Explorers and Voyagers

History Explorers and Voyagers

Pupil Workbook Year 2, Unit 4

Name:

Existing Knowledge:

What do you know about explorers and voyagers? Write down anything you already know about explorers or voyagers around the picture below. You could also write down anything you know about the world.

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83AD

Session 1: What is an explorer and who was Marco Polo?

Key Knowledge Key Vocabulary

 An explorer is a person who explores a new or unfamiliar area  explorer  Marco Polo is an explorer, famous for his voyages to China  voyager and central Asia  prosperous  The Silk Road was a network of routes used by merchants to transport goods from China to Europe.  merchant  lucrative  His book ‘The Travels of Marco Polo’ inspired fellow explorer Christopher Columbus  advisor

An explorer is someone who explores a new or unfamiliar area or place. Explorers do not need to travel the whole world. Marco Polo was a great explorer.

Marco Polo was born in Venice in Italy in 1254. The blue map points to where Italy is and the yellow map points to where Venice is in Italy.

The painting shows what it may have been like in Venice at this time

Task: What can you learn about Venice in the past from this painting and from where it is on the two maps?

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The maps show us that Venice was next to the sea. We can see from the painting that lots of ships could visit from other places. Venice became very powerful because lots of people visited to buy and sell things.

Marco Polo’s mother died when he was born so he was looked after by his aunt and uncle. His father and uncle were both merchants and his father working at sea when his mother died. A merchant is someone who trades things and they would be away for long periods of time.

After Marco Polo’s father came home to Venice after travelling, he finally found out that his wife had died. Marco was 15 years old by the time this happened.

Task: Why do you think Marco’s father did not find out about his wife for 15 years?

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The Silk Road

Instead of leaving Marco at home in Venice, his father and his uncle thought that it would be better to take Marco back to China with them. In 1271 they left for their journey. They used a route called the Silk Road to travel to China from Italy.

The Silk Road is 5000 miles long. This route was used by merchants to move goods from China to Europe. The Silk Road is not one single road, it is a network of multiple routes. On the map here you can see some of the water routes in blue and some of the land routes in red.

It is called ‘The Silk Road’ because so many people traded silk along these routes. It was a very lucrative business and this means that they made lots of money because silk was very expensive.

Task: Which different places can you see on this map? ______

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On the way to China, Marco Polo visited many different cities and places. You can see those places on this map.

Task: Can you find and draw arrows from the pictures to the places on the map?

The Hindu Kush Mountains Gobi Desert

The Holy City of Jerusalem Yunnan

During some of the journey, they will have travelled using camels. When Marco got home to Venice, he retold all his stories to a writer. The people who heard and read his stories had never seen or heard about the places Marco had visited and they were fascinated. Task: Use the pictures to describe some of the things that Marco Polo saw.

Gobi Desert The Hindu Kush Yunnan Mountains

Write your description of each place here:

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The Holy City of ______Jerusalem ______

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Session 2: What legacy did Zheng He leave behind?

Key Knowledge Key Vocabulary

 Zheng He was born 1371 in Yunnan Province, China.  Legacy  His family were important leaders  Emperor  Zheng He was captured and given to a prince as a slave.  Diplomat  The prince liked Zheng He and he was rewarded with an  Dynasty education  Fleet  He was also asked to lead great armies and sail trading ships  Allies  They visited Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka and India

 He traded goods, visited kings, defeated pirates and brought back lots of wild animals as gifts  The wild animals included lions, zebras, ostriches and giraffes

Knowledge Quiz:

1. To be an explorer, you need to travel the whole world:

2. Circle the continents that Marco Polo is known for exploring:

3. The Silk Road got its name because silk was:

4. How many routes were in the Silk Road?

5. Which places did Marco Polo visit?

Zheng He was born in Yunnan province, China in in 1371. His birth name was Ma He. Yunnan was ruled by the Mongol Yuan dynasty when he was

born. Task: This is a painting from the time when Ma He was a child. What can you learn about China in the past from this painting?

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The painting shows us that there was conflict (fighting) in China. In 1381, a Ming army invaded and conquered Yunnan. Ma He’s father died in the fighting.

