clear matrix of hyaloplasm, which we suppose to be the first transformation importance in cell reproduction. Nuclear substance became known as of chromatin, the gemmules becoming achromatic and, as the hyaloplasm is karyaplasm while the rest of the cell substance was termed cytoplasm. The the organ of motion, perhaps taking on a distribution and relation such as next step was the discovery that a certain substance in the nucleus seemed Engelmaun supposes for his tagmata. to be the essential nuclear substance and as it had a peculiar affinity for the When microsomata divide, the offspring often remain united by a funic- coloring agents used in microscopic technique it was termed chromatin. ulus or filament of hyaloplasm, which by contracting servesto reunite them. The remaining nuclear structures were deemed composed of achromatin. Where this connection is completely severed the elements may establish The chromatin appeared in the resting nucleus as a reticulum, but this connection anew by means of pseudopodia of hyaloplasm, and thus a reticulum AUGUST, 1887.] UNIVERSITY CIIWULA PS. 121 such as was first described by Frommann, is formed. The microsomata form whatever, and the nuclear division generally occurs somewhere during kat- the nodes of this Aet work in three dimensions, and control by their fusions akinesis. and divisions the distribution of the fibres and the contraction and expan- Fertilisation, that is, the conjugation of the pronucleoli of chromatin fur- sion of the net work in various directions, especially of the cytoplasmic nished by the gametes (the gametes themselves may or may not fuse) always reticulum, which is primitive muscle. From the prominence of the net occurs when katakinesis is well advanced, hence the subsequent phases of ana- work in nerve cells we may also conclude that the fibres serve for conduc- kinesis are a series of fertilisations, and this series is repeated for every cell tion of stimuli. By severing connections in certain directions and strength- division throughout Ontogeny. May we not suppose that there is no essen- ening them in others, any portion of cell substance like the nucleus or its tial difference between the fusion of nuclei that have lived for some time membrane becomes built up, and by a similar process does the spindle arise separated in a cell and the fusion of these same nuclei after they have lived from the nuclear reticulum. By successive fusions of nodes in the chro- as separated cells for a certain period? Whatever be the advantages of fer- matic reticulum we get the moniliform filament of the mitom, and then by tilisation, we know that organisms differ in their need of fertilisation, and further fusion of the neighboring microsomata the filament becomes short that the greater this need the wider must be the cross. The phases of ana- and its microsomata large. Sometimes the meshes of a reticulum are so kinesis may be considered as simply closer breeding than those of gametal minute that the body appears homogeneous to any but very high powers of conjugation. magnification. At first sight it seems that the fusion of chromatin is to keep the race By the Remakian scheme the daughter cells receive all the organs of the pure, to prevent continual differentiation, but a little survey of the facts mother cell fully elaborated, but in generative cells and spores we start at soon causes us to abandon this idea, for if the struggle for existence is at all first with only a nucleus ofchromatin; this grows, soon reveals a reticulum, hard we find that fertilised idioplasm wins in the race. The difference be- and the peripheral portions of the latter become transformed into cytoplasm tween the idioplasms of two gametes seems to be adifference in their educa- and finally only in the nucleolus is the chromatin left. When we remember tion, due to the fact that they have been in different environments and how the growth of yelk and the production of certain secretions is due to differently stimulated, and had to respond in a different manner. It is the direct transformation of chromatin, when we further consider that cells known that an organism which may languish in one re~ion will, when trans- which have been enucleated can no longer grow and reproduce, and finally, planted into a new environment, become highly invigorated, the effect being when we see how in cell reproduction the chromatin is carefully divided equivalent to infusing idioplasm which had had education in this region and passed over to the offspring well protected by envelopes, we are pre- into the organism of the first region. The problem seems to belong to pared to believe that the chromatin is the fountain head of life to the cell, psychology. that every cell structure and cell product is derived from it, or in other The paper is illustrated by over four hundred figures, and is itself an words, is a mass of differentiated. gemmules. These gemmules are degraded abstract of many papers by modern students of karyokinesis. in some cases to mere chemical substances, but in other cases possibly retain the powerof reproduction, but can reproduce only their own tissue. Jn this respect they differ from the chromatin gemmules, which, though undiffer- entiated, have the power to differentiate in determinate ways in response to Memorials of the University of Heidelberg. various stimuli or conditions. Therefore the chro tin gemmulessnust be con- sidered as the idioplasm. [Abstract of a communication to the University Historical and Political Science Associ- The character of the individual organism produced by the differentiation atiou, April 22, 1887, by H. B. Adamsl. of these gemmules depends on the character of the idioplasm gemmule. The chief librarian of the University of Heidelberg, Professor Dr. Zange- All are alike and each undifferentiated gemmule in a man’s body is a per- meister, has recently presented to the Johns Hopkins University a valuable fect miniature of the man. Yes, more, it is a miniature of the potential collection of literary memorials of the five hundredth anniversary of the characters of the species, for under different environment the gemmules Ruperto-Carola, observed in the month of August, 1886. would have differentiated into a man with a different actualized character. Among the published memorials of the Heidelberg jubilee is the Urkun- In the ovum, each gemmule is likewise a reflex of every tissue, there are deubuch der Universitiit Heidelberg, in two royal octavo volumes, together em- no gemmules set apart to reproduce endoderm and others for the ectoderm. bracing about nine hundred pages, edited by Eduard Winkelmann, one of The same gemmule is potentially both, hut once differentiated it has lost the leading professors of history at Heidelberg. His superb collection of this general potentiality and at once limited itself. In the same way each Heidelberg documents begins with the foundation of the University in 1386 gemmule is both male and female or rather of no sex whatever. In the and ends with the year 1818, when the troops of Baden were withdrawn spermatozoon those gemmules that have differentiated have produced an from the city and their barracks were converted into laboratories ofscience. apparatus for carrying the idioplasm gemmules (which are simply gem- Five centuries of German history are illustrated in the history of Heidel- mules representing the species) to be mixed with similar gemmules held in berg. The great schism in the church in the 14th century, the reform an apparatus (the ovum) differentiated to nourish the embryo. There is councils in the 15th, the renaissance, the reformation, and counter-reforma- no such thing as male protoplasm or female protoplasm. No such thing tion, the Jesuit reaction, the thirty years’ war, the desolation of the Palati- as male characters and female characters belonging to the idioplasm. The nate by the troops of Louis XIV., the French revolution, the dismember- idea of sex, which means a differentiation into male and female, is an idea ment of the old German empire, and its reconstruction through the agency of secondary characters and of the same category as the idea of ectoderm of Prussia,—all of these world-historic events have had their influence in and endoderm or of John Smith and Thomas Smith. Male and female are shaping the destinies of a cosmopolitan university. indeed actualized in nature but only as manufactured apparatuses to serve Professor Kuno Fischer with the Urkundenbuch of Professor Winkelmann the unsexed idioplasm in which inheres the powers of heredity. as a source of information, reviewed the entire course of the University’s Underlying the question of sex is the real problem of the significance of development in his eloquent historical address, or Festrede, delivered August fertilisation for which the sexes were created. Fertilisation is the mixture 4, 1886, in the Heiligengeistkirche. The middle wall of partition which had of idioplasm gemmules that have for a longer or shorter period been sepa- long disfigured this famous old church, a wall which had separated Protes- rated and are more or less distantly genetically related. As the gemmules tants and Catholics since the time of the Reformation, was broken down for are alike in each gamete (sexual cell) the quantity of chromatin introduced the generous purpose of celebrating in that great open space the five hun- in fertilisation is of subordinate importance. The full chnracters inhere in dredth anniversary of an institution which was originally inaugurated within each gemmule. There is probably no fusion of gemmules, they are simply the same ecclesiastical fold. Professor Fischer described how Heidelberg brought into close association. University originated. It was the result of the first great schism in the The chromatin usually experiences a morphological change when a cell Church, when there were two lines of Popes, one at Avignon and the other is about to divide, passing through a cycle of segmentations (katakinesis) at Rome. The University of Paris was the champion of the French Pope; and the resulting granules once more fusing to a single body in the daughter Heidelberg was founded in the interest of the Roman party. Heidelberg nuclei (anakinesis). When we take all cells, including l)rotozoa, into con- was, moreover, designed to be a new school of philosophy, that is of nomi- sideration, we find that the stages of this cycle vary much in number and nalism or the via moderna, in contradistinction from realism, or the via an- complexity, and that the resting state of the nucleus may occur in any phase tiqun, which latter had repeatedly triumphed at Paris and had forced men of 122 JOHNS HOPKINS [No. 59. the new school to seek refuge in the new German universities at Prague and Classification of Polyhedrons. By E. W. DAVIS. Vienna. The chief representative of the via moderna, called at Heidelberg [Abstractof a paper read at a meeting of the University Mathematical Society, May the via Marsiliana, was Marsilius of Inghen, a small town in the Nether- lands. He had been twice rector of the University of Paris and he served 15, 1887]. nine times in that capacity in the new university of which he is called the Denoting by E 0, E the number of faces, corners and edges of a poly- fundator et initiator. The economic founder and princely patron was Ru- hedron and byf and a the average number of edges to a face and edges to a precht, the first elector of the Palatinate, who in his old age determined to corner respectively, the equations have in his electoral dominions an institution which should rival Prague F + C E +2, and Vienna as well as Paris. His name, coupled with that of Carl Fried- Ff— Cc— 2E give erich who reorganized the University in 1803, survives to this day in the Ruperto-Carola. It should be added that the foundation of the University 2(f+c)_-~__ —fe’ was authorized by Pope Urban VI. and its first rights and privileges were accorded by Ruprecht, the elector. The chancellorship or ecclesiastical 2(f+c)—fc’ supervision of the institution, especially in the award of degrees, was en- B 2fa___ trusted by the Pope to the dean of the cathedral at Worms, in which dio- 2(f+c) —ft cese Heidelberg was situated. The institution opened with two instructors in philosophy and one in Since F C’ and B must be positive integers we see that for plane faces the theology. Within a year it had sixteen lecturers, ten of whom came from possible integer values off and a are 3.3, 3.4, 3.5. For curved facesf and e Prague. All four faculties, theology, medicine, law, and philosophy, were lie between the limits 1 and 6. The difThrent forms corresponding to these developed within four years. The University was regarded as a union of values have been classified. For curved faces the case f — a = 3 is of instructors and students, universitas personarum and not universita.s literarum. especial interest corresponding to the plane faced tetrahedron. There are The term university was used in its legal sense to designate a scholastic 225 apparently possible forms with a less number of actually existing forms corporation. The early history of Heidelberg University has been made all of which have been studied. the subject of an elaborate monograph by Professor Thorbecke, formerly professor of history in the gymnasium, now docent in the University of Heidelberg. He has done his work with German (hiindlichkeit, but in con- On a Plan proposed for Future Work upon the sequence of the great mass of historical materials for literary elaboration, he has been able to bring the history only as far down the centuries as the Geological Map of the Baltimore Region. By GEO. H. year 1449. Another valuable monograph published in connection with WILLIAMS. the great jubilee is entitled Beitriige zu einer Biographie Ottheinrichs, by LR. [Abstract of a communication made to the Baltimore Naturalists’ Field Club, May 15, Salzer, director of the Realschule in Heidelberg. Ottheinrich was the 16th 1887]. century reformer of the University and of the Church at Heidelberg. He introduced the renaissance into his dominions and founded that magnifi- The work heretofore accomplished by the Geological Section of the Field cent part of the Heidelberg Castle known as the Ottheinrichsbau. He was Club upon the geological map of the region about Baltimore has been done also the chief founder of the celebrated Heidelberg library, the Palatina, with the aid of the small Excursion Map published by the University. which was taken from the University during the thirty years’ war and pre- This map embraces an area of 625 square miles, with the City Hall of Bal- sented to the Vatican. In this connection, it is interesting to note that timore as its centre, its scale being a mile to the inch. It has served admi- Pope Leo XIII. allowed a complete catalogue of the manuscripts belonging rably as a basis for the preliminary examination of the geology of this to the Palatina to be made and presented to the University as his contribu- region and for plotting the general results obtained from a reconnaissance tion to the great jubilee. survey. This work, at least as far as the archaean portion of the areas is An Almanach of the University for the jubilee year, prepared by Dr. concerned, is now about completed, and the small excursion map is found Paul Hintzelmann, one of the University librarians, contains sketches of to be wholly inadequate for recording the detailed observations which the all the rectors and professors of the University since its reorganization in remarkable variety and complexity of the crystalline rocks demand. 1803, when new life was given to the institution through the political influ- The great value to geology in general, and especially to the archaean ences which made Baden a grand duchy. The professors in the various geolo~,y ofthe Appalachian region of America, of a small and typical area gymnasia of Baden made a noteworthy contribution to the five hundredth which has been studied with minuteness, is fully appreciated. The region anniversary of the University in the form of a Festschrift der Badisehen Gym- about Baltimore presents just such an area of unusual variety and interest, nasien, containing the hitherto unedited letters of the famous humanist, while its proximity to the University especially adapts it for careful investi- Rudolph Agricola, and other valuable historical and educational papers. gation. It is therefore proposed to map this region in as much detail as An interesting pictorial monograph is that showing in colors the coats-of- possible, to study its rocks, both in the field and laboratory, with great care arms of various electors, counts palatine, and feudal knights of Baden and and subsequently to use this area as a starting point for the comparison of the Rhine country. Most popular and entertaining of all these attractive more remote districts of a similar character. publications is a handsomely bound set of the Illustrirte Fest-Chronik, of For this purpose the Field Club excursion map has been divided into which twelve numbers were published from the 10th of July to the 12th of twenty-five sheets or sections, after a manner suggested by the geological December, 1886, comprising 240 folio pages. This richly illustrated volume maps now being published by the kingdom of Saxony. Each section will contains the greatest variety of historical portraits, memoirs, biographies, be a square five miles on a side. They will be numbered consecutively and poems, views of Heidelberg scenery, etc. To one familiar with Alt Heidel- each will receive the name of its most prominent locality. Just what the berg this book will recall, not only the most characteristic features of stu- method of division is may be best seen on the following diagram. dent-life in the Neckarstadt, but the natural surroundings of the place, Each of these twenty-five sheets is to be traced in twice its present linear which is one of the most beautiful in the world. In this connection, and in scale (i. e., two inches to the mile) for which purpose the atlases of the three conclusion, may be quoted a graphic passage from the Festrede of Professor countries embraced within the area may be used, although it is hoped that Kuno Fischer, whose affection for Heidelberg has kept him in that Uni- these may soon be replaced by the new topographical map of this region versity for many years in spite of most attractive calls to Leipzig and Ber- now contemplated by the U. S. Geological Survey and soon to be commenced. lin. This most eloquent of German philosophers pictures the Heidelberg These sheets, each ten inches square (a convenient size for carrying into the cosmos as “em ghicklich gelegenes Stuck Erde, eine unvertilgbar anmuthige field) are to be worked out separately, although of course according to a Natur, em heiteresWaldthal, em heimliches Gebirge, das die Kunst unserer uniform plan; and each is to be accompanied by a separate text to contain Tage in cinen grossen Garten verwandelt hat, zu dessen Fiissen die herrliche, descriptions of the geology and petrography of its area, as well as explana- lebens- und geschichtsvolle Ebene sich erstreckt, so weit der Blick reicht, tions of the relationship of these to those of the adjoining sheets. bis an den leuchtenden Strom und die blauen Berge.” It is believed that this method of work will prove of increased value to the student by allowing him, after securing a general idea of the geology of the whole region, to confine his attention to special work in a particular AUGUST, 1887.] UNIVERSITY CIROULAPS. 123 field, and by inciting him to make a permanent contribution to the geologi- the accession of King Alfred to its end, contains a large number of Scandi- cal map as a whole. Such work upon one or more sheets will form accept- navian words, some of the most important being wiring, hold, grin, gri~ian, able material for a thesis for the Doctor’s degree. sceg~, hiisting, samm$ele, hiS, liiSsmen, sciplilS, hiiscarlas, hiisbiiada, stefuian, mdl, The plan has already been tested by the working out of Sheet No. 11— Pineste, fylcian, hyttan, tacan, hofclingas, orreste, etc. Some expressions are Ellicott City—and has proved itself in all respects a success. quite Scandinavian except in grammatical forms; e. g. Pdr ber Godwine up his mdl (MS. F, s. anno 1051). Some words have changed their meaning, e. g. eorl, which from t.he year 871 is used in the sense of the Norse jan. The No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. No. 4. No. 5. verb l&tan, to let, has assumed some of the meanings of 0. iN. ldta, e. g. Reisters- Green Loch nige men l~ton Pet hit cometa wd3re (s. anno 1097). town. Spring. Lutherville. Raven. (Legend.) Literature is usually far behind the ordinary language in point of devel- opment, and when we find so many Scandinavian words in the literary No. 6. No. 7. No. 8. No 9. No. 10. language of the West Saxons, we may safely infer that in the speech of the Randalls- Towson- Lavender Middle common man, especially east of Wathing Street, the amalgamation must have town. Pikeaville. town. Hill. River. been more marked. This is abundantly illustrated in the literature of a later day. While we find very few Scandinavian words in Layamon, Ancren No. 11. No. 12. No. 13 No. 14. No. 15. Biwle, Robert of Gloucester, Chaucer, etc., written in the South of England, Ellicott Back River their number in the latter part of the Peterborough Chronicle, the Ormidam, City. Catonaville. Baltimore. Bay View. Greek. Bestiary, Genesis and Exodus, Ilavelok the Dane, etc., and in the later Northumbrian and Scotch monuments, is very large, as well as in the North No. 16. No. 17. No. 18. No. 19. No. 20. English and Scotch dialects down to this day.* Patapsco River Ilehester. Relay. Brooklyn. River. Neck. The influence of Scandinavian on En~lisls, besides adding many words to the vocabulary, consisted especially in causing the early loss of inflections and of the distinction of gender, which began in the North and soon spread No. 21. No. 22. No. 23. No. 24. No. 23. over the whole country; the loss of the prefix ge-; the substitution of are Bodkin Savage. Severn. Marley. Hog Neck. Point. for sind and bioiS, and of they, their, them for hie, hiera, him; the restoration of a for cc and ca, and the prevention of d from becoming 6 in the North. In Southern and a large part of Middle England (as seen in all the Midland monuments except the Ormulum) d regularly became 6, while in North English and Scotch it remained, or was changed in the direction of Scandinavian Influence on English. By A. E. EGGE. Scandinavian, as in hame, stane, etc., where a is pronounced about as in [Abstractof a paper read before the University Philological Association, May 6, 1887.] En~lish fame.t In Modern En,,lish there are only sporadic cases of d not becoming 6, as in swain and reindeer, which are no doubt due to the 0. N. This paper consisted of extracts from a larger work containing asketch of forms sveinn and hreinn. A. S. swdn and hrdn could only have beconse sw6ne the influence of Scandinavian on English, together with lists of Scandi- and r6ne. In seventh, ninth, etc. (A. S. seofoiSa, nigoiSa), the n may be due to navian words in the Ormulurn and Bestiary. The object of the paper was to show that while Norman-French chiefly affected the vocabulary, Scandi- the analogy of 0. N. sjaunde, niunde, etc. In the Ormulum these numerals are still more like the Scandinavian in having d for 1~’, as sefennde, ehhteade, navian changed the grammar of English. etc. The Scandinavian influence also tended to remove metathesis, as seen From the beginning of our literary monuments until about 1100 A. D. the in the following words from the Omnulum: attbrasst, attrann, brennde (A.S. modifications in the Ena lish language are comparatively slight. The laws cctbcerst, wtarn, brerude), etc. The rising inflection so characteristic of the of King Aetiselbert and the homilies of Wulfstan, though four centuries speech of Eastern Scotland may perhaps be due to a similar peculiarity in apart, are almost in the identical idiom. But during the next hundred Norwegian and Swedish.t years a change took place both in the vocabulary and in the grammar. In the South of England much confusion was caused by the loss of old and the The greater part of the treatise referred to above consists of a list of Scandinavian words in the Ormulum. This agrees in the main with the list adding of new forms, while in the North the inflectional system was very prepared by Erik Brate.jj Almost the only change made in his list was the much simplified. This sudden break-down of Anglo-Saxon grammar it has exclusion of souse words which lie, on too shi been customary to a.ttribute to the Norman Conquest. But the influence of 0ht grounds, ascribes to Scand.- this event on the English language was at first only an external one. It navian influence, and the adding of many which he has omitted or over- deprived Anglo-Saxon of its office as the literary medium of the nation, and looked. when this conservative element was gone, the spoken language became What most interests scholars with respect to Orm is the signification of subject, as never before, to the changes of growth and decay. But any his double consonants, as a correct understanding of his orthography might organic change in English the Norman speech did not effect. Being a furnish an important clue to the determination of quantity in Early Eng- wholly foreign tongue, its influence was at first only that of enriching lish. Until recently Orm’s doubling of consonants was thought to be merely English with new words. The influence of Old Norse, however, the a graphic device to indicate the shortness of the preceding vowel. Traut- language of the Danish and Norwegian settlers in the North and East of mann has proved (in Anghia VII, Anz. pp. 94—99) that Orm doubles a con- England, was a more direct and organic one. As two individuals speaking sonant only when it is to be pronounced double or long, at least in emphatic closely related dialects will imitate each other’s speech, often with the loss syllables. In Modern English and Norse every emphatic monosyllable is of peculiar inflections of case and mood, so in the Danelaw the mutual influ- long, ~ and in Norse also the stressed syllable in polysyllabic words and in ence of An~hian and Scandinavian produced a new dialect in which most of compounds. A careful examination of the orthonraphy of Orm, who lived the old inflections were lost. In the Ormulum, for instance, we meet with a in the most Scandinavian part of England and wrote at a time when we specimen of English almost as uninflected as that of the present day, while may suppose the Scandinavian influence to have been much stronger than Southern English remained rich in inflections for two centuries longer. at present, shows that in his time the system of lengthening agreed asore From the appearance of til in the inscription on the 1?uthwell Gross and in closely with Modern Norse than with Modern English, i. e. Orm often Gredmon’s Hymn, and of arun (aron, etc.) in the Lindisfarne Gospels, there is len0thened the consonant where Modern English lengthens the vowel. reason for supposing that the Scandinavian influence on English began long He further agrees with Norse in often lengthening the consonant in the before the invasions of the Wickings. Perhaps there were Scandinavian settlements along the eastern coast of Britain from an earlier date than is * Cf. “ Lincoinshire and the Danes,” London, 1884. commonly supposed. Or perhaps the beginnings of Scandinavian influence t Cf. Murray, “The Dialect of the Southern Counties of Scotland,” pp. 94, 110 (Trans. should be traced back to the time before the Anglo-Saxon exodus. But no ofthe Philological Soc. for 1870-1872). 4 Cf. University Circulars 53, pp. 11—32. very considerable speech mixture is observable until after the beginning of “Nordiache Lehuwdrter im Orrmnlum,” in vol. X.of Beitr.z. Gescb.d.deutsch. Sprache the Wicking Age. The loan-words appear earlier and in greater number u. Lit. than one would expect in literary West Saxon. The A. S. Chronicle, from Cf. University Circulars 83, p. 31. In the middle of column one, read “in the last three the originally long vowel has been shortened.” 124 JOHNS HOPKINS [No. 59. emphatic syllable of polysyllabic words and compounds. In many words Brate’s conclusions as to word-borrowing must to a large extent be disre- the quantity has shifted from the vowel to the consonant, as in ceddmod, garded. herrsumm, etc. In others the consonant is sometimes doubled, sometimes One of the clearest historic records of a Scandinavian element in the not, as in land, lannd, hand, hannd. Brate declares himself unable to explain people of the North and East of England is seen in the names of places. this; but it may perhaps be sufficiently accounted for if we suppose that Such names are especially those ending in beck, by, garth, gate, toft, etc., as these words indicate a hesitation between the Norse fashion of lengthening Stonybeck, Grimsby, Applegarth, Yarlesgate, Bratoft, etc. Many personal the consonant and the Ennlish of lengthening the vowel. On account of the names too have been handed down from the time of the Scandinavian failure to see this and of the false assumption that double consonants denote settlement, such as Audun, Eric, Gunhill, Gunner, Hacon, Harold, Kettle, the shortness and sinele consonants the length of the preceding vowel, Swain, Thorold, Thurkell, etc. The fashion of adding son to form sur- names is also Scandinavian, e. g. Anderson, Davidson, Henryson, etc.

