1937 Plan of Water Conservation

FREDRIC:CNN Ca) ED P. 0. Box 425 Valley City, E. Dalt:.

NORTH DAKOTA ,„, —a • STATE . PLANNING BOARD

SUMMARY REPORT

0 F

A PLAN OF WATER CONSERVATION

FOR NORTH DAKOTA

VOLUME S

SLOPE AREA DRAINAQE. BASIN. KNIF E R IVER GRAND RIVER HEART RIVER •. LITTLE MISSOURI RIV.E.R CANNONBALL RIVER YELLOWSTONE RIVER

JANUARY 1,1937 •

NORTH DAKOTA STATE PLANNING BOARD

H,E, Simpson, Grand Forks H. L. Walster, Fargo MO, Ryan, Fargo Victor Freeman, Bottineau E.A, Willson, Bismarck L.C. Harrington, Grand Forks H.M. Pippin, Halliday J.P. Cain, Dickinson E.D. Lum, Whapeton Fred Vosper, Neche Irvin Lavine, Consultant, Grand Forks

WATER STUDY STAFF

Irvin Lavine, Director Charles F. Hobbs, Assistant Oscar Becker, Assistant

ENGINEERING GEOLOGY GEOGRAPHY DRAFTSMEN ECONOMICS

Charles P. Hobbs Fredric Voedisch Oscar Anderson Leibel Bergman Oscar Becker Frank Foley Merril Grady Enz. Goodnow E,J, Thomas Syerre Scheidrup Kenneth Joslin Harry Anderson E.F. Chandler John Peterson Lloyd Eng M.D. Hollis E.P. Tyner Emmet Judge • COOPERATING AGENCIES Works .Progre s s Administration. This report. was, prepared and. published under W,P,A. Sponsored Federal Project, No. 3, 0.P..Ne. 265-6905. U.S. Biological Survey U.S. Geological Survey . . Soil Conservation.Service . National Resources Committee North Dakota State Geological Survey Engineering College, Univ. of N.Dak. Agricultural Dept., N. Dak. Agric. College Resettlement Administration State Department of Health State Engineer North Dakota County Planning Boards

The Cooperating Agencies are not responsible for the opinions, conclusions, or recommendations of the State Planning Board as expressed in this report. PROPERTY OF ND STATE WATER COMMISSION UBRARY

CHAP

rr KR1 IF E SUB- 3P\ N •

• CHAPTER I

KNIFE RIM SUB-BASIN

G7NIRAL The Knife River rises in the northeastern corner of Billings County and the southeastern corner of McKenzie County. From this point it flows in a tortuous course eastward and slightly south- ward to the Dunn-Mercer County line, crossing about 15 miles north of the southeast corner of Dunn County. From here the river turns and flows eastward and slightly northward to the Missouri River which it enters at Stanton in Mercer County, about 65 miles above Bismarck. The total area of 2,645 square miles drained by the Knife River lies in North Dakota and includes major portions of Dumn and Mercer Counties and lesser Portions of Oliver, Billings, Morton, and Stark Counties.

POPULATION The 1930 population of the Sub-basin was 18,500 persons of which 12,999 resided in rure.l areas and 5,501 resided in incorporated cities and villages. Hebron, Hazen, and Beulah are the only towns having a population in excess of 500. Hebron, the largest town, has a population of 1,348. A FEDERAL During the month of peak load, March 1935, 5,350 persons or .AID 28,9% of the total Sub-basin population were recaiving federal .aid. The state average for the same month was 31.6%. In the peak month of W. P. A. employment 352 persons ware employed on works projects in or near cities and villages and 1650 persons were employed on • rural projects, making a total of 2002 persons employed in Octo- ber, 1936.

TOPOGRAPHY The terrain is flat or gently rolling at the headwaters of the various streams in the Sub-basin but becomes roughly broken near the main stream. The source of the Knife River is at an elevation of approximately 2,600 feet above sea level. In its 165 mile journey, through a valley 90 miles in length, it drops to•nm elevation of approximately 1,670 feet, The drop for the first 33 miles of channel is about 13.5 fet per mile. The drop of the channel below this point is 3.8 per mile. The average drop of the valley is approximately 10.4 feet per mile.

TRIBUTARIES Spring Creek, till principal tributary of the Knife River, has OF KNIFE its headwaters in the Kindler Mountains of Dunn County at an elevation of approximately 3,300 feet above sea level. It drains an area, in Dunn and Mercer Counties, of 570 squrre miles. From its source to Killdeer, n channel distrnce of approximately 14 miles, • this strerm has a fall of 25 feet per mile. From this point to its confluence 7ith the Knife, near Beulah, it has an average drop of 6 3/4 feet per mill. The little Knife River rises in the north- east corner of Stark County and flows northward to the Knife River. •

• 2 It drains an area of 275 square mills. There rre a large number of lesser tributaries in the Sub-basin. In general these have their source at high elevations and descend rather rapidly to the main stream in a course at right angles to that of the latter.

NATURAL The entire drainage system of the Sub-basin cuts through the RESOURCES Port Union formation which has a thin covering of glacial drift except in the extreme western portion. Strata of lignite coal are characteristic of such formations and deposits of great value are found in the Sub-basin. Lignite mining on large commercial scales is developed at Beulah and Zap. Local mines supply an abundance of cheap fuel for the inhabitants of the Sub-basin. There are numerous deposits of gravel found in the glacial drift of the area. These deposits are valuable as surfacing material but require washing to meet standard specifications for concrete aggregate. There is an abundance of boulders in the Sub- basin which are suitable for the construction of rubble masonry, riprapping and other uses.

GROUND The sandstone and lignite beds of the Fort Union Formation WATER furnish the major portion of the ground water su pply of the Sub- basin. Where the river and its tributaries have cut through these strata, springs occur on the valley sides. In the valley bottoms an adequate supnly of water of good quality is obtained from the alluvial deposits. Some week flowing wells ar- present in the lower part of the Sub-basin. Water obtained from alluvial dee. posits is generally hard but of good quality. That obtained from the glacial drift is often highly mineralized. Water from the Fort Union Formation is of coed quality except -here it has dig•• solved organic matter from the lignite coal rith which it comes in contact. This gives it a discoloration, nier, or taste that mkes it ebjectinnable for drinking purposes.

TPA WATER The primary water problem in the Knife River Sub-basin is PROBLEM that of stream flow regulation. During portions of each year there is a large flow in the streams but during the greater part of the year there is a great deficiency in stream flow. During such periods there is a need for stream flow for recreation, pollution abatement, municipal su pply, and for irrigation purposes. Some headwater areas ore in need of small reservoirs for recreational purposes. Water supply and sewage disposal problems, although present in the Sub-basin are not acute and ore secondary to the problem of stream flow regulation.

PRECIPITATION The 20 year annual average of precipitation in the Basin is 14.54 inches annually. That during the growinc seas en, May through September, is 10-32 inches. On the basis that a pproximately 14 inches of precipitation during th)grnwing season is required to produce a fair crop, it is apparent that lorgo deficiencies of •

rainfall prevailed during tore than half of the 20-year period. This resulted in frequent crop failures. During such drouth years sufficient feed is not grown in the Sub-brain to sustain foundation herds of livestock. Feed is shipped in at high cost to the inhabitants and result in a los- of accumulated savings. There are large tracts of lend in the Knife River Valley potentially well Suited to irrigation, for which purpose the available raters of the Sub-basin should be utilized to full advantage. Nothing -.-prnaching maximum utilization is being practiced at the present time.

RUN-OFF The run-off fr om the Sub-basin is rapid. The slope is Great and there are no sloughs, reservoirs or trees to retard the run- off except in r. very small portion of the Sub-basin, the Killdeer Mountains. The average annual run-off from the Sub-basin is approximately .88 inches nr 125,000 acre feet. A large portion of t-is occurs during the sprin.-: months and, except immediately following violent storms, the streams are virtually dry during the summer months.

FLOODS Frequent danrging floods occur along the lover reaches of the Knife River, During a period of excessive rains in July, 1935, floods caused damage in the immediate vicinity of Beulah totaling $15,000. Floods such as this occur at least once each five years. It is probable that the maximum flood flow has not been reached since the settlement of the Sub-basin. As mentioned above, there is a great deficiency of stream flow during summer months. Large reservoirs on the Knife River and its principrl tributaries would result in greet benefits to the area in flood control, pollution abatement, insured water supply for cities along the streams, and in increased recreational frcilities. Such reservoirs would also rink° possible the irrigation of approximo tely 25,000 acres of river. bottom land thus insuring an annual feed crop suf f icient to maintain foundation herds in the Sub-basin.

BIOLOGICAL The U. S. Bureeu of Biological survey h-s undertaken the con.. SURVEY structinn of the Dunn Center Lnke Reservoir located in Sec. 27-145- 94. This reservoir will have a st orage caprcity of 7100 acre feet with a water surface -f 1000 acres. Although the use of this project rill be primarily as a waterfowl refui .e, it will also support fish life and will be an:excellent lake for recreational purposes. The Biological Survey has c^npleted the Myron Sl ough Project in Dunn County, Twp. 142-93 as a waterfowl refuge. The U. S. Biological Survey also cnntemeletes the Krem Project in Mercer County, Twp. 145-86, for a waterf owl refu-e. 7ILD LIFE There are some deer in the valleys of the Sub-basin; there arc • some fish and waterfowl in the streams. These will increase in numbers cnnsidernbly with the development of the Biological Sur- vey projects, but the utmost development of the wildlife resources V

• of the Basin can only be devel nped threurh strea:1 rerulati en. Fish, in particular, find it difficult to survive dr nwht years and hard sinters when there is not sufficient flew in the strenns to sustain them.

RECREATION There are United rocrertinnal facilities in the Knife River Sub-basin. The Killdeer Mountains, because of their high altitude and tree life, offer a relatively c-nl retreat during: the execs- siv-. heat -f summer months. Various terns along: the Knife River and Sprin • Creek haye develepe d small parks adjacent to the banks of these streams. Durinc summer Months such rater as is present in these streams is"unfit f or bathin • purposes and, as a result, recreational development is limited. If stream flow mere regular- ized, recreational facilities nlenf: the strom . s -mull be rreatly increased. There is need for some snrll reservoirs in the head- ,erter areas of tle Sub-basin for rocroatinnal nurpeses.

POrMR AND The streams of the Sub-basin are not navir .able and because ef YAVIGATION the limited and intermittent flow the development of water peter is net practicable. The peter needs ef the Sub-basin are served by reneratinr plants utilizing; lirnite coal as fuel.

MIANNEL There has been little nr no attempt made t o impr ove the exis- ILTROVEMENT tin:. channels of the streams. The principal streams have roll defined and unifnrm channels rith c onsiderable Trop which could net be greatly improve?. -ithnut invnlvin: . excessive costs.

