Timeline / 1800 to 1890 /

Date Country Theme

1808 - 1813 Spain Political Context

Guerra de la Independencia () during the French occupation of the Iberian Peninsula and the rule of King Joseph-Napoleon Bonaparte.

1812 Spain Political Context

Spain's first Constitution of 1812, influenced by the , is revolutionary because it declares the Spanish American colonies to be provinces and all their inhabitants citizens. The constitution reduces some of the powers and privileges of the , aristocracy and church and will influence future post- independence South American constitutions. Up to 1876 Spain will change its constitution four times (1837, 1845, 1869, 1876).

1813 Spain Political Context

The Valençay Treaty ends the war between Spain and . Return of King Fernando VII and absolutist .

1817 Spain Reforms And Social Changes

Slave trade (trata de negros) abolished by the Spanish Parliament at Cádiz. Following the influence of the French Revolution the anti-slavery movement grew in Europe. In 1837 slavery was abolished in Spain but not in the colonies. The government later freed the slaves of Puerto Rico (1873) and Cuba (1878).

1819 Spain Fine And Applied Arts

Founding of the Museo Nacional del Prado with the Royal collection of paintings as one the first museums in Spain.

1820 - 1823 Spain Political Context

In 1820, the army mutiny led by leads to King Fernando VII accepting the Constitution, in spite of his former opposition to constitutional monarchy, bringing in the period of popular rule. The Congress of Verona in 1822 gives France a mandate to restore Fernando as absolute . In 1823 the French army invades Spain to restore absolutism, ending the Trienio Liberal.

1823 Spain Reforms And Social Changes

The French army, known as “Los cien mil hijos de San Luis” (“the hundred thousand sons of St. Louis”), invades Spain to restore absolutism ending the Trienio Liberal (1820 –1823). In 1820 King Fernando VII had agreed to the Constitution, in spite of his opposition to a constitutional monarchy. The Congress of Verona in 1822 gave France a mandate to restore Fernando as absolute monarch.

1829 Spain Economy And Trade Date Country Theme

The Banco Español de San Fernando absorbs the highly indebted Banco Nacional de San Carlos, founded in 1782, thus becoming in fact the first Spanish bank. The bank continues as such until 1856, when it becomes Banco de España, the central Bank of Spain.

1830 Spain Migrations

From 1830 onwards many Spaniards emigrate to North Africa (Morocco and Algeria), coinciding with the French occupation of Algiers and as a consequence of the economic crises in Spain. The emigrants are mostly from the Mediterranean regions such as Alicante, Almería and the Balearic Islands.

1830 Spain Fine And Applied Arts

From the 1830s onwards the Moorish or Alhambresque is popular in Europe, especially in Spain, but also in England, , Russia, Germany and the USA. This style is found not only in applied arts but also in architecture and interior decoration including the well-known “Moorish” smoking or retiring rooms.

1830 Spain Reforms And Social Changes

Fernando VII has no sons, only daughters, so abolishes under Pragmática Sanción, the Salic Law, introduced by the Spanish branch of the Bourbon dynasty, which forbids women to reign. After the death of Fernando VII in 1833, his eldest daughter becomes Queen of Spain as Isabel II.

1831 Spain Economy And Trade

Foundation of the stock exchange (Bolsa de Madrid), driven by the state's need to raise funds to cover, among other things, debts arising from the Carlist wars.

1832 Spain Economy And Trade

Mechanisation of the textile industry in Catalonia with the introduction of steam- powered machines. Progress in the textile industry continues in Catalonia until the 1920 crisis.

1832 Spain Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion

Publication of Washington Irving's Tales of the Alhambra, a collection of essays, verbal sketches and stories that Irving began to write while he was staying in the Alhambra in Granada. The book is influenced by Romanticism and includes Spanish legends and traditions.

1833 Spain Political Context

Isabel II becomes Queen of Spain. The Salic Law forbidding women to reign had been abolished in 1830 because Fernando VII's only heirs were female. His brother, Carlos de Borbón, asserts his claim to the throne against his niece (, 1836–39); two further Carlist wars will follow (1846–49, 1872–76).

1834 Spain Political Context Date Country Theme

Estatuto Real signed by the Queen Regent, María Cristina de Borbón, as a royal charter similar to the one under the French King Louis XVIII. There is no constitution, but it has two chambers (similar to the British House of Lords and House of Commons) and a government, with a president and ministers.

1834 Spain Fine And Applied Arts

During his Grand Tour, after visiting Italy, Greece and Egypt, Owen Jones visits Granada and the Alhambra. His six month stay in the Alhambra is very important in the development of his ideas about polychromy and design.

1835 Spain Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion

The premiere of Don Álvaro o la fuerza del sino by the Duke of Rivas marks the beginnings of Spanish Romanticism in the theatre, especially tragedy, further developed in Don Juan Tenorio by José Zorrilla. All the Romantic plays have elements from poetry and novels and some have a historical background.