CONFERRING OF DEGREES, JUNE 14, 1887. Resolved, That the Treasurer be instructed to make a separate investment of this fund, the income of which shall be appropriated in accordance with PROGRAMME OF EXERCISES IN THE GYMNASIUM, AT S P. M. the wishes of the donor. I. Resolved, That a Fellowship be established to bear the name of the A. T. PRAYER by Rev. W. F. SLOCUM. Bruce Fellowship in Biology, and that regulations for governing the award and the tenure he framed by the President of the University, the Professor ‘I- of Biology, and the Associate Professor of Morphology, subject to ratifica- ADDRESS by President GILMAN. tion and amendment by this Board. III. Presentation of the Candidates for the degree of BACHELOR OF ARTS, on behalf of the Board of Collegiate Advisers by Associate Professor WAR- RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED BY THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES, HEN; and the Bestowal of Diplomas by the President of the University. JUNE 6, 1887. IV. Resolved, That every person who accepts an appointment as a teacher, a Presentation of the Candidates for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSO- fellow, or a graduate scholar in this University for a definite period, shall rHY, on behalf of the Board of University Studies, as follows: — be regarded as in honor bound to remain during the entire period for which H. G. BEYER in Biology, by Professor MARTIN; he was appointed. R. N. BRACKETT, C. W. HAYES, W. A. HEDRICK, and W. R. ORNDORFF Resolved, That an appointment to a fellowship shall not be made for any in Chemistry, by Professor IREMSEN; current year after the meeting of the Board of Trustees in October, even ANDREW FOSSUM and G. B. HUSSEY in Greek, by Professor GILDEESLEEVE; though the vacancy continue during the rest of the session. A. C. APPLEGARTH and D. R. RANDALL in History, and J. H. HYSLOP in the History of Philosophy, by Associate Professor ADAMS; DAVID BARCHOFT and J. C. FIELDS in Mathematics, by Professor NEW- AWARD OF LITERARY PRIZES. COMB; TERMS OF THE PRIZES. HENRY CREW in Physics, by Professor ROWLAND~ F. M. WARREN in Romance Languages, by Associate Professor ELLIOTT; “A friend of the University has offered two prizes of one hundred dollars A. E. EGGE, F. G. HUBBARD, and M. D. LEARNED in Teutonic Languages, each for the encouragement of excellence in literary work, to be awarded by Associate Professor WOOD; in June, 1887, by a committee consisting of Messrs. Gildersleeve, Wood, and and the BESTOWAL OF DIPLOMAS by the President of the University. Browne. The Trustees add free tuition for the next academic year, during which the recipient or recipients willbe expected to continue literary studies V. here and to report from time to time to the committee in charge. If the Announcement of the Award of the Literary Prizes, by Professor GIL- honor should fall upon onewho does not wish to remain here next year, the DERSLEEvE, Chairman of the Committee of Award, emolument will be withheld, but the honor will be publicly announced. VI. “The prizes are open to any Bachelor of Arts who has been in residence CONGRATULATORY AI~DBESS to the Graduates by Hon. GEORGE WIL- the past year and has not received a fellowship or proceeded to the degree LIAM BROWN, of the Board of Trustees, of Doctor of Philosophy. After the close of the exercises in the Gymnasium, the laboratories “The candidates shall submit specimens of their work, either original or were thrown open to visitors, and a reception was given to the friends critical, and shall satisfy the committee in a personal conference as to their of the graduates in Hopkins Hall. general attainments in the range of the subject treated. “The committee may withhold award in one or both cases if in their judgment, the quality of the work submitted is not satisfactory. FELLOWSHIPS IN PHYSICS AND GEOLOGY. “Candidates are allowed until May 24th to submit specimens of their A Fellowship in Physics and a Fellowship in Inorganic Geology and work and make written application directed to the committee.” Mineralogy will be awarded at the meeting of the Board of Trustees, Octo- ber 3,1887. Applications should be addressed to the President of the Johns REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE. Hopkins University—Application for Fellowship—and must reach his office at “The Committee appointed to award the prizes offered by a ‘friend of the University not later than September 25. the University~ for the best literary work, beg to report,— “That, after careful consideration of all the papers submitted, they recog- ADAM T. BRUCE FELLOWSHIP. nize in those offered by R. E. Burton and J. Cummings distinguished literary merit; and to those gentlemen accordingly, the prizes are awarded. At a meeting of the Board of Trustees, May 2, 1887, the following reso- lutions were adopted “They also beg to report that they consider the papers submitted by J. H. T. McPherson, B. F. Sledd, and W. K. Williams as deserving hon- Resolved, That the gift of $10,000 from Mrs. A. T. Bruce, of New York, orable mention. for the purpose of founding a fellowship in Biology, as a memorial of her B. L. GILDEESLEEVE, son, Adam T. Bruce, Ph. D., lately a Fellow and afterwards an Instructor WM. HAND BROWNE, in this institution, be gratefully accepted, and that the thanksof this Board HENRY WOOD.” be communicated to the generous donor, with an assurance that the wishes expressed in her letter shall be carefully respected. AUGUST, 1887.] UNIVEI?SITY CII?CULA I?S. 125

