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Ecosystem Services, Livelihood and Well-Being in the Indonesian Oil Palm Based Agroecosystem

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Ecosystem Services, Livelihood and Well-Being in the Indonesian Oil Palm Based Agroecosystem ECOSYSTEM SERVICES, LIVELIHOOD AND WELL-BEING IN THE INDONESIAN OIL PALM BASED AGROECOSYSTEM Jani Kärkkäinen Maisterintutkielma Helsingin yliopisto Maataloustieteiden laitos Kasvintuotantotieteet/ Agroekologia 2018 HELSINGIN YLIOPISTO HELSINGFORS UNIVERSITET UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI Tiedekunta/Osasto Fakultet/Sektion Faculty Laitos Institution Department Maatalous-metsätieteellinen tiedekunta Maataloustieteiden laitos Tekijä Författare Author Jani Kärkkäinen Työn nimi Arbetets titel Title Ecosystem services, livelihood and well-being in the Indonesian oil palm based agroecosystem Oppiaine Läroämne Subject Kasviontuotannon biologia (Agroekologia) Työn laji Arbetets art Level Aika Datum Month and year Sivumäärä Sidoantal Number of pages Maisterintutkielma Marraskuu 2018 148 Tiivistelmä Referat Abstract Tutkimuksessa selvitetään öljypalmun pienviljelyn, varallisuuden sekä öljypalmun maatalousekosysteemin tuottamien ekosysteemipalveluiden vaikutuksia kotitalouksien hyvinvointiin Tanjung Beringin ja Betungin kylissä Sumatralla, Indonesiassa vuonna 2008. Öljypalmun viljelyllä on runsaasti ympäristö- ja yhteiskunnallis-taloudellisia vaikutuksia. Erityisesti alkuperäisasukkaat ovat haavoittuva sidosryhmä laajentuvien öljypalmuplantaasien välimaastossa. Öljypalmuteollisuuden piirissä on ollut pyrkimystä löytää kestäviä toimintamalleja palmuöljyn tuottamiseen: alkuperäisasukkaiden huomioon ottamisella on tässä olennainen osa. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on kartoittaa tilannetta, ja selvittää öljypalmuviljelyn vaikutuksia erityisesti paikallisten alkuperäisasukkaiden hyvinvointiin liittyen, ja samalla tarjota tietoa kestävämpään kehitykseen suuntautuvan päätöksenteon tueksi. Tutkimus perustuu kotitaloushaastatteluihin Petalangan-nimisen etnisen ryhmän alueella. Haastatteluista on koottu relaatiotietokanta, josta on tuotettu muuttujia ekosysteemipalveluista, taloudesta ja hyvinvoinnista tilastollista analyysia varten. Tilastollinen analyysi on toteutettu pääosin ristiintaulukoimalla mainittuja muuttujia suhteessa varallisuuteen ja öljypalmupienviljelijyyteen, merkitsevyys on todettu Pearssonin khii-testin avulla. Tulosten tulkinta ja analyysi on tehty ekosysteemipalveluiden (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment) viitekehyksessä. Öljypalmupienviljelyn ja kotitalouksien tulonmuodostuksen välillä havaittiin erityisen merkitsevä varallisuutta lisäävä yhteys. Varallisuuden ja kotitalouden hyvinvoinnin välillä havaittiin yhteys: varallisuus lisäsi erityisen merkitsevästi hyvinvointia. Öljypalmuviljelyn dominoima sirpaleinen maatalousekosysteemi tuotti edelleenkin kotitalouksille tärkeitä ekosysteemipalveluita. Varallisuus vähensi kotitalouksien riippuvuutta useimmista ekosysteemipalveluista, ja sillä saatiin korvattua useiden ekosysteemipalveluiden heikentynyttä saantia. Tutkimuksen johtopäätöksenä voidaan todeta, että öljypalmuviljelyn dominoimassa maaseutuekosysteemissä öljypalmupienviljely ja parempi tulotaso vaikuttavat kotitalouksien hyvinvointiin hyvin myönteisesti, kun taas ei- öljypalmuviljelijyys ja köyhyys ennustavat pahoinvointia. Avainsanat Nyckelord Keywords Ekosysteemipalvelut, elinkeino, toimeentulo, hyvinvointi, öljypalmu, agroekologia Säilytyspaikka Förvaringsställe Where deposited Maataloustieteiden laitos ja Viikin kampuskirjasto Muita tietoja Övriga uppgifter Further information Juha Helenius 2 HELSINGIN YLIOPISTO HELSINGFORS UNIVERSITET UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI Tiedekunta/Osasto Fakultet/Sektion Faculty Laitos Institution Department Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry Department of Agricultural Sciences Tekijä Författare Author Jani Kärkkäinen Työn nimi Arbetets titel Title Ecosystem services, livelihood and well-being in the Indonesian oil palm based agroecosystem Oppiaine Läroämne Subject Plant Production Biology (Agroecology) Työn laji Arbetets art Level Aika Datum Month and year Sivumäärä Sidoantal Number of pages Master’s thesis November 2018 148 Tiivistelmä Referat Abstract This study investigates the effects of oil palm smallholding, wealth, and ecosystem services produced by oil palm dominated agroecosystem in the villages of Tanjung Bering and Betung in Sumatra, Indonesia in 2008. The cultivation of oil palm has many environmental and socio-economic impacts. In particular, indigenous peoples are vulnerable stakeholders between the expanding oil palm plantations. Oil palm industry has sought to find sustainable models for palm oil production: the inclusion of indigenous peoples to oil palm development is an essential part of this. The purpose of the study is to chart the situation and to investigate the impact