1836 - 1876 Spain Political Context

As a consequence of political instability and of a woman taking over the rule of Spain, the deeply conservative and ultra-Catholic Carlist party rises three times in three dynastic wars against the State (1836–39, 1846–49 and 1872–76).

1836 Spain Political Context

The Queen Regent, María Cristina, is forced to reinstate the 1812 Constitution after a military coup () in order to get support from the liberals in the First Carlist War. Under the Desamortización de Mendizábal Church properties are disentailed to fund the war. General Espartero takes over the Regency from the Queen in 1841.

1836 - 1845 Spain Fine And Applied Arts

Publication of Owen Jones's Plan, Elevations, Sections and Details of the Alhambra (with an essay by Pascual de Gayangos on the history of the Nasrid Dynasty) in 12 volumes, using the new technique of chromolithography.

1837 - 1844 Spain Economy And Trade

First state confiscation and sale of Church properties known, after the minister who developed the law, as Desamortización de Mendizábal (Mendizábal's Disentailment) to fund the Carlist war.

1837 Spain Economy And Trade

The feudal system had been abolished under the Cádiz Constitution of 1812 but not completely enacted until 1837.

1843 - 1868 Spain Political Context

Isabel II comes of age in 1843. During her reign the political parties are divided into liberals and conservatives. The Church regains its privileges under the 2nd Date Country Theme Concordat signed in 1851. The Queen's rule ends in 1868 with the revolution known as La Gloriosa (the Glorious Revolution).

1844 - 1846 Spain Economy And Trade

British interests in raw material – iron and coal – lead to the foundation of the iron and steel industry in Bilbao and Santander and industrial exploitation of the coal mines in .

1848 Spain Great Inventions Of The

The first railway in Spain is built between Barcelona and Mataró for the transport of goods and passengers. The first railway built by the Spaniards had been built in Cuba in 1837 linking Havana with Güines.

1850 Spain Rediscovering The Past

First photography of the Islamic monuments and remains in Spain such as the Great Mosque of Córdoba and the Alhambra palace.

1850 - 1860s Spain Fine And Applied Arts

Rafael Contreras begins to make models from the Alhambra that are shown in international exhibitions and acquired by many museums and schools of design. The models are used as examples of wall decoration in the Alhambresque style.

1850 Spain Fine And Applied Arts

First photography of Arab monuments such as the Alhambra and the Great Mosque of Córdoba. The development of photography sheds new light on these monuments and these first photographs are important documents on Arab remains in Spain.

1851 Spain Great Inventions Of The 19th Century

While the Barcelona–Mataró railway is under construction, another line is in progress between Madrid and Aranjuez, opened in 1851, and a third between Langreo and Gijón, in Asturias. By the end of the 19th century most Spanish cities will be linked by train.

1853 Spain Migrations

The ban on emigration to America is lifted. Under the Constitution of 1869 free emigration for all the inhabitants is recognised on payment of a fee, which remains until 1873.

1855 - 1867 Spain Economy And Trade

The Madoz law introduced in 1855 provides for the state confiscation and sale of the rest of the Church properties and also of municipal properties.

1855 Spain Great Inventions Of The 19th Century Date Country Theme

The railways law, Ley General de Caminos de Hierro (Law of the Iron Roads) establishes principles for the railway and its public and private development. It specifies a rail width that is wider than the European rail. Its continued use still causes problems for rail connections between Spain and France today.

1855 Spain Great Inventions Of The 19th Century

The government introduces a law establishing the telegraphic network in Spanish territory, marking the beginning of telecommunications in Spain. Its objective is to link every important city and the provincial capitals.

1856 - 1860 Spain Cities And Urban Spaces

Ildefonso Cerdá designs the "extension" of Barcelona in 1859. The orthogonal design of the streets creates a new neighbourhood: El Ensanche/L’Eixample. The development of wide streets such as Diagonal or Paseo de Gracia allows a new construction style, Modernismo/Modernisme, with buildings by Antonio Gaudí and Puig i Cadafalch.

1857 Spain Reforms And Social Changes

The Ley de Instrucción Pública (Law of Public Education) establishes three stages of education: primary, secondary and university. Primary school is compulsory for all children (boys and girls) providing the basis for combatting illiteracy.

1858 Spain Cities And Urban Spaces

Opening of the Isabel II channel, the water system of Madrid diverting water from the river Lozoya to the new fountain in San Bernardo street in the centre of Madrid.

1859 - 1860 Spain Political Context

War declared on Morocco. Battles of Castillejos (Fnidq) and Wad-Ras. A peace agreement is signed with the Moroccan Sultan leaving Tetouan under Spanish rule.

1860 Spain Fine And Applied Arts

The Manises pottery begins to produce objects in lustreware.

1863 Spain Fine And Applied Arts

The painters Mariano Fortuny y Marsal and Francisco Lameyer travel to North Africa. Fortuny buys different artworks and textiles for his collection.