RECENT PUBLICATIONS.

ADAMS, HENRY C. Public Debts: An Essay in the Science of Finance. BLAIR, W. A., (Editor). “The Schoolteacher.” A monthly newspaper, New York, Appleton, 1887. 1 vol., pp. xi + 407, 8o. Winston, N. C. “[t is the purpose of this treatise upon Public Debts to portray the principles which BRANDT, H. C. G. Strong and Meyer’s s—Preterites. (Modern Language underlie the use ofpublic credit. The essay is neither statistical nor historical, although it relies upon statistics and makes frequent appeals to history. In one respect it differs Notes, May, 1887.) from works upon the same subject by German or Frenchwriters, for it recognizes a dis- BRIGHT, JAMES W. Notes on the Andreas. (Modern Language Notes, April, tinction between National Deficit Financiering and Local Deficit Financiering, and lays down rules for the latter not in complete harmony with rules applicable to the former. 1887.) “This peculiarity in structure was imposed upon the essay by the fact that, being — Prof. Baskervill’s Notes. (Modern Language Notes, June, 1887.) addressed to Americans, It was obliged to conform to the sharacteristic features of Ameri- can Public Law.” * * *(Extract frem1/se Prefece.) BURT, B. C. References for Students in English Literature. (Andrews & Under the head of “Public Borrowing as a Financial Policy,” the following subjects are Witherby, Ann Arbor, 1887.) treated: 1. Modern Public Debts; 2. Political Tendencies of Public Debts; 3. Social Ten- dencies of Public Debts; Industrial Effects of Public Borrowing; When may States bor- BUTLER, N. M. The Effect of the War of 1812 upon the Consolidation of row Money? the Union. (Studies in Historical and Political Science, Vol. V, No. 7, pp. Under the head of “National Deficit Financiering” the following subjects are treated: 30, So.) Financial Management of War; Classification of Public Debts; Liquidation of War Ac- counts; Peace Management ofa Public Debt; Payment of Public Debts. CAMPBELL, JOHN P. On the Action of Peptone in Preventing Blood Under the head of “Local Deficit Financiering,” the following subjects are treated: Coagulation. (Studiesfrosn the Biological Laboratory, Vol. IV, No. 1, pp. Comparison of Local with National Debts; Stale Indebtedness between 1830 and 1830; 12, 8o.) Municipal Indebtedness; Policy of Restricting Governmental Duties. CARPENTER, W. H. Review of Gering’s Glossar zn den Liedern der Edda. BELL, ALEXANDER MELVILLE. University Lectures on Phonetics. Deliv- (Modern Language Notes, May, 1887.) ered in the Johns Hopkins University, and Oxford University, England. 1~Tith an Appendix on the Phonetics ofRoman Letters. (Werner, New — An Icelandic Novelist. (The New Englander and Yale Review, May, York, 1887, pp. 78, 8o, paper.) 1887, pp. 8, 8o.) A sketch of the life and writings of Jon Thordarson Thoroddsen (1819—1868). “These lectures were received with so great favor on their delivery in Johns Hopkins University, February, 1885, that their publication may be expected to excite an interest COOK, A. S. Review of Oliphant’s “The New English.” (ModernLanguage in their subject among studentsand teachers generally. Notes, 1~Jiay, 1887.) “The lectures were subsequently delivered on invitation of Prof. Max Mtiller, in the Taylor Institution, Oxford University. — The “Romaunt of the Rose~’ and Professor Skeats’ Yocabulary Test. “The Physiological Symbols for Speech-Actions and Sounds—originally introduced in (Modern Language Notes, June, 1887.) ‘Visible Speech ‘—are here made use of toteach the varieties and the mechanism of lin- guistic elements, with a precision not otherwise attainable. Thesymbols themselves will, DEWEY, JOHN. Ethics and Physical Science. (Andover Review, June, 1887, it is hoped, be so thoroughly understood, as to beeasily applied, eitherto native or lbreign pp. 20, 8o.) sounds. By means of these unambiguousphonetic letters, the exact characteristics of any “* * * We cannot admit the claims ofphysical science to be the founder of the ethical utterance, in any language, are expressible with universal legibility. system of the coming man. We have to deny it, because (1) ethics deals with an end, “Teachers are specially invited to test the effect of using the symbols in blackboard and there is no place for an end in nature as confined to space and time; and because (2) illustrations, A discriminating knowledge of the various sounds of ordinary letters, and even if there were an end in the universe, this would not of itself constitute the ‘ideal other phonetic niceties, will be in this way effectivelycommunicated even to the youngest for human conduct’; and because (3) science is utterly unable to establish the essential classes.” * * *.....(Extrcct frem the Prefcce.) feature of the ethical ideal, its insistence upon the identity of humanity in their relation to it. ** * In a world such asphysical science takes cognizance ofthere is no ground for BEMIS, EDWARD W. Socialism. (The Overland Monthly, San Francisco, morals, no place where the moral life may so much as set its foot; a spiritual interpreta- March, 1887.) tion of reality can alone found a truly scientific ethics and justify the living ways ofman The writer divides the advocates of socialism intogreat wings, the State Socialists and to man.” the Anarchist. The first class is considered, as that alone has a logical basis. Scientific socialism is defined as every aspiration toward the improvement of society by the intro- — Psychology. (Harper & Brothers, N. Y., pp. 427, 12o.) duction through State action ofgreater equality ofsocial conditions. The position ofthe * * * “How shall we make our psychology scientific and up to the times, free from State Socialists is made clear,and their arguments are given, but it is held that under metaphysics—which, however good in its place, is out of place in a psychology—and at present conditions, State management, as they would have it, would result in more harm the same time make it anintroduction to philosophy ingeneral? While I cannot hope to than good. have succeeded in presenting a psychology which shall satisfactorily answer this question, it does appear to me an advantage to have kept this question in mind, and to havewritten — Trades Union Benefit Features. (Political Science Quarterly, June, 1887, with reference to it. I have accordingly endeavored to avoid all material not strictly pp. 17, 8o.) psychological, and to reflect the investigations of scientific specialists in this branch; but “But the facts cited in this articleare encouraging asshowing the wayin which thegood I have also endeavored to arrange the material in such a way as to lead naturally and is replacing the bad in the ranks of united labor. The experience of England gives good easily to the problems which the student will meet in his further studies, to suggest the ground to expect that with the growth of our labor organizations most of their abuses principles alongwhich they shall find their solutions, andy above all, to develop the philo- will disappear and conservatism become the rule. In 1880 the special agents ofthe United sophie spirit. I am sure that there is a way ofraising questions, and of looking at them, States Census were able to report national benefit features in only five unions, whose which is philosophic; a waywhich the beginner can find more easily in psychology thaxa 13,032 members spent $53,843.83 in the various forms of relief. What a contrast to the elsewhere, and which, when found, is the best possible introduction to all specific philo.. expenditure now reported of fourteen times as much among fourteen unions, which sophic questions. The following pages are the author’s attempt to help the student upon embrace eleven times as many members, to say nothing of the vast extent of the system this way.”—(Frem the Preface.) of benefits among the local branches of these and other large labor organizations! The DONALDSON, F., JR. Further Researches upon the Function of the Recur- time seems surely approaching when American labor organizations will resemble the rent Laryngeal Nerve. [From the Biological Laboratory, J. H. U.i British, seven of the largest of which spent only two per cent, of their income in 1882 on strikes, and only eight per cent. during the previous six years of depression.” (American Laryngological Association, 1887.)

— On the Causes of Cardiac Failui’e at High Altitudes. (American BEYER, H. G. The Direct Action of Atropin, Homatropin, Hyoscine, Hyoscyamine, and Daturine on the Heart of the Dog, Terrapin and Glimatological Association, 1887.) Frog. (The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, Philadelphia, April, DURFEE, W. P. Symmetric Functions of the l4ic. (American Journal of 1887, pp. 27, 8o.) Mathematics, Vol. 124 No. 3, April, 1887, pp. 19, 4o.)

BLACKMAR, F. W. Social Phenomena of the Early Hebrews. (Overland EDWARDS, CHARLES L. The Influence ofWarmth upon the Irritability of Monthly, April, 1887, pp. 7, 8o.) Frog’s Muscle and Nerve. (Studies from the Biological Laboratory, Vol. This paper was read before the Seminary ofHistory and Politics. The growth of insti- .ZV, No. 1, pp. 17 and 1 plate, 8o.) tutions was traced from the nomadic period to the decay of the village community. The ELLIOTT, A. MARSHALL. Review of Braga’s “Corso de Historia da Lit- structural growth of society was shown in the development of the tribe, the house-family, the commune, and in the subsequent development of individual rights and national life. teratura Portugueza. (Modern Langscage Notes, June, 1887.) The units of society,the elemental pointsof growth, the laws, customs, and survivals were compared with corresponding institutions of other peoples and the results given. The FAY, EDWARD A. Words Used only by Dante. (Modern Language Notes, subject was treated purely on a historical basis. May, 1887.) 126 JOhNS HOPKINS [No. 59.

