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LANGONE, J.: Anfibios En La Cuenca Del Río Santa Lucía

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LANGONE, J.: Anfibios En La Cuenca Del Río Santa Lucía ISSN 1688-2482 PUBLICACION EXTRA MUSEO NACIONAL DE HISTORIA NATURAL (Montevideo. En Línea) Número 6 2017 ¿QUÉ SABEMOS DE LAS POTENCIALES AMENAZAS A LA BIODIVERSIDAD EN LA CUENCA DEL RÍO SANTA LUCÍA EN URUGUAY?. UNA REVISIÓN SOBRE LOS ANFIBIOS (AMPHIBIA, ANURA) JOSÉ A. LANGONE.* “Toda forma de vida es única y merece ser respetada, cualquiera que sea su utilidad para el hombre, y con el fin de reconocer a los demás seres vivos su valor intrínseco, el hombre ha de guiarse por un código de acción moral.” ONU (1982) “Without fundamental change in our behavior, we're doomed, as are all other life forms on this, our one and only spaceship, Planet Earth.” PIANKA (2015) Abstract – What do we know about the potential threats to biodiversity in the Santa Lucia river basin in Uruguay?. A review on amphibians (Amphibia, Anura).- The Santa Lucia river basin in southern Uruguay, has a high strategic value for the country. From one of its locations it supplies drinking water to more than 50% of the total population of the country, including its capital, Montevideo. Most part of this basin is suitable for livestock farming and industrial sowing of a wide variety of crops, which makes this territory one of the main cores of food production nationwide. This intensive land exploitation has changed the structure of the landscape in the área, where 92.8 % of the territory has been altered anthropogenically. So far there are only a few baselines specifically concerning to the existing biodiversity in the Santa Lucía river basin and the potential threats to its conservation. Hereby is provided a contribution * Departamento de Herpetología. Museo Nacional de Historia Natural. Casilla de Correo 399. Codigo Postal 11000. Montevideo - Uruguay. 2 PUBL. EXTRA MUS. NAC. HIST. NAT. (Montev., En Línea) [Núm. 6 to the understanding of this biodiversity focusing on amphibians, one of the most endangered groups in nature worldwide. A total of 25 species of anuran amphibians (frogs and toads) included in 8 families were registered, signifying more than 50 % of the group’s diversity in Uruguay. Alien species (bullfrog), land use/land cover changes (such as farming, urbanization, industrial forestry, etc), global climate change, enviromentally spread chemicals (such as pesticides, fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, personal care products and heavy metals as mercury), as well as emerging infectious diseases (chytridiomycosis and ranavirosis) are among the main potential threats to amphibians in the Santa Lucia river basin. Despite four species can be considered "lost" (Ceratophrys ornata, Melanophryniscus montevidensis, Physalaemus fernandezae and Pleurodema bibroni), it has not been confirmed so far whether is due to any of these threats and whether populations of these species are extinct in the basin. Conservation of amphibians is considered a mayor priority due to it’s intrinsic and potential value, as well as for the ecosystemic services those offer. Some mitigation measures to the potential threats are exposed and discussed. Resumen - La cuenca del río Santa Lucía en el sur de Uruguay, tiene un alto valor estratégico para el país. Desde una de sus localidades abastece agua potable a más del 50% de la población total del país, incluyendo su capital, Montevideo. La mayor parte de esta cuenca es apta para la ganadería y la agricultura de una amplia variedad de cultivos, lo que hace de este territorio uno de los núcleos principales de la producción de alimentos a nivel nacional. Esta explotación intensiva de la tierra ha modificado la estructura del paisaje en la zona, donde el 92,8% del territorio ha sido antropógenicamente alterado. Hasta el momento sólo existen unas pocas líneas de base específicamente relacionadas con la biodiversidad en la cuenca del río Santa Lucía y las potenciales amenazas para su conservación. En el presente trabajo se proporciona una contribución a la comprensión de esta biodiversidad centrada en los anfibios, uno de los grupos más amenazados de la naturaleza en todo el mundo. Un total de 25 especies de anfibios anuros (ranas y sapos) incluidas en 8 familias fueron registradas, lo que representa más del 50% de la diversidad del grupo en Uruguay. Entre las principales amenazas potenciales para los anfibios en la cuenca del río Santa Lucía se encuentran: el cambio en el uso de la tierra (como la agricultura, la urbanización, la forestación industrial, etc.), el cambio climático global, la propagación de productos químicos (como los plaguicidas, los fertilizantes, los productos farmacéuticos y para el cuidado personal y los metales pesados como el mercurio), las especies exóticas (rana toro), así como las enfermedades infecciosas emergentes (quitridiomicosis y ranavirosis). A pesar de que cuatro especies pueden considerarse "perdidas" (Ceratophrys ornata, Melanophryniscus montevidensis, Physalaemus fernandezae y Pleurodema bibroni), no se ha confirmado hasta ahora si se debe a alguna de estas amenazas y si las poblaciones de estas especies están extintas en la cuenca. La conservación de los anfibios se considera prioritaria debido a su valor intrínseco y potencial, así como por los servicios ecosistémicos que ofrecen. Se exponen y discuten algunas medidas de mitigación de las potenciales amenazas. 