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Mouth (Oral Cavity) Tongue Parotid Gland Sublingual Gland Mouth (oral cavity) Parotid gland Tongue Sublingual gland Salivary Submandibular glands gland Esophagus Pharynx Stomach Pancreas (Spleen) Liver Gallbladder Transverse colon Duodenum Descending colon Small Jejunum Ascending colon intestine Ileum Large Cecum intestine Sigmoid colon Rectum Appendix Anus Anal canal © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 Nasopharynx Hard palate Soft palate Oral cavity Uvula Lips (labia) Palatine tonsil Vestibule Lingual tonsil Oropharynx Lingual frenulum Epiglottis Tongue Laryngopharynx Hyoid bone Esophagus Trachea (a) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 Upper lip Gingivae Hard palate (gums) Soft palate Uvula Palatine tonsil Oropharynx Tongue (b) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 Nasopharynx Hard palate Soft palate Oral cavity Uvula Lips (labia) Palatine tonsil Vestibule Lingual tonsil Oropharynx Lingual frenulum Epiglottis Tongue Laryngopharynx Hyoid bone Esophagus Trachea (a) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 4 Visceral peritoneum Intrinsic nerve plexuses • Myenteric nerve plexus • Submucosal nerve plexus Submucosal glands Mucosa • SurFace epithelium • Lamina propria • Muscle layer Submucosa Muscularis externa • Longitudinal muscle layer • Circular muscle layer Serosa (visceral peritoneum) Nerve Gland in Lumen Artery mucosa Mesentery Vein Duct oF gland Lymphoid tissue outside alimentary canal © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 5 Diaphragm Falciform ligament Lesser Liver omentum Spleen Pancreas Gallbladder Stomach Duodenum Visceral peritoneum Transverse Greater omentum colon Mesenteries Parietal peritoneum Small intestine Peritoneal cavity Uterus Large intestine Cecum Rectum Anus Urinary bladder (a) (b) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 6 Cardia Fundus Esophagus Muscularis Serosa externa • Longitudinal layer • Circular layer • Oblique layer Body Lesser Rugae curvature of Pylorus mucosa Greater curvature Duodenum Pyloric Pyloric sphincter antrum (a) (valve) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 7 Fundus Body Rugae of mucosa Pyloric Pyloric (b) sphincter antrum © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 8 Gastric pits Surface epithelium Pyloric sphincter pit Gastric Mucous neck cells Parietal cells Gastric Gastric gland Gastric glands Chief cells (c) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 9 Pepsinogen Pepsin HCl Parietal cells Chief cells Enteroendocrine (d) cell © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 10 Right and left hepatic ducts from liver Cystic duct Common hepatic duct Bile duct and sphincter Accessory pancreatic duct Pancreas Gallbladder Jejunum Duodenal papilla Main pancreatic duct and sphincter Hepatopancreatic ampulla and sphincter Duodenum © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 11 Blood vessels serving the small intestine Lumen Muscle layers Circular folds (plicae circulares) Villi (a) Small intestine © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 12 Absorptive cells Lacteal Villus Blood capillaries Lymphoid tissue Intestinal crypt Muscularis Venule mucosae Lymphatic vessel (b) Villi Submucosa © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 13 Microvilli (brush border) (c) Absorptive cells © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 14 LeFt colic (splenic) flexure Transverse Right colic mesocolon (hepatic) flexure Transverse colon Haustrum Descending colon Ascending colon IIeum (cut) Cut edge oF mesentery IIeocecal valve Teniae coli Sigmoid colon Cecum Appendix Rectum Anal canal External anal sphincter © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 15 Enamel Dentin Crown Pulp cavity (contains blood vessels and nerves) Neck Gum (gingiva) Cement Root canal Root Periodontal membrane (ligament) Bone © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 16 Foodstuff Enzyme(s) and source Site of action Starch and disaccharides Digestion of Salivary amylase Mouth carbohydrates Pancreatic amylase Small intestine Oligosaccharides* and disaccharides Brush border enzymes Small intestine Lactose Maltose Sucrose in small intestine (dextrinase, glucoamylase, lactase, maltase, Galactose Glucose Fructose and sucrase) The monosaccharides glucose, galactose, and fructose Absorption of enter the capillary blood in the villi and are transported to carbohydrates the liver via the hepatic portal vein. *Oligosaccharides consist of a few linked monosaccharides. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 17 Foodstuff Enzyme(s) and source Site of action Protein Digestion of proteins Pepsin (stomach glands) Stomach in the presence of HCl Large polypeptides Pancreatic enzymes Small intestine (trypsin, chymotrypsin, Small polypeptides carboxypeptidase) Brush border enzymes Small intestine (aminopeptidase, Amino acids carboxypeptidase, (some dipeptides and dipeptidase) and tripeptides) Absorption Amino acids enter the capillary blood in the villi and are of proteins transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 18 Foodstuff Enzyme(s) and source Site of action Unemulsified fats Digestion of fats Emulsified by the Small intestine detergent action of bile salts from the liver Pancreatic lipase Small intestine Monoglycerides Glycerol and and fatty acids fatty acids Fatty acids and monoglycerides enter the lacteals of the villi Absorption and are transported to the systemic circulation via the lymph of fats in the thoracic duct. (Glycerol and short-chain fatty acids are absorbed into the capillary blood in the villi and transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein.) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 19 Ingestion Food Mechanical Pharynx breakdown • Chewing (mouth) Esophagus • Churning (stomach) Propulsion • Segmentation • Swallowing (small intestine) (oropharynx) • Peristalsis Digestion (esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine) Stomach Absorption Lymph vessel Small intestine Blood Large vessel intestine Mainly H2O Feces Anus Defecation © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 20 Bolus of food Tongue Pharynx Epiglottis up Upper esophageal Glottis (lumen) sphincter of larynx Trachea Esophagus 1 Upper esophageal sphincter contracted © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 21 Uvula Bolus Epiglottis down Larynx up Esophagus 2 Upper esophageal sphincter relaxed © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 22 Bolus 3 Upper esophageal sphincter contracted © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 23 Relaxed muscles Cardioesophageal sphincter open 4 Cardioesophageal sphincter relaxed © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 24 Pyloric Pyloric Pyloric valve valve valve closed slightly closed opened 1 Propulsion: Peristaltic 2 Grinding: The most 3 Retropulsion: The waves move From the Fundus vigorous peristalsis and peristaltic wave closes the toward the pylorus. mixing action occur close pyloric valve, Forcing most of to the pylorus. The pyloric the contents of the pylorus end oF the stomach acts as backward into the stomach. a pump that delivers small amounts oF chyme into the duodenum. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 25 4 Secretin causes the liver to secrete more bile; CCK stimulates the gallbladder 1 Chyme entering to release stored duodenum causes bile and the duodenal entero- hepatopancreatic endocrine cells to sphincter to relax release cholecystokinin (allows bile from (CCK) and secretin. both sources to enter the duodenum). 2 CCK (red dots) and secretin (blue dots) 5 Stimulation enter the bloodstream. by vagal nerve fibers causes 3 Upon reaching the release oF pancreas, CCK induces pancreatic juice secretion oF enzyme- and weak rich pancreatic juice; contractions oF secretin causes the gallbladder. secretion oF bicarbonate- rich pancreatic juice. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 26 (a) (b) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 27 Tryptophan Beans and other Methionine legumes Valine Threonine Phenylalanine Leucine Corn and Isoleucine other grains Lysine © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 28 (a) Carbohydrates: polysaccharides, disaccharides; composed of simple sugars (monosaccharides) ATP Glycogen and fat Polysaccharides Cellular uses broken down for ATP formation GI digestion to simple sugars To Excess stored as capillary glycogen or fat Broken down to glucose Monosaccharides and released to blood © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 29 (b) Fats: composed of 1 glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids; triglycerides Cellular ATP Fats are the Metabolized uses Lipid (fat) primary fuels Fatty by liver to in many cells acids GI digestion acetic acid, etc. to fatty acids and glycerol Insulation and fat Fats build myelin cushions to protect sheaths and cell body organs membranes Glycerol © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 30 (c) Proteins: polymers of amino acids ATP formation if inadequate ATP glucose and fats or if essential Protein Normally amino acids are lacking infrequent Functional proteins GI digestion to (enzymes, antibodies, amino acids Cellular hemoglobin, etc.) uses Structural proteins Amino (connective tissue fibers, acids muscle proteins, etc.) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 31 (d) ATP formation (fueling the metabolic furnace): all categories of food can be oxidized to provide energy molecules (ATP) Carbon dioxide Cellular Monosaccharides metabolic “furnace”: Water Citric acid cycle Fatty acids and electron transport Amino acids chain (amine first removed ATP and combined with CO2 by the liver to form urea) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 32 Glycogenesis: Glucose converted to glycogen and stored IMBALANCE Stimulus: Rising blood glucose level HOMEOSTATIC BLOOD SUGAR Stimulus: IMBALANCE Falling blood glucose level Glycogenolysis: Stored glycogen converted to glucose Gluconeogenesis: Amino acids and fats converted to glucose © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 33.
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