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21 VENICE AND THE VENETO DURING THE RENAISSANCE THE LEGACY OF BENJAMIN KOHL Edited by Michael Knapton, John E. Law, Alison A. Smith thE LEgAcy of BEnJAMin KohL BEnJAMin of LEgAcy thE rEnAiSSAncE thE during VEnEto thE And VEnicE Smith A. Alison Law, E. John Knapton, Michael by Edited Benjamin G. Kohl (1938-2010) taught at Vassar College from 1966 till his retirement as Andrew W. Mellon Professor of the Humanities in 2001. His doctoral research at The Johns Hopkins University was directed by VEnicE And thE VEnEto Frederic C. Lane, and his principal historical interests focused on northern Italy during the Renaissance, especially on Padua and Venice. during thE rEnAiSSAncE His scholarly production includes the volumes Padua under the Carrara, 1318-1405 (1998), and Culture and Politics in Early Renaissance Padua thE LEgAcy of BEnJAMin KohL (2001), and the online database The Rulers of Venice, 1332-1524 (2009). The database is eloquent testimony of his priority attention to historical sources and to their accessibility, and also of his enthusiasm for collaboration and sharing among scholars. Michael Knapton teaches history at Udine University. Starting from Padua in the fifteenth century, his research interests have expanded towards more general coverage of Venetian history c. 1300-1797, though focusing primarily on the Terraferma state. John E. Law teaches history at Swansea University, and has also long served the Society for Renaissance Studies. Research on fifteenth- century Verona was the first step towards broad scholarly investigation of Renaissance Italy, including its historiography. Alison A. Smith teaches history at Wagner College, New York. A dissertation on sixteenth-century Verona was the starting point for research interests covering the social history of early modern Italy, gender, urban elites, sociability and musical academies. € 38,00 FUP FIRENZE UNIVERSITY PRESS Reti Medievali E-Book 21 Venice and the Veneto during the Renaissance: the Legacy of Benjamin Kohl edited by Michael Knapton, John E. Law, Alison A. Smith Firenze University Press 2014 The Tombs of the Scaligers at Verona: a nineteenth century English account by John Easton Law 1. The memory of the Della Scala At the conclusion to his study of the Carrara published in 1998, Benjamin Kohl discussed the destruction of the dynasty and the extinction of most of its members by the Venetian Republic in 1405: “The Carrara dynasty had been removed from power. Its despised and feared carro (the dynasty’s principal emblem) was stricken from the monuments of the former Carrara domains, to be revived in moments of rebellion over the next century as the defiant emblem 1 of an independence that Padua had lost forever” . Above that passage, a photograph taken by Judith Kohl showed a surviving, if damaged, carro from the gates of Castelfranco Veneto. In an interesting article published in 1986, Paul Kaplan identified the carro as well as the Lion of St Mark on the buildings in the background to Giorgione’s Tempesta – traditionally dated to around 1508 – seeing its appearance, as Kohl was to suggest later, as a comment on the fragility of the Venetian stato di terra on the eve of the War of the League 2 of Cambrai (1509) . Of course, the arrival of Venetian rule in Padua in 1405 did not by any means obliterate the visual record of the dynasty in the city, as the contributions by Benjamin Kohl and Meredith Gill in this collection make clear. As one of Kohl’s posthumous contributions to this collection discusses, the Carrara mausoleum in the baptistery of Padua – which celebrates the dynasty – survives. However, there remains a striking contrast between their posthumous fate and that of their neighbours and rivals, the Della Scala of Verona. That city had also fallen to Venice in 1405, on 23 June, but the tomb monuments to some of the leading members of a dynasty that had ruled the city from 1260 to 1387 remained largely undamaged outside the church of S. Maria Antica at the very heart of the 1 Kohl, 1998, 336. This important study has been under-reviewed in Italian journals. In his introduction, Kohl refers to the deliberate destruction of the archives of the Carrara chancery on the orders of the Venetian Council of Ten. 2 Kaplan, 1986, 405-27. The carro survived on the verso of the medal struck for Francesco Novello after his return to power in 1390. 