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Approved Electronically Generated Thesis/Dissertation Cover-Page THE UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER - APPROVED ELECTRONICALLY GENERATED THESIS/DISSERTATION COVER-PAGE Electronic identifier: 14183 Date of electronic submission: 05/01/2015 The University of Manchester makes unrestricted examined electronic theses and dissertations freely available for download and reading online via Manchester eScholar at http://www.manchester.ac.uk/escholar. This print version of my thesis/dissertation is a TRUE and ACCURATE REPRESENTATION of the electronic version submitted to the University of Manchester's institutional repository, Manchester eScholar. Approved electronically generated cover-page version 1.0 Fighting for Change: Narrative accounts on the appeal and desistance potential of boxing A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities 2014 Deborah Louise Jump School of Law Contents Diagrams list……………………………………………………………………….. 8 Abstract…………………………………………………………………………….. 9 Declaration…………………………………………………………………………. 10 Copyright Statement……………………………………………………………….. 10 Dedication………………………………………………………………………….. 11 Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………….... 11 Chapter 1: Introduction…………………………………………………………….. 12 1.1. Origins of Thesis…………………………………………………………….. 12 1.2. Why Boxing?………………………………………………………………... 13 1.3. The Boxing Gym and Site of This Research……………………………....... 14 1.4. Boxing: What’s the Appeal?............................................................................ 15 1.5. Boxing and its Relationship to Desistance from Crime……………………... 16 1.6. Structure of the Thesis………………………………………………………. 18 Chapter 2: The Appeal of Boxing………………………………………………….. 21 2.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………….. 21 2.2 A Brief History of Boxing…………………………………………………… 22 2.3 Modern Day Boxing: Routes to Turning Professional………………………. 32 2.4 Sport as a Definer of Hegemonic Masculinity………………………………. 35 2.5 Sport as a Form of Domination……………………………………………… 38 2 2.6 The Downside to Domination: Sport and Male Vulnerability………………. 42 2.7 Summary…………………………………………………………………….. 44 Chapter 3: Contemporary Ideas Surrounding Sport and Desistance from Crime….. 46 3.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………….. 46 3.2 The Historical Debate: Why Sport was considered to be Beneficial………... 46 3.3 Why is Sport Presumed to Work? A Discussion on Sport’s Perceived Benefits and the Methodological Problems Surrounding This…………………………….. 49 3.4 Sport and Conformity: Theoretical Arguments for Sport’s Potential to Increase Pro-Social Behaviour……………………………………………………………... 53 3.5 Sport as Criminogenic: A Discussion on the Learnt Behaviours in Sport and its Relationship with Violence and Masculine Enhancing Properties……….. 60 3.6 Summary…………………………………………………………………….. 67 Chapter 4: Methodology: Rationale, Development, Data Collection and Analysis.. 69 4.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………….. 69 4.2 Rationale and Aims of the Research………………………………………… 69 4.3 Research Design……………………………………………………………... 70 4.4 Sampling Procedures………………………………………………………… 73 4.5 Strategies to Gain Entry and Others to Ensure Continued Acceptance……... 75 4.6 Narrative Interviewing: The Boxer’s Stories………………………………... 79 3 4.7 Analysis of Data……………………………………………………………... 82 4.8 Evaluating the Research……………………………………………………... 85 4.9 An Ethnographic Account of North Town Gym..…………………………... 88 4.9.1 Introduction………….……………………………………………………... 88 4.9.2 Meeting “The Boys”...……………………………………………………... 88 4.9.3 First Day ‘on the Job’……………………………………………………... 93 4.9.4 The Pro’s and the Amateurs………………………………………………... 96 4.9.5 Framing Desistance: The Ambivalence of the Boxer.……………………... 104 4.9.6 Discussion…………...……………………………………………………... 107 Chapter 5: The Appeal of the Boxing Gym………………………………………... 108 5.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………….. 108 5.2 Reflections on the Appeal of Boxing………………………………………... 108 5.3 Boxing’s Appeal Being Status, Fame, and Action…………………………... 112 5.4 Boxing’s Appeal Being Dedication, Reconstruction and Bodywork………... 117 5.5 Boxing’s Appeal Being Competition and the Accomplishment of Masculinity……………………………………………………………………….. 119 5.6 Boxing as a Response to Personal and Structural Vulnerability…………….. 129 5.7 Summary…………………………………………………………………….. 141 Chapter 6: The Desistance Promoting Potential of Boxing………………………... 144 4 6.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………….. 144 6.2 Findings in Relation to Boxing as a Site of Incapacitation………………….. 145 6.3 Findings in Relation to Boxing as a Form of Pro-social Development……… 152 6.4 Respect: The Gym, Opportunities and the Street……………………………. 157 6.5 Identity and Desistance from Violence: The Inside / Outside Gym Paradigm and the Use of Techniques of Neutralisation…………………………………….. 164 6.6 Summary…………………………………………………………………….. 176 Chapter 7: The Case of Frank: Embodiment and the Appeal of the Boxing Gym… 182 7.