FRANKLIN, F. Two Proofs of Canchy’s Theorem. (American Journal of tions of the highest existing science school in Japan, there is little or no similarity. * * Mathematics, Vol. IX, No. 4, Jane, 1887.) * ~ As thin name itself all butimplies, this journal is intended to he the channelthrough which the world at large may receive Japan’s own contribut.ions to the progress ofscience. FROTHTNGHAM, A. L., Jsc. Stephen Bar Sudaili, the Syrian Mystic and “One ainique feature which will be apparent at once, has regard to tIme lamiguages isa the Book of Hierotheos. (Brill, Leyden, 1886, pp. vi + 111, 8o.) which the variouspapers are to be presented. Each contribution must be written in one Dr. Frothingham has edited and translated two Syriac letters relating to Stephen Bar of the three languages, Esiglish, French, or German—the choice beimig left entirely to the Sndaili (v—vs cent.), (1) a letter addressed by Jacob of Sarug to Stephen himself, in which author. The necessity for this tn-lingual character springs of conditions under which the doctrine of the eternity ofpnnishment is supported; (2) a letter written by Philoxenos science has been cultivated in Japami and by the Japanese. It is intended to publish the of Mabdg containing ass exposure ofthe pantheism of Stephen and awarning against his journal in annual volumes, the nunsher and size of the separate parts of each volume heretical views. being dependent upon the nature and extent of the coutributions.”—(Extraet fromue the Then follows a sketch of Syrian mysticism of the v—vi centnries. The most important Preface.) known writings ofthis period are those of pseudo-Dionysios the Areopagite, who professes LAWSON, A. C. Geology of the Rainy Lake Region, with remarks on the only to put in clearer languac the ideas ofhis master Hierotl~eos, the disciple ofSt. Pani. In the course of his researches into this school, Dr. Frothingham encountered a nniqne classification of the Crystalline Rocks west of Lake Superior: Prelimi- Syriac MS. (which had long lain unnoticed among the treasures of the British Mnsenm) nary Note. (Assaerican Josernal ofScience, No. 198, Jusse, 1887, pp. 7, 8o.) purporting to be a version of a Greek original of Hicrotheos, entitled The Book of Hiero- MARTIN, H. NEWELL and FRANK DONALDSON, JR. Experiments in regard Iheos on the Hidden Hysterics of the Divinity; it was accompanied by a voinminous com- mentary ofTheodosios, patriarch of Antioch (887—896).and is theidentical copyprocured, to the supposed “Suction-pump” Action of the Mammalian Heart. with much difficulty, by Gregory Bar Ebraia (xiii cent.) and used by him in making his (Studies from the Biological Laboratory, Vol. IV, No. l,pp. 13, and 1plain, 8o.) very incorrectsnmmary of the book. Dr. Frothiogham hascopied, translated and stndied this Syriac MS. and conclndes, from MATZKE, J. E. Review of Sachs’s “Geschlechtswechsel im Franziisischen.” its agreements with Bar Sudaili inimportant doctrines, especially that of the temporary (Modern Language Notes, June, 1887.) nature of the Trinity, that Bar Sudaili is its author: thus by internal evidence con- MILLS, T. WESLEY. Physiology of the Heart of the Sea-Turtle. (The firming the tradition found in Syrian writers of the vies, ax, and xiii centuries, which attributed the work to him. Canadian Record of Science, Vol. II, No. 6, April, 1887, pp. 7, 8o.) In the last twenty-one pages of his hook Dr. Frothingham gives a summary ofthe Book — Life in the Bahanma Islands. (lb., pp. 13, 8o.) hfHicrothess, the entire text of which, with translation and notes, he hopes to edit His work he claims to he of great importance for the history of medinval mysticism, since it MITSUKURT, K. On the Fornmation of the Germinal Layers in Chanlonia. presents the primitive formof the doctrine which characterized the religious philosophy (Journal of the College of Sciettee, Immaperial University, Japan, Vol. .4 Part of the Middle Ages, culminatingin Buonaventura and Thomas Aquinas. III, pp. 33, 8o.) GARNER, SAMUEL. The Gerundia.1 Construction in the Romanic Languages, MORSE, H. N. and C. PIGGOT. A Method for the Determination of Butter II. (Modern Language Notes, June, 1887.) in Milk. (American (‘henvical Journal, Vol. IX, No. 2, pp. 5, So.) GOEBEL, JULIUS. Probable Source of Goethe’s “Goldschmieds gesell.” NEWTON, J. C. C. The New South and the Methodist Episcopal Church, May, (Modern Language Notes, 1887.) South. (Baltimore, King Brothers, 1887, pph.) IReview of Mueller and Lichtenstein’s “The German Classics from the NOYES, W. A. and C. WALKER. On the Oxidation of Beazine Derivatives Fourth to the Nineteenth Century.” (Modern Language Notes, June, with Potassium Ferricyanide. (American Chemmeical Journal,Vol. IX, No. 1887.) 2, April, 1887, pp. 7, 8o.) hARRIS, J. IRENDEL. The Origin of the Leicester Codex of the New Tes- PRATT, WALDO S. Thee Churcha Music Prohlem. (pp. 44, 12o.) tament. (London, C’. J. C/lay & Sons, 1887, pp. 66, 1 map and 3facsisseile Six essays reprinted from advanced sheets of a hook entitled “Pariah Problems,” pages.) about to be issued by the Century Co., N. Y. HOWELL, W. H. and J. H. KASTLE. Note on the Specific Energy of the SHAW, ALBERT. Thae American State and the American Man. ((‘ontem- Nerves of Taste. (Studies from the Biological Laboratory, Vol. IV, No. porary Review, May, 1887, pp. 17, 8o.) 1, pp. 5, 8o.) SHERMAN, ORRAY T. A Continuous Spectrum from Hydrogen. (The JAMESON, J. F. Willem Usselinx: Founder of thee Dutch and Swedish Astronomnical Jomernal, Boston, No. 156, May 20, 1887.) West India Companies. (Papers of the American Historical Association, STERNBERG, G. M. The Thermal Death-point of Pathogenic Organisms. Vol. 1.4 No. 3, pp. 194, 8o.) (American Joum’nal ofMedical Science, Phila., July, 1887, pp. 14, So.) “The sources ofthis biographyof one who may be called the Lesseps ofthe seventeenth TODD, H. A. Review of Whitney’s “Practical French Grammar.” (Modern century, have been of three kinds: first, the books and pamphlets of Ussehiux; second, his manuscripts, and manuscript material concerning him; third, various books, contem- Language Notes, June, 1887.) porary or recent. Of most of the printed writings of Ussehinx there are copies in some WARNER, AMOS G. Thsree Phsases of Coi5peration in the West. (Publica- one or other of our libraries; of others I have obtained transcripts from abroad. ~ 5 tions of the American Economic Association, Vol. 1.4 No. 1, March, 1887, The first part of the appendix gives a fall bibliography of all printed pieces which I attribute to Ussehiux, wilh the titles lined and typographically imitated. Their rarity pp. 119, 8o.) and the need of distinguishing editions seemed to justify this care; it has been possible “The district within which I have undertaken to study codperation incleudes the States to improve greatly upon the list given by Ashier. * * But much the largest mass of and territories of Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, manuscript material, and that which has given the greatest amount of absolutely new Utah ammd Wyonming. The marking out of this district was entirely a matter of personal information, has come to me from the archives of the kingdom of Sweden at Stockholm. convenience and of agreement between myself and certain co-workers. The histories of It was the habit of the Chasmeehlor Oxenstjerna to preserve his papers with great care. the individual codperative undertakings of this section--witlm the exception of those in The Oxenstjerna collection in the archives mentioned contains therefore a great number Utals--do not differ greatly from those that will be described by other writers. Therefore, of the letters and memorials of Ussehiux addressed to bun. Of these, and of whatever with the object of avoiding virtual repetition, the facts will be arranged in slightly differ- else the Swedish archives have that bears upon my subject, I haveprocured copies 5 5 esst groups, and so an attempt made by a somewhat different classufication to get addi- As at time bn,inning of his letters or memorials to the States General or time Swedish tional light rupon certain phases of the history of codperation in this country. chancellor he frequently mentions when lie last wrote, I am able to have time gratifying “Codperation among farmers iss the States named isfor the usost part of the past, while assurance that, despite the distance in time, I have a copy of nearly every helter which codperation among wage-earners, so far as practical operations are concerned, is maissly he wrote to them, beside many to others, of which he sent the chancellor copies. The of the future. The undertakings of the first class will, then, be studied in their special second portion of myappendix gives a complete list ofall his unprinted writings of which relations, and will be found of value chiefly as giving data for studying the causes of fail- I have any knowledge; the oilier manuscript materials are not included. ure, and for estimating the indirect value ofcoOperative enterprises that fail. As regards “As to books, contemporary or more recent, I have not knowingly neglected any, in any the secondclass, little snore can at present be attempted than prophecy by description. of thin librarieshereafter mentioned, which might give me information concernimig Usee- A third class of coOperative undertakings, distinculy isolated from mostof the comiditions hiax or those portions of the history of his tunes which I needed to know. In than case of ofthe modern undustrual organization, are those to be found ansong thin Mormuons. These certain books not obtainable inthis country, transcripts of the desired passages have been have beams recently pointed to as models for workingusen to copy, arid us the last sectioms made for me. ~ ~ ~ A part of thin earlier chapters of this paper was read at time meeting ofthis monograph their orgauuzstion, methods asud resullswill be examined as thoroughly of the American Historical Association at Washington, on April 29, 1856: a larger part as the facts at hand permit.”—(Prefatory Note.) before the New York Historical Society, on March 1, 1557.”—( teem the Preface.) (Also see WARREN, F. M. Review of Koerting’s “Geschichte des Franzoesischen page 54 of University Gircutere, No. 58.) Romans ins XVII Jahirhundert.” (ModernLanguage Notes, June, 1887.) KaI~UcHI, D. and MITSUKURI, K. (Editors.) Journal of the College of WATASE, S. On the Caudal and Anal Fins of Gold-fishes. (Journal of the Science, Imperial University, Japan. (Published by 11w University, To- kyo, Japan, 1886, Vol.4 Part I.) College of Science, Imperial University, Japan, Vol. .4 Part III, pp. 17, 8o.) “The Journal of the Science College of the Imperial University of Japan, the first part WILLIAMS, G. H. Notes on thee Minerals occurring in the neighborhood ofwhich now makes its appearance, may be regarded tinder rue aspects as acontinesation of Baltimore. (Baltimore, 1887, 18 pp., 12o, 30 cemsts.) of the Scientific Memoirs which had been froun time to thue published by the Tokyo “Ever simuce the first interest manifested in mineralogy in Assserica, the region aborut University. * * ~ Ocilside the mere fact, however, of both being seleistific publics- Baltimore has been a locality well kisown to collectors. In Cleaselaud’s Mineralogy AUGUST, 1887.] UNIVERSITY 011WULAI?S. 127

(1822), and in Robinson’s Catalogue ofAmerican Minerals (1825), are considerable lists of WILsON, WOODROW. The Study of Administration. (Political Science minerals occurring in this neighborhood, which seem to have passed over into later Quarterly, June, 1557, pp. 2t~, So.) authorities with hut few corrections or additions. A paper by Horace Hayden on the “The question for us is, how shall our series of governments within governments be so Bare Hills (Am. Jour. of Sci., 1813, XXIV, pg. 160), appears to have also served a similar administered that it shall always be to the interest of the public officer to serve not his purpose. Now the commonly accepted statements regarding the mineralogy of Baltimore superior alone but the community also, with the best efforts ofhis talents and the soberest are generally fragmentary and incomplete, to say nothing of their being, in many service of his conscience? Howshall such service be made to his commonest interest by instances, erroneous. It has therefore been thought worth while to publish the notes contributing abundantly to his sustenance, to his dearest interest by furthering his ambi- the writer has been able to collect on the subject during the past four years. Aside from tion, and to his highest interest by advancing his honor and establishing his character? the results derived from personal observation, the collection of Dr. F. E. Chatard, Jr., And how shall this bedone alike for the local partand for the national whole? * * * Like and of Mr. J. W. Lee have furnished opportunities for seeing many rare specimens, principles of civil liberty are everywhere fostering like methods of government; and if and the writer would express his obligation to these gentlemen for their kindness in comparative studies of the ways and means of government should enable us to offer sug- placing their collections at his disposal for study. No attempt has been made to describe gestions which will practically combine openness and vigor in the administration of such minerals occurring outside the area embraced within the limits of the University Field governments with ready docility to all serious, well-sustained public criticism, they will Club map. The notes are here only communicated in a preliminary form, in the hope of have approved themselves worthy tobe ranked among the highest and most fruitful of inciting more interestin the subject and of eliciting additional information from anyone the greatdepartments of political study. That they will issue in such suggestions Icon- who may be in possession of facts not here recorded. The area included in the above fidently hope.” mentioned map is a square 28 mtles on a side, with the City Hall of Baltimore as itscentre. Its geological character is extremely varied, embracing many different crystalline rocks of WORTHINGTON, T. K. Historical Sketch of the Finances of Pensylvania, Archaean Age,overlaid toward the coast by cretaceousand tertiary sediments. It is natu- with an Introduction by Dr. R. T. Ely. (Publications of the American rally almost exclusivelyto the crystalline rocks that the minerals areconfined. Theserocks Economic Association, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 92, So.) are (1) banded micaceeus and herablendic gneisses passing toward the north into (2) mica “Mr. Worthington entitles his essay an historical sketch, because he wishes it to be sclsist, (3) crystdlline limestone. The guelases are intersected by areas of (4) eruptive granite, distinctly understood that it lays claims to a no more pretentious character. He hascol- of (5) massive gcbbro and of (6)peridotite and serpentine. Thereare also numerous dykes or lected notes which hehopes to utilize in a more careful and extended treatise hereafter, veins of (7) coarsepigmatite,to a large extent at least, oferuptive nature. One well-marked but which seem to me worthy ofpublication in their present form as a report ot progress. mineral vein of (8) chalcopyrite also occurs in the gneiss, in connection with which many “Pennsylvania is a State with a peculiar financial history, and it is a rich field for interesting species are to befound. the student of political economy. As soon as one begins to work it in a serious manner “The minerals will be enumerated according to their paragenesis. The first class will one comes upon fruitful veins of ore. The various States of the American Union have include such as are rock-constituents; the second class those that are accessory. The for the most part followed the lead of the older States in New England and the South in former possess necessarily a petrographical, rather than a mineralogical interest; and their economic institutions with a display of so little originality that it is especially hence only their names will be given (together with references to published accounts of instructive to study one which has not kept so closely as others to the beaten track.” their microscopic and othercharacters, when such exist), except when they yield speci- mens of mineralogical value.” —(From the introduction.) The subjects considered are:—I. Internal Improvements: 1. Private Enterprises; 2. State Works—Il. The State Debt: 1. The State Debt Previous to 1844; 2. The Finances — Holocrystalline Granitic Structure in Eruptive Rocks of Tertiary Age. of the State Since 1844.—Ill. Taxation: The County System and the State System: L (American Jour 1 of Science, April, 1887.) Taxes; 2. Licenses; 3. The Revenue Act of June 30, 1885; 4. Constitutional Provisions concerning Finance and Taxation.

PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.

ScientifIc Association, Baltimore Naturalists’ Field Club. May 4—Seventy-ninth regular meeting. Professor Rowland in thechair. Thirty-two March 23.—Dr. G. H. Williams in the chair. members present. Mr. LuOGER gave an account of some of his recent work on the buffalo-gnat, and called the attention of the Club to the fact that the pupa of some species could be Papers read: stellar Atmospheres, by 0. T. SHERMAN. collected near Baltimore. Mr. SOLLERS reported on the spring flowers foundbefore the meeting near Baltimore A Psycho-physical Law of Star Magnitude, by J. JAsTRoW. with the dates of their earliest recorded blooming. He also mentioned a flower new to this locality, probably haias. Philological Association. Dr. BARTON communicated some notes taken on plants observed in greenhouses; also May 6.—Seventy-eighth regular meeting. Professor Glldersleeve in the chair. Thirty- some experiments with twining plants. seven members present. Mr. GILL gave a preliminary report on the serpentines of “Soldiers’ Delight.” Papers read: April 27.—Dr. G. H. Williams in the chair. Scandinavian Influence on English, by A. E. EGGE. (Abstract onp. 123.) Dr. ANDREWS described and illustrated the life-history of a red cocopod (Diaptomus Assyrian and Hebrew Noun-forms with doubled third-stem consonant, by E. P. sanguineus) then very abundant in the city water supply. Mr. Watsse said that ALLEN. this species, or one closelyallied to it, was raised in Japan for the purpose of fur- Note on a passage in the Ciris, by M. WARREN. (Abstract onp. 119.) nishing food for gold fish. Mr. WATASE described the sound apparatus of the cicada and requested members of June 3.—Seventy-ninth regularmeeting. Professor Gilderaleeve inthe chair. Twenty- the Club to bring to him any American specimens for examination. four members present. Mr. SMiTH described a rare plant (Helonias bulbiflora) which he had received from Papers read: Anne Arundel County. On Poetry in the Chronicle of Limburg, by J. GOEBEL. Dr. WILLIAMS read a paper on the minerals occurring in the neighborhood of Balti- On some recent Viewsas to the Place of Origin of Iliad B—H, by H. W. SMYTH. more which hassince been published in pamphlet, form. (Seep. 126.) Mr. GILL made afurther report on the serpentines ol “Soldiers’ Delight.” He had Historical and Political Science Association. succeeded in finding unaltered olivine in some specimens, as well as other evidence April 1.—Dr. B. T. Ely in the chair. that these rocks were originally of eruptive origin. Paper read: May 18.—Dr. G. H. Williams in the chair. Mr. SOLLERS reported on a case of bee-poisoning by Wisteria Willem Usselinx (continued), by J. F. JAMESON. (Seepage 126.) Mr. GILL gave an account ofall the excursions which had been made by the Geologi- April 6, 16, 22, 29.—Dr. H. B. Adams in the chair. cal Section during the spring. Papers read: Dr. WILLIAMS explained a new plan proposed for future work upon the geological Origin and Development ofMunicipal Government in New Jersey,by Professor Aus- map of the Baltimore region. This consisted ofdividing the University Field Club TIN SCOTT, of Rutgers College. map, containing 625 square miles,into twenty-five sections or sheets,each toconsist Trades Union Benefits, by E. W. BRMas. (See page 125.) of a square of twenty-five square miles. Each sheet is to be named after its most Memorial of the 500th Anniversary ofthe University ofHeidelberg, by H. B. ADAMS. prominent locality and worked up in detail by students interested in geology, on a (Abstract on p. 121.) scale of two inches to the mile (double the linear scale employed on the published American lofluence in Japan, by I. OTA. Field Club map). (Abstract cup. 122.) Introduction of Slavery into Georgia, by J. R. BRACERYT. The Study of Statistics, by R. T. ELY. May meetings.—Dr. H. B. Adams in the chair. Papers read: Hopkins “House of Commons.” Diplomatic Relations between the United States and Great BritaIn, 1778—1782, by (A debating society of undergraduate students.) P. W. AYERS. The Literature of Charities, by H. B. ADAMS. Proceedings of Recent Meetings. The Amana Community, by ALBERT SHAW, read by B. T. Ely. March 21.—Passage of Bill XXVII on the Electoral Count. Defeat of Bill XXVIII for Early Municipal Development of Baltimore, by J. C. RosE. the improved administrat.ion of the Gymnasium. Speaker’s decision on the Leopold von Ranke, by H. B. ADAMS. status of honorary members ratified. March 28.—Bill XXIX to prevent corrupt practices at elections, discussed in committee Mathematical Society. of the whole. April4.—Committee appointed to advise as to a public meeting. April 20.—Dr. Story in the chair. April 18.—Reports, resolutions, and discussion as to the advisability ofholding a public Paper read: meeting. Geosnetrical Representation of Totients, by E. W. DAVIS. April25.—Public meeting of the House. Passage of Bill XXIX. Messrs. Guggen- May 18.—Professor Newcomb in the chair. heimer, Snowden.and Wingert spoke against and Messrs. Rosenthal and Fifield Paper read: for the bill, which was carried, thus defeating the Ministry. House adjourned The Classification of Polyhedrons, by E. W. DAVIS. (Abstract onp. 122.) over to the next term. 128 JOHNS HOPKINS [No. 59.

HONORS ANNOUNCED, JUNE i~, 1887.

FELLOWS, 1887—88. JULIUS FRIEDENWALD, of Baltimore. JAY CAcSAR GUGGENHEIMER, of Baltimore. Appointed June 6, 1887, by the Board of Trustees, on the nomination of FRANZ OTTO KARL HOFFMANN, of New York City. the Academic Council. ROBERT MILLIGAN MCLANE, JR., of Baltimore. EDGAR PIERCE ALLEN, of Shanghai, China, A. B., Emory College, 1885. Appointed from those who have previously received the degree of B. A. Shemitic Languages. ALFRED ROBERT LOUIS DOH]~IE, of Baltimore. PHILIP WHEELOcK AYRES, of Villa Ridge, Ill., Ph. B., Cornell Univer- sity, 1884. History and Politics. In case of vacancies occurring in the above list, the persons below named, WILLIAM SNYDER ELCIJELBERGER, of Woodherry, A. B., Johns Hopkins who were admitted to an advanced standing, as undergraduates, and are now University, 1886. Mathematics. admitted to the degree of B. A., will have the right of succession HENRY EUSHTON FAIRCLOUGIT, of Hamilton, Canada, A. B., University CHARLES HOMER HASKINS, of Pennsylvania. of Toronto, 1883. Greek. GEORGE LINCOLN HENDRICKSON, of Indiana. WILLIAM CURNS LAWRENCE GORTON, of Baltimore, A. B., Johns Hop. kins University, 1886. Mathematics. LITERARY PRIZE MEN. JOSEPH HOEING KASTLE, of Lexington, Ky., S. B., Kentucky State Col- RICHARD EUGENE BURTON, of Connecticut. lege, 1884. Chemistry. JAMES CUMMINGS, of Tennessee. FELIX LENGFELD, of San Francisco, Cal., California College of Phar- macy. Chemistry. HOPKINS SCHOLARS, 1887—88. ARCHIBALD MACMECHAN, of Port Perry, Canada, A. B., University of HONORARY: Toronto, 1884. German. (Of the first year) HERBERT WILLIAM MAGOUN, of Bath, Me., A. B., Iowa College, 1879. FRANK BARNUM CULVER, of Maryland. Sanskrit. GEORGE CHARLES KEIDEL, of Maryland. FRANKLIN PAINE MALL, of Belle Plaine, Iowa, M. ID., University of LEONARD MAGRUDER PASSANO, of Maryland. Michigan, 1883. Pathology. WALTER HERRON TAYLOR, of Virginia. (Of the second year) THOMAS MCCABE, of New York City, A. B., Johns Hopkins University, WILLIAM HOWARD MILLER, of Maryland. 1886. Romance Languages. RALEIGH COLSTON GILDEESLEEVE, of Maryland. JOHN LEVERETT MOORE, of Orange, N. J., A. B., Princeton College, WILLIAM LEVERING IDEVRIES, of Maryland. ) 1881. Latin. WALTER JONES, of Maryland. J AUGUSTUS TABELI MURRAY, of New Bedford, Mass., A. B., Haverford HARRIS HANCOCK, of Virginia. College, 1885. Greek. WILLIAM FRANKLIN WILLOUGHBY, of Virginia. GEORGE THOMAS WHITE PATRICK, of Lyons, Iowa, A. B., Iowa State WESTEL WOODBURY WILLOUGHBY, of Virginia. University, 1878; B. ID., Yale College, 1885. Philosophy. ORDINARY: EDMUND CLARK SANFORD, of Oakland, Cal., A. B., University of Cali- (Of thefirst year) fornia, 1883. Psychology. ALBERT BERNHARDT FAUST, of Maryland. WILLIAM ISAAC HULL, of Maryland. CHARLES LEE SMITH, of Raleigh, N. C., S. B., Wake Forest College, 1884. History. HARRY CLEARY JONES, of Maryland. WALDO NEWCOMER, of Maryland. ARTHUR CLARENCE WIGHTMAN, of Marion, S. C., A. B., Wofford Col- JESSE WILLIAM LAZEAR, of Maryland. lege, 1879. Biology. BENJAMIN LATROBE WESTON, of Maryland. HENRY VANPETERS WILSON, of Baltimore, A. B., Johns Hopkins Uni- (Of the second year) versity, 1883. Biology. HENRY HAROLD BALLARD, of Maryland. EDWARD AMBROSE BECHTEL, of Maryland. UNIVERSITY SCHOLARS, 1887—88. JAMES WILLIAM BLACK, of Maryland. Appointed from those who have been here during all their collegiate ARTHUR LEE BROWNE, of Maryland. course and are now admitted to the degree of B. A. CHARLES EDMUND SIMON, of Maryland. JOHN WHITE, JR., of Maryland. EDWARD CAREY APPLEGARTH, of Baltimore. RICHARD HOWARD BAYARD, of Baltimore. WASHINGTON SCHOLARS. CHARLES EDWARD COATES, JR., of Baltimore. PAUL JOSEPH DASHIELL, of Charlotte Hall. RICHARD EDWARD EDES, of the first year. GEORGE PETER DREYER, of Baltimore. JOHN BROUGHTON DAISH, of the second year.

Mr. S. WATASE is nominated to occupy, as a student for the year 1887, A second edition of the Excursion Map of Baltimore and its vicinity, a table in the Laboratory at Wood’s Holl, in accordance with an arrange- prepared by the Baltimore Naturalists’ Field Club, will be issued by the ment between the U. S. Fish Commissioner and the Johns Hopkins Uni- Publication Agency of the University in September next. Several errors versity. and omissions in the edition published in 1884 have been corrected, though the map remains subject to subsequent revision and additions. Mr. T. K. WORTHINGTON is nominated as a scholar, for the year 1887—88, (See page 122 of this Circular). at the Ecole libre des sciences politiques at Paris, in accordance with the permission granted by the director of that institution. AUGUST, 1887.] UNIVERSITY CIRCULAI?S. 129

DEGREES CONFERRED, JUNE i~, 1887.