MUNICIPAL The various terns in the Sub-basin have rn ample -round water %ITER sunnly nvailable for develepmelt. Several t e rns includin • Beulah SUPPLY have d ep rolls for their municipal supply. The rater obtained from such -ells c ontain an excessive amount of nr eanie matter dissolved from the lirnite coal veins thrnurh -Mich it passes. It could be nnssible, in some cases, to ch-nre to shallot -ell supply nr, if stream flnr rerulatien becnnes an accemplished fact, these terns along: the principal streans could use a surface supply. Beulah would have available the Hazen-Beulah reserv oir from which it could take its sunray direct. The value to Beulah of this reservo ir for a rzunicival -rater supply -"uld be -npreximately $10,000.

STREAM Durinr tints of ample fler. in the Knife River and its tribu- 0/ POLLUTION taxies there is net a serious stream pollution problem in the Sub- basin. Her/ever, some r rl.ditinnal sera re systems and treatment plants and imnrnvements in oxistinr plants are neede ,1 in the Sub-basin. Hebron, dumps its sera into the Little Knife after partially treating it by means of septic tanks. Beulah n r0. Hazen dump their seware into the Knife River without treatment. During: summer months when stream flr becomes very for there is a considerable Polluti on of the streams due to accumulated se • are and dead animals. 3

POSSIBLE As clsowherc stated in this re port, the nvernre annual las- IRRIGATION charge of the Knife River jntn the Missouri River is approximately 125,000 acre feet. Preliminary surveys have estimated the irrirr.ble land in the valleys of the Sub-basin to be 24,100 Peres. Below the town of Marshall in Twp. 142-92, the Knife River bottom lands are exceptionally fertile and level and axe up to li rills in width. The bottom lands of Sprin • Creek are als o fertile an,4 suitable for irriration nithnurh they rre not as favorably situated nor as large ns those of the Knife River. Several irriration projects are located rlonr . these twn strerms at the present time. Those are individually ownod and are very limited in size because of stream flow deficiency and the lack of adequate storage facilities. During nverage t" medium dry years these small projects operate very satiehetorily but during drought years there is not sufficient water to sunnly the projects and crop failures result. Large st orage reservoirs on the various streams to provide stream flow regulation would permit the utilization of nearly all available irrigable land for irriration Pur- poses either by gravity flow or by pumping projects. There are several possible sites for small flood irriration rrnjects on the various tributary streams of the Knife River.

USE OF The primary purpose of the development of irrigation in the IRRIGABLE Sub-basin would be to grow sufficient feed within the Sub-basin LANDS drought years to sustain foundations herds •• thout the necessity of shippinc in expensive feeds durinr periods of rainfall deficiency. This would eliminate the necessity of depletin g the savings of normal years during dry years an y. wnuld lead to n more prosperous condition of the entire Sub-basin. The transportation facilities would permit the growing: of su(ar beets On irritable land if the proposed sugar plant is established at Bismarck in connection -ith the Bism-rck Irriration Project. A network of state and county hi:I •-rays serve all localities in the Sub-basin and a railroad line follows the Knife River Volley from the Missouri River to Spring Creek awl then follows ti valley of Spring Creek throughout its entire length. Irriration would tend to mrko the Sub-basin self-suppnrtinr whereas ht the present time it requires aonsikerable aid from other areas during drought years.

RESERVOIRS The construction of several lnrre reservoirs on the principal FOR FLOOD streams of the Sub-basin is desirable. Flood damages t ntalinr tens CONTROL, of thousands of dollars every 3 or 4 years and lr.rrer but less fo RIVER REGU- frequent flnod d-mages would be eliminated. River regulation would LATION, provide water al nnr the streams for the dilution of sewage, for MUNICIPAL municipal su pply, for tha maintenance of fish in the streams, an SUPPLY, AND for recreation. It would also make water available at desired points • IRRIGATION. for irritation purposes.

EXISTING A t o tal of 23 dams now cnnstructed in the Sub-basin impound RESERVOIRS a maximum of 8586 acre feet of water. These are used for various purposes such as recreatinn i stock watering as mterfowl refures. These existinr reservoirs are liste d in Table A. and are shorn on Plate II.

PROPOSED It is proposed; PROGRAM 1. That several larra rerulatinr reservoirs be constructed on the Knife River to c ontrol the run- o ff and th3reby provide - adequate flood control and stream fl ow regulation. Proper stream flow regulation would make water atrailable durin dreuth years for purposes of pollution abatement, for recreati on for the frriratinn of larre tracts of land in the Knife River V,11,1y. Prop osed larre reservoirs are listed in Table D. and are shown on Plate II. 2. riat assistance be riven several terns in developing adequate water supply an sewage dis •,osrl facilities. Water supply problems and their proposed solutions are listed in Table B. Sewage disposal problems and their proposed solutions nre listed in Table C. Both are shown on Plate I. 3. That several small drns be 4 natrlled at desirable local» tions for recreation, for flood rriration an d as migratory waterfowl refures. These are listed in Table D. and are shorn on Plate II. All dens constructed hereafter in the Sub-basin should be provided with outlet rates f or relensinr the water stbred -hen a rrert need rrises for it d.ownstrean o r when it becomes so polluted that it is a definite health hazar d, to the community. Many exis- tin • dons should also be provided with Nutlet rates. 4. Thrt the strenx: raring station on the Knife River rt Hazen be rehabilitated nni maintained as listed in Table E. and as shown on Plate III. 5. That a detaile d soil survey and loo classific r tion be begun PS soon as is possible on rll lands thrt r-pear to be irri, •able in order to ascertr.in the suitability of these lrnds for irriration in each of the several areas. These surveys should follow the aerial mappinr of the irrirnble rerinns. This mappinr gill provide, in ad dition to its utility as the basis of the proposed soil survey and land classifications, much needed data on present land use. The c o st of the aerial manninr would approximate 50 per acre. The cost of the detailed survey rnd lan ai, classification mould be an additional 50 per rote. Thus, to pr operly predetermine the areas suite d. to irritation would entail the expenditure of 100 per acre f or 24,100 acres of irrirable land in the Knife River Sub-basin, or a-rpr oximntely $2,400.

RURILL A large number of small reservoirs have been proposed for WATER the Sub-basin by various arencies. Those thrt would serve purposed • SUPPLY of recreation irrigation and waterfowl refuges have been included in the pr oposed prorram. It is proposed that before any more small Arms f or stock water pur7oses be constructed in the Sub-basin, a 9 • detailed survey of rural water su-rly be undertaxen t" eterriine the best rm" most economic-1 method of securinr -.equate ank s-tis- factory water sunplies for stock waterinr nurnoses. Where an adequate rround water supply is availr:Ae it is nrobable that this rould be throurh the construction of co:munity wells. In other localities not hrtvinr a reliable rround water su pply the construction of surface reservoirs would be the only altern-tive. Follo• - int.: such a survey it is pr oposed that r , sistance be riven in developinr an adeqaute rural rater slimly.

ULTIMATE The ultimate development of the water resources of the Knife DEVELOPMENT River Sub-brsin would be pr ovided by certain storar .e reserv o irs of OF WATM proper desirn; Such reservoirs must be sufficiently lar ge, must RESOURCES. be provided with proper sluiceways rnd c ontrollinr devices, rnd must be properly located on the main streocs end larcer tributaries. These would maintain a rerularized flow in the streams and would provide water for municipal . vuTply , sewre, dilution, recrzation, irrication, and stock waterinr Purposes. Small dams, crentinc reservoirs of from 5 to 20 acre feet capacity r.r needed at the headwaters of the various strenns t^ supplement the well water supply for stock waterin • purposes.

BRONCHO It is •ronosed thr.t the Broncho reservoir in S. 35-143-90 he RESERVOIR constructed as soon r.s surveys can be completed. The locr.tien chosen would receive the run-off from approximat3ly 1200 square miles or an average of 56,000 acre feet per year. There are Ap- proximately 5000 acres of irri •nble land in the Knife River Valley between this reservoir and the proposed Hazen-Beulah Reservoir. It is estimrted that 2000 acres or more would be irrirated by gravity flow and 3000 acres would be irrirated by pu:pinr from the river channel. The addit : onr1 stora •e over that needed to irrirate this 5000 acres would be used to supplement the Hazen-Beulah Reservoir and to maintain stream flow rerul • tion for purposes of pollution-abatement, recreation, and water

HAZEN- The second proposed project for construction is the Hazen- BEULAH Beulah Rese-voir. It would make water availabe at points down- RESERVOIR. stream for pollution abatement, recreation, and for the irriration of 5500 acres of cry fertile bott om lands. As ort •inally surveyed the Hazen-Beulah Reservoir would necessitate the relocation of three miles r f railr oad trrcics, relocation of r hi(hway and would cruse excessive fl oware derv-es. It is proposed that the reservoir cap-city be the maximum that rill not necessitate such relocation of railraods and hirhways. The capacity as determ!ned should be ample when used in conjunction with the Broncho Reservoir. The third proposed project is the construction of the Albert Koesel Irri:mtion Dam in "S. 15-141-91. This is particularly recommended for consideration b y the Resettlement Ad;:inistrrtion • and should be constructed at once. • The Broncho and Hazen-Beulah Reservoirs should be constructed at the earliest possible dates. Following a demonstration of the Practicability of irrigation in the Basin, in connection with these reservoirs, other reservoirs should be constructed to provide adr. ,litional stream regulation, pollution abatement, recreation and water for the irrigation of approximately 13,000 additional acres of irrigable land. The proposed reservoirs for the improved use of surface water in the Sub-basin are listed in Table D. The storage capacity proposed for these reservoirs is that which would control practically all the run-off from the tributary drainage area but yet would not be so large as to cause excessive flowage damages and the relocation of highways and railroads at an additional expense. By limit- ing the proposed size of the reservoirs to the maximum storage capacity needed, a great reduction in the estimated cost of the proposed reservoirs is made possible.

ECONOMIC Although the reservoirs in themselves are justified for pur- JUSTIFICA- poses of flood control, river regulation, municipal supply, poi- TION FOR lution abatement, and irrigation, an additional justification for RESERVOIRS their construction in the near future is the present financial condition of the inhabitants. The number receiving federal aid will increase during the coming year because of a complete crop failure during 1936. During the past two years approximately $600,Q00 of federal aid, exclusive of Farm Credit Administration Loans, has been given to tin inhabitants of the Sub-basin. This has not made the Sub-basin more self-sustaining, If conditions continue as at present, it is to be cxpented that this amount of outside aid will be necessary during the oxpented two drought years in each five- year period, which rec ords indicate is characteristic of this Sub- basin. On the other hand if these reservoirs are installed the Sub-basin would tend to become self-sustaining and would not require a large amount of outside aid at any time,

lEATHER The proposed rehabilitation of the gaging station on the Knife OBSERVATION River together with the existing weather recording stations in the AND STREAM Sub-basin are shown in Plate III. It is strongly urged that these GAGING facilities be maintained in r satisfactory manner. STATIONS

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CHAPTER

HEART SUB-BASIN

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4 •

CHAPTER LI

HEART RIVER SUB BASIN

GENERAL The Heart River rises in Billings County near the northwestern corner of Stark County. It flows eastward in a tortuous course to its confluence with the Missouri Elver near Mandan, almost directly east of the source. At its most southerly point, where it crosses the Grant-Morton County line, it is perhaps 20 miles south of a straight line between the source and the mouth. The Sub-basin is approximately 120 miles in length, east and. west, and has an average width of approximately 28 miles. The total area drains by the Heart River, all of which is in North Dakota, is 3,+29 square miles and includes most of Stark County and parts of Billings, Dunn, Hettinger, Grant, Morton, and Oliver counties.