of the oil palm smallholding for the well-being of local indigenous people, and to provide information for the sustainable decision-making. The study is based on household interviews in the area of the Petalangan ethnic group. The interviews were added to a relational database, which was used to provide variables on ecosystem services, economy and well-being for statistical analysis. Statistical analysis was carried out mainly by cross-tabulating the mentioned variables with wealth and the oil palm smallholding status, significance has been defined with the Pearson’s khii-test. Interpretation and analysis of the results has been made in the framework of ecosystem services by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Oil palm smallholding highly significantly increased households’ income, and wealth increased highly significantly household’s well-being. The fragmented oil palm dominated agroecosystem was still providing ecosystem services to households. The wealth reduced households’ dependency on most ecosystem services as well as substituted many of them. It is concluded based on this study that in the oil palm dominated agroecosystem, oil palm smallholding and higher income affects very favourable to the households’ well-being, and vice versa non-oil-palm-smallholding and poverty predicts ill-being. Avainsanat Nyckelord Keywords Ecosystem services, livelihood, well-being, oil palm, agroecology, Petalangan Säilytyspaikka Förvaringsställe Where deposited Department of Agricultural Sciences and Viikki Campus Library Muita tietoja Övriga uppgifter Further information Juha Helenius 3 CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 8 2 PALM OIL INDUSTRY ......................................................................................................... 9 2.1 General features ........................................................................................................................ 9 2.2 Specific Case of Pt Musim Mas ................................................................................................. 13 2.2.1 KKPA-scheme ...................................................................................................................... 15 2.2.2 Indigenous population......................................................................................................... 19 2.2.3 Surroundings ....................................................................................................................... 21 3 LIVELIHOOD, WELLBEING AND OIL PALM .................................................................. 28 3.1 General notions ....................................................................................................................... 28 3.2 Specific notions with the Petalangan indigenous group ............................................................ 35 4 OBJECTIVES ..................................................................................................................... 40 5 MATERIALS AND METHODS ......................................................................................... 41 5.1 Methodological setting ............................................................................................................ 41 5.2 Materials ................................................................................................................................. 45 5.2.1 Sources ............................................................................................................................... 45 5.2.2 Secondary sources ............................................................................................................... 46 5.3 Methods .................................................................................................................................. 47 5.3.1 Questionnaire ..................................................................................................................... 52 5.3.2 Analysis ............................................................................................................................... 57 6 RESULTS ........................................................................................................................... 58 6.1 Household demographics ......................................................................................................... 58 6.2 Livelihood ................................................................................................................................ 59 6.3 Household valuables ................................................................................................................ 65 6.4 Land ownership ....................................................................................................................... 67 6.5 Livestock ................................................................................................................................
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