DocToRs OF PHILOSOPHY. WILLIAM RIDGELY ORNDORFF, of Baltimore, A. B., Johns Hopkins Uni- versity, 1884. Subjects: Chemistry, Mineralogy, and Geology. Thesis: ALBERT CLAYTON APPLEGARTH, of Baltimore, A. B., Johns Hopkins The Reaction between Diazo-compounds and Alcohol. University, 1884. Subjects: History, Political Economy, and International DANIEL RICHARD RANDALL, of Annapolis, Md., A. B., St. John’s Col- Law. Thesis: “The Holy Experiment,” or the Society of Friends in Penn- lege, 1883. Subjects: History and Political Science. Thesis: A Puritan sylvania, 1682—1776. Colony in Maryland. DAVID BARcROFT, of Berkeley, Cal., Ph. B., University of California, FREDERICK MORRIS WARREN, of Durham, Me., A. B., Amherst College, 1882. Subjects: Mathematics, Astronomy, and Psychology. Thesis: On 1880. Subjects: Romance Languages and History. Thesis: The World of the Forms of Plane Quintic Curves. Corneille. HENRY GUSTAV BEYER, of Washington, D. C., M. D., Bellevue Hospital Medical College,1876; Passed Assistant Surgeon, U.S. N.; M. IR. C. S. (Lon- CYRUS ADLER, of Philadelphia, Pa., A. B., University of Pennsylvania, don). Subjects: Animal Physiology and Histology, Chemistry, and Animal 1883. Subjects: Assyriology, South Shemitic Languages, and Philosophy. Morphology. Thesis: Direct Action of Atropin, Homatropin, Hyoscine, Thesis: The Annals of Sardanapalus: a double transliteration, translation, Hyoscyamine, and Daturine on the Heart of the Dog, Terrapin, and Frog. commentary, and concordance of the cuneiform text. RICHARD NEWMAN BRAcKETT, of Charleston, S. C., A. B., Davidson ETHAN ALLEN ANDREWS, of New York City, Ph. B., Yale College, College, 1883. Subjects: Chemistry, Mineralogy, and Geology. Thesis: On 1881. Subjects: Animal Morphology, and Animal Physiology and Histol- the Ethers of Benzoic Suiphinide. ogy. Thesis: The Annelida Polychaetae of Beaufort, N. C. HENRY CREW, of Wilmington, Ohio, A. B., Princeton College, 1882. RICHMOND HARDING, of North Carolina, A. B., Davidson College, 1880. Subjects: Physics, Mathematics, and Chemistry. Thesis: On the Period of Subjects: Latin and Greek. Thesis: The Orator Dinarchus. Rotation of the Sun as determined by the Spectroscope. Degrees were conferred on the threelast named, February 22, 1887. (20) ALBERT E. EGGE, of Decorah, Iowa, A. B., Norwegian Luther College, 1879. Subjects: Teutonic Languages, and History. Thesis: Scandinavian Influence on English. BACHELORS OF ARTS. JOHN CHARLES FIELDS, of Hamilton, Ontario, A. B., University of To- EDWAaD CAREY APPLEGARTH, of Baltimore. ronto, 1884. Subjects: Mathematics, Astronomy, and History of Philosophy. RICHARD HOWARD BAYARD, of Baltimore. Thesis: Symbolic Finite Solutions and Solutions by Definite Integrals of the HERBERT MAXWELL BRUNE, of Baltimore. d~y CHARLES EDWARD COATES, JR., of Baltimore. WILLIAM ROSWELL Cor~E, of Baltimore. Equation ~ ANDREW FOSSUM, of Elon, Iowa, A. B., Norwegian Luther College,1882. PAUL JOSEPH DASHIELL, of Charlotte Hall. Subjects: Greek, Latin, and Sanskrit. Thesis: The iiwa~ ?uey6ueva of Plato. GEORGE PETER DREYER, of Baltimore. EDWARD DUFFY, JR., of Baltimore. CHARLES WILLARD HAYES, of Hanover, Ohio, A. B., Oberlin College, 1883. Subjects: Chemistry, Mineralogy, and Geology. Thesis: On Sul- JAMES CLARK FIFIELD, of Nebraska. JULIUS FRIEDENWALD, of Baltimore. phonfluorescein and some of its Derivatives. DOUGLAS HUNTLY GORDON, of Baltimore. WILLIAM ADAM HEDRICK, of Georgetown D C A M, Columbian JAY CAeSAR GUGGENHEIMER, of Baltimore. University, 1884. Subjects: Chemistry, Physics, and Mineralogy. Thes CHARLES HOMER HASKINS, of Pennsylvania. Para-amido-ortho-sulpho.benzoic Acid and some of its Derivatives. GEORGE LINCOLN HENDRICKSON, of Indiana. FRANK GAYLORD HUBBARD, of Oswego, N. Y., A. B., Williams College, FRANZ OTTO KARL HOFFMANN, of New York City. 1880. Subjects: English, German, and Old Norse. Thesis: The “Blooms” ROBERT MILLIGAN MCLANE, JR., of Baltimore. of King Alfred. HENRY OLIVER THOMPSON, of Baltimore. GEORGE BENJAMIN HUSSEY, of East Orange, N. J., A. B., Columbia Col- BENJAMIN SIMON WILLIAM TUSKA, of New York City. lege, 1884. Subjects: Greek, Latin, and Sanskrit. Thesis: The Metaphors ROBERT WILLIAM HENRY WELCH, of Washington, D. C. and Similes of Plato. EDWARD WILLIAM WILLIS, of Baltimore. JAMES HERVEY HYSLOP, of Northampton, Mass., A. B., University of HENRY FIREY WINGERT, of Hagerstown. Wooster, 1877. Subjects: History of Philosophy, Ethics, Psychology, and Political Economy. Thesis: The Problem of Space. ROBERT WILLIAM ROGERS, of Philadelphia. MARION DEXTER LEARNED, of Dover, Del., A. B., Dickinson College, WALTER BELL SCAIFE, of Pennsylvania (extra ordinem). 1880. Subjects: Teutonic Languages, Old Norse, and French. Thesis: The ALBERT HENRY SMYTH, of Philadelphia (extra ordinem). Pennsylvania Germaa Dialect. Degrees were couferred on the threelast named, February 22, 1887. (24)

CONTENTS.

PAGE. PAGE. On the Etymology of Nekasim. By PAUL HAUPT, - - - 117 Scandinavian Influence on English. By A. E. EGGE, - 123 On the Pronunciation of tr in Old Persian. By PAUL HAUPT, - 117 Conferring of Degrees, June 14, 1887, ------124 Que, et, atque in Latin Inscriptions, in Terence and in Cato. By Fellowships in Physics and Geology, ------124 H. C. ELMER, 119 Adam T. Bruce Fellowship, - - 124 Note on a Passage in the Ciris. By M. WARREN, - - - - 119 Resolutions of the Board of Trustees, ------124 The Development of -el + cons. in the Lan 0ue d’Oil Dialects. By Award of Literary Prizes, - ~ - 124 J. E. MATZKE, 119 Recent Publications, - - 125—127

The Significance of Sex. By JULIUS NELSON, - - - - 120 Proceedings of Societies, - - - 127 Memorials of the University of Heidelberg. By H. B. ADAMS, - 121 Honors Announced, June 14, 1887, ------128 Classification of Polyhedrons. By B. XV. DAVIS, - - - - 122 Degrees Conferred, June 14, 1887, ------129 On a Plan proposed for Future XVork upon the Geological Map Publishers’ Announcements, - - 128,130 of the Baltimore Region. By G. H. WILLIAMS, - - - 122 130 JOHNS HOPKINS UMVEBSITY CI.RCULAI?S. [No. 59.

THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY. (Publishers’ Announcement.)

EDITOR: G. STANLEY HALL, PH. D., Professor of Psychology and Pedagogy in the Johns Hopkins University. The first number of the American Journal of Psychology will senses and the central nervous system, especially as developed by be issued in October, 1887. Among the articles which will the latest methods of staining, section, etc. probably appear in that or the succeeding numbers are the fol- II. Papers from other journals. Articles of unusual impor- lowing: tance will be translated from other languages, or even reprinted On Gradual Increments of Sensation. from other publications, in full or in abstract, if not generally Psycho-Physic Methods and Star Magnitudes. accessible. A Criticism of Psycho-Physic Methods and Results. III. Digests and reviews. An attempt will be made in each A New Binocular Phenomenon and its use in Determining the number to give a conspectus of the more important psychological Empirical Horopter. literature of the preceding three months, and to review significant A Review of Contemporary Methods and Results in the Histology books, bad as well as good. of the Central Nervous System. While articles of unusual importance in the field of logic, the Paranoia.—A detailed study of a case extending over many years. history of philosophy, practical ethics and education will be wel- An Important Study of the Play-Instinct in Children. comed, the main object of the Journal will be to record the prog- A Further Study of Heracleitus. ress of scientific psychology, and special prominence will be given An Extended Review of the Work of the English Society for to methods of research. Psychical Research. Among the readers whose studies the editor will bear in mind The Journal will also contain many digests and critiques of are these: teachers of psychology in higher institutions of learn- current psychological literature, both books and articles. ing; biologists and physiologists; anthropologists who are inter- It will thus be seen that the object of the Journal is to record ested in primitive manifestations of psychological laws; and phy- the psychological work of a scientific, as distinct from a specula- sicians who give special attention to mental and nervous diseases. tive character, which has been so widely scattered as to be largely The advancement of the science will be constantly kept in view, inaccessible save to a very few, and often to be overlooked by and the Journal will be a record of the progress of investiga- them. Several departments of science, sometimes so distinct from tions. each other that their contributions are not mutually known, have The Journal will be published quarterly, and with as much touched and enriched psychology, bringing to it their best meth- regularity as the supply of material warrants. Each number will ods and their ripest insights. It is from this circumstance that contain from sixty to one hundred pages. The subscription price the vast progress made in this department of late years is so little will be $3.00 a year, in advance. Single numbers $1.00. realized, and the field for such a journal, although new, is already Remittances and business communications should be made to the so large. Publisher, Mr. N. MURRAY, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore. The Journal in general will be devoted to— Scientific and editorial communications should be addressed to I. Original contributions of a scientific character. These will G. STANLEY HALL, Editor, consist partly of experimental investigations on the functions of Johns Hopkins University, the senses and brain, physiological time, psychophysic law, images Baltimore. and their association, volition, innervation, etc.; and partly of BALTIMORE, July, 1887. inductive studies of instinct in animals, psycho-genesis in chil- dren, and the large fields of morbid and anthropological psychol- Subscriptions may be forwarded through :—Messrs. Triibner & Co., 57 ogy, not excluding hypnotism, and the field vaguely designated Ludgate Hill, London; F. A. Brockhaus, Leipsic; Em. Terquem, 15 Boule- as that of psychic research; and lastly, the finer anatomy of the vard St. Martin, Paris; and E. Loescher, Via di Po 19, Turin.

FAG-SIMILE EDITION OF “THE TEACHING OF THE APOSTLES.” Preliminary Announcement.

The Publication Agency of the Johns Hopkins University has well under way a complete fac-simile edition of “THE TEACHING OF THE APOsTLEs.” It is intended to make this the standard edition. The text will be accompanied with critical notes by Professor J. Rendel Harris, of Haverford College, and its issue may be expected in October.

The Johns hopkins University Oirculars are printed by Messrs. JOHN MURPHY & CO., No. 104 East Baltimore Street, Baltimore, from whom single copies may be obtained; they may also be procured from Messrs. CUSHINGS & BAILEY No. 34 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore. Subscriptions, $1.00 a year, may be addressed to tlzs PUBLICATION AGE2~CY OF THE JoHNs HoPKINs UNIvs~wsITY, BALTIMORE; single copies will be sent by mail for ten cents each. INDEX TO THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY CIRCULARS, Nos. 52-59.

NOVEMBER, ‘886—AUGUST, 1887.

(Detailed reference is not made to official announcements and regulations, as these are given iu their final forni iu the Anuual Register.)