POPULATION The total population of the Sub-basin in 1930 was 31,913. 14,477 persons resided in incorporated cities and villages and 17,436 persons resided in more rural areas. Mandan and Dickinson, the two largest cities, have a population slightly in excess of 5,000 each.

FED/ggi During the month of peak load, March 1935, there were 10,805 AID persons receiving federal aid in the Sub-basin. This was 33.9% of the total Basin population, an amount greater than the State average for the sato month, which was 31.6%. In the peak month of W.P.A. employment, 785 persons were employed on works projects in or near cities and villages and 2,602 persons were employed on rural projects, making a total of 3,387 perdors employed in October 1936.

TOPOGRAPHY The entiro Sub-basin lies in what is known as the Missouri Plateau. In the upper two-thirds of the Sub-basin the drainage courses are cut through the geological formation known as the Fort Union Formation. In the lower ono-third they are cut through Cie Lance. Formation. Part of the lower portion of the Sub-basin is covored by a thin layer of glacial drift.

V. The terrain varies from gently rolling prairies in the headwater areas to somewhat rough regions near the water courses. In some places the terrain becomes very hilly near the larger tributaries and the main stem. In the lower part of the Sub- basin the elevation of the upland is about 300 feet above the river channel. In the upper portion, the differences in elevation are not so great. • The elevation of the Heart River at its confluence with the Missouri River is approximately 1,615 feet above sea level, and at its headwaters it is approximately 3,000 feet above sea level. The total valley length is 130 miles and it has a drop of about 10 feet per mile, The length of the river channel is twice that of the valley. Although the average drop of tho channel iss5.feet-per mile, it is greatly in excess of this near the headwaters and be.. comes less as the etrean approaches the Missouri River. The Heart River meanders from wide to side throagh a valley about ]. miles in width.

mug . The upland areas of the Sub–basin have good soil for agrla cultural purposes. It is composed of loan and si].j loam, with patches of sandy loam. Tha bottoms are uaaally sandy loam to clay loam; clay to clay loam predominates in the brankar Subsoils con.; sist mainly of shale and sandstone. Natural drainage is good, and surface soils are generally free from excessive amounts of alkali. The farming lands arm fertile and produce good grain crops in years of favorable precipitation.

TAIBUTARLES There are several tributaries of the Heart River that are of importance in the developrent of a water program for the Sub--basin. N1 On the north side of the river from rest to cast these,are: Green River, Spring Creek, Mudd? Creek, and Sweetbrier Creek. Those on the south sloe of the river are Antelope Creek of Stark County and Antelope Creek of Grant County.

fil TZ Vs Valuable deposits of lignite coal, bentonite, and clay are found RESOURCES in the Fort Union formation. Deposits of sand ana gravel.whish are suitable for ceacre:te afaregate are fauna in the Sab–basin. There are large quarts ties of ..loulders available fcr rabble masonry and riprapp::.na purposes.

GROtJ Water is found in the local alluvial deposits of the valley bottoms in the :;-L.ort River Sub–basin. The . two importabt aquifers are the , Fort Union ani the Lance formations. Springs on the valley aides and cleaver :ells on the aolaafts secare their water from these sources.

THE The water problem 13 primarily one of stream flow regulation F141a, for purposes et flood. yrevenLicn, for pollution abatement, for rnogpm irrigation, and for recreational purposes,

1.! There is a need fcr stream flow regulation in the Heart River Sub–basin. Daring Doriloas of each . year where is a large flow in the Eeart Rivr:r and its ta3b-itaaies. However, during tie ,greater portion of each year there is great stream flow deficiency.

• Several towns in the Sub-basin are in need of improvements in their water supply and sewage disposal facilities. There is a need for several adaitional small reservoirs in the area for recreational purposes. Irrigation projects are needed to supplement upland farming and grazing operattcns and thus avert the feed shortage problem that is present during drought years.

PRECIPITATION The 20 year average of precipitation in the Sub-basin is 14.83 inches annually. That during the growing season, May through September, is 9.98 inches. On the basis that approximately 14 inches of precipitation during the growing season is required to produce a fair crop in the Sub-basin, it is apparent • that there was a deficiency of moisture for growing crops during at least one-half the twenty year period. There are several areas in the valleys of the Heart River and its tributaries that are potentially suitable for irrigation. Large storage reservoirs would have to be Constructed to provide water for irrigation of these areas. This has not been done.

RUN-OFT The run-off from the Sub-basin is rapid. The slope of the channels is great and little resistance to run-off in the form of sloughs, reservoirs or vegetation is present. The aierage run-off from the Sub-basin is about 0.80 inches or 152,000 acre- feet annually. A large portion of this occurs during spring months. Thc streams become very low and sometimes completely dry during the summer period.

FLOODS Frequent damaging floods occur along the Heart River, particularly at Mandan where, it is estimated by the U. S. Army Engineers, the average annual flood damage done by the Heart River is $5,000. It is reasonable to expect a much greater flood at some future time than any that has been experienced since the settlement of the Sub-basin.

WILD-WE The possibilities of developing the resources of the Heart Sub-basin are limited. The U. S. Bureau of Biological Survey has constructed only one project in this area because of the limited number of sloughs and shallow lakes suitable for development. Fish life in the streams would be greatly benefited by stream regulation.

RECREATION There are no natural lakes in the Sub-basin suitable for recreational purposes. A number of reservoirs have been constructed in the Sub-basin in recent years. While a few of these are suitable for recreational purposes the greater portion of them become stagnant pools during the summer nonths. This is particularly true during drought years.

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4 ang . There is no waterpower or navigation development in the POWER AID Sub-basin. The stream flow,is so-erratic-that no developments. • :MITIGATION of.such•character,are contemplated. The. U. S. Army.Engineers . gave sons consideratien-to. -the.development .of power in.connection with the mpposed Heart Butte and Gladstone Reservoirs. There is an abundauce of cheap fuel in the formation of lignite coal An the .Sub-basin and , the development, of water power,-evem .as a •i-product of proposed-reservoir. installations, would not be economical.

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2.1411M • There has been no attempt made: to improve existing stream IMPROITIVIENT channels in the Sub-basins . The streams have well. defined.and uniform channels which have considerable slope. -These -could not be greatly improved without involving excessive costs.

MUNICIPAL The water supply problems of the towns in the Sub-basin are SUPPLY not acute. Several towns have inadequate supplies but in all probability a reliable source can readily be obtained by deepening existing wells or digging new wells at more favorable locations. Several towns are in need of assistance in installing water distribution and treatment systems for municipal supply.

During summer months there is an accumulation of dead POLLUTION aninals and municipal sewage in the strears which results in a health hazard to the inhabitants. Dickinson, in particular, is confronted with this problem. Their sewer outlet is just below a dam and the strean flow at this point is not suffiaient for dilution purposes. A larger reservoir provided with gates is needed at Dickinson for purposes of sewage dilution. Improve- r - ments"inthe sewage lietlitmentPlAnt-ar6 also - Other' towns in the : Sub-'basin die hlio-in%rided-ef:syetemsand,treatment tlantefor disposal- lef , their!iftage. •Adequate stream' flow lertion is needed fareewagedilUtiOn purposes alang . the streams of the Sub-basin: • • POSSIBp As pointed outabOv •, there rea number :Of-tides inthe IRRIGATION valleys thergeift-Riier and Ltriblitary itréans that are potentially well suited to irrigation. There is a deficiency in stream flow during periods when water would be needed for this purpose Large ie-Olating'reservoiri piOpeflyicicated would - , provide water for-irrigation o1 many' of these areas- by gravity flew. -r AcTaitionAl•Ares i touldbe lArrigated . bjr. pumping` from the etreat ehAnneleWhich would be provided . withan adequate flow. A number of proposed irrigation projects in the Sub-basin have been -invéetigtated=by the 'tY: S. Army Engineers, the Statd Engineer, the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation and other agencies.

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• USE OP The main objective of irrigation in the Heart River Sub- • taRIGABLE basin would be to supplement livestock and grazing operations carried on in the upland areas. During drought years sufficient . feed would be grown on the irrigated areas to sustain foundation herds without the necessity of shipping in expensive feeds. If a sugar factory is established at Bismarck, as a result of the. irrigation of Missouri River bottom lands, sugar beets could be profitably grown on irrigated areas in the Heart River Sub-basin.

STOBAG3 The construction of several large reservoirs on the Heart RESERVOIRS River and its principal tributaries is desirable. In addition to preventing damaging spring floods these would provide a regulated strewn flow for purposes of pollution abatement, recreation, and irrigation. The reservoirs would provide much needed lake areas in the Sub-basin.

EXISTIIG A total of 51 existing dams in the Basin impound a maximum DAMS of 2,308 acres feet of water. These are used for the purposes of recreation, waterfowl refuges, stock watering, and railroad supply. The existing darts in the Basin are listed in Table A, and are shown on Plate II.

PROPOS/PI) It is proposed: PROGRAM 1. That several large reservoirs properly located and of suitable design be constructed on the Heart River and its principal tributaries to control the run-off from the Sub basin and thereby provide adequate flood control and stream flow regulation. Proper stream flow regulation would make water available for rurposes of pollution abatement, for recreation, and for the irrigation of large tracts of land in the stream valleys of the Sub-basin. Proposed large reservoirs are listed in Table D. and are shown on Plate II.

2. That levees be, built to give additional flood protection to Mandan and the State Training School at Mandan. These are also listed in Table D. and are shown on Plate II.

3. That several small dams be installed at desirable locations for recreational purposes. Proposed small reservoirs are also 11sted in Table D. and are shown on Plate II. All dams constructed hereafter in the Sub-basin should be provided with outlet gates for releasing the water stored when a great need arises for it downstream or when it becomes so polluted that it is a definite health hazard to the community. Many existing dams should also be provided with outlet gates.

4. That assistance be given several towns in developing adequate water supply and sewage disposal facilities. Water supply problems and their proposed solution are listed in Table B. Sewage disposal problems and their proposed solutions are listed in Table C. both are shown on Plate I.

5. That stream gaging stations be installed and maintained for the recording of stream flow in the Heart River. There are no gaging stations maintained in the Heart River at the present time. Proposed stations are listed in Table E. and are shown on Plate III.

6. That a detailed soil survey and land classification be begun as soon as is possible on all lands that appear to be irrigable in order to ascertain the suitability of these lands for irrigation in each of the several areas. These surveys should follow the aerial mapping of the irrigable regions. This mapping will provide, in addition to its utility as the basis of the proposed soil survey and land classification, much needed data on present land use. The cost of the aerial mapping would approximate 50 per acre. The cost of the detailed soil survey and land classification would be an additional 50 per acre. Thus, to properly predetermine the areas suited to irrigation would entail the expenditure of 10¢ per acre for 19,500 acres of irrigable land in the Heart River Sub-basin, or approximately • $2,000.

