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Studies in Russian and East European History and Society Recent Titles Include Studies in Russian and East European History and Society Series Editors: R. W. Davies, E. A. Rees, M. ]. Ilic and J. R. Smith at the Centre for Russian and East European Studies, University of Birmingham Recent titles include: Lynne Attwood CREATING THE NEW SOVIET WOMAN John Barber and Mark Harrison (editors) THE SOVIET DEFENCE-INDUSTRY COMPLEX FROM STALIN TO KHRUSHCHEV Vincent Barnett KONDRATIEV AND THE DYNAMICS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT R. W. Davies SOVIET HISTORY IN THE YELTSIN ERA Linda Edmondson (editor) GENDER IN RUSSIAN HISTORY AND CULTURE James Hughes STALINISM IN A RUSSIAN PROVINCE Melanie Ilic WOMEN WORKERS IN THE SOVIET INTERWAR ECONOMY WOMEN IN THE STALIN ERA (editor) Peter Kirkow RUSSIA'S PROVINCES Maureen Perrie THE CULT OF IVAN THE TERRIBLE IN STALIN'S RUSSIA E. A. Rees (editor) DECISION-MAKING IN THE STALINIST COMMAND ECONOMY Lennart Samuelson PLANS FOR STALIN'S WAR MACHINE Tukhachevskii and Military-Economic Planning, 1925-1941 Vera Tolz RUSSIAN ACADEMICIANS AND THE REVOLUTION J. N. Westwood SOVIET RAILWAYS TO RUSSIAN RAILWAYS Stephen G. Wheatcroft (editor) CHALLENGING TRADITIONAL VIEWS OF RUSSIAN HISTORY Galina M. Yemelianova RUSSIA AND ISLAM A Historical Survey Studies in Russian and East European History and Society Series Standing Order ISBN 0-333-71239-0 (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBN quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England Challenging Traditional Views of Russian History Edited by Stephen G. Wheatcroft Associate Professor in Russian and Soviet History, University of Melbourne pal grave macmillan © Selection and editorial matter © Stephen G. Wheatcroft Chapters 1-10 © Palgrave Publishers Ltd 2002 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2002 978-0-333-75461-0 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designsand Patents Act 1988. First published 2002 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin's Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-41342-3 ISBN 978-0-230-50611-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230506114 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Challenging traditional views of Russian history I edited by Stephen G. Wheatcroft. p. cm. - (Studies in Russian and East European history and society) lncludes bibliographical references and index. 1. Russia- Historiography. 2. Soviet Union- Historiography. 3. Russia (Federation)- Historiography. I. Wheatcroft, S. G. II. Series. DK38 .C38 2002 947'.007'2- dc21 2001059829 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 11 10 09 08 07 06 OS 04 03 02 Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham and Eastbourne Contents List of Figures viii List of Tables ix List of Abbreviations xi Notes on the Contributors xiii Acknowledgments xv Introduction xvii PART I: THE PRE-REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD 1 1 The Kaghanate of the Rus': Non-Slavic Sources of Russian Statehood 3 David Christian 1.1 The background: peasant migrations, Khazar power and expanding trade 4 1.2 Volga Bulgaria 13 1.3 The Kaghanate of the Rus' 14 1.4 The turn to the Dnieper 19 1.5 Conclusions 21 2 The Crisis of the Late Tsarist Penal System 27 Stephen G. Wheatcroft 2.1 Developments in the Russian prison system in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in comparison with the West 29 2.2 Detailed materials from the annual reports of the Tsarist Prison Administration from the 1880s to 1905: the years of imprisonment 33 2.3 Changes in prison developments, 1906-14 39 2.4 Conclusion 42 3 The Russian Army and American Industry, 1915-17: Globalisation and the Transfer of Technology 55 Frederick R. Zuckerman v vi Contents PART II: THE STALIN PERIOD 67 4 The Soviet Famine of 1932-33 and the Crisis in Agriculture 69 R. W. Davies and S. G. Wheatcroft 4.1 The grain harvest 69 4.2 Why was grain production so low in 1931 and 1932? 71 4.3 The grain crisis of 1932-33 78 4.4 Changes in the grain balance 87 4.5 Conclusion 88 S Patronage and the Intelligentsia in Stalin's Russia 92 Sheila Fitzpatrick 5.1 Who were the patrons? 