Environmental and Human Health – Risk Management in Developing Countries Environmental and Human Health – Risk Management in Developing Countries
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Environmental and Human Health – Risk Management in Developing Countries Environmental and Human Health – Risk Management in Developing Countries Editors Eddie N. Laboy-Nieves Universidad del Turabo, Puerto Rico Mattheus F. A. Goosen Alfaisal University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Evens Emmanuel Université Quisqueya, Haiti Cover photo credits: Eddie N. Laboy-Nieves. http://ciemades.org CRC Press/Balkema is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK Typeset by MPS Ltd (A Macmillan Company) Chennai, India Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe (A CPI-group Company), Chippenham, Wiltshire All rights reserved. No part of this publication or the information contained herein may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written prior permission from the publishers. Although all care is taken to ensure integrity and the quality of this publication and the information herein, no responsibility is assumed by the publishers nor the author for any damage to the property or persons as a result of operation or use of this publication and/or the information contained herein. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Environmental and human health : risk management in developing countries / editors, Eddie N. Laboy-Nieves, Evens Emmanuel, Mattheus Goosen. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-0-415-60162-7 (hard cover : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-203-83595-1 (e-book) 1. Environmental health—Developing countries. 2. Health risk assessment—Developing countries. 3. Environmental management—Health aspects—Developing countries. 4. Sustainable development—Health aspects— Developing countries. 5. Economic development—Health aspects—Developing countries. I. Laboy, Eddie Nelson. II. Goosen, Mattheus F. A. III. Emmanuel, Evens. IV. Title. RA566.5.D44E585 2010 362.109172’4—dc22 2010028419 Published by: CRC Press/Balkema P.O. Box 447, 2300 AK Leiden, The Netherlands e-mail: [email protected] www.crcpress.com – www.taylorandfrancis.co.uk – www.balkema.nl ISBN: 978-0-415-60162-7 (Hbk) ISBN: 978-0-203-83595-1 (eBook) Contents Preface vii List of Authors and Co-Authors ix Curriculum Vitae of the Editors xiii Communicating environmental risks and the decision making process 1. Environmental and human health risk management: An overview 3 Mattheus F. A. Goosen, Eddie N. Laboy-Nieves and Evens Emmanuel 2. Communicating environmental risks in developing countries 13 Karlo Malavé-Llamas and María del C. Cotto-Maldonado 3. Environmental management in Brazil: Reducing organizational risks 29 Eliciane Maria da Silva and Charbel José Chiappetta Jabbour 4. Tsunami hazards: A case study of risk management in the Caribbean Region 41 Eddie N. Laboy-Nieves and Julio A. Oms 5. Cost-benefi t analysis to enhance the risk management decision making process 61 Adalberto Bosque and Fred C. Schaffner 6. Adjusted Genuine Savings and Human Development Index: A two dimensional indicator for sustainability 73 Holger Schlör, Wolfgang Fischer, Jürgen-Friedrich Hake and Eddie N. Laboy-Nieves Management of surface and groundwater resources 7. Management, public opinion and research on Costa Rica’s surface and groundwater resources 89 Peter Phillips 8. Stormwater management practices: The case of Port-au-Prince, Haiti 109 Farah A. Dorval, Bernard Chocat, Evens Emmanuel and Gislain Lipeme-Kouyi vi Contents 9. Impact of surface runoff on the aquifers of Port-au-Prince, Haiti 123 Urbain Fifi , Thierry Winiarski and Evens Emmanuel Conservation of Land, Air, Water and Cultural Assets 10. Ethnoecological restoration of deforested and agrocultural tropical lands for Mesoamerica 141 Silvia del Amo Rodríguez, José María Ramos Prado and María del Carmen Vergara Tenorio 11. Atmospheric aerosols: A case study from the Caribbean Region 157 Antonio E. Carro-Anzalotta and Lisbeth San Miguel-Rivera 12. The potential of Thillandsia sp. to monitor PAHs from automobile sources in Puerto Rico 171 Yolanda Ramos-Jusino and Eddie N. Laboy-Nieves 13. Degradation of PCBs and spilled oil by bioenhancing agents 185 Eileen C. Villafañe-Deyack and Eddie N. Laboy-Nieves 14. Cryptosporidium oocyst transmission in the aquatic environment of Haiti 201 Ketty Balthazard-Accou, Evens Emmanuel, Patrice Agnamey, Philippe Brasseur, Anne Totet and Christian Raccurt Risk management and wastewater reuse 15. Health-related aspects of wastewater reuse in urban truck farming: A case study of Yaoundé, Cameroon 217 Guy R. Kouam-Kenmogme, Francis Rosillon, Alexandre Nono and Hernanie Grelle-Mpakam 16. Application of low-cost sorbents to