RURAL A large number of small reservoirs have been proposed for WATER the Sub-basin by various agencies. Those that would servo pur- SUPPLY poses of r3creation, irrigation, and waterfowl refuges have been included in the proposed program. It is proposed that before any more small dams for stock watering purposes be constructed in the Sub-basin, a detailed survey of rural water supply be undertaken to determine the best and most economical method of securing adequate and satisfactory water supplies for stock watering purposes. Where an adequate ground water supply is available, it is probable that this would be through the construction of community wells. In other localities not having a reliable ground water supply the construction of surface reservoirs would be only alternative. Following such a survey it is proposed that assistance be given in developing an adequate • rural water supply. HEART The Heart Butte dam site would be located on the Heart River BUTTE in section 13-136-89. Surveys and investigations have been made RESERyOIR by former State Engineers, by the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation and by the U. S. Army Engineers. Plans and estimates were prepared by the Bureau of Reclamation and by the U. S. Army Engineers. Plans and estimates prepared by the Reclamation w Bureau provide for a reservoir storage capacity of 180,000 acre feet. This would require FJ. dam 89 feet high having a concrete

parapet wall three feet above the crest, a concrete lined horse- shoe tunnel 14 feet in diameter with control works, and a concrete spillway equipped with five 16. x 17k motor operated radial gates. The cost of this structure was estimated at one million dollars.

The primary objective of this reservoir would be to store water during periods of excessive run-off and to release it during periods of stream flow deficiency.

The Heart Butte project has not received favorable consideration in the past because of the high estimated cost of construction. The average annual run-off from the drainage area tributary. to the proposed reservoir during the past 30 years was 72,000 acre feet. It is proposed that the Heart Butte Reservoir be designed and constructed to have an estimated storage capacity of 75,000 acre feet. This would provide ample flood protection for Mandan when supplemented by the proposed Gladstone and Green River reservoirs. It would also provide sufficient IMP storage, to permit ample carry-over to provide adequate stream flow regulation during drought years, as the minimum annual run-.... off to the reservoir would be approximately 14,000 acre feet.

A further reduction in the cost of the dam could also be effected by the elimination of the radial gates and the 14 foot concrete tunnel. The tunnel was proposed to divert the riper flow during construction. A conduit of 20 to 25 feet cross sectional area with proper control works would permit the release of sufficient water for use downstream; A study of the run-off graph shows that, with the proper planning of the cons-• traction program, this would also take the river flow during the construction period. The radial gates are unnecessary as the total combined storage of the proposed reservoirs would be li times the average annual run-off from the tributary drainage area and the water would seldom reach spillway crest elevation.

The height for the dam, as proposed in this plan, is 65. feet.. This is 24 feet less than that originally planned and would re sult in a considerable reduction in the cost. Other items would contribute to economical construction of the dam. There are sufficient boulders within a ten-mile radius of the dam site to provide stones for the riprapping of the dam. These would also be suitable for concrete aggregate if crushed. Sand from the river bed would be satisfactory for concrete if washed. . Gravel could be secured from nearby gravel pits for a gravel blanket under the riprap. The reduced water level would materially reduce flowage damages. A detailed estimate has not been prepared but a consideration of the reductions that would result from the redesign of the dam along the lines outlined above would indicate that $500,000 would be a liberal estimate. A more accurate estimate will be available upon completion of studies now being made by the V. S. Army Engineers.

A preliminary survey of the proposed large reservoir site on the Heart River above Dickinson was first made in 1924 by the State Engineer. This is an excellent natural reservoir site and has been proposed at this time by the Dickinson City Engineer.

THE The Gladstone Reservoir site is located on the Heart River GLADSTONE in Section 26-139-94. This dam was also surveyed by the U. S. RESERVOIR Army Engineers and the U. S, Bureau of Reclamation. The reservoir capacity proposed was 75,000 acre feet. A reservoir having 75,000 acre feet storage capacity would inundate about 3 miles of Northern Pacific tracks in the vicinity of Gladstone and would submerge the valley crossing of a maim county road entering Gladstone from the south.

The tributary drainage area of 800 square miles has an annual run-off of 33,600 acre feet. The proposed storage on Green River and other present and proposed uses of the water- above the reservoir site would probably reduce the average annual yield to the Gladstone Reservoir to 25,000 acre feet. It is proposed to construct a reservoir having a storage capacity of 35,000 acre feet in the Heart River near Gladstone.

The proposed dam would be equipped with a controlled outlet conduit of approximately 20 square feet cross-sectional area. This outlet would take the river flow during construction and would maintain a satisfactory stream flow in the river below the reservoir after the completion of the reservoir for purposes of pollution abatement, recreation, and irrigation.

It . is proposed that the dam be located above rather than below the mouth of Antelope Creek. This would confine the reservoir to the Heart River Valley and greatly reduce flowage • damages. A better site is available here than below Antelope Creek. Local supplies of materials are available for cons- .. truction. GREEN The site for the proposed Green River dam has been field • RIVER inspected by a representative of the North Dakota State Engineer. DAM It is proposed to supplement the Heart Butte and the Gladstone reservoirs and would provide water for irrigation of 1,500 acres of bottom lands. zonNpmic The proposed large reservoirs are necessary to the Sub-basin JCCTUI- for purposes of stream flow regulation end to avert a possible A.T1ON majorflood disaster to Mandan. Irrigation is necessary if the . 17.4 area is to become entirely self-sustaining. During the past P73SERVOIRS two years more than $600,000 of federal aid, exclusive of Farm Credit Loans, has . been necessary for the inhabitants of the Sub- basin. As stated elsewhere, 10,805 persons in the Sub-basin received federal aid luring the ronth of March, 1935. This followed the drought of 1934. It is expected that the nuriber receiving aid during the cominG year will exceed this amount because of the extreme drought of 1936. The construction of these reservoirs would be an excellent form of work relief and the far-reaching results of their construction would tend to make the Sub-basin self-sustaining. Livestock and grazing operations of the farmers would be supplemented by the raising of winter feed on the irrigated areas.

Records show a crop failure due to drought during two years of each five-year period. Irrigation would greatly stabilize OM I the farm industry within the Basin.

W.TATF2R Proposed stream gaging stations on the Heart River and • TmfRVATION present weather recording stations in the Sub•basin are shown 1.1 AND STBEAE on Plate III. It is recommended that the State cooperate with WING the U. S. Weather Bureau and the U. S. Bureau of Geological STATIONS Survey in establishing adequate facilities for the recording of weather and stream flow data in the Sub-basin.

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ii CHAPTER III

CANNONBALL SUB-BASIN a

CHAPTER III

CANNONBALL RIVER SUB-BASIN

GENERAL The Cannonball River rises in the Northeastern corner of elope County. Its main tributary, Cedar Creek, rises in the southeastern corner of Slope County. The tro streams flow southeastward, and join on the Grant-Sioux county line. Cedar Creek and the Cannonball river form the north boundary of Sioux County and they flow northeastward in this area to the confluence with the Missouri River about 30 miles above the North Dakota- South Dakota state boundary line. The total area drained by the Cannonball River is about 4,600 square miles of which 4,513 are in North Dakota. The major part of Hottihger and Adams Counties, a large part of Grant County, portions of Slope, Sioux, and Mor- ton Counties one or two townships in Stark County, and one or two tornships in Bowman County are included within this Sub-basin.

POPULATION The total population of the Sub-basin in North Dakota in 1930 ras 24,925 of which 3,185 persons resided in incorporated cities and villages. Mott, the largest torn in the Sub-basin, had a 1930 population of 1,036 persons; New England, second in size, had a 1930 population of 911 persons. The other towns in the Sub-basin had populations of less than 500 persons each. Tho major Dart of the inhabitants are dependent, directly or indirectly, on agriculture for a livelihood. The production of small grains, poultry, and livestock are the chief occupations.

FEDERAL AID During the month of peak load, March 1935, 9690 persons or 38.9% of the total Basin population were receiving federalaid. The state average for the same month was 31.6%. In the peak month of W. P. A. employment, 440 persons were employed on works projects in or near cities and villages and 2,741 persons were employed on rural projects making a total of 3,181 persons employed in October, 1936.

TOPOGRAPHY. The total length of.the Cannonball River is 295 miles and that of Cedar Creek is 221 miles. The headwater areas have an average elevation of nearly 3,000 feet above mean sea level. The elevation of the main stream at its confluence rith the Missouri River is 1,592 feet above mean sea level. The Cannonball River thus shore the greatest variation in elevation of the rivers flowing eastward to the Missouri River.

The Cannonball River meanders through an irregular valley of from to 1 miles in width. This valley has an average slope of approximately 8 feet per mile. The river channel,which is approximately twice as long as the valley, has an average slope of about 4 feet per mile. The slope of most of the tributary stream channels is about 10 feet per mile.

The terrain is a comparatively rugged plateau area in the upper portio► of the.Sub-basin. There are numerous conspicuous buttes in this area. Black Butte rising to an elevation of 3,468 feet above mean sea level, is the highest point in the State. Much of the headwater area is a gently rolling prairie.

TRIBUTARIES There are two important tributaries in addition to Cedar Creek that are of importance in preparing a rater program for the Sub-basin. Trimmer, Freda, Raleigh, and Brisbane are located along Dogtooth Creek, and Flasher and Lark are located along its northern branch commonly called Louse Creek.

NATURAL RESOURCES The Fort Union formation is exposed in the northern portion of the Sub-basin. Numerous deposits of ltgnite coal are found in this formation. The quality of the lignite from some of the deposits is said to be equal to any found in the state.

Field stones, suitable for rubble masonry, riprapping, and for concrete aggregate after crushing, are numerous in the upland areas of the Sub-basin. Gravel suitable for road material is also present but in most cases this is not suitable for concrete aggregate.

GROUND NATM1 Adequate ground water supplies of fair quality are present in most portions of the Sub-basin. In some cases this water is discolored and has a strong taste and odor due to the dissolved organic matter obtained as it passes through the lignite coal voins. This is objectionable but usually not harmful. Springs. are found on valley slopes in the Sub-basin and artesian wells can be obtained in the main valley.

THE IA= PROBLEM The water problem of the Sub-basin is primarily one of stream flow regulation for purposes of flood prevention, for irrigation, and for recreational purposes. During portions of each year there is a large flow in the Cannonball River and its tributaries. How- over, during the greater portion of the year there is a great stream flow deficiency:

Several towns in the Sub-basin are in need•f improvements in their water supply and sewage disposal facilities. There is a mead for several additional small reservoirs in the area for recreational purposes. Irrigation projects are needed to supplement upland farming and grazing operations, and thereby avert the food

• shortage problem that is present during drought years.

PRECIPI- TATION The twenty year average of annual precipitation in the Sub- basin ras 14.87 inches; that during the grordng season, May through September, was 9.96 inches. On the basis that approximately 14 inches of precipitation during the growing season is required to produce a fair crop in the Sub-basin, it is apparent that there was a deficiency of moisture for growing crops during more than one half the twenty year period. There are several areas in the Cannonball River Valley that are suitable for irrigation. Large storage reservoirs would have to be constructed to provide rater for the irrigation of these areas.