Ma He’s father and grandfather were important leaders in the Mongol dynasty. This made Ma He important too.

When the Ming Dynasty took over, Chinese soldiers captured Ma He and took him as a slave to one of the Emperor's sons, Prince Zhu Di.

He was taken to the capital city, Nanjing, where he served in the royal court.

Task: How do you think Ma He felt, being captured and made to be a slave?

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While serving in the royal court, the Emperor had noticed that Ma He was a hardworking boy. Ma He received military training and soon became a trusted assistant and adviser to the emperor. He also served as a bodyguard protecting Prince Zhu Di during many battles against the Mongols.

Soon he was one of Prince Zhu Di's closest advisors. He earned honour and rose to the highest positions in government. He was given the title ‘Zheng’ (which was a huge honour) and was known as Zheng He.

Task: Ma He worked hard at the Ming court, even though they had captured him. Why do you think he might have chosen to do that?

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Years later, Prince Zhu Di became the Emperor of China. In 1405 when Emperor Zhu Di decided to send out a giant fleet of ships to explore and trade with the rest of the world, he chose Zheng to lead the expedition.

This expedition was massive! In all, the fleet had about 208 vessels, including 62 treasure ships, and more than 27,800 crew, with Zheng He in charge of all of them. The voyage lasted two years and he visited 25 countries in Asia and India. He traded goods such as spices, medicines and brought back different exotic animals. He traded goods, visited kings, defeated pirates and built good relationships with the leaders in the places they visited.

Task: Look at the drawing to the left, what exotic animal did Zheng He bring back to China? Which country to do you think he got it from? Why did he bring it back to China? ______

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Zheng He's fleet traded and built good relationships with the places they visited. They also battled pirates and even captured one famous pirate leader and brought him back to China with them.

Task: How do you think the Emperor felt about Zheng He and his travels? ______

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Session 3: How has Francis Drake helped us to understand the world?

Key Knowledge Key Vocabulary

 Sir Francis Drake was Sea Captain, navigator and slaver  circumnavigate  He was the first Englishman to sail around the world  pirate  In 1567, Drake was supposed to capture slaves from  slavery Africa and bring them back for sale  galleon  Drake was a great sailor but we know now that the capturing of slaves was not a good thing  captured  In 1577 Drake and the Spanish became enemies.  In 1581 Queen Elizabeth I made Drake a knight

Knowledge Quiz:

1. Zheng He’s birth name was:

2. Zheng He was captured as a child by:

Mongol armies Ming armies

3. How many sailors were in Zheng He’s first voyage?

28,700 29,000

4. We know that one of the exotic animals he brought back with him was a:

Sheep Giraffe Polar Bear Monkey

Francis Drake was a sea captain who lived during the reign of Elizabeth I. He is known the first Englishman to circumnavigate the world in a single expedition. That makes that he sailed around the whole world in one trip.

Francis Drake travelled around the world on his galleon The Golden Hind. This is a replica of The Golden Hind which you can see in London today. The Golden Hind was also known as a galleon.

Task: What do you think this word means?

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This map shows us that Drake left England with a fleet of ships. He went to different places in North America, South America and the Caribbean. South America and the Caribbean were called the West Indies in the past

Task: Where did Drake sail to when he left England? ______

In 1577, Queen Elizabeth told Drake to set off on an expedition.

4.He arrived back in England in 2.He continued north, hoping to find a route across to the Atlantic, and sailed September 1580 with a rich cargo further up the west coast of America of spices and Spanish treasure. than any European had before.

1.He travelled up the 3.Unable to find a way West coast of South through, he turned south and then in July 1579, America to steal 14 from Spanish ports. west across the Pacific.

He sailed with five ships, but by the time he reached the Pacific Ocean in October 1578 only The Golden Hind was left. Four years later, Francis Drake returned to England. The Golden Hind was full of treasure and spices, and Drake was a very rich man. Despite Spanish protests about him stealing from them, Queen Elizabeth I herself went aboard the Golden Hind and personally made him a knight.

The Spanish viewed Drake as a pirate who stole their property, destroyed ships and killed men. They nicknamed him ‘the Dragon’.