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………….. 182 7.2 Frank’s Story………………………………………………………………… 182 7.3 Battle Wounds: Frank’s Search for Respect…………………………………. 190 7.4 Boxing and Reconstruction of the Self………………………………………. 197 7.5 Discussion…………………………………………………………………… 199 Chapter 8: The Case of Simon: Reputation, stigma and ‘fate’…………………... 201 8.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………….. 201 8.2 Simon’s Story………………………………………………………………... 201 8.3 Working Class Habitus and Boxing………..………………………………... 210 8.4 Discussion………………………………….………………………………... 216 Chapter 9: The Case of Eric: Violence, Boxing and the Damaged Emasculated 5 Body.......................................................................................................................... 222 9.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………….. 222 9.2 Eric’s Story…………………………………………………………………... 222 9.3 The Beginning of a Boxer: Eric’s Trajectory………………………………... 224 9.4 Physical Capital and the Boxer’s Means of Production……………………... 226 9.5 Think You’re a Big Man Do You? Eric’s Relationship with his Father and the Appeal of the Gym………………………………………………………….... 229 9.6 The Boxing Bulimic: Eric’s Bodily Destruction for a Sense of Acceptance…………………………………………………………………….. 233 9.7 The Boxer’s ‘Heart’ and the Controlling of a Monster - Eric and Violence Outside the Ring………………………………………………………………….. 240 9.8 The Logic of Violence: Transposable Attitudes from Ring to Street……….. 243 9.9 Discussion…………………………………………………………………… 245 Chapter 10: The Case of Marcus: Boxing, Competition and Desistance…………...249 10.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………249 10.2 Marcus’s Story………………………………………………………………249 10.3 A Sense of Competition: How the Messages Transmitted in Boxing Gyms Can Potentially Promote Violent Behaviour……………………………………... 254 10.4 Discussion……………………………………………………………………262 6 Chapter 11: Discussion…………………………………………………………….. 264 11.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………… 264 11.2 Findings in Relation to the Enduring Appeal of Boxing…………………... 264 11.3 Findings in Relation to the Desistance Promoting Potential of Boxing…… 268 11.4 Implications for Policy and Practice……………………………………….. 274 11.5 Limitations of the Research and Implications for Theory…………………. 282 12. References...…………………………………………………………………286 Word Count: 86495 7 Diagrams list: Diagram 1. The Sample of Men in the Boxing Gym………………………………. 66 8 THE UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER Abstract of Thesis submitted by Deborah Louise Jump for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy and entitled: ‘Fighting for Change: Narrative accounts on the appeal and desistance potential of boxing’ Month and Year of submission May 2014 Abstract This doctoral research addresses the relationship between the sport of boxing and men’s desistance from violent crime. It examines how men make sense of violence as a result of participating in the sport, and how they subsequently rehearse and practice violence in their everyday lives both in and outside of the gym walls. Thirteen men were interviewed using Biographical Narrative Interviewing techniques as part of a six month ethnography in an inner-city boxing gym in the north of England. Furthermore, I spoke with three policy makers in the field of sport and desistance from crime, to ascertain whether or not they determined sport to be beneficial in promoting pro-social behaviour among adolescents. Throughout this thesis I pay particular attention to the participant’s understanding of violence and also how the logic of the gym reinforces attitudes favourable to violence and the maintenance of respect. Thus, this research discusses and elaborates on previous assumptions in sporting and desistance literature, and argues that while relevant, diversionary activities and sport-based rehabilitative programmes are only one element in the theory of change. In conclusion, arguments are put forward that state that boxing actually traps men in an attendant culture of respect that requires them to respond in aggressive ways to maintain an image of both masculinity and respect. This attendant culture - that is transposable between gym and street – can override the pro- social desisting elements that the gym can offer, and reinforces the logic and discourses that evokes and traps men in habits of responding to violence, therefore in terms of future policy and practice new directions need to be sought. 9 Declaration No portion of the work referred to in the thesis has been submitted in support of an application for another degree or qualification of this or any other university or other institute of learning. Copyright Statement The author of this thesis (including any appendices and/or schedules to this thesis) owns certain copyright or related rights in it (the “Copyright”) and s/he has given The University
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