RUN-OFF The average annual run-off for the Sub-basin is 0.59 of an inch or 133,000 acre feet per year. The run-off is not as large as ether Missouri Slope areas because of the many level bench land areas along the valleys. The major portion of the run-off occurs during the spring break-up period. The streams are vir- . tually dry during summer months except during and immediately folloring violont storms.

FLOODS The Cannonball River frequently exceeds flood stage. There are no towns located on the river bottom lands and therefore the .or flood damage is limited to that done to the farms in the valley.

WILD LIFE The U. Si Bureau of Biological Survey is presently developing the waterfowl resources in the Sub-basin. •In addition, thet, • is a reservoir rhich ras constructed by the State Game and Fish Department as a waterfowl refuge. Several of the small reservoirs in the area assist in the conservation of the wildlife of the area. However, the ultimate development can come only with the development of adequate stroem flow regulation.

RECREATION Several-reservoirs in the Sub-basin servo the recreational needs of surrounding communities. These have not been ideal during recent drought years due to the early pollution of the water. Stream flow regulation is necessary to adeouately develop the water resources of the Sub-basin for recreational purposes. Sev- eral additional small reservoirs at desirable locations would qm. make water available for a larger portion of the Sub-basin for recreational purposes and rould be particularly useful during normal years. rm. POWER AND NAVIGATION The streams of the Sub-basin are not navigable and, because of the limited and intermittent flow, the development of water power is not practicable. The power needs of the Sub-basin are • served by generating plants utilizing lignite coal as fuel. CHANNEL IMPROVEMENTS There has been some rock revetment work done on stream banks adjecent to the Northern Pacific Railway fills in the Sub-basin. No additional channel improvement is contemplated or proposed.

MUNICIPAL SUPPLY The municipal water supply problem is not acute in the Sub- basin. Amidon reports an inadequate supply for fire protection and needs an additional well or wells for this purpose. Flasher has acquired the use of the railway reservoir located nearby for fire protection. There is a need for a pipe line to this reservoir.

STREAM POLLUTION There is a serious stream pollution problem present in the Sub-basin which is particularly aggravated during drought years. New England and Mott dump their sewage into nearby streams which are virtually dry during summer months. This results in a serious health hazard, particularly downstream from Mott. In addition to pollution from sewage there is an accumulation of dead animals and other debris in stream channalt which causes a con- taminated condition of the small amont of water usually present in the streams during summer months. Stream flow regulation would greatly alleviate the pollution problem in the Sub-basin. .41 POSSIBLM IRRIGATION Approximately 26,000 acres of bottom lands in the Sub-basin are potentially irrigable. Irrigation on a small scale has been tried by pumping from small reservoirs. This has been highly successful for small areas such as gardens. However, the irrigation of a large area would require the construction of a number of small reservoirs at considerable cost. Large reservoirs can be built at suitable locations and would store water much more economically than would a series of small reservoirs.. Water could be released from these reservoirs as needed into ditches for irrigation by gravity flow and into the stream channel from which it could be pumped for projects farther downstream.

USE OF IR- RIGABLE LAND The main objective of irrigation in the Sub-basin would be to supplement the livestock and grazing operations of the upland areas. During drought years sufficient feed would be grown on the irrigated areas to sustain foundation herds without the necessity of shipping in expensive feeds. This would lead to a more prosperous condition throughout the Sub-basin.

EXISTING • RESERVOIRS A total of 38 existing dams in the Sub-basin impound a maximum of 6,561 acre feet of water.. These are used for purposes of • recreation, stock catering, railroad supply, waterfowl reeu1es, and fire protection. Existing dams in the Sub-basin are listed in Table A and are shorn on Pinta, II.

PROPOSED It is proposed: PROGRAM 1. That throe largo reservoirs be constructed in the Sub- basin to provide stream flor regulation for purposes of irrigation, recreation, and pollution abatement. Proposed Projects are listed in Table D and aro shown on Plato II.

2. That several additional small reservoirs be created where there is a definite need for them for recreation, stock watering, or other purposes. Proposed projects are also listed in Table D and are shorn on Plato II. All dams constructed hereafter in the Sub-basin should be provided rith outlet gates for releasing the rater stored when a groat need arises for it downstream or then it becomes so polluted that it is a definite health hazard to the community. Many existing dams should also be provided with outlet gates. • 3. That assistance be given several towns in developing adequate rater supply and sewage disposal facilities. Water supply projects are listed in Table B and sewage disposal projects are listed in Table C and both are shorn on Plate I.

4. That weather observation stations be established at Amidon and at Stowers. These are listed in Table E and are shown on Plate III.

5. That a detailed soil survey and land classification be begun as soon as is possible on all lands that appear to be irrigable in order to ascertain: the suitability of the lands for irrigation in each of the several areas. These surveys should follor the atrial mapping of the irrigable regions. This mapping . ill provide, in addition to its utility as the basis of the proposed soil survey and land classification, much needed data on present land use. The cost of the aerial mapping would approximate 5(4 per acre. The cost of the detailed soil survey and land classification 7ould be an additional 50 per acre. Thus, to properly predetermine the areas suited to irrigation would entail the expenditure of 100 per acre for 26,000 acres of irrigable land in the Cannonball River Sub-basin, or a pproximately $2,600.

RURAL A large number of small reservoirs have been proposed for WATER the Sub-basin bv- various agencies. Those that rould serve pur- SUPPLY poses of recreation, irrigation and raterforl refuges have been included in the proposed program. It is proposed that before any more small dams for stock ratering purposes be constructed •

in the Sub-basin, a detailed survey of rural water supply be under- • taken to determine the best and most economical method of scour- ing adequate and satisfactory water supplies for stock watering purposes. hero an adequate ground water supply is available it is probable that this rould be through tho construction of . com- . munity rolls. In othcr localities not having a reliable ground .rater supply the construction of surface reservoirs rould be the only alternative. Following such a survey it is proposed that assistance be given in developing an adequnto.rural water supply.

PROPOSED A-dam located in section 14-131-86 and another in section STORAGE 8-129-87 mould intercept large amounts of run-:off. The sites REST2VOIRS rould provide largo amounts of storage with minimum flowage damages, Suitable local materials arc available for construCtieni Only preliminary investigations of the sites have been madebut those seem to offer definite possibilities.

SOLER RESERVOIR The U..S. Army Engineers have investigated the Solon Reser- voir site and have found it to be feasible for a reservoir of storage capacity up to 160,000 acre feet. The cost was estimated • at $1,749,000 for a 160,000 acre feet reservoir. In addition,a •reservoir of such large capacity would flood the torn of Solen, approximately 12 miles of the Northern Pacific track, and 1 mile of State Highway No. 12. This would result in enormous flowage -damages.

A study of the run-off data for the Sub-basin has resulted in the conclusion that a reservoir of 50,000 acre feet capacity rould . amply serve the needs for rhich the project is intended, namely, the irrigation of 15,000 acres of Cannonball River bottom lands. The reduction in the size of the dam would materially reduce the flowage damages and would allow a more economical design for the dam. It is believed a liberal estimate of the cost of such a reservoir, including flowage damages, rould be $500,000.

ECONOMIC A total of 38 small dams have been constructed in the Sub- JUSTIFICATION basin at an estimated cost of $279,100. .In March of 1$45, 38.9% FOR LAZE of the population were dependent upon the federal government for RESERVOIRS subsistence. During the coming year there will be a great need for rork relief within the Sub-basinAue to the severe drought of 1936. A rater program such as proposed here would tend to make this entire area self-dependent.

The irrigation that would develop in the Sub-basin as a result of the construction of the proposed large reservoirs. would. make the projects:laxgely self-financing. However, in view of the large amount of work relief required in theSub-basin and the great value to the entire State of developing a prosperous area, it is pronosod that a large part of the cost . of . the reservoirs be charged to the rehabilitation of theilub-basin. WEATHER Existing weather observation and stream gaging stations to- OBSERVATION gather with the proposed new weathrr-recording stations at Amidon AND STREAM and Stowers arc shorn on Plate III. It is also strongly urged GAGING that all existing facilities be maintained. STATIONS

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CP C • C 0 47, 0 X LAJ • CHAPTER IV

GRAND SUB-BASIN

CHAPTER IV

GRAND RIVER SUB-BASIN

GENERAL The Grand River Sub-basin in North Dakota consists of an area of 927 square miles drained by the north fork of the Grand River. This area lies in the eastern two-thirds of Bowman Coun- ty and the southwestern one.-third of Adams County. The north fork of the Grand River rises near the North Dakota-South Dakota boundary line about 20 miles southwest of Bowman, North Dakota. It flows within 1, 2, or 3 miles of the state-line for more than 40 miles. It leaves the State in the southwestern corner of Adams County and flows saatheastward to its confluence with the Grand River near Shadehill, South Dakota. The north fork of the Grand River will be referred to merely as the Grand River in the following paragraphs.

The general elevation of the headwaters area of the Grand River is approximately 2,950 feet above sea level and at the point where the stream crosses the State line into South Dakota, the elevation is 2,570 feet above sea level.

POPULATION The 1930 population of the Sub-basin was 6,490 persons of which 3,146 resided in rural areas and 3,344 in the several incorporated cities and villages. Hettinger with a 1930 population of 1,292 persons, Bowman with 888 persons, Reeder with 395 persons and Scranton with 381 persons are the larger communities in this area.

The principal industry of this Sub-basin is agriculture which engages the greater portion of the population.

FEDZRAL During the month of peak load, March 1935, 1315 persons or AID 20.3 per cent of the total population were receiving federal aid. The state average for this month was 31.6 per cent. In the peak month of W. P. A. employment 54 persons were employed on work projects in or near cities and villages and 418 persons were employed on rural projects, making a total of 472 persons employed in October, 1936.

TOPOGAAPHY The Grand River Sub-basin lies entirely outside the glaciated region. For the most part, the uplands consist of flat to gently rolling terrain in which the water courses have quite thoroughly dissected the plateau surface. At the lower end of the main tributaries the valleys are deeper and, in general, have a fairly small drop p ,,,r mile. The valley of the Grand River . averages SI about li miles in width through which the stream flows in a meandering course. The average slope of the valley floor: is 8 feet per mile.

TRIBUTARIES Several tributary streams converge at a point approximately OF 12 miles west of the east boundary line of Bowman County to form GRAND RIVER the main channel of the Grand River in North Dakota. Spring Creek, one of the major tributaries, has its headwaters near Griffin and drains an area of approximately 220 square miles. Lightning Creek originates about six miles south of Buffalo Springs, drains an area of about 80 square miles and joins the Grand River near the North Dakota-South Dakota boundary. Other tributaries of some importance are Buffalo Creek and Hidden Wood Creek.

NATURAL Extensive deposits of lignite coal are found in the Fort Rssouvim Union formation which comprises the geologic bed rock of the eastern part of Bowman and the southwestern part of Adams Coun- ties and in. the Lance formation of the upper reaches of the Grand River. Many of these coal deposits appear on side hills and mining is not difficult. Both strip methods and tunnelling are practiced in the production of this fuel. Lignite mining on commercial scales are developed at Scranton and Haynes. Sev- eral small mines, operated individually by farmers and others, "rd are located throughout the northern portion of the Sub-basin.