2017] LANGONE, J.: Anfibios en la cuenca del Río Santa Lucía. 3 Introducción y antecedentes El 1º de marzo de 2015 el Dr. TABARÉ VÁZQUEZ tomando posesión de su cargo ante la Asamblea General como Presidente de la República Oriental del Uruguay, hizo referencia de manera histórica al medio ambiente en su discurso. Se refirió a la tarea que realizaría el gobierno nacional con los municipios de la cuenca del Río Santa Lucía: "…a efectos de preservar dicha cuenca como fuente de agua potable, como factor productivo, como destino turístico y también como rica expresión de biodiversidad". La cuenca del río Santa Lucía se extiende parcialmente por seis departamentos del sur de Uruguay (Canelones, Flores, Florida, Lavalleja, Montevideo y San José) en unos 13.480 kilómetros cuadrados (GILMET, 2015) (Figura 1). Esta cuenca tiene un alto valor estratégico para el país. La Usina de potabilización de Aguas Corrientes está ubicada en la localidad del mismo nombre a orillas del río Santa Lucía y pertenece a la Administración de las Obras Sanitarias del Estado (O.S.E.). Esta usina suministra el agua potable aproximadamente a 1.760.000 habitantes (más del 50 % de la población total del país) que viven dentro del área metropolitana (departamento de Montevideo y parte del de Canelones) (GILMET, 2015). Por otro lado la mayor parte de la cuenca, apta para la ganadería y una gran diversidad de cultivos, hace de este territorio uno de los principales polos de producción de alimentos a escala nacional, lo que estimuló su ocupación desde tiempos coloniales. Según el censo del año 2011 habitan el área de la cuenca unas 416.539 personas, representando el 12,6% de la población total del país, concentrándose en esta área el 38,9 % de la población rural total (PORTILO et al., 2015). A nivel continental el área se incluye en los "pastizales del Río de la Plata" o "Pampas", que abarca todo el estado uruguayo, parte del estado brasileño de Rio Grande do Sul y las provincias argentinas de Corrientes, Entre Ríos y Buenos Aires (BILENCA & MIÑARRO, 2004). Este conjunto de ecosistemas (bioma) único incluye una rica biodiversidad distintiva con varias especies endémicas y amenazadas de extinción (BENCKE, 2009) y desde el punto de vista de su conservación se considera en peligro crítico (LOYOLA et al., 2009). 4 PUBL. EXTRA MUS. NAC. HIST. NAT. (Montev., En Línea) [Núm. 6 Como en otras partes del Bioma Pampa, la estructura del paisaje en el área de la cuenca se ha ido modificando por intervención humana (GHERSA & LEÓN, 1999). El complejo entramado de ambientes que originalmente consistían en pasturas altas y monte nativo a lo largo de los cursos de agua y en las zonas serranas, han sido transformados como consecuencia de los cambios históricos en el uso de la tierra. Actualmente se presenta como un mosaico con diferentes grados de sucesión debido a que en su mayor parte la vegetación autóctona fue reemplazada y modificada por el uso agropecuario. Esto se vio acompañado de drenajes y desecación de humedales, la introducción de especies para forestación industrial (principalmente Eucaliptus spp. y Pinus sp.) y la naturalización de otras especies de vegetales exóticos invasores. Algunos de estos vegetales cubren grandes extensiones de terreno como: álamo (Populus tremula), espina de Cristo (Gleditsia triacanthos), fresno (Fraxinus lanceolata), mora (Morus alba), retama (Parkinsonia aculeata), zarzamora (Rubus ulmifolius) y especialmente ligustro (Ligustrum lucidum); compitiendo en varios casos con la vegetación autóctona (Obs. Pers.). En muchas localidades se ha practicado y practica además la tala rasa y quema del monte nativo, aún estando prohibido por ley (Ley 15939, artículo 24) (Figura 2). A nivel país se estima que se extraen unas 40.000 toneladas anuales de madera de monte nativo (MOREIRA & BIANCO, 2005), un número no evaluado a nivel de la cuenca. Actualmente el uso del suelo en la cuenca se distribuye de la siguiente manera: ganadería (lechería incluída) (71,3 %), agrícultura (16,2 %), forestación industrial (4,2 %) y urbanización, industrias e infraestructura (1,1 %). De los 7,2 % restantes 4,5 % es monte nativo, 1,6 % cuerpos de agua, afloramientos rocosos, zonas con suelo totalmente degradado, etc. y 1,1 % humedales (ACHKAR et al., 2012). Dentro de estos últimos y ocupando la
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