1866 Spain Economy And Trade

Financial crisis during the last years of Queen Isabel II's government because of public investments in the construction of the railway.

1867 Spain Rediscovering The Past Date Country Theme

Foundation of the Museo Arqueológico Nacional in Madrid following the European movement to create national museums holding the remains of a country's past in tandem with the development of archaeology as a discipline. The museum covers prehistory to modern times, and from its opening in 1871 Spanish Moorish objects are displayed in its Medieval galleries.

1868 Spain Political Context

Carlist wars, economic crisis (1866–68) and disgruntlement with Queen Isabel II and the government explode in the September revolution known as La Gloriosa. The revolution is followed by six years of democratic government under Amadeo I, from the Italian Saboya family, (1870–73) and then under the (1873–74), causing the 3rd Carlist war.

1868 Spain Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion

The “Generation of ‘68” writers begin to publish after the 1868 revolution; the group is named by one of its members, Leopoldo Alas, known as Clarín. Their characteristics are middle-class consciousness and a realist style. Authors in this group include Pedro Antonio de Alarcón, José María Pereda, Benito Pérez Galdós and Emilia Pardo Bazán.

1871 Spain Rediscovering The Past

Voyage of the frigate Arapiles to the Near East. The ship was commissioned by the Spanish government to travel to the Near East with Spanish archaeologists and curators to document ancient monuments and buy antiquities. It sailed from Naples to Greece, Istanbul, Rhodes, Cyprus, Lebanon and Egypt and brought back drawings, notes and artworks to be kept in the Museo Arqueológico Nacional of Madrid.

1873 Spain Economy And Trade

Development of the Minas de Riotinto (Huelva, Andalucía). Bought by a British company, the mines bring important economic progress to this region. The dangerous chemicals used in metal extraction spark the first environmental protest by mine workers. (The first fooball match took place in this mine, thanks to the British engineers.)

1874 - 1885 Spain Political Context

Restoration of the monarchy. A military uprising under General Martínez Campos in Sagunto against the Republic returns the throne to the Bourbon Dynasty, with Alfonso XII (son of Isabel II) as King.

1876 Spain Reforms And Social Changes

Following the curtailment of academic freedom in the university, a group of professors expelled from Madrid University introduces in Spain a new education system under the Institución Libre de Enseñanza (Free Institution for Education), a secular private project that would modernise all levels of the education system between 1876 and 1936. This initiative was to have an important impact on some of the most important Spanish intellectuals. Date Country Theme

1879 Spain Rediscovering The Past

Marcelino Sanz de Sautuola and his daughter discover the cave paintings of Altamira. De Sautuola and Juan Vilanova y Piera in an 1880 publication identify them as Palaeolithic, meeting scepticism and ridicule until the discovery of similar paintings elsewhere results in recognition of their findings in 1902. Famous for drawings and polychrome paintings of animals and human hands the cave is now a national museum and World Heritage site.

1879 - 1888 Spain Reforms And Social Changes

Pablo Iglesias founds the Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE – Spanish Socialist Party) in 1879; under his leadership the socialists institute the Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT – General Workers' Union) in 1888, with liberals in power. At the same time the anarchist movement creates associations that later will become trade unions.

1880s onwards Spain Travelling

Travelling to North Africa, Egypt or the Turkish Empire becomes part of the leisure travels of wealthy families of Spain.

1881 Spain Fine And Applied Arts

Birth of Pablo Picasso in Málaga. In Spain Picasso’s birth date would be established as the boundary between works of art in the Academic style and the avant-garde style.

1882 Spain Cities And Urban Spaces

Madrid has two "extensions": the first had been designed by the Marquis of Salamanca in 1860; the second, in 1882, is a modern design by Arturo Soria known as “Ciudad Lineal” (linear city), a plan for an elongated urban formation. The city will consist of a series of functionally specialised parallel sectors.

1885 Spain Political Context

Death of King Alfonso XII. Alfonso XIII born posthumously. Pacto de El Pardo: agreement between liberals and conservatives to rule the country by turns. Regency of Queen María Cristina until 1902 when King Alfonso XIII comes of age.

1888 Spain International Exhibitions

The Barcelona Universal Exhibition held in the Parc de la Ciutadella from April to December attracts exhibitors from 22 countries and more than two million visitors. The park displays monuments in the Modernismo/Modernisme and Neo-Mudéjar styles.

1888 Spain Great Inventions Of The 19th Century

Building of a submarine (aparato de profundidades) designed by a naval officer, Isaac Peral. The boat (22 x 2.87 metres) is driven by electric engines and has Date Country Theme a periscope and three torpedos. In spite of a successful test, the Spanish Navy decides not to put the prototype into production.

1890 Spain Reforms And Social Changes

Suffrage established for men aged 25 years and above. Although the 1812 Constitution had theoretically established “universal” suffrage for men, during most of the 19th century it had been limited to men above a certain economic level. It was not until 1931, under the Second Republic, that the suffrage became truly universal, including women.