Scattered throughout the Sub-basin are ridges and buttes that are covered with field stones of good quality. These stones can be used as material for rubble masonry construction, revetment work and can be crushed for use as concrete aggregate.

RUN-017 Very little run-off occurs in this Sub-abasin, except during rapid spring thaws and during excessive rains, because of the flat to gently rolling terrain.. The average run-off here is 0.57 of an inch. As a result, the streams are virtually dry during a large part of each year. •

FLOODS All of the towns in this Sub-basin are located near the drainage divide and as a result there has been .but little flood damage in the past. This problem, therefore, is not serious in the Grand River Sub-basin.

WILD LIFE Because there are only a very limited number of reservoirs that retain water throughout the year in this 80-basih, only a limited number of waterfowl frequent this area. There are no projects constructed or contemplated at present in this Sub-basin by the U. S. Biological Surrey. The construction of additional reservoirs as contemplated in the program proposed here will add to the waterfowl resources of the Sub-basin. LION The recreational facilities within this Sub-basin are very limited. The few dams that were constructed under the F.E.R.A. and C.C.C. programs have provided little increase in swimming or other recreational facilities because of the limited supply of available water to fill these during the past three years. A railroad dam near Hettinger has been used by residents in the vicinity for Brimming during years of average run-off. The W.P.A. has completed the repair of an abondoned railroad dam at Buffalo Springs and this may make excellent swimming and picnic facilities available. An excellent growth of cotton- wood trees adjoins the reservoir.

POWER AHD. The streams of this Sub-basin are not navigable and because NAVIGATION of the limited and intermittent flow the development of water power is not practicable. The power needs of the Sub-basin are served by generating plants utilizing lignite coal as fuel.

CHANNEL There has been little or no attempts made to improve the IMPROVEMENTS existing channels of the streams. The, principal streams have well defined and uniform channels. Any additional improvements would involve large costs.

MUNICIPAL Bowman and Hettinger, the two largest towns in this Sub- TATER basin, have wells over 1,000 feet in depth for their municipal • SUPPLY supply. Other towns have drilled wells ranging from 60 to 100 feet deep.

Two of the towns in this area, Scranton and Reeder. have reported an inadequate water supply. Scranton has applied for W.P.A. help to improve this situation and Reeder will probably have to do likewise.

STREAM The pollution problem on the Sub-basin is especially serious POLLUTION during periods of drought. Decay of organic matter, such as fish and animals, in many of the streams cause stagnant and polluted pools to form and present a health hazard to the inhabitants. Hettinger discharges its sewage into Hidden Wood Creek and, due . to the extremely low flow for dilution purposes during the greater portion of each year, serious pollution of the stream results.

. POSSIBLE There are available approximately 8,000 acres of land in IRRIGATXON the valley of the Grand River that could be used for irrigation farming if sufficient water were provided by a large storage reservoir on the Grand River. Surveys of these areas, in 1909 by W. A. Stebbins of the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation, in 1926 by G. E. Stratton also of the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation, in 1931 by the U. S. Army Engineers and in 1931 by the North Dakota State Engineer, have found this feasible from an engineering standpoint.

VSi Ol .Rhe primary nurpese of the devolopment of irrigation in YLrGii.PLA the 8.rib-basin roul4 be tJ Ire", :.eed durinr dreapht LATZ years to suJtain foil=datieA b-7%?. elt1 elirdost neoosy of luta •ra.; ar • nu racml-yi ft2 f tLlea cosit s Os :4 :^. or tord to it-.."1.-2:o tin of . nlwaxing only 1A•17 f:ca.A.-

RESMVOIR n.ec no reuervoirs -aroposed in the program for the IOR FLOOD minimisine of iloods in this Sub-basin in Narth Dakota. A CaTTROL, . large reservoir on the Grand River and one on Lightning Creek PrIlr- are proposed in this program for the storing of sufficient water to irrigate E,000 aerie of land in the Grand River Valley. 11,CiF41, The retention of flo3d waters and the return flow from the £I ixcigable lands would have a very beneficial effect on the stream :.:p.:Galor flow below.

:!._:;ZING 'A total of 7 dams now constructed in the Basin impound a tLafivnias maximum of 1,712 acre feet of water. Reservoirs are listed in Table I and are shown on Plate II.

plasoso It is proposed; 1.0c1.4 1. That a large reservoir be constructed on the Grand River and possibly another on Lightning Creek for purposes of conserving flood waters for irrigating several thousand acres of bottom lands, These reservoirs would have a beneficial effect or stream flow down :treas. Proposed projects are listed in Table D and are shown on Plate II.

2. That several small dams be constructed at desirable loos". tions for recreation and stock watering purposes. Proposed projects are listed in Table D and are shown on Plate All dams constructed hereafter in the Sub-basin should be provided with outlet gates for releasing the water stored when a great need arises for it dornstream or when it becomes so polluted that it lc a definite health hezatd to the community. Some existing dams should Lao be provided with outlet gates.

3. That assistance be given towns in securing e.dequate water supply and Jewafe disposal facilities. Projects are listed in Taules Ii and C and are shom on Plate I. ■Ir

4. That a detailed soil survey and land classification he begun as soon as is possible on all lands that appear to be irrig- a able in o1cr to ascartain the suitability of those lanes ter irrigation each of the aevaral areas. These surveys would follow the rerip.l mapping of the irrigable regions. Elie mapping will provide, it addition to its utility as the basis of the pro- 30 posed soil survey and land claceification, much needed data on

present land use. The cost of the aerial mapping would approximate 50 per acre. The cost of the detailed soil survey and land classification would be an additional 50 per acre. Thus, to properly predetermine the areas suited to irrigation would entail the expenditure of 100 per acre for 8,000 acres of irrigable land in the Grand River Sub-basin, or approximately $800.00.

RURAL A large number of small reservoirs have been proposed for the WATER Sub-basin by various agencies. Those that would serve purposes of SUPPLY • recreation, irrigation, and waterfowl refuges have been included in the proposed program. It le proposed that before any more small dams for stock watering purposes be constructed in the Sub-basin, a detailed survey of rural water supply be undertaken to determine the best and most economical method of securing adequate and satisfactory water supplies for stock watering purposes. Where an adequate ground water supply is available it is probable that this .would be through the construction of community wells. In other localities not having a reliable ground water supply the construction of surface reservoirs would be the only alternative. Following such a survey it is proposed that assistance be given in developing an adequate rural water supply.

ULTIMATE The ultimate development of the surface water resources of this DEVELOWNT Sub-basin would be provided by the two large storage reservoirs of - OF WATER proper design to make possible the irrigation of suitable lands and RESOURCES by small dams and reservoirs to supplement the well water supply for stockwatering and recreation purposes.

BOWMAN It is proposed that the Bowman Irrigation Reservoir, located PROJECT in Section 24-129-101, be placed under construction immediately. The surveys mentioned are complete enough to make possible the start of work on this project immediately. Soundings for the dam site were made by the F.E.R-A. and the results are available in the W.R.A. office at Bismarck, North Dakota.

Sufficient water to irrigate 8,000 acres of land by gravity flow would be provided by this reservoir. The irrigable acreage is limited to approximately 8,000 acres by the available water supply.

LIGHTNING An additional project on Lightning Creek, located in Section MUM 19-129-98 is also recommended to supplement the supply of eater obtainable from the main reservoir for irrigation purposes. it ECONOMIC Recent events have materially Altered the significance and JUSTIFI- justification of the Bowman Project.. During the past three years CATION FOR about $125,000 of Federal Aid, exclusive of Farm Credit Administra- w RESERVOIRS tion loans have been advanced to the inhabitants of this area. Such aid is continuing at present because of the protracted drought • of 1936. Although many worth while and necesearyprojects have been-oenetetteteti-thretteheet-the federal work relief program, the. people have not been provided with a means of becoming more self- sustaining in the event of continuing drouth years.

The construction of the Bowman project would change this situation tit a very marked degree. This project, if constructed, would insure an adequate feed supply for the livestock in the area; it would increase the value of taxable property in the Sib-basing and above all; it would stabalise the income of the inhabitants so that federal or local aid would become a matter of far less cons. corn than at present.

It is proposed that a definite part of the. cost of this pro Sect be allocated for the rehabilitation of the people of this area.

COST OF • The U. S. Army Engineers estimated the cost of construction BO MAN of the Bowman Dam at $997,000a Detailed information concerning PROJECT the design proposed by the U. S. Army Engineers is not available but it is the belief of the North Dakota State Planning Board that a dam adequately Butted to the present and anticipated needs of the area could be constructed for approximately $350,000.

In a review of Mr. Stebbins report, Mr. Stratton gives the estimated cost of storage at $10:80 per acre foot. The estimated storage capacity of the reservoir would be 19;500 acre feet, accord- ing to the U. S. Army Engineers. This would give an estimated cost for the dam of$210,600. The unit prices used by Mr. Stebbins in calculating the cost of the dam were;

Embankment $ 0.40 per cubic yard Rock Rip-Rap 5.00 per cubic yard Reinforced concrete 20.00 per cubic yard Lumber in place for spillway and flumes 50.00 per M.U.B.M.

The unit price for earth fill is high for present construction costs. The contract price for construction of the U. S. Bureau of Biologi- cal Survey Upper Souris Project ,-as 11 cents Der cubic yard for earth fill embankment. A large portion of the work consisted of construction .of a large dam for impounding 112,000 acre feet of. water in the Souris River Valley: The total construction cost of the entire project was approximately $300,000.

A rough estimate of the cost of the Bowman Dam has been made. The design would include a 437,500 cubic yard earth fill dam with clay Or timber cut-off wall, a gravel blanket on the upstream face covered by 18 to 20 inches of rock rip-rap, a rubble masonary and reinforced concrete spillway and the necessary outlets and controls. Cost items would be:

437,500 C. Y. earth fill . 0" $0.25 $109,375 20,000 C. Y. rock :yip-rap S 5.00 100,000 6.000 C. Y. gravel blanket S 1.00 -.6,000 Spillway, control gates etc. 50,000 Foundation preparation, .cut off wall, engineering, and incidentals 84,625 This gives a total cost estimate of $350,000.. No flowage damages would result as the area was reserved for irrigation development at the time of the original land survey.

No estimates are included for irrigation develo pments other than water storage. There is a definite need for irrigation in the area and irrigation districts will be formed and will construct their irrigation projects when water is made available.

STREAM Active weather recording and stream gaging stations in the GAGING Grand River Sub-basin are shown on Plate III.: No additional sta. _ AND /MATSU tione of either type are included in the proposed program but it OBSERVATION is strongly urged that all existing stations be maintained; STATION

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I CHAPTER. V

LITTLE MISSOURI SUB-BASIN

CHAPTER V

LITTLE MISSOURI RIVER SUB-BASIN

GENERAL The Little Missouri River rises in northeastern Wyoming. It flows in a northerly direction and drains portions of northwestern South Dakota, southeastern Montana, and southwestern North Dakota. It enters North Dakota in the extreme southwest corner of the State. It flows northward in a very tortuous course to a point in south- central McKenzie County, approximately 30 miles south of the Mis- souri River, and then turns abruptly and flows to its confluence with the Missouri River near Elbowoods, about 65 miles to the east.