Abaco, Flora of, F. H. Herrick, 46. Candidates for Mqtriculation Roll of, 6, 71. Academic Staff; 7, 89,90. Carpenter, XV. H Recent I ublicatious, S2, 125. Adams, H. B., 1 —Classes, 13, 70, 89, 110, 112;—Memorials of the Univer- Chemistry: Classes in 9 66 —American Journal of, 59 —Class Lectures sity of heidelberg, 121 ;—(See also Studies in Historical and Political on Special lopics in, iS ;—Programine for 1887—88, 95 ;—Work of Science). 1886—87, 95 Adams, H. C., Recent Publications, 56, 125. Chesapeake Zoblo seal Laboratory: Report of Director, 1878—86, 35 —Roll Adler, C., The Legends of Semiramis and the Nimrod Epic, 50 ;—Lectures of, 1878—86 39 Published Results of Scientific Research, 1878—86, and Classes, 60, 90, 104. 40;—Notes of ~Xoik 1886, 42—47 ;—66, 72. Administration, Lectures on, 111; the Study of, W. Wilson, 127. Chichester, C. E 60 Allen, E. P., Classes, 104. Christmas Recess 63 Allinson, E. P. and Penrose, B., Philadelphia, 1681—1887, 88. Chronicle of Limburg, Poetry in J &oebet, 52. Allinson, F. G., Pseudo-lonism in the Second Century A. D., 59. Circulatory and Respiratory Cli sngcs Ob erved in Animals placed in the Aipheus and other Crustacea etc F H H ick, 42. Pneumatic Cabinet, H. N. Mat tin and F. Donaldson, Jr., 34. Alumni Association, 71 ;—Constitution of, 72. Ciris, Note on a passage in the, M. \\ aisen 119. American Journal of Archuology, 84. Clark, XV. B., 97. American Chemical Journal, 59. Clarke, F. XV., A Note on Sacebasin, 81. American Journal of Mathematics, 59, 92. Clarke, J. T., Archuological Notes 84 85 American Journal of Philology, 26, 27, 58, 59, 110. Classes, Enumeration of, 9—14 6~ 71 (See Special Subjects.) American Journal of Psychology, 72, 130. College in the University and Cit ssc~A )hilolo~y in the College, J. H. Ancient Languages: Programmes for 1887—88, 101—105 ;—Work of 1886—87, Wright, 17. 101—105. Colton, B. P., Recent Puolications, 56. Andrews, B. A., Classes, 66, 67, 90, 97. Cousmemoration Day jl Anglo Saxon: Classes in, 13, 69 ;—Programme for 1887—88, 105 ;—Work of Comparative Philolcoy Classes in, 11, 68. (See Sanskrit.) 1886—87, 106. Conferring of Degiecs 124 Anniversary, Eleventh, 71. Conies, etc., On the Dctetrnination of, 21. T. Peed, 81. Arabic. (See Shemitic Languages). Coun, H. XV., E~olutson of ho-day, 26. Archseology, American Journal of, 84;—Lectures on, 60, 61, 110 ;—Bibli. Consecutive Sentence in G-r~ek, 13. L. Gildersheeve, 58. ography to Lectures, 61. Constitutional and Politic ii 1-history of the States, An Introduction to the Assyriology, Special Course in, 16, 71 ;—iRoll of Students, 71 ;—Programme Study of, J. 1~ J’smeson 26. for 1887—88, 104 ;—Work of 1886—87, 104. Consultation lions s 8 Astronomy: Classes in, 65 ;—Programme for 1887—88, 92. Cook, A. S., A Latin Poetical Idiom in Old English, 27 ;—Vowel Length Avery, J., The Ao Naga Language of Southern Assam, 59. in Old English, 27 —Recent Publications, 82, 125. Ayres, P. W Classes, 14, 70,113. Cobperation in New England, E. XV. Besisis, 82; in a XVestern City, A. Babelon, B., Recent Arebseological Discoveries in Persia, 84; Intailles Shiaw, 83; in the West, A. G. XVarner, 126. antiques de la collection De Luynes, 85. Councilman, XV. T., 2 —Classes, 14, 64, 67, 90, 100 ;—Observations on the Babylonian and Assyrian Art, Lectures on, A. L. Frothiugham, Jr., 35, 60. Blood in Malarial Fever, 54, 81. Bachelors of Arts, 72, 129. Craig, T., 1 ;—Classes, 9, 65, 89, 91, 93 ;—Note on Binomial Differential Baltimore and Vicinity, Excursion Map, 128. Equations, 28. (See also American Journal of Mathematics.) Baltimore and the 19th of April, 1861, by George William Brown, J. B. Creighton, M., The Rise of the European Universities, 35, 60. Brackett, 88. Dante’s Divine Comedy, Readings in, H. A. Todd, 33, 62. Baltimore Naturalists’ Field Club. (See Naturalists’ Field Club.) Davis, B. W., Classification of Polyhedrons, 122. Barcroft, D., Classes, 9, 91 ;—Generalization of Two Theorems, 30. Dawes, H. A., Address on the Indian Question, 55. Barton, B. W., Classes, 90, 98, 100. Day, D. T., Recent Publications, 82. Bell, A. M., Recent Publications, 56, 125. Day, W. C., Recent Publications, 82. Bell, L., On the Absolute Wave-length of Light, 82. Degrees Conferred, 124, 129. Bemis, E. XV., Recent Publications, 82, 125. Dewey, J., Ethics and Physical Science, 12S ;—Psychology, 125. Beowulf, Finn Episode in, H. Schilling, 32 ;—Translation of, F. B. Gum- Doctors of Philosophy, 72, 129. mere, 27 ;—On Two Passages in, J. L. Hall, 32. Donaldson, F. Jr., The Fssnction of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve, 33 Beyer, H. G., 63, 125. Recent Publications, S6, 125. (See also Martin, H. =4.) Bibliography to Lectures on Roman Archnology, 61 ;—to Lectures on the Donaldson, H. H., Classes, 90, 113, 114. Nibelungenlied, 62 ;—to Lectures on the History of Historical Writing Drawing: Classes in, 14, 70, 90. in America, 62 ;—to Lectures on German Lyrics of the Nineteenth Duggan, J. R., The Influence of Alcohols on the Conversion of Starch by Century, 75. Diastase, 82. Billings, J. 5., 1 ;—Recent Publications, 56. Duncan L., 2 ;—Classes, 9, 65,66,76,90,94. Binomial Differential Equations, T. Craig, 28. Durfee, XV. P., 12S. Biology: Classes in, 10, 66 ;—Studies from the Biological Laboratory, 41; Duval, B., A Hittite Cylinder in the Musfo Fol at Geneva, 84. —Programme for 1887-88, 97 ;—Work of 1886—87, 99 ;—Publications, Eaton, D. C. [and Setchell, W. A], List of Plants from Abaco, 46. 40, 41, 100. Education: Classes in, 14, 70, 114. Blackmar, F. W., Social Phenomena of the Early Hebrews, 125. Edwards, C. L.,125. Blair, W. A., 125. Egge, A. B., Classes, 13, 69 ;—Inchoative or N-Verbs in Gothic, 27 ;—On Blood in Malarial Fever, Observations on, W. T. Councilman, 54, 81. some Points of Intonation and Quantity in English, Norse, and Ger- Bloomfield, M., 1 ;—Classes, 11,68, 89,101,103 ;—Receut Publications, 56, 82. man, 31 ;—Notes on Morris’s Specinsens of Early English, 82;—Scan- Bourinot, J. G., Local Government in Canada, 80. dinavian Influence on English, 123. Brackett, J. R., Review of Baltimore and the 19th of April, 1861, 88. Electricity (Applied), Course in, 76, 93. (See Physics.) Brandt, H. C. G., 125. Elliott, A. M., 1 ;—Classes, 12, 69, 90, 108, 109 ;—Speech Mixture in French Bright, J. W., 2 ;—Classes, 13, 69, 90, 105, 106 ;—Recent Publications, 125. Canada, S8;—Recent Publications, 123. Brooks, W. K., 1, 41, 56 ;—Classes, 10, 67, 89, 98, 99 ;—Report of Zodlogical Ellis, R., 26, 59. Work, 37 ;—Extract of a letter of 87. Elmer, H. C., Que, et, atque in Latin Inscriptions, in Terence and in Cato, Brown, F., Notes on Biblical Archseohgy, 85. 119. Brown, G. W., Baltimore and the 19th of April, 1861, 88. Elocution: Classes in, 14, 70, 90, 106. Browne, W. H., 2 ;—Classes, 13, 69, 90,105, 106, 107. Ely, R. T., 2;—Classes, 13, 70, 90, 111, 112 ;—Recent Publications, 56,82. Bruce, A. T., 2;—Classes, 10 ;—Appoiutment as Instructor, 36 ;—Observa- Embryology of Alpheus and other Crustacca and the Development of the tions on the Nervous System of Insects and Spiders, etc., 47 ;—Seg- Compound Eye, F. H. Herrick, 42. mentation of the Egg, etc., of the Squid, 45 ;—Memorial Meeting and Emerson, A., The Portraiture of Alexander the Great, 8S. Resolutions on Death of, 87; — Proposed Publication of his Ph. D. Emmott, GIl., 1 ;—Classes, 13, 14,70,90, 111, 113, 114,115. Thesis, 87 ;—Foundation of a Memorial Fellowship, 100, 124. English: Classes in, 13, 69 ;—Programme for 1887—88, 105 ;—XVork of Burt, B. C., Recent Publications, 56. 1886—87, 106. Calendar, 115. Enoch Pratt Free Library, 57. Campbell, J. P., 125. Enrolled Students, 1886—87, 7. Canada, Speech Mixture in, A. M. Elliott, 58 ;—Local Government in~ J. Enumeration of Classes: First half-year, 9—14 ;—Second half-year, 63—71. G. Bourinot, SO. Essay, The Ultimate Derivation of, J. P. Postgate, 26. 132 JOHNS HOPKINS

Ethics: Classes in, 70 ;—Programme for 1887—88, 114 —Work of 1886—87, Justin Martyr, Fragments of, J. Rendel Harris, 27. 114. Kasthe, J. H., 75, 83, 126. European Universities, Rise of, M. Creighton, 35, 60. Keeher, J. E., Recent Publications, 83. Evolution of To-day, by H. W. Conn, 26. Kimball, A. L., 2 —Classes, 9, 65, 66, 90, 94. Excursion Map ofBaltimore and Vicinity, 128. Kittredge, G. L., Sir Orfeo, 59. Fay, E. A., 126. Kuhara, M., Recent Publications, 83. Fellows, 2, 72, 81, 124, 128. Lanciani, R., Public Lectures on Roman Arek ology, 35, 61. Fellows by Courtesy, 2. Langue d’Oil Dialects, Development of -el —f-. cons. in, J. E. Matzke, 119. Fields, J. C., A Method of Solviug Riccati’s Equation, etc., 29. Lanier, Sidney, 72. 1 lo ~i of AMco and adjoining Islands, F. IL Horrick, 46. Latin: Classes in, 11, 67 ;Programme for 1887—88, 102; —Work of Foxxiei 1-I ~ The MA~TP0I at Rhodes, 27. 1886—87, 102. Fi ~nklen F 2 —Classes, 9, 65, 90, 91, 93. Latin Inscriptions, quo, et, atqne in, II. C. Elmer, 119. T~ cench Classes in, 12, 69 ;—Programme for 1887—88, 108 ;—Work of Latin Poetical Idiom in Old English, A. S Cook 27 1886 87 109. Lawson, A. C., Recent Publications, 83, 126. Fiench C’madq, Speech Mixture in, A. M. Elliott, 58. Leaf’s Iliad, Critique of, H. W. Smyth, 51. Fsothengham A. L. Jr., Public Lectures on Babylonian and Assyrian Art, Learned, M. D., 2 —Classes, 12, 68, 90, 106, 107. ~o 60 The Portico of the Lateran Basilica, 85 ;—Stephen lIar Sudaili, Lectures and Addresses, Reports of, 60, 61. (Also see Special Subjects.) 126 Lectures and Recitations, Hours for, 15, 73. G’ndnce H B, 81. Lecythii from Athens, J. H. Wright, 28, 85. Garner, S., Recent PuhlicaIions, 82, 126. Lee, F. S., Action of Certain Salts upon the Arteries, 83. Geology: Classes in, 10, 66 —Programme for 1887—88, 96 ;—Work of Lehimaun, C. F. Recent Publications, 83. 1886—87, 97. (See Williams, G. H.) L. E. P. Course, 14, 70, 114, 115. German: Classes in, 12, 68 ;—Programme for 1887—88, 105, 106 ;—Work of Levermore, C. H., The Republic of New Haven, 25. 1886—87, 107 ;—Public Lectures on German Literature, 35, 62, 63, 75. Libbey, W., Lecture on Alaska, 60. Gildersleeve, B. L., 1 —Classes, 10, 11, 67, 89, 101, 106 ;—Studics in the Literary Prizes, 124, 128. Symposium of Plato, 49 ;—The Consecutive Sentence in Greek, 58;— Local Government in Canada, J. G. Bourinot, 80. (See also American Journal of Philology). Logic: Classes in, 14 ;—Programme for 1887—88, 114 ;—Work of 1886—87, Gilman, ID. C., 1 oi 115. Goebel, J., 2 ;—Cl-ss~ee 12 68, 69, 90, 106, 107 ;—Public Lectures on Ger- Malarial Fever, Observations on Blood in W. T. Councilman 54. man Literatuie 3a 69 63, 75; Poetry in the Chronicle of Limhurg, Marine Laboratory, 37—41, 42—47, 98, 99, 100. (See Chesapeake Zoological 52 —Socialism in the Fourteenth Century, 55 —Recent Publications, Laboratory.) 57, 82, 126 Martin, H. N., 1 ;—Classes, 10, 03, 66, 67, 89, 97, 99 ;—[and Frank Donald- Gould, E. R. L Classes 90 111. son, Jr.] Experiments in regard to the Circulatory and Respiratory Graduate Courses (See Special Subjects.) Changes observed in Animals placed in the Pneumatic Cabinet, 34;— Graduate Students Roll of 3, 63, 71. 126. Greek: Classes in 10 67 —Programme for 1887—88, 101 ;—Work of Marucchi, 0., Recent Excavations in Rome, 85. 188&—87, 101 Lectuies on Greek Art, J. II. Wright, 35, 60. Maspdro, G., ProeSs-Verbal de l’ouverture des momies de Seti, etc., 85. Gregory, C. R., 1 ;—The Quires in Greek Manuscripts, 27. Matheniatical Society, 34, 61, 86, 91, 127. Guillaume de Dole, H. A. Todd, 79. Mathematics: Classes in, 9, 65, 91 ;—American Journal of, 92; —Programme Gummere, F. B., The Translation of Beowuli etc., 27. for 1887—88, 91 ;—Work of 1886—87, 91. Haldeman, G. B., Notes on Tornaria and Balanoglossus, 44. Matriculates, 5. Ilall, E. H., Elementary Ideas in Dynamics, 82. Matzke, J. B., The Development of -el + cons. in the Langue d’Oil Dia- Hall, G. 5., 1 ;—Classes, 14, 70, 89, 92, 113, 114, 115; Recent Publications, 57. lects, 119 —126. (See also American Journal of Psychology.) Mdnant, J., Oriental Cylinders of the Williams Collection, 85. Hall, I. H., Recent Publications, 59, 83. Merriam, A. C., Law Code of tIme Kretan Gortyna, 84 —Egyptian Anti- Hall, J. L., On Two Passages in Beowulf, 32. quities, 85. Harris, J. Rendel, 27, 83, 126, 130. Miller, W., Excavations upon the Akropohis at Athens, 84. Hartwell, E. M., 2, 90 ;—Recent Publications, 57. Mills, T. W., Recent Publications, 126. Haupt, P., 1 —Classes, 11, 68, 89, 104 ;—Specinl Course in Assyriology, Mineralogy and Geology: Classes in, 10 ;—Programme for 1887—88, 96 71 ;—On the Etymology of Nekasim, 83, 117 ;—On the Pronunciation Work of 1886—87, 97. of tr in Old Persian, 117. Minerals in the Vicinity of Baltimore, G. H Williams 126. Hebrew. (See Shemitic Languages.) Mitsukuri, K., 126. Heidelberg, Memorials of the University of H. B. Adams, 121. Modern Languages: Programmes for 1887—88 105 108 Herrick, F. H., Notes on the Embryology of Alpheus, etc., 42 ;—Notes on 106, 107, 109. Work of 1886—87 the Flora of Abaco and adjoining lslauds, 46. Modern Language Association ofAmerica, Fourth Annual Convention of 63. Histology: Classes in, 67, 98, 100. Morphological Monographs, 41, 48, 72, 81, 100. Historical and Political Science Association, Proceedings of 34, 61, 86,110, Morphology: Classes in, 10, 67, 98, 99, 100. (See Biology.) 112. Morris, C. D., Memorial Tablet to, 36 ;—The Chronology of the flENTll~ Historical and Political Science: Classes in, 13, 69, 70—Studies in, 88, KONTAETIA, 59, 83. 112 ;—Programme for 1887—88, 110 ;—Work of 1886—87, 112. Morse, H. N., 1 ;—Classes, 9, 10, 66, 90, 95, 96 ;—126. Historical Writing in America, Lectures, J. F. Jameson, 35, 62 ;—Bibliog- Miiutz, E., The Lost Mosaics of Rome, 85. raphy to Lectures, 62. Music and Mathematics, J. J. Sylvester, 86. History. (See Historical and Political Science.) Naturalists’ Field Club, 34, 61, 97, 99. History of Philosophy: Classes in, 14, 70;—Programme for 1887—88, 114; Nekasim, On the Etymology of, P. Haupt, 83, 117. —Work of 1886—87, 114. Nelson, J., On the Significance of Sex, 120. Honors, 72, 128. Newcomb, 5., 1 ;—Classes, 9, 65, 89, 91, 92, 93 ;—Recent Publications, 58. Hopkins Hall Lectures. (See Public Lectures.) (See also American Journal of Mathematics.) Hopkins Scholars, 128. Newell, H., 2 ;—Classes, 14, 70, 90. Ilours for Lectures and Recitations, First half-year, 1886—87, 15 —Second New Haven, The Republic of, C. H. Levermore, 25. half-year, 73. Newton, J. C. C., 126. ‘House of Commons” of J. H. U., Proceedings, 86, 127. Nibelungen Lied, Public Lectures on, H. Wood 35 6~ Howell, ~AT.H., 2 ;—Classes, 10, 63, 67, 90, 98, 99 ;—Experiments upon the Lectures, 62. ,—Bibliography to Nerves of Taste, 54, 126. Norton, F. L., 55. Index to Names in Register, 8. Noyes, W. A., 126. Ingle, Edward, Recent Publications, 83. Nuttall, Z., The Terracotta Heads of Teotibuacan, 85. Institutions in which Students Enrolled (1886—87) were Graduated, 8. Officers and Students, Register of, 1—8. International Law: Classes in, 13, 70, 112. Osteology: Classes in, 10, 67, 98, 100 ;—(See Biology). Intonation and Quantity in English, Norse, and German, A. E. Egge, 31. Palacoutology. (See i\Iineralogy, etc.) Italian: Classes in, 12, 69, 108, 109. Parasitic Cuninas of Beaufort, H. V. Wilson, 45. Jameson, J. F., 2;—Classes, 13, 14, 70, 90, 110, 111, 112 ;—An Introduc- Pathology: Classes and Laboratory Work in, 14, 64, 67, 100 ;—Roll of tion to the Study of the Constitutional and Political Ilistorv of the Students, 64 ;—Lectures on General Pathology of Fever, 62, 75. States, 26; — Lectures on Historical Writing in America, 35, 62; — Peabody Institute Lectures, 35. Willem Usseliux, 54, 126. Pedagogics: Classes in, 14, 70, 114, 115 ;—(See Phmilosophical Courses). Jastrow, J., The Perception of Space by Disparate Senses, 53, 57. Peed, NI. T., On the Determination of Conies by the Signs of the Coefficients Johnston, C., On Media for Mounting Artificial Crystal Sections, 79. in the General Equation, 81. Journal Clubs. (See Physics, Chemistry, Mineralogy, Biology, Psx-chiology.) Pennsylvania, Historical Sketch of the Finances of, T. K. Worthington, 127. UNIVERSITY CIRCULARS. 133