447 John Easton Law commercial, legal and administrative heart of the city, the most striking of the monuments being those of Cangrande I (1308-1329), Mastino II (1329-1351) and Cansignorio (1359-1375). Moreover, this complex of tombs faced the palace which was to become the residence of the Venetian podestà and adjacent to the 3 palace taken over by the Venetian capitano . A principal reason for the survival of these monuments may possibly lie in the fact that the Venetian Republic did not – over time – perceive the Della Scala as a threat, as it came to view the Da Carrara. The last effective member of the dynasty, Antonio (1381-1387), was in alliance with Venice when he was driven into exile due to a combination of political incompetence, diplomatic miscalculation and military 4 defeat . Verona was then held by the Visconti of Milan, but following the death of Duke Giangaleazzo in 1402, his state disintegrated, and Verona was retaken by 5 Guglielmo Della Scala in April 1404 with the help of Francesco Novello da Carrara . However, on his death in the same month, his sons Brunoro and Antonio II were driven from power by their erstwhile ally, Francesco Novello, and it was from the Da Carrara that Venice took Verona in 1405. Thereafter, the major threat to Venetian rule in Verona by the ousted 6 dynasty was posed by Brunoro, a favourite of Sigismund, king of the Romans . Sigismund had a claim to the cities of the Veneto as they lay within the boundaries of the imperial kingdom of Italy, and on 22 January 1412, he made Brunoro his imperial vicar for Verona and Vicenza; Brunoro even tried to provoke a revolt in Verona against Venetian rule, which took place on 2 May 1412. That failed, and although the Republic remained watchful as to his movements, and although Verona and Vicenza were not included in the imperial investiture granted to Venice by the now emperor Sigismund in 1437, the Della Scala threat to Venetian rule in Verona had evaporated. It is for that reason that Sebastiano Giustinian, the Venetian ambassador at the court of Henry VIII could report to his government on 6 July 1515 and 18 November 1516 that he had justified to the king’s ministers Venetian claims to Verona – then held by the Emperor Maximilian – by pointing out that Venice had ruled the city for one hundred years and by claiming that the Della Scala, who had 7 once ruled Verona had no heirs . The absence of a Della Scala threat to Venetian rule in Verona might help to explain the observations made by the Venetian patrician Marino Sanudo in his Itinerario of the Venetian stato di terra composed during, or shortly after, 8 his visit to the terraferma in 1483 . There is little of triumphalism in his 3 Simeoni, 19-44; Guida d’Italia, 96-199. This building is now named the Palazzo del Governo. Its importance is underlined by the contribution by John Richards in this collection. 4 For the narrative: Rossini; Soldi Rondinini; Kohl, 1989, 329-34. 5 Guglielmo was the natural son of Cangrande II, lord of the city 1352-1359. 6 Law, 2000, ch. X, 10-11 and ch. IX passim. The most serious revolt was in May 1412. 7 Brown, 1854, 1:107-14; 2:9-12. 8 Brown, 1847, 96-102 (for Verona). Sanudo got the year of Verona’s surrender to Venice wrong: it was 1405, not 1404. A new edition and commentary on the Itinerario is now available (Sanudo), 448 The tombs of the Scaligers at Verona account, but he does record the sufferings of the city under previous regimes under “Eccelino de Romano tyran”, then “li signori tyrani de la Scala” and finally “Francesco de Karara la prese, et alor servite con gran calamità et intolerabille dano”. However, Verona “venuta soto l’imperio veneto, per suo beneficio et libertà in mirabille è venuta incressimento et opulenta, e di giorno in giorno melgio si rinova”. Perhaps it was the distant history of tyrannical regimes, and the lack of the threat they posed to the Venetian regime, that encouraged Sanudo to record in his list of the distinctive monuments of the city “le arche de li Signori di la Scalla, tre, alte, marmoree et intalgiate”, a clear reference to the three tomb monuments, supporting equestrian statues, 9 mentioned above . The Venetian Republic’s perception that the Della Scala no longer posed a threat may also help to explain why their signoria continued to feature – almost to be celebrated – in the literature produced by a succession of Veronese chroniclers, antiquarians and historians from the fifteenth century onwards. This has been charted in the schede included in the fine 1988 Scala exhibition catalogue edited by Gian Maria Varanini, and also in La statua equestre di 10 Cangrande I della Scala . The earliest publication specifically focusing on the dynasty was by Torello Saraina, Le historie e fatti de’ Veronesi nelli tempi d’il popolo et signori scaligeri, first published in 1542, and then again – in a possibly lightly censored edition – in 1586. The dynasty came to be extensively covered in the text and documents published by Giambattista Verci in volume 11 VII of his Storia della Marca Trevigiana e Veronese (1787) .

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