The Spanish King collected a huge fleet of Spanish

warships called the Spanish Armada and sent them to beat the British and take over England.

As vice admiral of the English fleet at the time of the Armada, Drake had idea of setting fire to ships and sailing them into the Spanish Fleet.

The captains of the fleet panicked and scattered. Then the English attacked.

A little while later, a huge storm hit the fleet. Many of the Spanish ships were sunk or broke up on the rocks of England's shore. The English defeated the Spanish and were now the most powerful navy in the world.

Task: How did Francis Drake make England more powerful? ______

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Session 4: What important discoveries did James Cook make?

Key Knowledge Key Vocabulary

 Cook voyaged the southern hemisphere to look at the planet Venus  Apprenticeship  He explored new lands: Australia, Tahiti, New Zealand  Cartographer  He mapped the main islands of New Zealand  Navigator  He studied plants and animals from Australia  Journey lines  He claimed the land as part of the British Empire  Native  1772 he successfully sailed to the South Pole.  Indigenous

Knowledge Quiz:

1. What was the name of Sir Francis Drake’s ship?

2. It took 2 voyages for Sir Francis Drake cirumnavigate the world.

3. The Golden Hind was the only ship that Sir Francis Drake sailed on.

4. Sir Francis Drake was enemies with which country?

5. Queen Elizabeth I approved of Drake’s expeditions.

James Cook was a British navigator, cartographer and

explorer who sailed and mapped much of the South Pacific.

James Cook was born on October 27, 1728 in Marton, England. His father was a farmer, but as James grew older he knew he wanted to explore the sea. When he was 18 years old he took an apprenticeship as a merchant seaman. This means he was learning how to trade and sail ships. Although he was doing well, Cook decided to enlist in the Royal Navy at the start of the Seven Years War. It was during the Seven Years War that James became a master at map making. His ability at surveying, navigating, and creating large accurate maps was noticed by those high up in the Navy.

Task: A cartographer is a person who makes maps. Why would this be important?

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Cook was given command of the Endeavour by England's Royal Society. The Endeavour was a ship. The ship wasn't fast, but it was strong and would be able to carry a lot of supplies.

Captain Cook introduced some strict, new rules to keep his crew healthy and safe. He told his men to wash every day and the ship to be kept very clean. He also told them that the bedding to be aired twice a week. Cook also brought lots of fresh fruit to keep his men from getting scurvy (an illness caused by not eating enough healthy food). These rules and his planning helped his men to stay healthy throughout the long voyages ahead.

Task: What were Cook's rules for keeping his crew healthy and safe?

 ______

Cook set off for his first journey on August 26, 1768. His main plan was to watch the planet Venus as it moved between the Earth and the Sun. He wanted to do this because it would help astronomers (people who studied the sky) to work out how far the Sun was from the Earth. He also hoped to find the famous southern continent that he had read stories about but had never been found and seen by an Englishman. Task: Not all of the continents had been discovered when Captain Cook was born. Which continent do you think he was probably looking for? ______

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During this trip he visited Tahiti (where he watched Venus), the Society Islands, and New Zealand. He drew maps of the two main islands of New Zealand, but also ended up fighting with the local Maori tribe.

Next stop on the journey was the east coast of Australia. Here James and his crew found lots of interesting animals and plants including the kangaroo. Unfortunately, the ship was damaged and they had to stop for a while to do repairs. Many of the crew got a disease from mosquitoes (malaria is the name of the disease) during this stop and over 30 of the crew died. Finally, they returned home in July of 1771, nearly three years after their departure. 20

Captain Cook's second expedition took place from 1772-1775. This time he took two ships, the Adventure and the Resolution. His goal was to either discover the southern continent or prove it didn't exist. He went further south than any other explorer from Europe had been. He also visited a place called Easter Island.

Cook's final expedition lasted from 1776 to 1779. The goal of this journey was to find a north-western route across North America to Asia. He searched the coast of Alaska but could not find what he had hoped. However, he did find the Hawaiian Islands.

