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Estado Actual Del Conocimiento De La Problemática Pérez-Iglesias, Juan Manuel 2018 DEDICATORIA A la memoria, de mi santa y querida abuela Leonor, que nos acompaña desde la gloria Eterna… 2 Pérez-Iglesias, Juan Manuel 2018 AGRADECIMIENTOS Al Señor y la Santísima Virgen por los dones y las cruces del camino, en especial la fortaleza para la perseverancia en este largo camino, A mis padres (Raúl y Delia) y a mis hermanos (José, Mari, Marcos, Agus, Mechi – autora de la carátula –, Gabi, Vicky, Nico y Santi) y sobrino (Manu) por el cariño y la paciencia a la distancia, A mi esposa, Nadia, por su compañía incondicional, amor, su fuerza, sus risas y paciencia en todo momento, en especial para las dificultades, A Marcelo y Guillermo, mis directores de tesis doctoral, por las enseñanzas a nivel profesional y personal que dejan impresas en mi vida, Al Lelo, Yaya y Leonor, mis abuelos por ser dadores de vida y las enseñanzas de vida constante, A Toni y Fini, Quique y Adriana, Patri, Laura, Raquel y P. Sergio, mis tíos y tías por sus charlas, alegrías, consejos y oraciones constantemente; a mis primos y cuñados, por las risas, alegrías y momentos de tranquilidad en la cercanía y a la distancia, A la familia política: Patri, Teo, Iván y Lore, Blado y Pao, Cintia y Daniel, Axel y Marina, Erik por su confianza y palabras de aliento en todo momento, y a los sobrinos por su cariño! A mis grandes amigos en Cristo: José Miguel, Carlitos, Jona, Juanma, Timo, Leo, Andy, Ema, Francis, Seba, Marian, Dardo, Nica, Maxi, Juan F, Adolfo, José P, Nacho, por ser cables a tierra en el mundo: con la alegría cristiana, las noches de peña, el fútbol y el paddle, las charlas, cenas y mates. Al P. Elbio, P. Eduardo, P. Leonardo, P. Juan de Dios, P. Gabriel y P. Maxi por sus oraciones, consejos y sabias palabras, A Classius y Lilian por sus consejos, alegría y en especial por su incondicional confianza y apoyo profesional y personal; al Lab. de anatomía de IBILCE-UNESP por su gran y constante ayuda Larinha, Gabi L, Juliane F y a Rodrigo Z y la galera de la Rep. Cristoval Colombo por su amistad y alegría constante. A toda la Unidad 5-CIMA (ranas), por los momentos compartidos y la pasión por las ranas! A la gente amiga del Lab. de Citología, en especial a Sonia, Celeste y Noelia por el constante ánimo, apoyo y consejos. A todos los chicos del CIMA por la compañía, en especial a la Dra. Alicia Ronco (Nina) en su memoria por sus consejos, apoyo y ayuda en las dificultades; a Damián Marino, Pablo Demetrio, Pedro Carriquiriborde, Fede Rimoldi y Leticia Peluso por su buena predisposición para resolver cualquier asunto profesional. A los profesionales del INTA: Julie Brodeur, Jimena Damonte, Belén Poliserpi y Florencia por abrir las puertas de su laboratorio para realizar mis estudios, por su excelente predisposición, calidez humana y profesional, su incansable ayuda y por la paciencia para dejarme sus enseñanzas. Y un agradecimiento a los jurados de la Tesis Doctoral: las Dras. Ana Ferrari, Marilina Fogel y Gisela Poletta, por su dedicación y tiempo para leer, estudiar y aconsejar desde las correcciones a pesar de la distancia. A los compañeros, amigos del camino y profesionales que se cruzan en este camino y siempre con la mejor predisposición ofrecen su ayuda: Leandro A, Brian Y, Javier P, Mariano M, Estefanía M y Sandra S. 3 Pérez-Iglesias, Juan Manuel 2018 INDICE ABREVIATURAS .......................................................................................................................................................................... 11 RESUMEN .................................................................................................................................................................................... 15 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................................................... 19 LISTA DE PUBLICACIONES ....................................................................................................................................................... 23 CAPÍTULO I: INTRODUCCIÓN ................................................................................................................................................... 24 1.1 El uso de herbicidas en prácticas agrícolas .......................................................................................................................... 25 1.1.1. La ―Revolución Verde‖ en el mundo .............................................................................................................................. 25 1.1.2. El nuevo modelo agrícola de plaguicidas en Argentina y la región pampeana .......................................................... 26 1.1.3. Nuevos herbicidas utilizados en prácticas agrícolas: el caso de las imidazolinonas ................................................. 29 1.1.3.1. Características generales de las imidazolinonas .................................................................................................. 29 1.1.3.2. Toxicidad de las imidazolinonas ............................................................................................................................ 32 1.1.4. Herbicida Imazetapir: características, toxicidad y genotoxicidad ................................................................................ 33 1.2. Efectos de los estresores ambientales sobre los ecosistemas ........................................................................................... 35 1.2.1. Ingreso de los estresores ambientales a los ecosistemas ........................................................................................... 35 1.2.2. Consecuencias ambientales del uso de plaguicidas en la salud humana y en la biodiversidad ............................... 38 1.2.3. Ecotoxicología como nueva ciencia: breve reseña ...................................................................................................... 40 1.3. Los anuros como modelo para la evaluación de estresores ambientales en ecotoxicología ............................................ 41 1.3.1. Pérdida de la biodiversidad mundial de anuros ............................................................................................................ 41 1.3.2. Evidencias de los efectos de estresores ambientales en anuros ................................................................................ 41 1.3.3. Anfibios como indicadores de la calidad ambiental ...................................................................................................... 42 1.3.4. Ecotoxicología de anuros en Argentina: breve reseña y nuevos objetivos ................................................................. 42 1.4. Biomarcadores como herramienta ecotoxicológica ............................................................................................................. 44 1.4.1. Concepto de biomarcadores.......................................................................................................................................... 44 1.4.2. La importancia de la correlación de biomarcadores en los diferentes niveles de organización ................................ 46 4 Pérez-Iglesias, Juan Manuel 2018 1.4.3. Los biomarcadores en especies bioindicadoras como herramientas de diagnóstico ambiental ............................... 48 1.4.4. Bioensayos como herramienta para evaluar biomarcadores ....................................................................................... 49 1.4.5. Biomarcadores de uso convencional en ecotoxicología de anfibios ........................................................................... 50 1.4.5.1. Biomarcadores a nivel de individuo ....................................................................................................................... 51 1.4.5.2. Biomarcadores a nivel histológico.......................................................................................................................... 53 1.4.5.3. Biomarcadores a nivel bioquímico ......................................................................................................................... 55 1.5. Biomarcadores de cito y genotoxicidad ................................................................................................................................ 56 1.5.1. Generalidades sobre cito y genotoxicidad .................................................................................................................... 56 1.5.2. Importancia de los estudios de cito y genotoxicidad en ecotoxicología ...................................................................... 57 1.5.3. Hematología en anfibios para evaluaciones de cito y genotoxicidad .......................................................................... 58 1.5.4. Ensayos para evaluar cito y genotoxicidad en anfibios ............................................................................................... 60 1.5.5. Nuevos objetivos en ecotoxicología y citogenética ...................................................................................................... 64 1.6. Especies seleccionadas como modelo de estudio .............................................................................................................. 66 1.6.1 Especies de estudio ........................................................................................................................................................ 66 1.6.1.1 Boana pulchella como especie de estudio ............................................................................................................
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