remove chromium from industrial wastewater discharges 235 Iris N. Cosme-Colón, Evens Emmanuel and Eddie N. Laboy-Nieves 17. Viability of the upfl ow anaerobic sludge process for risk management of wastewater treatment 251 Nancy Ma. Cáceres-Acosta, Miriam Salgado-Herrera, Eddie N. Laboy-Nieves and Evens Emmanuel Glossary 265 Subject index 273 Preface In the past, the world’s ecosystems were able to absorb the ecological damage resulting from extensive industrialization and development. However, the rapid increases in human population, as well as in technological and economic expansion has put increasingly greater demands on the Earth’s natural resources, such as fresh water supplies, which in turn has made it more diffi cult to sustain healthy ecosystems. Many international environmental organizations, such as the World Watch Institute and Green Peace, have reported that global natural resources continue to be over- exploited. They also noted signifi cant problems with environmental pollution, resource depletion, confl icting land uses, and quite often a general indolence of society when it comes to the protection of natural resources. The Earth’s biosphere as a sustainable habitat is endangered because of the domino effect of anthropogenic (i.e. man made) activities. Hence, the natural environment as well as human wellbeing is at risk. There is thus a greater need than ever, in the midst of this present planetary crisis, for individuals as well as for institutions to continue their research, education and public outreach in order to better promote environmentally sensible economic growth, with an aim to better understand the interrelationship between human development and nature, and to advocate for a more sustainable world. The primary focus of this book is the use of a multidisciplinary team approach to assess and interpret the multitude of environmental hazards and risks, and to discuss the strategies that may be employed to manage them. The book expresses the viewpoints and experiences of faculty, scientists and graduate students representing 17 academic and research institutions from 11 countries worldwide. It is hoped that this intellectual exercise will allow the reader to access reliable and updated information in order to better acquaint them with the environmental and human risks facing society, the communication and decision-making processes involved in sustainable economic development, the effective management of surface, ground and wastewater resources, and the need for the conservation not only of natural but also cultural assets. Through the contents of this book, the authors and editors aim to provide natural resource managers, policy makers, researchers, government personnel, and faculty and students, with a comprehensive review of environmental and human health risk management, from the perspective of developing countries. viii Preface Through this edited book, the International Center for Environmental Studies and Sustainable Development (http://ciemades.org) would like to contribute in a special way in helping to intensify the process for the reconstruction of the research physical structures in environmental sciences at the Université Quisqueya (Haiti), which were severely damaged by the devastating earthquake of January 12, 2010. The views expressed in this volume are those of the authors and not necessarily of the institutions to which they are affi liated. We hope that this book will contribute to the advancement of research, management and education projects to produce reliable and practical information that will aid in the reduction of environmental and human health risks, especially for emerging nations. Eddie N. Laboy-Nieves Universidad del Turabo, Puerto Rico Mattheus F. A. Goosen Alfaisal University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Evens Emmanuel Université Quisqueya, Haiti 2010 List of Authors (∗) and Co-Authors Agnamey, Patrice Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France. Email: [email protected] ∗ Balthazard-Accou, Ketty Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France. Email: [email protected] ∗ Bosque, Adalberto Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico. Email: [email protected] Brasseur, Phillippe Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Dakar, Sénégal. Email: [email protected] ∗ Cáceres-Acosta, Nancy María Puerto Rican Association of Women, Science and Technology, San Juan, Puerto Rico. Email: [email protected] ∗ Carro-Anzalotta, Antonio E. Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, Puerto Rico. Email: [email protected] Chiappetta Jabbour, Charbel José University of São Paulo, Brazil. Email: [email protected] Bernard, Chocat Lyon University, Lyon, France. Email: [email protected] ∗ Cosme-Colón, Iris Nanette Universidad del