At the point where the Little Missouri River enters North Dakota, it has a tributary drainage area of 2,360 square miles. Between this point and the mouth the tributary drainage area is 7,100 square miles, 4,665 square miles of which is in North Dakota. The Little Missouri Sub-basin in North Dakota includes major parts of Slppe, Golden Valley, and Billings Counties and lesser parts of Bowman, McKenzie, and Dunn Counties.

POPULATION The 1930 population of the Sub-basin was 16,758. 3,328 per- . sons resided in incorporated cities and villages, and the remainder, 13,430 persons, resided in more rural areas.

FEDERAL AID During the month of peak load, March, 1935, 6,141 persons or 36.6 per cent of the Sub-basin population were receiving federal aid. The State average for the same month was 31.6 per cent. In the peak month of W. P. A. employment, October 1936, 3,328 persons were employed on works projects in or near cities and villages and 13,430 persons were employed on rural projects,making a total of 16,758 persons employed in October, 1936.

TOPOGRAPHY Much of the area drained by the Little Missouri River in North Dakota is the so called "Badlands." Although the headwaters of the tributary creeks drain a prairie region, the rapid fall to the main stream has caused the formation of many gullies in the 8.• :es closer to the little Missouri River. These gullies have slopes mostly barren of segetation which erode very easily, The water picks up silt in these areas and deposits this on the river bottoms as it loses its velocity.

The total length of the Little Missouri River channel is approximately 530 miles. Its average grade is approximately one foot per mile. The valley is approximately 300 miles in length and averages about 4,000 feet in width. The river meanders from side to side through this valley and cuts the bottom lands into numerous tracts. These tracts of land vary in size from 50 to 700 acres. They are composed of dark fertile loam.

• TRIBUTARIES Them are numerous small tributaries on both sides of the Little Missouri River. Two tributaries originating in Montana are of importance in preparing a water plan for the Sub-basin. These are Big Beaver Creek entering North Dakota in northwestern Golden Valley County and Little Beaver Creek having its confluence with the Little Missouri River at Marmarth, North Dakota.

NATURAL There are considerable lignite coal deposits in the Sub-basin. RESOURCES There are a number of natural gas wells in the vicinity of Marmarth, • and oil has been struck in paying quantities in Montana just across the state-line from Marmarth. Bentonite is also present in the Sub-basin. Gravel, satisfactory for surfacing material, is found, but it contains impurities rendering it unfit for use as concrete aggregate. GROUND WATER Artesian wells from 90 to 600 feet in depth located in the lower portion of the various tributary valleys furnish surrounding areas with an ample supply of fair quality water for human con- sumption and stock watering. In the areas more removed from the main stream water is secured in the stream valleys from wells 40 to 60 feet in depth and, in the prairie areas, from drilled or

OP bored wells up to 200 feet in depth. There is a shortage of water for stock watering purioses in some areas. Wells in theso areas need to be deepened, or new wells need to be dug.

THE WATER There is a necessity for stream flow regulation in the Little PROBLEM Missouri River Sub-basin. During the spring run-off period and after heavy rains the river is taxed to capacity and often over- flows its banks and causes considerable flood damage. During drought seasons the flow in the various streams is reduced to zero. There is a need for water for recreation, for pollution abatement, and for irrigation during such periods. In addition to damage caused by flooding during spring run-off, considerable dam- , age is done by bank erosion. The flood danger is particularly acute because of the rapid fall of the tributaries in the area. These frequently bring in sufficient water to raise the river from normal to flood stage within a 24 hour period.

PRECIPITATION The 20 year average of annual precipitation in the Sub-basin is 14.40 inches. That during the growing season, the period May through September, is 9.86 inches. On the basis that approximately 14 inches of precipitation are required during the growing season to produce a good crop, it is apparent that there was a deficiency of moisture for growing crops during more than one half the 20 year period. During drought years, expensive feeds are shipped into the Sub basin to sustain foundation herds of livestock. This results in a loss of accumulated savings. There is approximately 20,000 acres of land along the Little Missouri River that is potentially suitable for irrigation to supplement upland farming and livestock operations.

• EUN-OFF_ The run-off from the Badland portion of the Sub basin is very rapid. The average annual run-off over a thirty-one year period from the Sub-basin is approximately 1.43 inches or 356.000 acre feet. A large portion of this occurs during the spring months and, except immediately following violent storms, the streams are virtually dry during the summer months.

FLOODS As noted above, floods cause considerable damage in the Sub- basin. Wibaux, Montana on Big Beaver Creek suffered $600,000dam- ages and the loss of 3 lives during the flood of 1929. Marmarth, North Dakota has suffered serious flooding both from the Little Missouri River and from Little Beaver Creek. Levees wore started by CA,A. and F.E.R.A. and completed by W.P.A. to give flood protection to Marmarth. The Little Beaver Creek channel has been straightened through the town to give additional protection. How- ever, this development will not give complete flood protection to Marmarth. Some additional flood protection should be provided in the form of storage reservoirs both in the Little Missouri River and in Little Beaver Creek. WILD-LIFE The U. S. Biological Survey has no projects in the Basin be- 41, cause there are no sloughs or lakes suitable for the development of waterfowl refuges. Projects for the conservation of wild life are not proposed, but some wild life benefits would be derived from projects proposed primarily for other purposes.

RECREATION There are no natural lakes suitable for recreational purposes. Several reservoirs have been constructed for this purpose, and several additional dams are proposed. Two state parks have been developed in the Badland areas. Stream flow regulation would increase recreational facilities in the Sub-basin.

POWER AND There is no development of water power or navigation on the NAVIGATION_ Little Missouri River. It is unsuited for either purpose. Cheap fuel in the form of natural gas and lignite coal is available for the production of power in the Sub-basin.

CHANNEL There has been no channel improvement in the Sub-basin except IMPROVEMENT for the short length of the Little Beaver Creek channel through. Marmarth which has been straightened to allow quicker exit of flood waters, Channel erosion is a problem along the Little Missouri giver_

MUNICIPAL The towns of the Tub-basin in general have an adequate water SUPPLY supply. A reservoir upstream helps maintain the water level in the wells of Beach. Sentinel Butte has a reservoir available for fire protection, Marmarth needs some improvements in its water system, •

STREAM During summer months an accumulation of debris and sewage POLLUTION in the streams causes serious health hazards. Suitable sewage treatment plants and adequate stream flow regulation would greatly al.. leviate the situation.

POSSIBLE There are approximately 27,000 acres of bottom lands in the IRRIGATION Little Missouri Sub basin that might be irrigated by pumping from the river with a maximum lift of 35 feet if water were available for the purpose. Adequate stream flow regulation would stimulate the development of irrigation projects.

USE OF Irrigated land would be used to supplement farming and graz- IRRIGABLE in,-; on the upland areas. The Resettlement Administration is now LAND engaged in developing the Badlands for grazing. Irrigation would greatly assist in this development by insuring a supply of feed within the Basin for needs during winter months and throughout drought periods.

• EXISTING A total of 18 dams now constructed in the Basin impound a PROJECTS maximum of 1,879 acre feet of water. These are used largely for stock watering and recreation. Existing projects are listed in Table A and are shown on Plate II.

PROPOSED It is proposed: PROGRAM 1. That three large storage reservoirs be constructed for flood control and stream regulation through the cooperation of NorthDalcota, Montana, the federal government, and interested local agencies. One reservoir would be located on the Little Missouri River in Bowman County; one would be on Little Beaver Creek in Fallon County, Montana; and the other would be on Big Beaver Creek in Wibaux County, Montana. These reservoirs would permit the irrigation of approximately 27,000 acres of bottom lands by pumping and by gravity flow, These projects are listed in Table D and are shown on Plate

2. That several additional small reservoirs be constructed for recreational and stock watering purposes. Proposed small projects are also list in D )n. Pl2to II. All dams constructed hereafter in the Sub-basin should be provided with outlet gates for releasing the water stored when a great need arises for it downstream or when it becomes so polluted that it is a definite health hazard to the community. Many existing dams should also be provided with outlet gates.

3. That towns in the Sub-basin be given assistance in developing adequate water supply and sewage disposal facilities. Projects for improvement of water supply are listed in Table B and are shown on Plate I. Projects for improvement of sewage disposal are listed in Table C and are also shown on Plate I.

• • 4. That a detailed soil survey and land classification be begun as soon as is possible on all lands that appear to be irrigable in order to ascertain the suitability of the lands for irrigation in each of the several areas. These surveys should follow the aerial mapping of the irrigable regions. This mapping will provide, in addition to its utility as the basis of the proposed soil survey and land classification, much needed data on present land use. The cost of the aerial mapping would approximate 50 per acre. The cost of the detailed soil survey and /and classification would be an additional 50 per acre. Thus, to properly predetermine the areas suited to irrigation would entail the expenditure of 100 per acre for 20,000 acres of irrigable land in the Little Missouri River Sub-basin, or approximately $2,000.

LITTLE There is an excellent location for a large reservoir on the MISSOURI • Little Missouri River in Section 28/29.-130-106 in Bowman County. RESERVOIR The Pierre Shale exposed at the site would permit a minimum of PROJECT foundation preparation and would make excellent embankment material. This reservoir would prevent excessive flow in the Little Missouri River in North Dakota with its accompanying flood dam- • ages and excessive bank erosion. It would regulate the flow in the river and thereby provide water in the valley during summer months for recreation, for pollution abatement, and for possible irrigation developments.

LITTLE BEAVER A large reservoir located just across the Montana-North CREEK Dakota state line on Little Beaver Creek would provide protection RESERVOIR for Marmarth from floods produced by that stream. It would regulate the flow in the stream and thereby provide water for recreation, pollution abatement, and for the possible irrigation of 3,000 acres of land in North Dakota. The Pierre Shale is also exposed at this site. THE BIG BEAVER RESERVOIR There is a suitable location for a large reservoir on Big Beaver Creek in Section 30-12-60, Wibaux County, Montana. This would give flood protection to Wibaux, Montana and would provide a regulated flow in the creek for purposes of recreation, pollution abatement, and for the irritation of several thousand acres of bottom land, some of which would be in North Dakota,

The construction of these reservoirs within the next one or two years would provide a large amount of work relief which is especially needed at this time due to the extreme drought of 1936. Their construction would tend to make the Sub-basin self- sustaining. Farming and grazing operations of the upland areas could be supplemented by the irrigation of river bottom lands. This would permit the growing of feeds for winter months and for drought peribda, WEATHER Active weather observation and stream gaging stations in II OBSERVATION the Little Missouri Sub-basin arc shown on Plate III. No ad- AND STREAM ditional stations of either type are included in the proposed - GAGING program, but it is strongly urged that all existing stations bo STATIONS maintained.