Perception of Space by Disparate Senses, Joseph Jastrow, 53. Societies (See University Societies). Perkins, C. A., 2 ;—Classes, 9, 65, 94. Solar Spectrum, 82, 83. Persian, Pronnnciation of tr in, P. Haupt, 117. Spanish: Classes in, 12, 69, 108, 109. Petrography: Classes in, 10,66,96. Special Courses. (See Special Subjects.) P. H. E. Course, 13, 14, 70,111,113. Special Students, Roll of, 7, 63. Philadelphia, 1681—1887, E. P. Allinson and B. Penrose, 88. Spieker, E. H., 2;—Classes, 11, 67, 68, 90, 101, 102 ;—The Sibilant Letters Philological Association, Proceedings of; 34, 61, 86, 110,127. in the Inscription of King Acoka at Kapur di Gin, 53 ;—(See also Philosophical Courses: Classes in, 14, 70 ;—Programrne for 1887—88, 113;— Bloomfield, M.). Work of 1886—87, 114. Squid, Segmentation ofthe Egg of, etc., A. T. Bruce, 45. Physical Geography, 70 ;—.(See Historical and Political Science). Stephen Bar Sudaili, A. L. Frothingham, Jr., 126. Physical Laboratory, Architects’ Statement 74 93.—I Steinberg, G. M., 58, 126. (See Physics). , , , ndex to Rooms, 74;— Stevens L. T., Recent Publications, 58. Physics: Classes in, 9, 65, 66 ;—Programme for 1887—88, 93;—Work of Story, W. E., 1 ;—Classes, 9, 65, 90, 91, 93 ;—Note on Systems of Unicursal 1886—87, 94. Plane Curves, 77. Physiology, Advanced Lectures, 63 ;—(See Biology). Students, Classification of, by Residence, 7. Piggot, C., 2, 36, 126. Students’ “House of Commons,” Proceedings, 86, 127. Plato, Symposium of, B. L. Gildersleeve, 49. Students, Roll of, 1886—87, 2—7, 63, 64, 71. Pneumatic Cabinet, Experiments on Animals in, 34. Studies from the Biological Laboratory, 41, 100. Political Science and Political Economy: Classes in, 13, 69, 70 —Pro- Studies in Historical and Political Science, 88, 112. gramme for 1887—88, 110 ;—Work of 1886—87, 112. Summary of Students, 1876—86, 7. Polyhedrons, Classification of, E. XV. Davis, 122. Sylvester, J. J., 1 ;—Music and Mathematics, 86. Postgate, J. P., The Ultimate Derivation of Essay, 26. Szold, B., The Book of Job, with a New Commentary, 26. Pratt, W. 5., 126. Tabular Statements, 7. Preliminary Medical Students, 7. Teaching of the Apostles, Fac-simile Edition, 130. Professors and Instructors, 1, 2, 89, 90. Terence, On the Substantives of, M. S. Slaughter, 77; Que, et, atque in, Programmes for 1887—88, 89—116. H. C. Elmer, 119. Psychology: Classes in, 14, 70;—Programme for 1887—88, 113 ;—Work of Teutonic Languages, Programme for 1887—88, 105; — Work of, 1886—87, 1886—87, 114. 106. Psycho-Physics. (See Psychology.) Thomson, W., On Stationary Waves in Flowing Water, 84 ;—Extract from Public Lectures, 35, 62, 75. a letter of, 86. Publications issued under the auspices of the University, 48, 64, 116. Todd, H. A., 2 ;—Classes, 12, 69, 90, 108, 109 ;—Interpretation of Dante’s Pyrite from Baltimore County, Md., G. H. Williams, 30. Divine Comedy, 35, 62;—Guillaunie de Dole, 79, 84, 126. Q ne, et, atque in Latin Inscriptions, in Terence and in Cato, H. C. Elmer, Tolman, A. H., The Laws of Tone-color in the English Language, 84. 119. Tornaria and Balanoglossus, G. B. Haldeman, 44. Rabillon, L., Death of, 36. Tr in Old Persian, On the Pronunciation of, Paul Haupt, 117. iRamsay, W. M., Notes and Inscriptions from Asia Minor, 84. Trelease, W., Recent Publications, 58. Recent Publications, 25, 26, 56—58, 82—84, 125—127. Trustees, Resolutions of the Board of 124. Register of Officers and Students, 1—8 ;—Additions to, 63, 71. Ubler, P. R., 2. Reinach, S., Two Marble Heads in the Tchinly-Kiosk Museum, 85. Undergraduate Courses. (See Special Subjects.) Remsen, I., 1 ;—Classes, 9, 10, 66, 75, 89, 95, 96 ;—Ele~nents of Chemistry, Undergraduates, Roll of, 5. 83 ;—(See also American Chemical Journal). Unicursal Plane Curves, W. E. Story, 77. Renouf, E., 2 ;—Classes, 10, 66, 75, 90, 95, 96. University Circulars, Plan of, 48. Republic of New Haven, C. H. Levermore, 25. University Scholars, 63, 72,128. Residence of Students, 7. University Societies, Proceedings, 34, 61, 86, 91, 99, 110, 112, 117, 127. Riccati’s Equations, etc., J. C. Fields, 29. Usseliux, Willem, Founder of the Dutch and Swedish West India Com- Rogers, R. W., Recent Publications, 83. panies, J. F. Jameson, 54. Roman Archteology, Public Lectures on, R. Lanciani, 35, 61 ;—Bibliog- Wallace, A. R., Lecture on Island Life, 60. raphy to Lectures, 61. Walz, W. F., Death of, 87. Roman Law: Classes in, 13, 70, 113. Ward, W. H., Notes on Oriental Antiquities, 84, 85. Romance Languages: Classes in, 12, 69;—Programme for 1887—88, 108 Warner, A. G., 81, 84, 126. Work of 1886—87, 109. Warren, F. M., 2 ;—Classes, 12, 69, 90, 108, 109, 126. Rowland, H. A., 1 ;—Classes, 9, 65, 66, 89, 93, 94 ;—On a Simple and Con- Warren, M., 1 ;—Classes, 11, 67, 90, 102 ;—Note on a Passage in the Ciris, venient Form of Water Battery, 80, 83 —On the Screw, 83 —On the 119 ;—26. Relative Wave-length of the Lines of the Solar Spectrum, 83. Washington Scholars, 128. Royce, J., Recent Publications, 83. Watase, 8., 126, 128. Saccharin, Note on, F. W. Clarke, 81. Wave-length of the Lines of the Solar Spectrum, Louis Bell, 82; H. A. Sanford, E. C., Recent Publications, 58. Rowland, 83. Sanskrit and the Comparative Grammar of the Cognate Languages: Classes Welch, W. H., 1 ;—Classes, 14, 64, 67, 89, 100 ;—Public Lectures, 62, 75;— in, 11, 68 ;—Programme for 1887—88, 103; Work of 1886—87, 103. Recent Publications, 57, 84. Sato, S., Recent Publications, 83. Whitney, W. D., The Upanishads and their Latest Translation, 27. Scandinavian Influence on English, A. E. Egge, 123. Williams, G. H., 1 ;—Classes, 10, 66, 90, 95, 96, 97 ;—On a remarkable Crys- Schilling, H., The Fight of Finnsburg and the Finn Episode in Beowulf, 32. tal of Pyrite from Baltimore Co., Md., 30 ;—The Nonites of the “Cort- Schimper, A. F. W., 36. landt Series” on the Hudson River, near Peekskill, N. Y., 84 ;—On Scientific Association, Proceedings of, 34, 61, 86, 127. the Chemical Composition of the Orthoclase in the Cortlandt Norite Sedgwick, W. T. and E. B. Wilson, General Biology, 58. 84 ;—On the Geological Map of the Baltimore Region, 122 ;—Notes on Selected Morphological Monographs, 41, 72, 81,100. Minerals in Vicinity of Baltimore, 126, 127. Semiramis and the iNimrod Epic, C. Adler, 50. Wilson, E. B. and W. T. Sedgwick, General Biology, 58. Sewall, H., Recent Publications 58. Wilson, H. V., Parasitic Cuninas of Beaufort, 45. Sex, On the Significance of, J. Ae]son, 120. Wilson, W.: Classes, 90, 111 ;—Recent Publications, 58, 84, 127. Shaw, A., CoOperation in a Western City, 83, 126. Wood H 1. Classes, 12, 13, 68, 90, 105, 106, 107 ;—Lectures on Nibe- Shemitic Languages: Classes in, 11, 68 ;—Programme for 1887—88, 104 lungen Lied, 35, 62. Work of 1886—87, 104. Woods, A. C., Death of, 36. Sherman, 0. T., Recent Publications, 84, 126. Woodworth, C. L., 2, 14, 70,90,106. Short, C., The New Revision of King James’ Revision of the New Testa- Worthington, T. K., Finances ofPennsylvania, 127, 128. ment, 59. Wright, J. H., 1 ;—Classes, 11, 67, 102 ;—The College in the University Sibilant Letters in the Inscription of King A9oka at Kapur di Gin, E. H. and Classical Philology in the College: Opening Address, 17—25;— Spieker, 53. Four Unpublished White Lecythi from Athens, 28, 85 ;——Public Slaughter, NI.: Classes, 11, 68 —On the Substantives of Terence, 77. Lectures on The Epochs of Greek Art, 35, 60. Sn~iyth, H. XV.: Classes, 11, 67, 90, 101 —Critique of Leaf’s Iliad, 51 ;—26. ZoOlogy: Classes in, 10, 67, 98, 100 ;—(See Biology). Socialism in the Fourteenth Century, J. Goebel, 55 —Socialism and State ZoOlogical Work of the Johns Hopkins University, W. K. Brooks, 37—41 ;— Action, etc., E. W. Bemis, 82. (See Chesapeake ZoOlogical Laboratory).