94 5.2 What could the patrons do for their clients? 97 5.3 How to acquire a patron 98 5.4 Brokers 99 5.5 How to write to a patron 100 5.6 The human factor: affective ties between patrons and clients 101 5.7 Hierarchies of patronage 103 5.8 Perils and pleasures of patronage 104 6 Towards Explaining the Changing Levels of Stalinist Repression in the 1930s: Mass Killings 112 S. G. Wheatcroft 6.1 Stalinist mass killings in perspective 113 6.2 The 1930-31 wave of mass killings, and why the killings were drastically reduced in July 1931 114 6.3 The reduction in mass killings from the second half of 1931 to 1936 123 6.4 The Ezhovshchina and the resumption of mass killings, 1937-38 129 6.5 Conclusions 138 7 The Great Terror: Leningrad- a Quantitative Analysis 147 Melanie !lie 7.1 The purges: historiographical debates 147 7.2 Sources 149 7.3 Methodology 150 7.4 Sex ratios 150 7.5 Age profile 151 7.6 Residency 151 7.7 Communist Party membership 152 7.8 Nationality 154 Contents vii 7.9 Social composition 154 7.10 Dates of arrests, trials and executions 157 7.11 Number of days between arrest and trial, trial and execution 161 7.12 State organisation responsible for conducting trials 162 7.13 Statute Code 163 7.14 Women 166 7.15 Family ties 166 7.16 Conclusions 167 PART III: THE POST-STALIN PERIOD 171 8 The Dissident Roots of Glasnost 173 Robert Horvath 8.1 Leninist sources of Gorbachev's glasnost 175 8.2 The demand for glasnost 176 8.3 The weapon of glasnost 182 8.4 The practice of glasnost 185 8.5 Official glasnost versus dissident glasnost 189 9 Rethinking Yermolov's Legacy: New Patriotic Narratives of Russia's Engagement with Chechnya 203 Julie Elkner 9.1 Seeing the Chechen through Yermolov's eyes 207 9.2 Yermolov's tragedy 209 9.3 Punishing civilians 210 9.4 Conclusion 212 10 Stalinism and the Fall of the Soviet Union 217 Graeme Gill 10.1 The emergence of the Stalinist power structure 218 10.2 Reform of the power structure? 225 10.3 The collapse of the power structure? 230 Name index 235 Subject index 240 List of Maps and Figures Maps 1.1 The Khaganate of the Rus' 5 1.2 The Khazar empire, 630-965 8 Figures 2.1 Russian crude death rates per thousand population: civil adjusted and prisoner, 1885-1906 38 2.2 Russian crude death rates per thousand population: civil adjusted and prisoner, 1906-15 41 viii List of Tables 2.1 Russian and British execution rates per million population 30 2.2 The scale of Russian exile in comparison with British exile to America and Australia: average per year and estimates of transportation mortality rates 31 2.3 Annual migration beyond the Urals in thousands 32 2.4 Death sentences and executions per year, 1876-1913: various sources 40 2.5 Russian prisoners according to institution 45 2.6 Russian prisoners according to category within institution 46 2. 7 Russian prisoners according to time spent within each category in year equivalents each year 48 2.8 Russian prison mortality for different categories of prisoners: Crude Death Rate per thousand population SO 4.1 Grain production, 1909-13-1933: alternative series (million tons) 72 4.2 Grain collections (zagotovki), 1931-32 and 1932-33 (thousand tons) 79 4.3 State grain collections, agricultural year July 1932-June 1933: peasant sector (kolkhozy plus individual peasants) (thousand tons) 80 4.4 State grain resources and allocation, 1931-32 and 1932-33 (thousand tons) 85 6.1 Comparative international data on death sentences and executions 114 6.2 Main periods of upsurge of repression as indicated by death sentences in Russia and the USSR 115 6.3 Cases prosecuted by the security agencies, 1926-32: all cases and especially those with death sentences, for USSR, Moscow, Tomsk and Altai 118 6.4 Death sentences 1930-36 prosecuted by the security agencies: All-USSR, Moscow and other regions 125 6.5 Death sentences, 1936-39 prosecuted by security agencies: All-USSR, Moscow and other regions 130 6.6 The growth in numbers of prisoners in Western Siberian prisons (excluding camps) and in the USSR as a whole 135 6.
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