Task: What do these paintings tell us about his relationship with the Hawaiian people? ______

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At first Captain Cook and his men got along well with the natives of the Hawaiian Islands. However, things went bad when the natives stole a sailboat. Cook tried to kidnap the chief to hold him as ransom for the boat. In the attempt a fight broke out and he was killed by the natives. Task: How did Captain Cook die? In your opinion, what could he have done to prevent this from happening? ______

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Task: Fill in this table to show the similarities and differences between Cook’s voyages

1st voyage 2nd voyage 3rd voyage

Did he sail the Southern Ocean?

Did he discover new lands?

Did he discover new animals & plants? Was he welcomed by native people

Did he return home safely?

Session 5: Why are Amelia Earhart’s voyages considered important?

Key Knowledge Key Vocabulary

 Pilot  She was the first female pilot to fly solo across the Atlantic  Aviator Ocean in 1932.  Voyage  As a child, Amelia saw the Wright Brothers at a State Fair. She was not interested in flying at a time.  Navigation  In May 1923 she was the 16th woman in the USA to receive a pilot’s license.  In 1930 Amelia set 2 women’s speed records.  In 1932 Amelia was the first woman to fly coast to coast.  In 1937, she attempted to fly all around the world. Her plane went missing on the home stretch and she was never seen again.

Knowledge Quiz: 1. Circle the jobs that Captain James Cook had:

2. Captain James Cook became a cartorapher during the Seven Years War.

3. Captain James Cook created a new set of rules for his crew. Why?

4. Which continent was Captain Cook looking for?

5. Captain Cook was killed by Hawaiians after they kidnapped him:

Amelia Earhart was an aviator who is best known for being the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean. An aviator is someone who flies planes.

Amelia's first "flight" was when she was just seven years old. With the help of Muriel and her uncle she made a homemade roller coaster. After crashing dramatically she told her sister that it "was just like flying". When Amelia was eleven years old she saw one of the Wright Brothers first airplanes at a State Fair. The Wright brothers built the world’s first engine powered aeroplane which could fly – it only flew for 12 seconds but it did fly! Amelia however, had no interest in flying and did not think much of the plane or the Wright brothers at the time. Amelia lived in America in the 1920s. Before this, women had always needed to stay at home, look after the children and have low skilled jobs. However during the war, in the years before, women had needed to do the jobs usually done by men because the men had gone to fight. The women started to work in factories and on farms. They were doing jobs they had never been able to before.

Task: How does this compare to the jobs women can do today?

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This timeline shows you the history of women in aviation (flying planes):

1908 1910 1911 1928 Therese Peltier is the Baroness Raymonde de Harriet Quimby- Amelia Earhart is the first woman to fly an la Roche is the first becomes the first first woman to fly across airplane on her own. woman to earn a pilot's American woman to be the Atlantic license. a licensed pilot

Task: Why do you think it took so long for women to fly planes after they were invented? ______

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______This timeline shows you different events in Amelia Earhart’s life:

Amelia Amelia and At 7 years 1908 at 11 1920 1928 1932 was born her sister old Amelia, years old Amelia Amelia is Amelia is 24th July Muriel had with help Amelia saw went on the first the first 1897 in all sorts of from her one of the her first woman to woman to Atchison, adventures. uncle, built Wright plane fly across fly across Kansas. a roller Brothers flight. the the coaster. It first She worked Atlantic. Atlantic was her airplanes. hard to pay It took 21 solo. It first She didn’t for flying hours and took 14 experience have any lessons an 3 pilots. hours. of flying. interest in bought a flying. yellow plane she nicknamed “canary” 25

In 1928 Amelia was invited to take part in a flight across the Atlantic Ocean. Together with pilot Bill Stultz and co-pilot Slim Gordon, Amelia flew in an aeroplane called Friendship. Amelia was the navigator on the flight. After 21 hours of flying, the plane landed in Wales. She had made history and was the first woman to ever make the flight across the Atlantic Ocean. Earhart was a hero to the people of the United States. They had a parade for her in New York City and she even got to meet the President at the White House. Here are some of Amelia Earhart’s other achievements:

1922: Broke women's altitude record for 14,000 feet.

1928: First woman to fly across the Atlantic.

1928: Wrote a book ’20 hours 40 minutes’

1930: Set 2 women’s speed records.