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3 PROPOSED IMPROVEMENTS IN WATER SUPPLY AND SEWAGE DISPOSAL -LEGEND- •. J _ ° DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

SHALLOW WELL • • j Q LI, ) SEWAGE DISPOSAL — PARTIAL TREATMENT ... f `, • 0 - 7 -- - - 4: .ALPHA

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FLOW 3AM( STRE DEFICIENCY

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NORTH DAKOTA LITTLE MISSOURI RIVER DRAINAGE BASIN

STATE PLANNING BOARD w P A PROJECT NO.41133

0.36

PLATE .1111.1110 W THE OPFICI Of TNI CONSULTWAT

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0 • S GCMG-IS Plinitallariall:_ SC ALE .11.1.10.LES !IlltellinPk • CHAPTER VI

YELLOWSTONE SU B-BASIN

CHAPTER VI YELLOWSTONE RIVER SUB1BASIN

G7NMAL The Yellowstone River rises in the northwestern corner of the State of Wyoming and flows in a generally norheastward dir2elion to its confluence with the Missouri River near Buford, Nord. Dakota. The length of the main stream is 871 miles. The average slwe of the river is 13.3 feet per mile from an elevation of 10,800 feet a- bove mean sea level at the headwaters to 1,859 feet above mean sea level at the mouth. That portion of the stream which lies in North Dakota has a slope of less than one foot per mile of channel.

The total area drained by the Yellowstone River in Wyoming, Montana, and North Dakota is 69,820 square miles of which 718 square miles ate.in thnaortheastern corner of McKenzie County and in the northwest corner of Golden Valley County, North Dakota.

POPULATION The total population of the Yellowstone Sub-basin in North Dakota in 1930 was 2,630 persons. This population was entirely rural. The largest town was Alexander which had a population of 386.

FEDMAL AID In the peak month of W.P.A. employment approximately 20 persons were employed on work projects in or near cities and villages and about 300 persons were employed on rural projects, making a total of about 320 persons employed in October, 1936.

TOPOGRAPHY That portion of the Yellowstone Sub-basin lying in North Dakota is a glaciated area with the drift and valley alluvium rest- ing upon the Port Union formation. The river valley is several miles wide and slopes gently toward the river. In the up per per- ,. tions of the Sub-basin the rolling plateau country rises to an elevation of about 2,400 feet mean sea level. This region marks the divide between the Little Missouri and the Yellowstone Sub- basin.

SOILS The soil of the Sub-basin, for the most part, is valley alluvium. This alluvium is also found in terraces and benches along the sides of the valleys. Alkali is present in the soil but not in sufficient quantities to affect agricultural development except where concentration has taken place due to the general topography of the local area or to the application of irrigation water without sufficient drainage.

TRIBUTARIES The North Dakota tributaries of the Yellowstone River are Benne Pierre Creek, Horse Creek, and Charboneau Creek. These three streams are rather small and are not capable of much development because of the rapid drop in elevation of their channels. Of these

••• Benne Pierre Creek offers the greatest possibilities for development.

TATRAL Lignite coal is present in the Fort Union formation of the 1.1:10ES Sub-basin. It is not mined on a large commercial scale in this region but affords an abundance of fuel to the inhabitants at low cost.

G710TIND The main sources of water in the Sub-basin aro the valley al- WATER luvium and the base of the upland drift which is tapped by shallow wells. Water is also secured from wells and springs in the lignite and sandstone beds of the Fort Union formation. This water is of fairly good quality, although that coming from the sandstone and some of that coming from the drift is highly mineralized.

PRECIPITkTION There is a marked deficiency of rainfall in the Sub-basin for the production of growing crops. The average annual precipitation is about 14 inches, and that from May through September is about 92 inches.

THE WATER There are several thousand acres of bottom lands along the TROLLEY. east side of the Yellowstone River that are potentially well suited to irrigation. There is also a considerable area in the valley of Benne Pierre Creek that could be irrigated by the construction of a storage dam and a system of irrigation ditches. The necessity for irrigation in this area is made evident by the fact that, during the last twenty years, two crop failures have, on the average, occured in each five year period due, primarily, to rainfall deficiencies. However, on the west side of the river where the river bottom lands are irrigated, crop failures are unknown. Crops of wheat with a yield as high as 54 bushels per acre have been grown on the Yellowstone River bottom lands after spring flooding.

There are several sites for small dams which would create spring fed reservoirs suitable for stock watering and possible recreational use. The Resettlement Administration is presently developing such projects in the area.

Several thousand acres:3 of land on the west side of the river are water logged and saturated with alkali. This land needs to be rehabilitated and provided with suitable drainage ditches to become a valuable part of the Lower Yellowstone irrigation project.

11, PUN-OFF The flow in the Yellowstone River at its confluence with the Missouri River is about equal to that of the main stream. The average annual run-off is approximately 10,500,000 acre feet, and the flow varies from 5,000 to 160,000 cubic feet per second. The local run-off in the Sub-basin in North Dakota is about one inch per year.

FLOODS The Yellowstone River bottom lands are subject to frequent spring flooding due to the fact that the Yellowstone River breaks up before the Missouri River, and the resulting ice jams back the water over the valley. This flooding does no particular damage. In fact, the siltso deposited and the thorough soaking given the land are of definite value.

The rapid spring run-off that occurs in this Sue-basin is ac- companied by excessive bank erosion. As a result pumping plants for irrigation projects must be protected by revetment work or by the construction of suitable concrete walls and intake pipes. The latter would eliminate the danger to these plants by removing them sufficiently far from the river.

WILD LIFE Wild life resources of the Sub-basin consist largely of deet which are present in the wooded areas. No particular developments are present or are contemplated to increase the wild life resources.

RECREATION The C.C.C. dams on Charboneau Creek create reservoirs which are available for recreational purposes. The one in section 26-151-103 is of particular value for this purpose. However, the shores of this reservoir should be developed for picnic and camping facilities.

NAVIGATION Previous to the construction of the railroad into Montana, there was considerable navigation on the Yellowstone River. From e the year 1882, when the Northern Pacific Railway reached Billings, Montana to 1910 a small amount of river traffic continued between Glendive, Montana and the mouth of the river. However, there has been no commercial navigation on the river since that time except during recent years when a small boat has plied between Sidney, Montana and the mouth. In 1930 this boat handled approximately 60,000 pounds of produce. There are no large pleasure craft operated on the river. No development of navigation is contemplated in North Dakota.

WATER POWER There is no proposal for the development of water power on the Yellowstone River in North Dakota. Cheap power is available from steam generating stations utilizing lignite coal and natural gas as fuels.

MUNICIPAL There are only a few small towns in the Sub-basin, and these SUPPLY have not reported a water supply problem.

STREAE There is no sewage discharged into the streams in the Sub-basin POLLUTION in North Dakota. There are a number of cities in Montana which dis- charge their sewage into the Yellowstone River. Data on the number of these and the type of sewage treatment are not available. This probably causes no serious pollution problem, however, because of the high minimum flow of the Yellowstone River. During drought

years dead animals and debris in tributary streams cause the greatest stream pollution in the Basin.

IRRIGATION The United States Bureau of Reclamation Lower Yellowstone Irrigation Project on the west side of the Yellowstone River irri- gates approximately 20,000 acres in North Dakota. Small grains, alfalfa, and sugar beets are grown on this land. That this project has been a success is attested by the following figures furnished by the manager of the Lower YellowstoneProject for that portion lying in North Dckota: Year Value Per Acre Irrigated Crop Dry Land Crop 1935 $ 37.50 0.50 1930 - 1935 $ 29.87 3.50 (average)

On the east side of the river there are approximately 5,000 acreasof bottom land capable of being irrigated in a manner simi- lar to that practiced by the Lower Yellowstone project. This area is divided into three natural project sites by two high bluffs Om, along which it would be difficult to carry irrigation canals. The upper project would be a portion of the Sidney pia:Ting project now being developed by the Water Conservation Department of Montana. Some clearing would have to be done before the maximum area could be irrigated. Irrigated land on the east side of the river could be used similarly to that under irrigation on the west side. Sugar beets grown in the area would be piled in the fields until the river was frozen over and then hauled across and shipped to the sugar factory at Sidney, Montana.

EXISTING Five reservoirs have been constructed in this Basin. When RESERVOIR full, these reservoirs store about 608 acre feet of water.

PROPOSED It is proposed: PROGRAM (1) That surveys and designs be made for the upper and lower Cartwright irrimtion projects and the Sidney pumping project on the east side of the Yellowstone River in North Dakota and that the bottom lands in this area be placed under irrigation as soon as possible.

(2) That a series of relatively small dams be built on Benne Pierre Creek for irrigating approximately 2,000 acres of land in the valley.

(3) That the Resettlement Administration build dams to con- serve the water produced by springs in the area for stock watering and recreational purposes. All dams constructed hereafter in the • A Sub-basin should be provided with outlet gates for releasing the water stored when a great need arises for it downstream or when • it becomes so polluted that it is a definite health hazard to the co-nunity. Some existing; dams should also be provided with outlet gates.

(4) That a detailed soil survey and land classification be begun as soon as is possible in order to ascertain the suitability of these lalds for irrigation in each of the several areas. These surveys should follow the aerial mapping of the irrigable regions. This mapping will provide, in addition to its utility as the basis of the proposed soil survey and land classification, much needed data on present land use. The cost of the aerial mapping would approximate 5,0 per acre. The cost of the detailed soil survey and land classification would be an additional 50 per acre. Thus, to properly predetermine the areas suited to irrigation would entail the expeAditure of 100 per acre for 6,600 acres of irrigable land in the Yellowstone River Sub-basin, or approximately $660.

Proposed projects are listed in Table B. Existing dams are listed in Table A. Plate I shows the present and proposed developments of the water resources of the Sub-basin.

WEATHER There are no weather recording stations located in the Yellow- • 07.:SERVATION stone River Sub-basin in North Dakota, but a first class weather AND STREAM station is located at Williston just to the north and cooperative GAGING FACIL- stations are located at Arnegard just to the east and at Beach just ITIES to the south of the Sub-basin. There are no stream gaging stations in the Sub-basin, but a good record of stream flow at iind near Glen- dive, Montana is available. In 1934 a gaging station was established in the Yellowstone River at Sidney, Eontana. No weather recording stations or stream gating stations are included in the proposed program for the Sub-basin.

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146 PROPOSED IMPROVEMENTS IN USE OF SURFACE WATER RESOURCES 145

NORTH DAKOTA 144 YELLOWSTONE RIVER DRAINAGE BASIN STATE PLANNING BOARD W.P.A. PROJECT NO.1463

5 0 F., 10 105 104 103 h. t1 1.: SCALE IN WILES . PREPAREQ IN OFFICE OF C ONSULTANT 1936 PLATE I. NORTH DAKOTA

STATE PLANNING BOARD

SUMEARY REPORTS

A. PLAN OF WATER CONSERVATION

FOR

NORTH DAKOTA

Volume I Letter of Transmittal Foreward Red River of ef Le North Drainage Basin

Volume 2 James River Drainage Basin

Volume 3 Souris River—Devils Lake Drainage Basins

Volume 4 Main Stem Missouri River Basin

Volume 5 Slope Area Drainage Basins

BUY liDAKOTA MAID" FLOUR