1932: First woman to fly solo across the Atlantic

1932: First woman to fly coast to coast

1935: First person to fly solo from LA to Mexico City.

She was the most famous woman pilot in the world but Earhart wasn't satisfied.

Task: Why do you think Amelia was not satisfied? ______

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Amelia Earhart wanted to be the first woman to fly around the world. On June 1, 1937 Amelia and Fred Noonan, her navigator, took off from Miami in Florida. They flew a number of flights, eventually getting all the way across Africa and Asia to New Guinea in the South Pacific.

On July 2nd 1937, Amelia and Fred took off from New Guinea to fly to Howland Island in the Pacific Ocean and they were never seen again…

Task: What do you think happened to Amelia and her plane? ______

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Session 6: Why are people who summit Everest considered significant?

Key Knowledge Key Vocabulary

 Everest is the highest mountain in the world  Summit  It is very dangerous to climb to the top of the mountain  Altitude  When you climb to the top you say that you have  Ascent reached the summit  Sherpa  It costs a lot of money to take the journey to the top and many people have died  Hilary’s step  Edmund Hilary reached the summit with the support of his sherpa called Tenzing Norgay

Knowledge Quiz 4.5

1. Amelia Earhart was the first person to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean:

True

2. Amelia Earhart became interested in flying after seeing the Wright Brothers.

3. What was the name of the plane Earhart flew over the Atlantic?

Friendship Charity Canary

4. Amelia Earhart was a navigator as well as a pilot:

5. Amelia Earhart came back safely from her round the world flight:

This is Mount Everest, the highest mountain on the entire Earth.

It is part of the Himalayas, a huge mountain range in Southern Asia that includes more than 110 huge mountains.

Task: What is special about Mount Everest? Which countries is it near? ______

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Everest is one of the world’s deadliest mountains. The first attempt to climb it was in 1921 by a British expedition, however they were unsuccessful.

Mount Everest has a three-sided pyramid shape, each side is called a face, with ridges where 2 faces join.

The 3 faces are known as:  the Southwest Face  the East (Kangshung) Face  the North Face

The fewest number of people have tried to climb the east face and not very many of those people have been successful. Most successes have been from climbing the southwest face. Mount Everest is often linked with the local people who live in the valley below, known as Sherpa. They are usually farming people who grazed their animals high up in the mountains. They are excellent guides and assistants to those who wish to climb Everest. Being so high, the summit of Everest is extremely cold. Climbers do not only have to prepare for the cold, but also strong winds. There is less oxygen in high places and so many people can get sick because of this. This sickness is called altitude sickness. It can hurt the body and the mind and it is very dangerous.

What equipment do mountaineers need? Hilary’s equipment Modern equipment Oxygen tank

Goggles

Gloves

Warm clothing and windproof clothes

Climbing tools

Special shoes and poles called crampons which help with walking

Task: Why do you think so much equipment is needed to climb Mount Everest? ______

______Why do you think Edmund Hillary’s photo in black & white? ______

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On May 29th 1953, Edmund Hilary and his Sherpa Tenzing Norgay, became the first people to summit Everest.

In 1953 the British were told they were allowed to try and climb Mount Everest. The government of Nepal, where Everest is, would only allow one group to try every year and so this was a big deal. The leader of the expedition, John Hunt, asked Hillary to join in the climb. There were over 400 people on the trip. They climbed the mountain in stages, moving to a higher camp every few weeks. At each stage fewer and fewer people would continue to climb.

Once they got to the final camp, there were two teams chosen to climb the last stage to the summit. One team was Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay. The other team was Tom Bourdillon and Charles Evans. The team of Bourdillon and Evans tried first, but they failed to make it to the top.

Finally Hillary and Tenzing got their chance to try for the summit. They ran into some difficulties, including a 40-foot rock wall that is today called 'Hillary's Step', but they made it to the top. They were the first to climb to the top of the world! Because the air was so thin, they only stayed at the top for a few minutes before returning to tell the world of their achievement.

Task: How do you think Hilary and Norgay felt when they reached the summit of Everest? Why do you think they felt like this? ______

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Try to answer this question using all of the new knowledge you have:

Who were the great explorers of the past?

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